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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ghana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Ghana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winds_of_Change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winds_of_Change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Winds of Change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winds_of_Change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Belgium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_colonial_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_colonial_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 French colonial empire </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-French_colonial_empire-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle French colonial empire subsection </button> <ul id="toc-French_colonial_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Conflicts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Algeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Algeria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 French Community </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Sweden </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sweden subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cape_Coast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cape_Coast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Cape Coast </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cape_Coast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 United States </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle United States subsection </button> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colony_of_Liberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colony_of_Liberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Colony of Liberia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colony_of_Liberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acquisition_of_sovereignty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquisition_of_sovereignty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Acquisition of sovereignty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acquisition_of_sovereignty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_colonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_colonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Modern colonialism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_colonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Economic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Social </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.2 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Decolonisation of Africa</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" > 35 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekolonisasie_(Afrika)" title="Dekolonisasie (Afrika) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dekolonisasie (Afrika)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="إنهاء استعمار إفريقيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنهاء استعمار إفريقيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekolonizacija_Afrike" title="Dekolonizacija Afrike – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dekolonizacija Afrike" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descolonitzaci%C3%B3_d%27%C3%80frica" title="Descolonització d'Àfrica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Descolonització d'Àfrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekolonizace_Afriky" title="Dekolonizace Afriky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dekolonizace Afriky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekolonisation_Afrikas" title="Dekolonisation Afrikas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dekolonisation Afrikas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Αποαποικιοποίηση της Αφρικής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αποαποικιοποίηση της Αφρικής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descolonizaci%C3%B3n_de_%C3%81frica" title="Descolonización de África – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Descolonización de África" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malkoloniigo_de_Afriko" title="Malkoloniigo de Afriko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malkoloniigo de Afriko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikako_deskolonizazioa" title="Afrikako deskolonizazioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Afrikako deskolonizazioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="استعمارزدایی از آفریقا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استعمارزدایی از آفریقا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9colonisation_de_l%27Afrique" title="Décolonisation de l'Afrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Décolonisation de l'Afrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%98_%ED%83%88%EC%8B%9D%EB%AF%BC%EC%A7%80%ED%99%94" title="아프리카의 탈식민지화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아프리카의 탈식민지화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonization_na_Afirka" title="Decolonization na Afirka – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Decolonization na Afirka" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="अफ्रीका का विघटन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अफ्रीका का विघटन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekolonizacija_Afrike" title="Dekolonizacija Afrike – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dekolonizacija Afrike" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekolonisasi_Afrika" title="Dekolonisasi Afrika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dekolonisasi Afrika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%94-%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="דה-קולוניזציה של אפריקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דה-קולוניזציה של אפריקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="აფრიკის დეკოლონიზაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აფრიკის დეკოლონიზაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukomo_wa_ukoloni_Afrika" title="Ukomo wa ukoloni Afrika – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ukomo wa ukoloni Afrika" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekolonisatie_van_Afrika" title="Dekolonisatie van Afrika – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dekolonisatie van Afrika" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonii_Jalaa_Bahuu_Afrikaa" title="Kolonii Jalaa Bahuu Afrikaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kolonii Jalaa Bahuu Afrikaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="د افریقا استعمار ختمونه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د افریقا استعمار ختمونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekolonizacja_Afryki" title="Dekolonizacja Afryki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dekolonizacja Afryki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descoloniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_%C3%81frica" title="Descolonização de África – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Descolonização de África" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonizarea_Africii" title="Decolonizarea Africii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Decolonizarea Africii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Деколонизация Африки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Деколонизация Африки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Деколонизација Африке – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Деколонизација Африке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekolonizacija_Afrike" title="Dekolonizacija Afrike – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dekolonizacija Afrike" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siirtomaavallan_purkautuminen_Afrikassa" title="Siirtomaavallan purkautuminen Afrikassa – Finnish" lang="fi" 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(August 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Decolonisation of Africa">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Decolonisation+of+Africa%22">"Decolonisation of Africa"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Decolonisation+of+Africa%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Decolonisation+of+Africa%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Decolonisation+of+Africa%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Decolonisation+of+Africa%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Decolonisation+of+Africa%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (February 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:African_nations_order_of_independence_1950-1993.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An animated map shows the order of independence of African nations, 1950–2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/African_nations_order_of_independence_1950-1993.gif/350px-African_nations_order_of_independence_1950-1993.gif" decoding="async" width="350" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/African_nations_order_of_independence_1950-1993.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Order of independence of African nations, 1950–2011</figcaption></figure> The decolonisation of Africa was a series of political developments in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> that spanned from the mid-1950s to 1975, during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonial</a> governments gave way to <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a> in a process often marred by violence, political turmoil, widespread unrest, and organised <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolts</a>. Major events in the decolonisation of Africa included the <a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Zanzibar Revolution">Zanzibar Revolution</a>, and the events leading to the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatch1967-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiffordLouis1982-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirmingham1995-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHargreaves1996-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png/220px-Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png/330px-Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png/440px-Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png 2x" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="1130" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> Africa in the years 1880 and 1913, just before the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a></figcaption></figure> The "<a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>" between 1870 and 1914 was a significant period of European <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> in Africa that ended with almost all of Africa, and its natural resources, claimed as <a href="/wiki/Colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonies">colonies</a> by European powers, who raced to secure as much land as possible while avoiding conflict amongst themselves. The partition of Africa was confirmed at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a> of 1885, without regard for the existing political and social structures.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Almost all the pre-colonial states of Africa lost their sovereignty. The only exceptions were <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, which had been settled in the early 19th century by formerly enslaved <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-Americans</a> and was recognized as independent by the United States in 1862<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> but was viewed by European powers as being in the United States' sphere of influence, and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a>, which won its independence at the Battle of Adwa<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> but was later <a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" title="Italian Ethiopia">occupied by Italy</a> in 1936.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> had the largest holdings, but <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain_under_the_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain under the Restoration">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1834%E2%80%931910)" title="History of Portugal (1834–1910)">Portugal</a> also had colonies.<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> By 1977, 50 African countries had gained independence from European colonial powers.<a href="#cite_note-selfstudyhistory.com-12">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_causes">External causes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: External causes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonial_Africa_(1939).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Colonial_Africa_%281939%29.svg/220px-Colonial_Africa_%281939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Colonial_Africa_%281939%29.svg/330px-Colonial_Africa_%281939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Colonial_Africa_%281939%29.svg/440px-Colonial_Africa_%281939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1149" data-file-height="1136" /></a><figcaption>European control in 1939, the year the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> began</figcaption></figure> The early twentieth century was a time of rising <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> throughout the world. The end of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> saw the breakup of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> Empires according to the principles espoused in <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a>. Though many anti-colonial intellectuals saw the potential of <a href="/wiki/Wilsonianism" title="Wilsonianism">Wilsonian Internationalism</a> to advance their aims, Wilson had no intention of applying the principle of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> outside the lands of the defeated <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>. The independence demands of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisian</a> leaders, which would have compromised the interests of the victorious Allies, were not entertained. Though Wilsonian ideals did not endure as the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar</a> order broke down, the principle of an international order based on the self-determination of peoples remained relevant. After 1919, anti-colonial leaders increasingly oriented themselves toward the Soviet Union's <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">proletarian internationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Many Africans fought in both World War and World War II. In the First World War, African labor was essential on the Western Front, and African soldiers fought in the Egypt and Palestine campaigns. Many Africans were not allowed to bear arms or serve on an equal basis with whites. The sinking of the <a href="/wiki/SS_Mendi" title="SS Mendi">SS Mendi</a> in 1917 was a particularly tragic incident for Africans in the war, with 607 of the 646 crew killed being Black <a href="/wiki/South_Africans" title="South Africans">South Africans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In the Second World War, Africans fought in both the European and Asian theatres of war.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Approximately one million <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africans</a> served in European armies in some capacity. Many Africans were compelled or even forced into military service by their respective colonial regimes, but some voluntarily enlisted in search of better opportunities than they could find in civilian employment.<a href="#cite_note-:1-16">[16]</a> This led to a deeper political awareness and the expectation of greater respect and self-determination, which went largely unfulfilled.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Because the victorious <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">allied powers</a> had no intention of withdrawing from their colonial holdings at the end of the war, and would instead need to rely on the resources and manpower of their African colonies during postwar reconstruction in Europe, the colonial powers downplayed Africans' contributions to the allied victory.<a href="#cite_note-:1-16">[16]</a> On February 12, 1941, United States President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> met to discuss the post-war world. The result was the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> It was not a treaty and was not submitted to the <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of the United States">Senate of the United States</a> for ratification, but it turned out to be a widely acclaimed document.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Clause Three referred to the right to decide what form of government people wanted, and to the restoration of self-government. Prime Minister Churchill argued in the British Parliament that the document referred to "the States and nations of Europe now under the Nazi yoke".<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> President Roosevelt regarded it as applicable across the world.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Anticolonial politicians immediately saw it as relevant to colonial empires.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in 1948, three years after the end of World War II, recognised all people as being born free and equal.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the US and the African colonies put pressure on Britain to abide by the terms of the Atlantic Charter.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After the war, some Britons considered African colonies childish and immature.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] British colonisers introduced democratic government at local levels in the colonies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Britain was forced to agree but Churchill rejected the universal applicability of self-determination for subject nations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Italy, a colonial power, lost its African empire, <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" title="Italian Ethiopia">Italian Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a>, as a result of World War II.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Furthermore, colonies such as <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="French Senegal">Senegal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Ghana</a> pushed for self-governance as colonial powers were exhausted by war efforts.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The United Nations 1960 <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Granting_of_Independence_to_Colonial_Countries_and_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples">Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples</a> stated that colonial exploitation is a denial of human rights, and that power should be transferred back to the countries or territories concerned.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_causes">Internal causes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Internal causes">edit</a>]</div> Colonial economic exploitation involved diverting resource extraction (such as mining) profits to European shareholders at the expense of internal development, causing significant local socioeconomic grievances.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> For early African nationalists, decolonisation was a moral imperative around which a political movement could be assembled.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In the 1930s, the colonial powers had cultivated, sometimes inadvertently, a small elite of local African leaders educated in Western universities, where they became familiar with ideas such as <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>. Although independence was not encouraged, arrangements between these leaders and the colonial powers developed,<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> and such figures as <a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>), <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanganyika (territory)">Tanganyika</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>), <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>), <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DRC</a>) and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Houphou%C3%ABt-Boigny" title="Félix Houphouët-Boigny">Félix Houphouët-Boigny</a> (<a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a>) came to lead the struggles for <a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a>. During the Second World War, some local African industries and towns expanded when <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> patrolling the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> impeded the shipping of raw materials to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-selfstudyhistory.com-12">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Over time, urban communities, industries, and trade unions grew, improving literacy and education, and leading to the establishment of pro-independence newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-selfstudyhistory.com-12">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] By 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Pan-African_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Pan-African Congress">Fifth Pan-African Congress</a> demanded the end of colonialism, and delegates included future presidents of <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> among other nationalist activists.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transition_to_independence">Transition to independence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Transition to independence">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">Neocolonialism</a></div> Following World War II, rapid decolonisation swept across the continent of Africa as many territories gained their independence from European colonisation. In August 1941, United States President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> met to discuss their post-war goals. In that meeting, they agreed to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a>, which in part stipulated that they would, "respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self-government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them."<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> This agreement became the post-WWII stepping stone toward independence as nationalism grew throughout Africa. Consumed by post-war debt, European powers could no longer afford to maintain control of their African colonies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This allowed African nationalists to negotiate decolonisation very quickly and with minimal casualties.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some territories, however, saw large death tolls as a result of their fight for independence.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Historian James Meriweather argues that American policy towards Africa was characterized by a middle road approach, which supported African independence but also reassured European colonial powers that their holdings would remain intact. Washington wanted the right type of African groups to lead newly independent states, in other words communist and not especially democratic. Meriweather argues that nongovernmental organizations influenced American policy towards Africa. They pressured state governments and private institutions to disinvest from African nations not ruled by the majority population. These efforts also helped change American policy towards South Africa, as seen with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Anti-Apartheid_Act" title="Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act">Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act</a> of 1986.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>African countries that have gained independence </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country<a href="#cite_note-33">[a]</a> </th> <th>Colonial name </th> <th>Colonial power<a href="#cite_note-34">[b]</a> </th> <th data-sort-type="date">Independence date<a href="#cite_note-35">[c]</a> </th> <th>First head of state<a href="#cite_note-36">[d]</a> </th> <th>Independence won through </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire"><img alt="Ethiopian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yekuno_Amlak" title="Yekuno Amlak">Yekuno Amlak</a> </td> <td>Never Colonized<a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Occupied by Italy</a> briefly </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Liberia_%281827-1847%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia_%281827-1847%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Liberia_%281827-1847%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia_%281827-1847%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Liberia_%281827-1847%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia_%281827-1847%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="440" /> <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Liberia</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>26 July 1847<a href="#cite_note-38">[e]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jenkins_Roberts" title="Joseph Jenkins Roberts">Joseph Jenkins Roberts</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[f]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Tubman" title="William Tubman">William Tubman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Liberian Declaration of Independence">Liberian Declaration of Independence</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281910%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281910%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281910%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281910%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281910%E2%80%931912%29.svg/46px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281910%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[g]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Cape_Colony_%281876%E2%80%931910%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cape_Colony_%281876%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Cape_Colony_%281876%E2%80%931910%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cape_Colony_%281876%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Cape_Colony_%281876%E2%80%931910%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cape_Colony_%281876%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_the_Natal_Colony_%281875%E2%80%931910%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Natal_Colony_%281875%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_the_Natal_Colony_%281875%E2%80%931910%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Natal_Colony_%281875%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_the_Natal_Colony_%281875%E2%80%931910%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Natal_Colony_%281875%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Colony of Natal</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Orange_River_Colony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Orange_River_Colony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Orange_River_Colony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Orange_River_Colony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Orange_River_Colony.svg/46px-Flag_of_Orange_River_Colony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="475" /> <a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River Colony</a> <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony"><img alt="Transvaal Colony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Transvaal_Colony_%281904%E2%80%931910%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Transvaal_Colony_%281904%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Transvaal_Colony_%281904%E2%80%931910%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Transvaal_Colony_%281904%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Transvaal_Colony_%281904%E2%80%931910%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Transvaal_Colony_%281904%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal Colony</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>31 May 1910<a href="#cite_note-41">[h]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_Botha" title="Louis Botha">Louis Botha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Act_1909" title="South Africa Act 1909">South Africa Act 1909</a> Remained under white minority rule until 1994. </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="672" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[i]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Sultanate of Egypt</a> </td> <td>28 February 1922<a href="#cite_note-44">[j]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fuad_I_of_Egypt" title="Fuad I of Egypt">Fuad I</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[k]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 1919">Egyptian revolution of 1919</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Cyrenaica" title="Emirate of Cyrenaica">Emirate of Cyrenaica</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Libya)" title="British Military Administration (Libya)">British Military Administration</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>1 March 1949 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Idris_of_Libya" title="Idris of Libya">Idris</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">United Kingdom of Libya</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Libya)" title="British Military Administration (Libya)">British Military Administration</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Fezzan-Ghadames_Military_Territory" title="Fezzan-Ghadames Military Territory">Fezzan-Ghadames Military Territory</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Cyrenaica" title="Emirate of Cyrenaica">Emirate of Cyrenaica</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">France</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Cyrenaica" title="Emirate of Cyrenaica">Emirate of Cyrenaica</a> </td> <td>24 December 1951 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">Western Desert campaign</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[l]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[m]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy"><img alt="Kingdom of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>24 December 1951 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Idris_of_Libya" title="Idris of Libya">Idris</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_with_Italy,_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947">Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947</a> U.N. General Assembly Resolution 289<a href="#cite_note-48">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Sudan_%281956%E2%80%931970%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan_%281956%E2%80%931970%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Sudan_%281956%E2%80%931970%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan_%281956%E2%80%931970%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Sudan_%281956%E2%80%931970%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan_%281956%E2%80%931970%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="672" /> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[n]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Egypt_%281952%E2%80%931958%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281952%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Egypt_%281952%E2%80%931958%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281952%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Egypt_%281952%E2%80%931958%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281952%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Egypt_(1953%E2%80%9358)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Egypt (1953–58)">Egypt</a> </td> <td>1 January 1956<a href="#cite_note-51">[o]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ismail_al-Azhari" title="Ismail al-Azhari">Ismail al-Azhari</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[p]</a> </td> <td>–<a href="#cite_note-53">[q]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[r]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">French Tunisia</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>20 March 1956 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_VIII_al-Amin" title="Muhammad VIII al-Amin">Muhammad VIII al-Amin</a> <a href="/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba" title="Habib Bourguiba">Habib Bourguiba</a> </td> <td>–<a href="#cite_note-55">[s]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">French Morocco</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Merchant_flag_of_International_Tangier.svg/23px-Merchant_flag_of_International_Tangier.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Merchant_flag_of_International_Tangier.svg/35px-Merchant_flag_of_International_Tangier.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Merchant_flag_of_International_Tangier.svg/45px-Merchant_flag_of_International_Tangier.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tangier_International_Zone" title="Tangier International Zone">Tangier International Zone</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Merchant_flag_of_Spanish_Morocco.svg/23px-Merchant_flag_of_Spanish_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Merchant_flag_of_Spanish_Morocco.svg/35px-Merchant_flag_of_Spanish_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Merchant_flag_of_Spanish_Morocco.svg/45px-Merchant_flag_of_Spanish_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Africa" title="Spanish West Africa">Spanish West Africa</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td>2 March 1956<a href="#cite_note-56">[t]</a> 7 April 1956 10 April 1958 4 January 1969 14 November 1975 27 February 1976 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_V_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed V of Morocco">Mohammed V</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[u]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Gold_Coast_%281877%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Gold_Coast_%281877%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Gold_Coast_%281877%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Gold_Coast_%281877%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Gold_Coast_%281877%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Gold_Coast_%281877%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>6 March 1957<a href="#cite_note-58">[v]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a><a href="#cite_note-realm-59">[w]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1956_Gold_Coast_general_election" title="1956 Gold Coast general election">1956 Gold Coast general election</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>2 October 1958 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9" title="Ahmed Sékou Touré">Ahmed Sékou Touré</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1958_Guinean_constitutional_referendum" title="1958 Guinean constitutional referendum">1958 Guinean constitutional referendum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cameroon_%281961%E2%80%931975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon_%281961%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cameroon_%281961%E2%80%931975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon_%281961%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cameroon_%281961%E2%80%931975%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon_%281961%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/23px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/35px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/45px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Cameroon" title="French Cameroon">French Cameroon</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_British_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_British_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_British_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_British_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_British_Cameroon.svg/46px-Flag_of_British_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="259" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cameroon">British Cameroon</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>4 March 1916 1 January 1960<a href="#cite_note-60">[x]</a> 1 October 1961 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ebermaier" title="Karl Ebermaier">Karl Ebermaier</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo">Ahmadou Ahidjo</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Ngu_Foncha" title="John Ngu Foncha">John Ngu Foncha</a> </td> <td>–<a href="#cite_note-61">[y]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Togo_%281957%E2%80%931958%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%281957%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Togo_%281957%E2%80%931958%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%281957%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Togo_%281957%E2%80%931958%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Togo_%281957%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Togoland" title="French Togoland">French Togoland</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/23px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/35px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/45px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Togoland" title="Togoland">Togoland</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>27 April 1960 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Olympio" title="Sylvanus Olympio">Sylvanus Olympio</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Mali_%281959%E2%80%931961%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali_%281959%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Mali_%281959%E2%80%931961%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali_%281959%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Mali_%281959%E2%80%931961%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali_%281959%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">20 June 1960<a href="#cite_note-62">[z]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Modibo_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Modibo Keïta">Modibo Keïta</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[aa]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Madagascar" title="French Madagascar">French Madagascar</a> </td> <td>26 June 1960 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philibert_Tsiranana" title="Philibert Tsiranana">Philibert Tsiranana</a> </td> <td>–<a href="#cite_note-64">[ab]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[ac]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_Congo_Free_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Congo_Free_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_Congo_Free_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Congo_Free_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_Congo_Free_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Congo_Free_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td>30 June 1960 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kasa-Vubu" title="Joseph Kasa-Vubu">Joseph Kasa-Vubu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgo-Congolese_Round_Table_Conference" title="Belgo-Congolese Round Table Conference">Belgo-Congolese Round Table Conference</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[ad]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[ae]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_British_Somaliland_%281952%E2%80%931960%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_British_Somaliland_%281952%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_British_Somaliland_%281952%E2%80%931960%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_British_Somaliland_%281952%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_British_Somaliland_%281952%E2%80%931960%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_British_Somaliland_%281952%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/State_Ensign_of_Italy.svg/23px-State_Ensign_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/State_Ensign_of_Italy.svg/35px-State_Ensign_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/State_Ensign_of_Italy.svg/45px-State_Ensign_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland" title="Trust Territory of Somaliland">Trust Territory of Somaliland</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td>26 June 1960 1 July 1960<a href="#cite_note-68">[af]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Haji_Ibrahim_Egal" title="Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal">Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal</a> <a href="/wiki/Aden_Adde" title="Aden Adde">Aden Adde</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin"><img alt="Benin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Dahomey" title="Republic of Dahomey">Republic of Dahomey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin"><img alt="Benin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Dahomey" title="Republic of Dahomey">Republic of Dahomey</a> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ouidah#Fort_of_S.C3.A3o_Jo.C3.A3o_Baptista_de_Ajud.C3.A1" title="Ouidah">Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">France</a> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Portugal</a> </td> <td>1 August 1960 31 July 1961<a href="#cite_note-69">[37]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Maga" title="Hubert Maga">Hubert Maga</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[ag]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a> </td> <td rowspan="8"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>1 August 1960 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Maga" title="Hubert Maga">Hubert Maga</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> </td> <td>3 August 1960 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamani_Diori" title="Hamani Diori">Hamani Diori</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[ah]</a> </td> <td>5 August 1960 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Yam%C3%A9ogo" title="Maurice Yaméogo">Maurice Yaméogo</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> </td> <td>7 August 1960 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Houphou%C3%ABt-Boigny" title="Félix Houphouët-Boigny">Félix Houphouët-Boigny</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a> </td> <td>11–12 August 1960 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Tombalbaye" title="François Tombalbaye">François Tombalbaye</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> </td> <td>13 August 1960 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Dacko" title="David Dacko">David Dacko</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a> </td> <td>14–15 August 1960 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fulbert_Youlou" title="Fulbert Youlou">Fulbert Youlou</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/31px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> </td> <td>16–17 August 1960 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_M%27ba" title="Léon M'ba">Léon M'ba</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Nigeria_%281914%E2%80%931952%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria_%281914%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Nigeria_%281914%E2%80%931952%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria_%281914%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Nigeria_%281914%E2%80%931952%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria_%281914%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Colonial Nigeria</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_British_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_British_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_British_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_British_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_British_Cameroon.svg/46px-Flag_of_British_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="259" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cameroon">British Cameroon</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>1 October 1960 1 June 1961 1 October 1961<a href="#cite_note-72">[ai]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>28 November 1958 28 November 1960 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moktar_Ould_Daddah" title="Moktar Ould Daddah">Moktar Ould Daddah</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone_%281916%E2%80%931961%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone_%281916%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone_%281916%E2%80%931961%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone_%281916%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone_%281916%E2%80%931961%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone_%281916%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>27 April 1961 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Milton_Margai" title="Milton Margai">Milton Margai</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281961%E2%80%931964%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281961%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281961%E2%80%931964%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281961%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281961%E2%80%931964%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281961%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a><a href="#cite_note-Tanzania-73">[aj]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281923%E2%80%931961%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281923%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281923%E2%80%931961%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281923%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281923%E2%80%931961%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281923%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika Territory</a> </td> <td>9 December 1961 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Burundi_%281962%E2%80%931966%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi_%281962%E2%80%931966%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Burundi_%281962%E2%80%931966%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi_%281962%E2%80%931966%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Burundi_%281962%E2%80%931966%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burundi_%281962%E2%80%931966%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[ak]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/23px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/35px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/45px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">1 July 1919 1 July 1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mwambutsa_IV_of_Burundi" title="Mwambutsa IV of Burundi">Mwambutsa IV of Burundi</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Rwanda_%281961%E2%80%932001%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda_%281961%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Rwanda_%281961%E2%80%932001%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda_%281961%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Rwanda_%281961%E2%80%932001%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda_%281961%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuhi_V_Musinga" title="Yuhi V Musinga">Yuhi V Musinga</a> <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9goire_Kayibanda" title="Grégoire Kayibanda">Grégoire Kayibanda</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan Revolution</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>5 July 1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella" title="Ahmed Ben Bella">Ahmed Ben Bella</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[al]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">Évian Accords</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Uganda" title="Protectorate of Uganda">Protectorate of Uganda</a> </td> <td rowspan="11"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>9 October 1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Milton_Obote" title="Milton Obote">Milton Obote</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">British East Africa</a> </td> <td>12 December 1963<a href="#cite_note-76">[am]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a><a href="#cite_note-realm-59">[w]</a> </td> <td>–<a href="#cite_note-77">[an]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Zanzibar_%281963%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Zanzibar_%281963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Zanzibar_%281963%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Zanzibar_%281963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Zanzibar_%281963%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Zanzibar_%281963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Sultanate of Zanzibar</a><a href="#cite_note-Tanzania-73">[aj]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Zanzibar_%281963%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Zanzibar_%281963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Zanzibar_%281963%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Zanzibar_%281963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Zanzibar_%281963%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Zanzibar_%281963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Sultanate of Zanzibar</a> </td> <td>10 December 1963 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jamshid_bin_Abdullah_of_Zanzibar" title="Jamshid bin Abdullah of Zanzibar">Jamshid bin Abdullah</a> </td> <td>–<a href="#cite_note-78">[ao]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Nyasaland_%281925%E2%80%931964%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nyasaland_%281925%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Nyasaland_%281925%E2%80%931964%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nyasaland_%281925%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Nyasaland_%281925%E2%80%931964%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nyasaland_%281925%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> </td> <td>6 July 1964<a href="#cite_note-79">[ap]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda">Hastings Banda</a><a href="#cite_note-realm-59">[w]</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Zambia_%281964%E2%80%931996%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia_%281964%E2%80%931996%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Zambia_%281964%E2%80%931996%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia_%281964%E2%80%931996%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Zambia_%281964%E2%80%931996%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia_%281964%E2%80%931996%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a> </td> <td>24 October 1964 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_The_Gambia_%281889%E2%80%931965%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia_%281889%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_The_Gambia_%281889%E2%80%931965%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia_%281889%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_The_Gambia_%281889%E2%80%931965%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_The_Gambia_%281889%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">Gambia Colony and Protectorate</a> </td> <td>18 February 1965<a href="#cite_note-80">[aq]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dawda_Jawara" title="Dawda Jawara">Dawda Jawara</a><a href="#cite_note-realm-59">[w]</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> </td> <td>11 November 1965 (As Rhodesia)<a href="#cite_note-81">[ar]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland Protectorate</a> </td> <td>30 September 1960 – 1966<a href="#cite_note-82">[as]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seretse_Khama" title="Seretse Khama">Seretse Khama</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Lesotho_%281966%E2%80%931987%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho_%281966%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Lesotho_%281966%E2%80%931987%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho_%281966%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Lesotho_%281966%E2%80%931987%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho_%281966%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Unofficial_Basutoland_Ensign.svg/23px-Unofficial_Basutoland_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Unofficial_Basutoland_Ensign.svg/35px-Unofficial_Basutoland_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Unofficial_Basutoland_Ensign.svg/46px-Unofficial_Basutoland_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> </td> <td>4 October 1966 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leabua_Jonathan" title="Leabua Jonathan">Leabua Jonathan</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[at]</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Mauritius_%281923%E2%80%931968%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius_%281923%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Mauritius_%281923%E2%80%931968%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius_%281923%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Mauritius_%281923%E2%80%931968%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mauritius_%281923%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> </td> <td>12 March 1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seewoosagur_Ramgoolam" title="Seewoosagur Ramgoolam">Seewoosagur Ramgoolam</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/45px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eswatini#British_indirect_rule_over_Swaziland_(1906–1968)" title="Eswatini">Swaziland</a> </td> <td>6 September 1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sobhuza_II" title="Sobhuza II">Sobhuza II</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/23px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/35px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/45px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Cameroon" title="French Cameroon">French Cameroon</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_British_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_British_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_British_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_British_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_British_Cameroon.svg/46px-Flag_of_British_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="259" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cameroon">British Cameroon</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Spanish Guinea</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td>4 March 1916 1 January 1960 16–17 August 1960 <a href="#cite_note-84">[au]</a> 1 October 1961 12 October 1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ebermaier" title="Karl Ebermaier">Karl Ebermaier</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo">Ahmadou Ahidjo</a> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_M%27ba" title="Léon M'ba">Léon M'ba</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Ngu_Foncha" title="John Ngu Foncha">John Ngu Foncha</a> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mac%C3%ADas_Nguema" title="Francisco Macías Nguema">Francisco Macías Nguema</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> </td> <td>24 September 1973 10 September 1974 (recognised) 5 July 1975<a href="#cite_note-85">[av]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Cabral" title="Luís Cabral">Luís Cabral</a> <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Bernardo_Vieira" title="João Bernardo Vieira">João Bernardo Vieira</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristides_Pereira" title="Aristides Pereira">Aristides Pereira</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pires" title="Pedro Pires">Pedro Pires</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[aw]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese Mozambique</a> </td> <td>25 June 1975 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samora_Machel" title="Samora Machel">Samora Machel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cape_Verde" title="Portuguese Cape Verde">Portuguese Cape Verde</a> </td> <td>5 July 1975 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aristides_Pereira" title="Aristides Pereira">Aristides Pereira</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[ax]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[ay]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_the_Comoros_%281963%E2%80%931975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros_%281963%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_the_Comoros_%281963%E2%80%931975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Comoros_%281963%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_the_Comoros_%281963%E2%80%931975%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Comoros_%281963%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Comoros#Colonial_rule" title="History of the Comoros">French Comoros</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>6 July 1975 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Abdallah" title="Ahmed Abdallah">Ahmed Abdallah</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1974_Comorian_independence_referendum" title="1974 Comorian independence referendum">1974 Comorian independence referendum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/23px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/35px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/46px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> </td> <td>12 July 1975 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Pinto_da_Costa" title="Manuel Pinto da Costa">Manuel Pinto da Costa</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[az]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a> </td> <td>11 November 1975 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agostinho_Neto" title="Agostinho Neto">Agostinho Neto</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Seychelles_%281961%E2%80%931976%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles_%281961%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Seychelles_%281961%E2%80%931976%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles_%281961%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Seychelles_%281961%E2%80%931976%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles_%281961%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles#British_rule" title="History of Seychelles">Crown Colony of the Seychelles</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>29 June 1976 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Mancham" title="James Mancham">James Mancham</a> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Territory_of_the_Afars_and_the_Issas" title="French Territory of the Afars and the Issas">French Territory of the Afars and the Issas</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>27 June 1977 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Gouled_Aptidon" title="Hassan Gouled Aptidon">Hassan Gouled Aptidon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1977_Afars_and_Issas_independence_referendum" title="1977 Afars and Issas independence referendum">1977 Afars and Issas independence referendum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[ba]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara</a> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">Southern Provinces</a> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania"><img alt="Mauritania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tiris_al-Gharbiyya" title="Tiris al-Gharbiyya">Western Tiris</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania"><img alt="Mauritania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> </td> <td>27 February 1976 independence not yet effected </td> <td><a href="/wiki/El-Ouali_Mustapha_Sayed" title="El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed">El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abdelaziz_(Sahrawi_politician)" title="Mohamed Abdelaziz (Sahrawi politician)">Mohamed Abdelaziz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West Africa</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </td> <td>October 27, 1966 (<a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a>)<a href="#cite_note-92">[39]</a> 21 March 1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sam_Nujoma" title="Sam Nujoma">Sam Nujoma</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_269" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 269">U.N. Security Council Resolution 269</a> <a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy"><img alt="Kingdom of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire"><img alt="Ethiopian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Eritrea_Province" title="Eritrea Province">Eritrea Province</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy"><img alt="Kingdom of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire"><img alt="Ethiopian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> </td> <td>September 15th 1952 (<a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea">Federated with Ethiopia</a>)<a href="#cite_note-93">[40]</a> May 24th 1993 independence) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki" title="Isaias Afwerki">Isaias Afwerki</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean war of Independence</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_Empire">British Empire</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: British Empire">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Empire_in_1959.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/British_Empire_in_1959.png/440px-British_Empire_in_1959.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/British_Empire_in_1959.png/660px-British_Empire_in_1959.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/British_Empire_in_1959.png/880px-British_Empire_in_1959.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>British Empire by 1959</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghana">Ghana</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ghana">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ghana" title="History of Ghana">History of Ghana</a></div> On 6 March 1957, Ghana (formerly the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a>) became the first sub-Saharan African country to gain its independence from European colonisation.<a href="#cite_note-94">[41]</a> Starting with the 1945 <a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Congress" title="Pan-African Congress">Pan-African Congress</a>, the Gold Coast's (modern-day Ghana's) independence leader <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> made his focus clear. In the conference's declaration, he wrote, "We believe in the rights of all peoples to govern themselves. We affirm the right of all colonial peoples to control their own destiny. All colonies must be free from foreign imperialist control, whether political or economic."<a href="#cite_note-95">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png/370px-British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png/555px-British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png/740px-British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>British decolonisation in Africa. By 1980 all were decolonised.</figcaption></figure> In 1948, three Ghanaian <a href="/wiki/Veteran" title="Veteran">veterans</a> were killed by the <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ghana#History" title="Law enforcement in Ghana">colonial police</a> on a protest march. <a href="/wiki/1948_Accra_riots" title="1948 Accra riots">Riots broke out</a> in <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a> and though Nkrumah and other Ghanaian leaders were temporarily imprisoned, the event became a catalyst for the independence movement. After being released from prison, Nkrumah founded the <a href="/wiki/Convention_People%27s_Party" title="Convention People's Party">Convention People's Party</a> (CPP), which launched a wide-scale campaign in support of independence with the slogan "Self Government Now!"<a href="#cite_note-96">[43]</a> Heightened nationalism within the country grew their power and the political party widely expanded. In February 1951, the CPP gained political power by winning 34 of 38 elected seats, including one for Nkrumah who was imprisoned at the time. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> revised the Gold Coast Constitution to give Ghanaians a majority in the legislature in 1951. In 1956, Ghana requested independence inside the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>, which was granted peacefully in 1957 with Nkrumah as prime minister and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> as sovereign.<a href="#cite_note-97">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winds_of_Change">Winds of Change</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Winds of Change">edit</a>]</div> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> gave the famous <a href="/wiki/Wind_of_Change_(speech)" title="Wind of Change (speech)">"Wind of Change" speech</a> in South Africa in February 1960, where he spoke to the country's Parliament of "the wind of change blowing through this continent."<a href="#cite_note-98">[45]</a> Macmillan urgently wanted to avoid the same kind of <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">colonial war</a> that France was fighting in Algeria. Under his premiership decolonisation proceeded rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-99">[46]</a> Britain's remaining colonies in Africa, except for <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>, were all granted independence by 1968. British withdrawal from the southern and eastern parts of Africa was not a peaceful process. Kenyan independence was preceded by the eight-year <a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Mau Mau Uprising">Mau Mau Uprising</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>, the 1965 <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Unilateral Declaration of Independence</a> by the white minority resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">civil war</a> that lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a> of 1979, which set the terms for recognised independence in 1980, as the new nation of <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[47]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belgium">Belgium</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Belgium">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leopold_II_Statue_at_Place_du_Tr%C3%B4ne_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Leopold_II_Statue_at_Place_du_Tr%C3%B4ne_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Leopold_II_Statue_at_Place_du_Tr%C3%B4ne_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Leopold_II_Statue_at_Place_du_Tr%C3%B4ne_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Leopold_II_Statue_at_Place_du_Tr%C3%B4ne_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Leopold_II_Statue_at_Place_du_Tr%C3%B4ne_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Leopold_II_Statue_at_Place_du_Tr%C3%B4ne_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Equestrian statue of <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">Leopold II of Belgium</a>, the Sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a> from 1885 to 1908, Regent Place in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> controlled several territories and concessions during the colonial era, principally the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DRC</a>) from 1908 to 1960 and <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>) from 1922 to 1962. It also had a small concession <a href="/wiki/Belgian_concession_of_Tianjin" title="Belgian concession of Tianjin">in China</a> (1902–1931) and was a co-administrator of the <a href="/wiki/Tangier_International_Zone" title="Tangier International Zone">Tangier International Zone</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. Roughly 98% of Belgium's overseas territory was just one colony (about 76 times larger than Belgium itself) – known as the Belgian Congo. The colony was founded in 1908 following the transfer of sovereignty from the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a>, which was the personal property of Belgium's king, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">Leopold II</a>. The violence used by Free State officials against indigenous Congolese and the ruthless system of economic extraction had led to intense diplomatic pressure on Belgium to take official control of the country. Belgian rule in the Congo was based on the "colonial trinity" (trinité coloniale) of state, missionary and private company interests. During the 1940s and 1950s, the Congo experienced extensive urbanization and the administration aimed to make it into a "model colony". As the result of a widespread and increasingly radical pro-independence movement, the Congo achieved independence, as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Republic of Congo-Léopoldville</a> in 1960. Of Belgium's other colonies, the most significant was <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a>, a portion of <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a>, which was given to Belgium as a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_Mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Nations Mandate">League of Nations Mandate</a>, when <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> lost all of its <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">colonies</a> at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan Revolution</a>, the mandate became the independent states of <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-101">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_colonial_empire">French colonial empire</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: French colonial empire">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Community_1959.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/French_Community_1959.svg/400px-French_Community_1959.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/French_Community_1959.svg/600px-French_Community_1959.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/French_Community_1959.svg/800px-French_Community_1959.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/French_Community" title="French Community">French Community</a> in 1959</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_settlement_in_Africa_map1962.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/European_settlement_in_Africa_map1962.png/220px-European_settlement_in_Africa_map1962.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/European_settlement_in_Africa_map1962.png/330px-European_settlement_in_Africa_map1962.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/European_settlement_in_Africa_map1962.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>Geographic distribution of Europeans and their descendants on the African continent in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-Cowan-102">[49]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Over 100,000</div> </div></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> began to fall during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> when the Vichy France regime controlled the Empire. One after another, most of the colonies were occupied by foreign powers (Japan in Indochina, Britain in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, Lebanon, and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, the United States and Britain in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, and Germany and Italy in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>). Control was gradually reestablished by <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, who used the colonial bases as a launching point to help expel the Vichy government from Metropolitan France. De Gaulle, together with most Frenchmen, was committed to preserving the Empire in its new form. The <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a>, included in the <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="French Constitution of 1946">Constitution of 1946</a>, nominally replaced the former colonial empire, but officials in Paris remained in full control. The colonies were given local assemblies with only limited local power and budgets. A group of elites, known as evolués, who were natives of the overseas territories but lived in metropolitan France emerged.<a href="#cite_note-103">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[52]</a> De Gaulle assembled a <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville_Conference" title="Brazzaville Conference">major conference of Free France colonies</a> in Brazzaville, in central Africa, in January–February 1944. The survival of France depended on support from these colonies, and De Gaulle made numerous concessions. These included the end of forced labour, the end of special legal restrictions that applied to natives but not to whites, the establishment of elected territorial assemblies, representation in Paris in a new "French Federation", and the eventual representation of Sub-Saharan Africans in the French Assembly. However, Independence was explicitly rejected as a future possibility: <dl><dd>The ends of the civilizing work accomplished by France in the colonies excludes any idea of autonomy, all possibility of evolution outside the French bloc of the Empire; the eventual Constitution, even in the future of self-government in the colonies is denied.<a href="#cite_note-106">[53]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflicts">Conflicts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Conflicts">edit</a>]</div> After the war ended, France was immediately confronted with the beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a> movement. In Algeria demonstrations in May 1945 were <a href="/wiki/Setif_and_Guelma_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Setif and Guelma massacre">repressed</a> with an estimated 20,000-45,000 Algerians killed.<a href="#cite_note-107">[54]</a> Unrest in Haiphong, Indochina, in November 1945 was met by a warship bombarding the city.<a href="#cite_note-108">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ramadier" title="Paul Ramadier">Paul Ramadier</a>'s (<a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">SFIO</a>) cabinet repressed the <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Uprising" title="Malagasy Uprising">Malagasy Uprising</a> in Madagascar in 1947. French officials estimated the number of Malagasy killed from as low as 11,000 to a French Army estimate of 89,000.<a href="#cite_note-109">[56]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Cameroun" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameroun">Cameroun</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Peoples_of_Cameroon" title="Union of the Peoples of Cameroon">Union of the Peoples of Cameroon</a>'s insurrection which began in 1955 headed by <a href="/wiki/Ruben_Um_Nyob%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruben Um Nyobé">Ruben Um Nyobé</a>, was violently repressed over two years, with perhaps as many as 100,000 people killed.<a href="#cite_note-110">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Algeria">Algeria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Algeria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></div> French involvement in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> stretched back a century. <a href="/wiki/Ferhat_Abbas" title="Ferhat Abbas">Ferhat Abbas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Messali_Hadj" title="Messali Hadj">Messali Hadj</a>'s movements marked the period between the two wars, but both sides radicalised after the Second World War. In 1945, the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sétif massacre">Sétif massacre</a> was carried out by the French army. The <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian War of Independence">Algerian War</a> started in 1954. <a href="/wiki/Torture_during_the_Algerian_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture during the Algerian War of Independence">Atrocities characterized both sides</a>, and the number killed became highly controversial estimates that were made for propaganda purposes.<a href="#cite_note-111">[58]</a> Algeria was a three-way conflict due to the large number of "<a href="/wiki/Pieds-noirs" title="Pieds-noirs">pieds-noirs</a>" (Europeans who had settled there in <a href="/wiki/French_rule_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="French rule in Algeria">the 125 years of French rule</a>). The political crisis in France caused the collapse of the Fourth Republic, as <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> returned to power in 1958 and finally pulled the French soldiers and settlers out of Algeria by 1962.<a href="#cite_note-112">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[60]</a> Lasting more than eight years, the estimated death toll typically falls between 300,000 and 400,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-114">[61]</a> By 1962, the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">National Liberation Front</a> was able to negotiate a peace accord with French President Charles de Gaulle, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">Évian Accords</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[62]</a> in which Europeans would be able to return to their native countries, remain in Algeria as foreigners or take Algerian citizenship. Most of the one million Europeans in Algeria poured out of the country.<a href="#cite_note-116">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Community">French Community</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: French Community">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EU_OCT_and_OMR_map_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/EU_OCT_and_OMR_map_en.png/220px-EU_OCT_and_OMR_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/EU_OCT_and_OMR_map_en.png/330px-EU_OCT_and_OMR_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/EU_OCT_and_OMR_map_en.png/440px-EU_OCT_and_OMR_map_en.png 2x" data-file-width="2206" data-file-height="1358" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Special member state territories and the European Union">special territories of the European Union</a> c. 2011</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a> was replaced in the new <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1958" class="mw-redirect" title="French Constitution of 1958">Constitution of 1958</a> by the <a href="/wiki/French_Community" title="French Community">French Community</a>. Only <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> refused by referendum to take part in the new colonial organisation. However, the French Community dissolved itself amid the Algerian War; almost all of the other African colonies were granted independence in 1960, following local referendums. Some colonies chose instead to remain part of France, under the status of <a href="/wiki/French_overseas_departments_and_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="French overseas departments and territories">overseas départements (territories)</a>. Critics of <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neocolonialism</a> claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7afrique" title="Françafrique">Françafrique</a> had replaced formal direct rule. They argued that while de Gaulle was granting independence, on one hand, he was creating new ties with the help of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Foccart" title="Jacques Foccart">Jacques Foccart</a>, his counsellor for African matters. Foccart supported in particular the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a> during the late 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-117">[64]</a> Robert Aldrich argues that with Algerian independence in 1962, it appeared that the Empire practically had come to an end, as the remaining colonies were quite small and lacked active nationalist movements. However, there was trouble in French Somaliland (<a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>), which became independent in 1977. There also were complications and delays in the New Hebrides <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>, which was the last to gain independence in 1980. <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> remains a special case under French suzerainty.<a href="#cite_note-118">[65]</a> The Indian Ocean island of <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> voted in referendum in 1974 to retain its link with France and forgo independence.<a href="#cite_note-119">[66]</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sweden">Sweden</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sweden">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%BCller_Fetu_1648_B002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/M%C3%BCller_Fetu_1648_B002.jpg/170px-M%C3%BCller_Fetu_1648_B002.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/M%C3%BCller_Fetu_1648_B002.jpg/255px-M%C3%BCller_Fetu_1648_B002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/M%C3%BCller_Fetu_1648_B002.jpg/340px-M%C3%BCller_Fetu_1648_B002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1362" data-file-height="2279" /></a><figcaption>The Swedish are invited by the <a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a> King of Futu to erect a "stony house" for the purpose of trade.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Gold_Coast" title="Swedish Gold Coast">Swedish Gold Coast</a></div> Sweden temporarily controlled several settlements on the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (present <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) from 22 April 1650 to 20 April 1663, when Fort Carlsborg and the capital Fort Christiansborg were seized by Denmark. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cape_Coast">Cape Coast</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cape Coast">edit</a>]</div> In 1652, the Swedes took <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coast" title="Cape Coast">Cape Coast</a> (in modern Ghana) which had previously been under the control of the Dutch and before that the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a>. Cape Coast was centered on the Carolusburg Castle which was built in 1653 and named after King <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X Gustav of Sweden">Charles X Gustav of Sweden</a> but is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coast_Castle" title="Cape Coast Castle">Cape Coast Castle</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colony_of_Liberia">Colony of Liberia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Colony of Liberia">edit</a>]</div> The Colony of Liberia, later the Commonwealth of Liberia, was a private colony of the <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a> (ACS) beginning in 1822. It became an independent nation—the <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Republic of Liberia</a>—after <a href="/wiki/Liberian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Liberian Declaration of Independence">declaring independence</a> in 1847. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Countries that have gained independence from United States </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Colonial name </th> <th>Colonial power </th> <th data-sort-type="date">Independence date </th> <th>First head of state </th> <th>Independence won through </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Liberia_%281827-1847%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia_%281827-1847%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Liberia_%281827-1847%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia_%281827-1847%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Liberia_%281827-1847%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia_%281827-1847%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="440" /> <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Liberia</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a>) </td> <td>26 July 1847<a href="#cite_note-120">[bb]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jenkins_Roberts" title="Joseph Jenkins Roberts">Joseph Jenkins Roberts</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[bc]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Tubman" title="William Tubman">William Tubman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Liberian Declaration of Independence">Liberian Declaration of Independence</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acquisition_of_sovereignty">Acquisition of sovereignty</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Acquisition of sovereignty">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable tpl-blanktable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Date of acquisition of sovereignty </th> <th>Acquisition of sovereignty </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> </td> <td>3 July 1962 </td> <td>French recognition of Algerian referendum on independence held two days earlier </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> </td> <td>11 November 1975 </td> <td>Independence from Portugal </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> </td> <td>1 August 1960 </td> <td>Independence from France </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> </td> <td>30 September 1966 </td> <td>Independence from the United Kingdom </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> </td> <td>5 August 1960 </td> <td>Independence from France </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> </td> <td>1 July 1962 </td> <td>Independence from Belgium </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cabo Verde</a> </td> <td>24 September 1973 10 September 1974 (recognised) 5 July 1975<a href="#cite_note-122">[bd]</a> </td> <td>Independence from Portugal </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> </td> <td>1 January 1960 </td> <td>Independence from France </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> </td> <td>13 August 1960 </td> <td>Independence from France </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> </td> <td>11 August 1960 </td> <td>Independence from France </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> </td> <td>6 July 1975 </td> <td>Independence from France declared </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> </td> <td>30 June 1960 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Independence_and_the_Congo_Crisis_(1960–65)" title="History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Independence</a> from Belgium </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of Congo</a> </td> <td>15 August 1960 </td> <td>Independence from France </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> </td> <td>27 June 1977 </td> <td>Independence from France </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> </td> <td>28 February 1922 </td> <td>The UK ends its protectorate, <a href="/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Egyptian_Independence" title="Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence">granting independence</a> to Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> </td> <td>12 October 1968 </td> <td>Independence from Spain </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> </td> <td>1 June 1936 5 May 1941 19 May 1941 10 February 1947 19 February 1951 15 September 1952 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">Abyssinian campaign</a> Independence from <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_to_Verify_the_Referendum_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Observer Mission to Verify the Referendum in Eritrea">declared</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/45px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a> </td> <td>6 September 1968 </td> <td>Independence from the United Kingdom under the name Swaziland </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> </td> <td>5 May 1941 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">Abyssinian campaign</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/31px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> </td> <td>17 August 1960 </td> <td>Independence from France </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a> </td> <td>18 February 1965 </td> <td>Independence from the United Kingdom </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> </td> <td>6 March 1957 </td> <td>Independence from the United Kingdom </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> </td> <td>2 October 1958 </td> <td>Independence from France </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> </td> <td>24 September 1973 10 September 1974 (recognised) 5 July 1975<a href="#cite_note-123">[be]</a> </td> <td>Independence from Portugal declared </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> </td> <td>4 December 1958 </td> <td>Autonomous republic within <a href="/wiki/French_Community" title="French Community">French Community</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> </td> <td>7 August 1960 </td> <td>Independence from France </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> </td> <td>12 December 1963 </td> <td>Independence from the United Kingdom </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> </td> <td>4 October 1966 </td> <td>Independence from the United Kingdom </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> </td> <td>26 July 1847 </td> <td>Independence from <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> </td> <td>24 December 1951 </td> <td>Independence from <a href="/wiki/UN_Trusteeship" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Trusteeship">UN Trusteeship</a> (British and French administration after Italian governance ends in 1947) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> </td> <td>14 October 1958 </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Republic" title="Malagasy Republic">Malagasy Republic</a> was created as autonomous state within <a href="/wiki/French_Community" title="French Community">French Community</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 June 1960 </td> <td>France recognizes Madagascar's independence </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> </td> <td>6 July 1964 </td> <td>Independence from the United Kingdom </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> </td> <td>25 November 1958 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">French Sudan</a> gains autonomy </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 November 1958 4 April 1959 20 June 1960 20 August 1960 22 September 1960 </td> <td>Independence from France </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> </td> <td>28 November 1960 </td> <td>Independence from France </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> </td> <td>12 March 1968 </td> <td>Independence from the United Kingdom </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </td> <td>7 April 1956 </td> <td>Independence from France and Spain </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> </td> <td>25 June 1975 </td> <td>Independence from Portugal </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> </td> <td>21 March 1990 </td> <td>Independence from South African rule </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> </td> <td>4 December 1958 </td> <td>Autonomy within <a href="/wiki/French_Community" title="French Community">French Community</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 July 1900 13 October 1922 13 October 1946 26 July 1958 20 May 1957 25 February 1959 25 August 1958 3 August 1960 8 November 1960 10 November 1960 </td> <td>Independence from France </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </td> <td>1 October 1960 </td> <td>Independence from the United Kingdom </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> </td> <td>1 July 1962 </td> <td>Independence from Belgium </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/23px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/35px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/46px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> </td> <td>12 July 1975 </td> <td>Independence from Portugal </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> </td> <td>25 November 1957 24 November 1958 4 April 1959 4 April 1960 20 August 1960 20 June 1960 22 September 1960 18 February 1965 30 September 1989 </td> <td>Independence from France </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> </td> <td>29 June 1976 </td> <td>Independence from the United Kingdom </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> </td> <td>27 April 1961 </td> <td>Independence from the United Kingdom </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> </td> <td>20 July 1887 26 May 1925 1 June 1936 3 August 1940 19 August 1940 8 April 1941 25 February 1941 10 February 1947 1 April 1950 26 June 1960 1 July 1960 </td> <td>Union of <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust Territory of Somalia">Trust Territory of Somalia</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>) and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </td> <td>11 December 1931 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a>, which establishes a status of legislative equality between the self-governing dominion of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> and the UK </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 May 1910 </td> <td>Creation of the autonomous <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> from the previously separate colonies of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> </td> <td>9 July 2011 </td> <td>Independence from <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> after a civil war. </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> </td> <td>1 January 1956 </td> <td>Independence from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> and British <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">joint rule</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> </td> <td>9 December 1961 </td> <td>Independence of <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a> from the United Kingdom </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> </td> <td>30 August 1958 </td> <td>Autonomy within <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 April 1960 </td> <td>Independence from France </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> </td> <td>20 March 1956 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_independence" title="Tunisian independence">Independence from France</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> </td> <td>1 March 1962 </td> <td>Self-government granted </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 October 1962 </td> <td>Independence from the United Kingdom </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> </td> <td>24 October 1964 </td> <td>Independence from the United Kingdom </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> </td> <td>11 November 1965 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence_(Rhodesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Rhodesia)">Unilateral declaration of independence</a> by <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 April 1980 </td> <td>Recognized independence from the United Kingdom as Zimbabwe </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_colonialism">Modern colonialism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Modern colonialism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonisation_1550.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Colonisation_1550.png/220px-Colonisation_1550.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Colonisation_1550.png/330px-Colonisation_1550.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Colonisation_1550.png/440px-Colonisation_1550.png 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="1578" /></a><figcaption>World empires and colonies in 1550</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonial_empires_in_1800.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Colonial_empires_in_1800.svg/220px-Colonial_empires_in_1800.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Colonial_empires_in_1800.svg/330px-Colonial_empires_in_1800.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Colonial_empires_in_1800.svg/440px-Colonial_empires_in_1800.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>World empires and colonies in 1800</figcaption></figure> Colonialism in the colonial era, mostly refers to Western European countries' colonisation of lands in the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. The main European countries active in this form of colonization included <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a><a href="#cite_note-CobaltRed-124">[67]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> (now mostly Germany), and, beginning in the 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Most of these countries had a period of almost complete dominance of world trade at some stage in the period from roughly 1500 to 1900. Beginning in the late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a> also engaged in settler colonization, most notably in <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>. While some European colonisation focused on shorter-term exploitation of economic opportunities (<a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Colony" title="Newfoundland Colony">Newfoundland</a>, for example, or <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>) or addressed specific goals such as settlers seeking religious freedom (<a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>), at other times long-term social and economic planning was involved for both parties, but more on the colonizing countries themselves, based on elaborate theory-building (note <a href="/wiki/James_Oglethorpe" title="James Oglethorpe">James Oglethorpe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Georgia">Colony of Georgia</a> in the 1730s and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon_Wakefield" title="Edward Gibbon Wakefield">Edward Gibbon Wakefield</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Company" title="New Zealand Company">New Zealand Company</a> in the 1840s).<a href="#cite_note-125">[68]</a> In some cases European colonization appeared to be primarily for long-term economic gain, as in the Congo where Joseph Conrad's <a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Darkness" title="Heart of Darkness">Heart of Darkness</a> described life under the rule of <a href="/wiki/King_Leopold_II" class="mw-redirect" title="King Leopold II">King Leopold II</a> of Belgium in the 19th century and <a href="/wiki/Siddharth_Kara" title="Siddharth Kara">Siddharth Kara</a> has described colonial rule and European and Chinese influence in the 20th and 21st centuries.<a href="#cite_note-CobaltRed-124">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonialism_in_1945_updated_legend.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Colonialism_in_1945_updated_legend.png/220px-Colonialism_in_1945_updated_legend.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Colonialism_in_1945_updated_legend.png/330px-Colonialism_in_1945_updated_legend.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Colonialism_in_1945_updated_legend.png/440px-Colonialism_in_1945_updated_legend.png 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>World empires and colonies in 1945</figcaption></figure> Colonisation may be used as a method of absorbing and assimilating foreign people into the culture of the imperial country. One instrument to this end is <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">linguistic imperialism</a>, or the use of non-indigenous colonial languages to the exclusion of any indigenous languages from administrative (and often, any public) use.<a href="#cite_note-126">[69]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic">Economic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Economic">edit</a>]</div> An extensive body of literature has examined the legacy of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and colonial institutions on economic outcomes in Africa, with numerous studies showing disputed economic effects .<a href="#cite_note-127">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Modernisation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernisation theory">Modernisation theory</a> posits that colonial powers built <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> to integrate Africa into the <a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">world economy</a>; however, this was built mainly for extraction purposes. African economies were structured to benefit the coloniser and any surplus was likely to be 'drained', thereby stifling local <a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">capital accumulation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bertocchia,_G._2002-128">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">Dependency theory</a> suggests that most African economies continued to occupy a subordinate position in the world economy after independence with a reliance on primary <a href="/wiki/Commodities" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodities">commodities</a> such as copper in <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> and tea in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[72]</a> Despite this continued reliance and unfair trading terms, a <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> of 18 African countries found that a third of them experienced increased economic growth post-independence.<a href="#cite_note-Bertocchia,_G._2002-128">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social">Social</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Social">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Language">Language</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> Scholars including Dellal (2013), <a href="/wiki/Faranak_Miraftab" title="Faranak Miraftab">Miraftab</a> (2012) and Bamgbose (2011) have argued that Africa's linguistic diversity has been eroded.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] Language has been used by western colonial powers to divide territories and create new identities, which have led to conflicts and tensions between African nations.<a href="#cite_note-130">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Law">Law</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Law">edit</a>]</div> In the immediate post-independence period, African countries largely retained colonial legislation. However, by 2015 much colonial legislation had been replaced by laws that were written locally.<a href="#cite_note-131">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Explanatory notes are added in cases where decolonisation was achieved jointly by multiple countries or where the current country is formed by the merger of previously decolonised countries. Although <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> was administered as a <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">colony</a> in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a> and was recognized by the international community as such at the time, it is not listed here as its brief period under Italian rule (which lasted for a little more than five years and ended with the return of the <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">previous native government</a>) is now usually seen as a military occupation. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Some territories changed hands multiple times, so only the last colonial power is mentioned in the list. In addition, the mandatory or trustee powers are mentioned for territories that were <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandates</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trust_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Trust Territories">UN Trust Territories</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> The dates of decolonisation for territories annexed by or integrated into previously decolonised independent countries are given in separate notes, as are dates when a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a> abolished its monarchy. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> For countries that became independent either as a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a>, a monarchy with a strong Prime Minister, or a parliamentary republic, the head of government is listed instead. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Liberia would later annex the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Maryland" title="Republic of Maryland">Republic of Maryland</a>, another settler colony made up of former African-American slaves, in 1857. Liberia would not be recognized by the United States until 5 February 1862. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Allen_Benson" title="Stephen Allen Benson">Stephen Allen Benson</a> was President on the date of the United States' recognition. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> As <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> The Union of South Africa was constituted through the <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa Act">South Africa Act</a> entering into force on 31 May 1910. On 11 December 1931, it got increased self-governance powers through the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a> which was followed by transformation into a republic after the <a href="/wiki/1960_South_African_republic_referendum" title="1960 South African republic referendum">1960 referendum</a>. Afterwards, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> was under <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> until elections resulting from the <a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa</a> on 27 April 1994 when <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> became president. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a>. Transcontinental country, partially located in Asia. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> On 28 February 1922 the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> government issued the <a href="/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Egyptian_Independence" title="Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence">Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence</a>. Through this declaration, the British government unilaterally ended its protectorate over Egypt and granted it nominal independence except four "reserved" areas: foreign relations, communications, the military, and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_treaty_of_1936" title="Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936">Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936</a> reduced British involvement, but still was not welcomed by Egyptian nationalists, who wanted full independence from Britain, which was not achieved until <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 1952">23 July 1952</a>. The last British troops left Egypt after the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> of 1956. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Although the leaders of the 1952 revolution (<a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Naguib" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Naguib">Mohammed Naguib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>) became the de facto leaders of Egypt, neither would assume office until September 17 of that year when Naguib became Prime Minister, succeeding <a href="/wiki/Aly_Maher_Pasha" title="Aly Maher Pasha">Aly Maher Pasha</a> who was sworn in on the day of the revolution. Nasser would succeed Naguib as Prime Minister on 25 February 1954. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">United Kingdom of Libya</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> From 1947, Libya was <a href="/wiki/Allied_administration_of_Libya" title="Allied administration of Libya">administrated by the Allies</a> of World War II (the United Kingdom and France). Part of the British Military Administration originally gained independence as the Cyrenaica Emirate; it was only recognized by the United Kingdom. The <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrenaica Emirate">Cyrenaica Emirate</a> also merged to form the United Kingdom of Libya. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreement of 1899, stated that Sudan should be jointly governed by Egypt and Britain, but with real power remaining in British hands.<a href="#cite_note-49">[36]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Before Sudan even gained its independence, on 18 August 1955 the southern area of Sudan <a href="/wiki/First_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="First Sudanese Civil War">began fighting</a> for greater autonomy. After the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa_Agreement_(1972)" title="Addis Ababa Agreement (1972)">Addis Ababa Agreement</a> on 28 February 1972, South Sudan was granted <a href="/wiki/Southern_Sudan_Autonomous_Region_(1972%E2%80%9383)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (1972–83)">autonomous rule</a>. On 5 June 1983, however, the Sudan government revoked this autonomous rule, igniting a <a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">new war</a> for control of South Sudan. (The <a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Liberation Army">main non-government combatant</a> of the Second Sudanese Civil War largely claimed to be fighting for a <a href="/wiki/New_Sudan" title="New Sudan">united, secular Sudan</a> rather than South Sudan's independence.) On 9 July 2005, following the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement" title="Comprehensive Peace Agreement">Comprehensive Peace Agreement</a> signed on 9 January of that year, the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region was <a href="/wiki/Southern_Sudan_Autonomous_Region_(2005%E2%80%9311)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (2005–11)">restored</a>; exactly six years later, in the aftermath of the 9–15 January <a href="/wiki/2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum" title="2011 South Sudanese independence referendum">2011 South Sudanese independence referendum</a>, South Sudan became independent. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir_Mayardit" title="Salva Kiir Mayardit">Salva Kiir Mayardit</a> became President of South Sudan upon independence. <a href="/wiki/Abel_Alier" title="Abel Alier">Abel Alier</a> was the first President of the High Executive Council of the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region, while <a href="/wiki/John_Garang" title="John Garang">John Garang</a> became its President following its restoration. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Sudan's independence is indirectly linked to the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 1952">Egyptian revolution of 1952</a>, whose leaders eventually denounced Egypt's claim over Sudan. (This revocation would force the British to end the condominium.) </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Kingdom of Tunisia</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_independence" title="Tunisian independence">Tunisian independence</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a> was ceded by Spain to Morocco on 2 April 1958. <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> was returned from Spain to Morocco on 4 January 1969. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ghana" title="Dominion of Ghana">Dominion of Ghana</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_Togoland" title="British Togoland">British Togoland</a> <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">mandate</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trust_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Trust Territories">trust territory</a> was integrated into <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast colony</a> on 13 December 1956. On 1 July 1960 Ghana <a href="/wiki/1960_Ghanaian_constitutional_referendum" title="1960 Ghanaian constitutional referendum">formally abolished</a> its Commonwealth monarchy and became a republic. </li> <li id="cite_note-realm-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-realm_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-realm_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-realm_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-realm_59-3">d</a> Originally as Prime Minister; became President upon the monarchy's abolition. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> After the French Cameroun <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">mandate</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trust_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Trust Territories">trust territory</a> gained independence it was joined by part of the <a href="/wiki/Cameroons" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameroons">British Cameroons</a> mandate and trust territory on 1 October 1961. The other part of British Cameroons joined Nigeria. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Minor armed insurgency from <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Peoples_of_Cameroon" title="Union of the Peoples of Cameroon">Union of the Peoples of Cameroon</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Senegal and French Sudan gained independence on 20 June 1960 as the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Federation" title="Mali Federation">Mali Federation</a>, which dissolved a few months later into present-day <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Republic" title="Malagasy Republic">Malagasy Republic</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Uprising" title="Malagasy Uprising">Malagasy Uprising</a> was an earlier armed uprising that failed to gain independence from France. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Republic of the Congo</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a> occurred after independence. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust Territory of Somalia">Trust Territory of Somalia</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>) united with the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a> (former <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a>) on 1 July 1960 to form the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a> (Somalia). </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Dahomey" title="Republic of Dahomey">Republic of Dahomey</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> As <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Upper_Volta" title="Republic of Upper Volta">Upper Volta</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Part of the <a href="/wiki/Cameroons" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameroons">British Cameroons</a> <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">mandate</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trust_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Trust Territories">trust territory</a> on 1 October 1961 joined Nigeria. The other part of British Cameroons joined the previously decolonised French Cameroun mandate and territory. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tanzania-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tanzania_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tanzania_73-1">b</a> After both gained independence Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged on 26 April 1964 as <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Kingdom of Burundi</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Assumed office on September 27, 1962, as Prime Minister. From the date of independence to Ben Bella's inauguration, <a href="/wiki/Abderrahmane_Far%C3%A8s" title="Abderrahmane Farès">Abderrahmane Farès</a> served as President of the Provisional Executive Council. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Abolished its commonwealth monarchy exactly one year later; <a href="/wiki/Jamhuri_Day" title="Jamhuri Day">Jamhuri Day</a> ("Republic Day") is a celebration of both dates. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Mau Mau Uprising">Mau Mau Uprising</a> was an earlier armed uprising that failed to gain independence from the United Kingdom. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> The Sultanate of Zanzibar would later be overthrown within a month of sovereignty by the <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Zanzibar Revolution">Zanzibar Revolution</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Abolished its commonwealth monarchy exactly two years later. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="/wiki/1970_Gambian_republic_referendum" title="1970 Gambian republic referendum">Abolished its commonwealth monarchy on 24 April 1970</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Due to Rhodesia's unwillingness to accommodate the British government's request for black majority rule, the United Kingdom (along with the rest of the international community) refused to recognize the white-minority-led government. The former self-governing colony would not be recognized as an independent state until the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a>, under the name Zimbabwe. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Botswana Day Holiday is the second day of the two-day celebration of Botswana's independence. The <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Botswana)" title="Independence Day (Botswana)">first day</a> is also referred to as Botswana Day. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Moshoeshoe_II_of_Lesotho" title="Moshoeshoe II of Lesotho">Moshoeshoe II</a> became King upon independence. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> After the French Cameroun <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">mandate</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trust_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Trust Territories">trust territory</a> gained independence it was joined by part of the <a href="/wiki/Cameroons" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameroons">British Cameroons</a> mandate and trust territory on 1 October 1961. The other part of British Cameroons joined Nigeria. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Not celebrated as a holiday. The date 24 September 1973 (when the <a href="/wiki/African_Party_for_the_Independence_of_Guinea_and_Cape_Verde" title="African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde">PAIGC</a> formally declared Guinea's independence) is celebrated as Guinea-Bissau's date of independence. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> As the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">People's Republic of Mozambique</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pires" title="Pedro Pires">Pedro Pires</a> was sworn in as Prime Minister three days after independence. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Although the fight for Cape Verdean independence <a href="/wiki/African_Party_for_the_Independence_of_Guinea_and_Cape_Verde" title="African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde">was linked to the liberation movement</a> occurring in Guinea-Bissau, the island country itself saw little fighting. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> As the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">People's Republic of Angola</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> The Spanish colonial rule de facto terminated over the <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> (then <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara</a>), when the territory <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Accords" title="Madrid Accords">was passed on to and partitioned</a> between <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> (which annexed the entire territory in 1979). The decolonisation of Western Sahara is still pending, while a declaration of independence has been proclaimed by the <a href="/wiki/Saharawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic">Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic</a>, which controls only <a href="/wiki/Free_Zone_(region)" title="Free Zone (region)">a small portion</a> east of the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Wall">Moroccan Wall</a>. The UN still considers Spain the legal administrating country of the whole territory,<a href="#cite_note-90">[38]</a> awaiting the outcome of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Manhasset_negotiations" title="Manhasset negotiations">Manhasset negotiations</a> and resulting election to be overseen by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara</a>. However, the de facto administrator is Morocco (see <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_non-self-governing_territories" title="United Nations list of non-self-governing territories">United Nations list of non-self-governing territories</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Liberia would later annex the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Maryland" title="Republic of Maryland">Republic of Maryland</a>, another settler colony made up of former African-American slaves, in 1857. Liberia would not be recognized by the United States until 5 February 1862. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Allen_Benson" title="Stephen Allen Benson">Stephen Allen Benson</a> was President on the date of the United States' recognition. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Not celebrated as a holiday. The date 24 September 1973 (when the <a href="/wiki/African_Party_for_the_Independence_of_Guinea_and_Cape_Verde" title="African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde">PAIGC</a> formally declared Guinea's independence) is celebrated as Guinea-Bissau's date of independence. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Not celebrated as a holiday. The date 24 September 1973 (when the <a href="/wiki/African_Party_for_the_Independence_of_Guinea_and_Cape_Verde" title="African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde">PAIGC</a> formally declared Guinea's independence) is celebrated as Guinea-Bissau's date of independence. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa#1951_–_present" title="History of Africa">History of Africa#1951 – present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_Africa" title="Postcolonial Africa">Postcolonial Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Africa" title="Economic history of Africa">Economic history of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_colonies_in_Africa" title="List of European colonies in Africa">List of European colonies in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_Power_in_Africa" title="States and Power in Africa">States and Power in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Africa–United States relations">Africa–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Wars of national liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Women in the decolonisation of Africa">Women in the decolonisation of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_Africa" title="Year of Africa">Year of Africa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatch1967-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatch1967_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHatch1967">Hatch 1967</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiffordLouis1982-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiffordLouis1982_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGiffordLouis1982">Gifford & Louis 1982</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirmingham1995-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirmingham1995_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirmingham1995">Birmingham 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHargreaves1996-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHargreaves1996_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHargreaves1996">Hargreaves 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> for the viewpoint from London and Paris see <a href="#CITEREFvon_Albertini1971">von Albertini 1971</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAppiahGates_Jr.2010" class="citation book cs1">Appiah, Anthony; Gates Jr., Henry Louis (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195337709.001.0001/acref-9780195337709-e-0467">Berlin Conference of 1884-1885</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533770-9</bdi></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/snyderd/MWH/Projects/mun-bc/History.htm">the original</a> on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Berlin+Conference&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fteacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu%2Fsnyderd%2FMWH%2FProjects%2Fmun-bc%2FHistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecolonisation+of+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2017/winter/summer-of-1862">"The Revolutionary Summer of 1862"</a>. National Archives. 20 April 2018. 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Collins, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-zpShVWIxwIC&dq=%22Anglo-Egyptian+Condominium+Agreement%22+%221899%22&pg=PA33">A History of Modern Sudan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221018181359/https://books.google.com/books?id=-zpShVWIxwIC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=%22Anglo-Egyptian+Condominium+Agreement%22+%221899%22&source=bl&ots=nSppa3gB9v&sig=-_L6gvLursZ0_NA5alH6XZQaG4c&hl=en&ei=HvlXTJTAOcORrAfVoa2OBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CCQQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22Anglo-Egyptian%20Condominium%20Agreement%22%20%221899%22&f=false">Archived</a> 18 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Independent Benin unilaterally annexed Portuguese <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_de_Ajud%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="São João Baptista de Ajudá">São João Baptista de Ajudá</a> in 1961. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> UN General Assembly Resolution 34/37 and UN General Assembly Resolution 35/19 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> UN resolution 2145 terminated South Africa's mandate over Namibia, making it de jure independent. South Africa did not relinquish the territory until 1990 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiller1953" class="citation journal cs1">Schiller, A. Arthur (1 July 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ajcl/article-abstract/2/3/375/2587054?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false">"Eritrea: Constitution and Federation with Ethiopia"</a>. 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"Political independence and economic decolonisation: the case of Ghana under Nkrumah." Western Political Quarterly 24.1 (1971): 59-64. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Nkrumah, Kwame, Fifth Pan-African Congress, Declaration to Colonial People of the World (Manchester, England, 1945). </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180424135723/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/media-center/features/2888-political-party-activity-in-ghana-1947-to-1957">"POLITICAL PARTY ACTIVITY IN GHANA—1947 TO 1957 - Government of Ghana"</a>. www.ghana.gov.gh. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/media-center/features/2888-political-party-activity-in-ghana-1947-to-1957">the original</a> on 24 April 2018. 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Journal of Economic Literature. 58 (1): 53–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjel.20181447">10.1257/jel.20181447</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0515">0022-0515</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216320975">216320975</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231121003405/https://lbsresearch.london.edu/id/eprint/1290/1/w25278.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Literature&rft.atitle=Historical+Legacies+and+African+Development&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-128&rft.date=2020-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216320975%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-0515&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fjel.20181447&rft.aulast=Michalopoulos&rft.aufirst=Stelios&rft.au=Papaioannou%2C+Elias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flbsresearch.london.edu%2Fid%2Feprint%2F1290%2F1%2Fw25278.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecolonisation+of+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bertocchia,_G._2002-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bertocchia,_G._2002_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bertocchia,_G._2002_128-1">b</a> Bertocchia, G. & Canova, F., (2002) Did colonization matter for growth? An empirical exploration into the historical causes of Africa's underdevelopment. European Economic Review, Volume 46, pp. 1851-1871 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Vincent Ferraro, "Dependency Theory: An Introduction", in The Development Economics Reader, ed. Giorgio Secondi (London: Routledge, 2008), pp. 58-64 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> IMF Country Report No. 17/80 (2017). Article Iv Consultation - Press Release; Staff Report; And Statement By The Executive Director For Nigeria. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerinzonBriggs2016" class="citation journal cs1">Berinzon, Maya; Briggs, Ryan (1 July 2016). "Legal Families Without the Laws: The Fading of Colonial Law in French West Africa". American Journal of Comparative Law. 64 (2): 329–370. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5131%2FAJCL.2016.0012">10.5131/AJCL.2016.0012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Comparative+Law&rft.atitle=Legal+Families+Without+the+Laws%3A+The+Fading+of+Colonial+Law+in+French+West+Africa&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=329-370&rft.date=2016-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5131%2FAJCL.2016.0012&rft.aulast=Berinzon&rft.aufirst=Maya&rft.au=Briggs%2C+Ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecolonisation+of+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirmingham1995" class="citation book cs1">Birmingham, David (1995). The Decolonization of Africa. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-540-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-540-6"><bdi>978-1-85728-540-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/212163399">212163399</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL14849261W">14849261W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decolonization+of+Africa&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F212163399&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL14849261W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-85728-540-6&rft.aulast=Birmingham&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecolonisation+of+Africa" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Brennan, James R. "The Cold War battle over global news in East Africa: decolonization, the free flow of information, and the media business, 1960-1980." Journal of Global History 10.2 (2015): 333+.</li> <li>Brown, Judith M. and Wm. Roger Louis, eds. The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume IV: The Twentieth Century (2001) pp 515–73. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofthebritishempirevol.4oxford1999">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Burton" title="Antoinette Burton">Burton, Antoinette</a>. The Trouble with Empire: Challenges to Modern British Imperialism (2015)</li> <li>Chafer, Tony. The end of empire in French West Africa: France's successful decolonization (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2002).</li> <li>Chafer, Tony, and Alexander Keese, eds. Francophone Africa at fifty (Oxford UP, 2015).</li> <li>Clayton, Anthony. The wars of French decolonization (Routledge, 2014).</li> <li>Cohen, Andrew. The politics and economics of decolonization in Africa: the failed experiment of the Central African Federation (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017).</li> <li>Cooper, Frederick. Decolonization and African society: The labor question in French and British Africa (Cambridge University Press, 1996).</li></ul> <ul><li>Gerits, Frank. The Ideological Scramble for Africa: How the Pursuit of Anticolonial Modernity Shaped a Postcolonial Order (1945–1966) (Cornell University Press, 2023). ISBN13: 9781501767913. Major scholarly coverage of British, French and Portuguese colonies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdiplo.org/to/RT26-4">see online reviews and reply by author</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiffordLouis1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Prosser_Gifford" title="Prosser Gifford">Gifford, Prosser</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wm._Roger_Louis" title="Wm. Roger Louis">Louis, William Roger</a>, eds. (1982). The transfer of power in Africa: decolonization, 1940–1960. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02568-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02568-2"><bdi>978-0-300-02568-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8169830">8169830</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL19169397W">19169397W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+transfer+of+power+in+Africa%3A+decolonization%2C+1940%E2%80%931960&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8169830&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL19169397W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-300-02568-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecolonisation+of+Africa" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gordon, April A. and Donald L. Gordon, Lynne Riener. Understanding Contemporary Africa (London, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandcon00gord">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargreaves1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_D._Hargreaves" title="John D. Hargreaves">Hargreaves, John D.</a> (1996). Decolonization in Africa (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315843193">10.4324/9781315843193</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-84319-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-84319-3"><bdi>978-1-315-84319-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/897463837">897463837</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2966496W">2966496W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decolonization+in+Africa&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F897463837&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315843193&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL2966496W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-315-84319-3&rft.aulast=Hargreaves&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecolonisation+of+Africa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatch1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Hatch,_Baron_Hatch_of_Lusby" title="John Hatch, Baron Hatch of Lusby">Hatch, John</a> (1967). Africa: The Rebirth of Self-Rule. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa%3A+The+Rebirth+of+Self-Rule&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Hatch&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecolonisation+of+Africa" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Horne, Alistair. (1977). <a href="/wiki/A_Savage_War_of_Peace:_Algeria,_1954-1962" class="mw-redirect" title="A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954-1962">A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954-1962</a>. Viking Press.</li> <li>James, Leslie, and Elisabeth Leake, eds. Decolonization and the Cold War: Negotiating Independence (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015).</li> <li>Jeppesen, Chris, and Andrew W.M. Smith, eds. Britain, France and the Decolonization of Africa: Future Imperfect? (UCL Press, 2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BritainFranceAndTheDecolonizationOfAfrica">online</a>.</li> <li>Jerónimo, Miguel Bandeira, and António Costa Pinto, eds. The Ends of European Colonial Empires: Cases and Comparisons (Springer, 2016).</li> <li>Khapoya, Vincent B. The African Experience (1994) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanexperienc00khap">online</a></li> <li>Louis, Wm Roger, and Ronald Robinson. "The imperialism of decolonization." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 22.3 (1994): 462–511.</li> <li>Manthalu, Chikumbutso Herbert, and Yusef Waghid, eds. Education for Decoloniality and Decolonisation in Africa (Springer, 2019).</li> <li>MacQueen, Norrie. The Decolonization of Portuguese Africa: Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portugueseafrica">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mazrui" title="Ali Mazrui">Mazrui, Ali A.</a> ed. "<a href="/wiki/General_History_of_Africa" title="General History of Africa">General History of Africa</a>" vol. VIII, UNESCO, 1993</li> <li>McDougall, James. (2017). <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Algeria" title="A History of Algeria">A History of Algeria</a>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>McDougall, James. (2006). <a href="/wiki/History_and_the_culture_of_nationalism_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="History and the culture of nationalism in Algeria">History and the culture of nationalism in Algeria</a>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Meriwether, James Hunter. Tears, Fire, and Blood: The United States and the Decolonization of Africa (University of North Carolina Press, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=57430">online review</a></li> <li>Michalopoulos, Stelios; Papaioannou, Elias (2020-03-01). "Historical Legacies and African Development." Journal of Economic Literature. 58#1: 53–128. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jel.20181447">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220301170714/https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257%2Fjel.20181447">Archived</a> 1 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Milford, Ismay. African Activists in a Decolonising World: The Making of an Anticolonial Culture, 1952–1966 (Cambridge University Press, 2023). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1009276993" title="Special:BookSources/978-1009276993">978-1009276993</a></li> <li>Muschik, Eva-Maria. "Managing the world: the United Nations, decolonization, and the strange triumph of state sovereignty in the 1950s and 1960s." Journal of Global History 13.1 (2018): 121–144.</li> <li>Ndlovu‐Gatsheni, Sabelo J. "Decoloniality as the future of Africa." History Compass 13.10 (2015): 485–496. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blacfoundation.org/pdf/Ndlovu-Gatsheni-14.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515025331/https://www.blacfoundation.org/pdf/Ndlovu-Gatsheni-14.pdf">Archived</a> 15 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Rothermund, Dietmar. The Routledge companion to decolonization (Routledge, 2006), comprehensive global coverage; 365pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Routledge-Companion-Decolonization-Companions-History/dp/0415356326/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160519235250/http://www.amazon.com/Routledge-Companion-Decolonization-Companions-History/dp/0415356326">Archived</a> 19 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Sarmento, João. "Portuguese tropical geography and decolonization in Africa: the case of Mozambique." Journal of Historical Geography 66 (2019): 20–30.</li> <li>Seidler, Valentin. "Copying informal institutions: the role of British colonial officers during the decolonization of British Africa." Journal of Institutional Economics 14.2 (2018): 289–312. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220717042247/https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/63060428/Seidler_2018_Joie20200423-116195-hsgh2i-libre.pdf?1587631921=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DCopying_informal_institutions_the_role_o.pdf&Expires=1658035344&Signature=gNG2vEg7DMx217biE4DIqv5otdJS0S1vr9m2B9sV57Y5yrZbP9iQ7T3FtAVomcdOPxLIxVp1xMaulWLqRFsz-1s8fLiLbe-TTtkGnFAtq3y5DqyhsfWfX5uDd09A8DOWB6xMcJwAaFgoVFE6B5UspA7pMfnAzZlMLjnDLoLlrcxwPozmSrdZcEod~Lmt69FIeWkM6aQfqIUZBsMMlOhpqe19EyzZUSMijrmVvFxxtiMxQzMyKdZocGPCP02kHVeQNydX~8m-dtNjigk9HcgM1TSPwolSiK6ciCTNKD74b1q1gVjQJos0Q6VcK4tSK1P~I5oeWxySTNuWO3yKoHu4HA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA">online</a></li> <li>Strang, David. "From dependency to sovereignty: An event history analysis of decolonization 1870-1987." American Sociological Review (1990): 846–860. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2095750">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805220351/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2095750">Archived</a> 5 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Thomas, Martin, Bob Moore, and Larry Butler. Crises of Empire: Decolonization and Europe's imperial states (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Albertini1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_von_Albertini" class="extiw" title="de:Rudolf von Albertini">von Albertini, Rudolf</a> [in German] (1971). Decolonization: the Administration and Future of the Colonies, 1919-1960. Translated by Garvie, Francisca. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1156399427">1156399427</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL1316698W">1316698W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decolonization%3A+the+Administration+and+Future+of+the+Colonies%2C+1919-1960&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1156399427&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL1316698W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=von+Albertini&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecolonisation+of+Africa" class="Z3988"> for the viewpoint from London and Paris.</li> <li>White, Nicholas. Decolonization: the British experience since 1945 (Routledge, 2014).</li> <li>Wilder, Gary. Freedom time: negritude, decolonization, and the future of the world (Duke University Press, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Freedom-Time-Negritude-Decolonization-Future/dp/0822358506/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160607090755/http://www.amazon.com/Freedom-Time-Negritude-Decolonization-Future/dp/0822358506">Archived</a> 7 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Winks, Robin, ed. The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume V: Historiography (2001) ch 29–34, pp 450–557. How historians covered the history <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofthebritishempirevol.5oxford1999_201911">online</a></li> <li>Wood, Sarah L. "How Empires Make Peripheries: 'Overseas France' in Contemporary History." Contemporary European History (2019): 1–12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/59871105/how_empires_make_peripheries_overseas_france_in_contemporary_history20190626-117738-uca67y.pdf">online</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20100212-africa-50-years-independence">Africa: 50 years of independence</a> Radio France Internationale in English</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121211060056/http://www.legalfrontiers.ca/2010/11/winds-of-change-or-hot-air-decolonization-and-the-salt-water-test/">"Winds of Change or Hot Air? Decolonization and the Salt Water Test"</a> Legal Frontiers International Law Blog</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colonization" title="Template:Colonization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colonization" title="Template talk:Colonization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colonization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colonization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonization,_decolonization,_and_neocolonialism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">Colonization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neocolonialism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em">Exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Americas" title="Exploration of the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_exploration_of_Africa" title="European exploration of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_European_exploration_of_Asia" title="Chronology of European exploration of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Oceania" title="Europeans in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploration of Antarctica">Antarctica</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">World oceans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em"><a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">Colonization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa" title="Colonisation of Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_colonies_in_Africa" title="List of European colonies in Africa">European colonies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_colonisation_of_Southeast_Asia" title="European colonisation of Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonisation_of_Oceania" title="Colonisation of Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Antarctica" title="Colonization of Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em">Decolonization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_the_Americas" title="Decolonization of the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Asia" title="Decolonisation of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Oceania" title="Decolonisation of Oceania">Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em"><a href="/wiki/Exploration" title="Exploration">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">Maritime history</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">European</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em"><a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">Colonization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Antiquity</a> — <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_company" title="Chartered company">Chartered companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">Interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Western_colonialism" title="Chronology of Western colonialism">chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">empires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detribalization" title="Detribalization">detribalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">wars</a></li></ul></li> <li>Current: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_non-self-governing_territories" title="United Nations list of non-self-governing territories">Non-self-governing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial empires</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Overseas, major: <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Overseas, minor: <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea" title="Territory of Papua and New Guinea">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_colonial_policy" title="Austrian colonial policy">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couronian_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Couronian colonization">Couronian (Polish-Lithuanian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_possessions_of_Norway" title="List of possessions of Norway">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Mostly contiguous: <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expansionism" title="Chinese expansionism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_classical_Ottoman_Empire" title="Government of the classical Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em"><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Wars of national liberation</a> — Predecessors of sovereign states <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_predecessors_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe">in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_predecessors_of_sovereign_states_in_South_America" title="List of predecessors of sovereign states in South America">in South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_referendum" title="Independence referendum">Independence referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation" title="List of sovereign states by date of formation">Sovereign states formation dates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em"><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_colonialism" title="Internal colonialism">Internal colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">Neocolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_international_relations" title="Postcolonial international relations">Postcolonial international relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_knowledge" title="Decolonization of knowledge">Decolonization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">Terra nullius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_(settlement_or_colony)" title="Plantation (settlement or colony)">Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">Settler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontacted_peoples" title="Uncontacted peoples">Uncontacted peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_colonialism" title="Christianity and colonialism">Christianity and colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_public_space" title="Decolonization of public space">Decolonization of public space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Africa_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topics" title="Template:Africa topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topics" title="Template talk:Africa topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Africa_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Africa-related_articles" title="Index of Africa-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa" title="History of Africa">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient history of Africa">Antiquity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">North Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_archaeology" title="African archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">Pre-colonial kingdoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">Empires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahelian_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian kingdoms">Sahelian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Indian Ocean trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_exploration_of_Africa" title="European exploration of Africa">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa" title="Colonisation of Africa">European colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Decolonisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Africa" title="Economic history of Africa">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">Empires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_Africa#Historiography_of_Africa" title="Talk:History of Africa">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Africa" title="Military history of Africa">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Africa" title="History of Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Africa" title="History of East Africa">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Africa" title="History of North Africa">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southern_Africa" title="History of Southern Africa">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Africa" title="History of West Africa">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Africa" title="Geography of Africa">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_African_countries" title="List of highest points of African countries">Highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impact_craters_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of impact craters in Africa">Impact craters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history_of_Africa" title="Natural history of Africa">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Africa" title="List of regions of Africa">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Africa" title="List of rivers of Africa">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa#Politics" title="Africa">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Africa" title="Elections in Africa">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Africa" title="Democracy in Africa">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_government_in_Africa" title="Category:Heads of government in Africa">Heads of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_in_Africa" title="Category:Heads of state in Africa">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Africa" title="Human rights in Africa">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Africa_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in Africa by country">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Africa">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_linguistic_rights_in_African_constitutions" title="List of linguistic rights in African constitutions">Linguistic rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Africa#More_Women_Rights" title="Women in Africa">Women's rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">feminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_organisations_in_Africa" title="International organisations in Africa">International organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Africa">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_Africa" title="Category:Political parties in Africa">parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Africa" title="Economy of Africa">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Central banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of African countries by GDP (nominal)">Countries by GDP (nominal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of African countries by GDP (PPP)">Countries by GDP (PPP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of African countries by Human Development Index">Countries by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Africans_by_net_worth" title="List of Africans by net worth">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Africa" title="Education in Africa">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_in_Africa" title="Infrastructure in Africa">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Africa" title="Internet in Africa">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Africa" title="Natural resources of Africa">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Africa" title="Poverty in Africa">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Africa" title="Renewable energy in Africa">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_stock_exchanges" title="List of African stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Africa" title="Abortion in Africa">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_Africa" title="Birth control in Africa">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Caste systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Africa" title="Etiquette in Africa">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_in_Africa" title="Category:Health in Africa">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Africa" title="Culture of Africa">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Africa" title="Architecture of Africa">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_art" title="African art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Africa" title="Cinema of Africa">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_literature" title="African literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Africa">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Africa">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Africa" title="Sport in Africa">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Cricket_Association" title="Africa Cricket Association">Africa Cricket Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asian_Games" title="Afro-Asian Games">Afro-Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football_in_Africa" title="Australian rules football in Africa">Australian-rules football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_African_Football" title="Confederation of African Football">Confederation of African Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIBA_Africa" title="FIBA Africa">FIBA Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Africa" title="Rugby Africa">Rugby Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_stadiums_by_capacity" title="List of African stadiums by capacity">Stadiums by capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_d%27Afrique" title="Tour d'Afrique">Tour d'Afrique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa" title="Demographics of Africa">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population" title="List of African countries by population">Countries by population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population_density" title="List of African countries by population density">density</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Africa" title="Emigration from Africa">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in Africa">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of African countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_Africa" title="Urbanization in Africa">Urbanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cities_in_Africa" title="Lists of cities in Africa">cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_Africa_by_population" title="List of urban areas in Africa by population">urban areas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Africa" title="Youth in Africa">Youth in Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_in_Africa" title="Category:Years in Africa">By year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_Africa" title="2005 in Africa">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_Africa" title="2006 in Africa">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_Africa" title="2007 in Africa">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008 in Africa (page does not exist)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 in Africa (page does not exist)">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2010 in Africa (page does not exist)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 in Africa (page does not exist)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 in Africa (page does not exist)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013 in Africa (page does not exist)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2014_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2014 in Africa (page does not exist)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2015_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2015 in Africa (page does not exist)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_Africa" title="2016 in Africa">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2017_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2017 in Africa (page does not exist)">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2018_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2018 in Africa (page does not exist)">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 in Africa (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2020_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2020 in Africa (page does not exist)">2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Africa" title="Outline of Africa">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Africa-related_articles" title="Index of Africa-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></li> <li><a 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