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id="toc-Recurring_subject_matter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recurring_subject_matter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Recurring subject matter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recurring_subject_matter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Site_post-excavations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Site_post-excavations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Site post-excavations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Site_post-excavations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_location_of_Nimrud_reliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_location_of_Nimrud_reliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Current location of Nimrud reliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_location_of_Nimrud_reliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ashurnasirpal II</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B9%E1%88%AD-%E1%8A%93%E1%88%B2%E1%88%AD-%E1%8D%93%E1%88%8D" title="2 አሹር-ናሲር-ፓል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="2 አሹር-ናሲር-ፓል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="آشور ناصربال الثاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آشور ناصربال الثاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_A%C5%9F%C5%9Furnasirpal" title="II Aşşurnasirpal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="II Aşşurnasirpal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ایکینجی آشور-ناصیر-پال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی آشور-ناصیر-پال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1urnasirpal_II" title="Ašurnasirpal II – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ašurnasirpal II" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assurnasirpal_II" title="Assurnasirpal II – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Assurnasirpal II" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1%C5%A1urnasirpal_II." title="Aššurnasirpal II. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aššurnasirpal II." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1%C5%A1ur-n%C3%A2%E1%B9%A3ir-apli_II." title="Aššur-nâṣir-apli II. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aššur-nâṣir-apli II." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%81%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BB_%CE%92%CE%84" title="Ασουρνασιρπάλ Β΄ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ασουρνασιρπάλ Β΄" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asurnasirpal_II" title="Asurnasirpal II – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asurnasirpal II" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9Dur-nasir-apli_la_2-a" title="Aŝur-nasir-apli la 2-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŝur-nasir-apli la 2-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asurnasirpal_II.a" title="Asurnasirpal II.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Asurnasirpal II.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="آشور-ناصیر-پال دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آشور-ناصیر-پال دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assurnasirpal_II" title="Assurnasirpal II – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Assurnasirpal II" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assurnasirpal_II" title="Assurnasirpal II – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Assurnasirpal II" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%8A%88%EB%A5%B4%EB%82%98%EC%8B%9C%EB%A5%B4%ED%8C%94_2%EC%84%B8" title="아슈르나시르팔 2세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아슈르나시르팔 2세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AC_II" title="Աշուրնասիրպալ II – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աշուրնասիրպալ II" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ashurnasirpal II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assurnasirpal_II" title="Assurnasirpal II – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assurnasirpal II" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99" title="אשורנצירפל השני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אשורנצירפל השני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A_II" title="ასურნასირფალ II – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ასურნასირფალ II" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB_II" title="Ашурнасирпал II – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ашурнасирпал II" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Assur-n%C3%A1szir-apli" title="II. Assur-nászir-apli – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Assur-nászir-apli" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="اشور ناصربال التانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اشور ناصربال التانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assurnasirpal_II" title="Assurnasirpal II – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Assurnasirpal II" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%84%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%91%E3%83%AB2%E4%B8%96" title="アッシュル・ナツィルパル2世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アッシュル・ナツィルパル2世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asurnasirpal_II" title="Asurnasirpal II – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Asurnasirpal II" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aszurnasirpal_II" title="Aszurnasirpal II – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aszurnasirpal II" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assurnasirpal_II" title="Assurnasirpal II – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Assurnasirpal II" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%88%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB_II" title="Ашшурнацирапал II – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ашшурнацирапал II" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1urnasirpal_II." title="Ašurnasirpal II. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ašurnasirpal II." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB_II" title="Ашурнасирпал II – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ашурнасирпал II" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1urnasirpal_II" title="Ašurnasirpal II – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ašurnasirpal II" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assurnasirpal_II" title="Assurnasirpal II – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Assurnasirpal II" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assurnasirpal_II" title="Assurnasirpal II – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Assurnasirpal II" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ashurnasirpal II" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._A%C5%9Furnasirpal" title="II. Aşurnasirpal – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Ashurnasirpal II</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Assyria" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Assyria">King of Assyria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_King_of_the_Lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Glorious King of the Lands">Glorious King of the Lands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Four_Corners_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Four Corners of the World">King of the Four Corners of the World</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_All_Peoples" title="King of All Peoples">King of All Peoples</a></li></ul></div></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashurnasipal_with_official.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ashurnasipal_with_official.jpg/220px-Ashurnasipal_with_official.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ashurnasipal_with_official.jpg/330px-Ashurnasipal_with_official.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ashurnasipal_with_official.jpg/440px-Ashurnasipal_with_official.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Ashur-nasir-pal II (centre) meets a high official after a successful battle.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">King of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">883–859 BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_II" title="Tukulti-Ninurta II">Tukulti-Ninurta II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">910 BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">859 BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua" title="Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua">Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_II" title="Tukulti-Ninurta II">Tukulti-Ninurta II</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ashur-nasir-pal II</b> (<a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a>: <i>Aššur-nāṣir-apli</i>, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a> is guardian of the heir"<sup id="cite_ref-roux_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roux-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was the third <a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings" title="List of Assyrian kings">king</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> from 883 to 859 BCE. Ashurnasirpal II succeeded his father, <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_II" title="Tukulti-Ninurta II">Tukulti-Ninurta II</a>. His son and successor was <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> and his queen was Mullissu-mukannišat-Ninua. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashurnasirpal_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his reign he embarked on a vast program of expansion, first conquering the peoples to the north in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> as far as <a href="/wiki/Nairi" title="Nairi">Nairi</a> and exacting tribute from <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>, then invading <a href="/wiki/Aram_(biblical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aram (biblical region)">Aram</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>) conquering the <a href="/wiki/Aramaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaeans">Aramaeans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Hittites" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Hittites">Neo-Hittites</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabur</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> Rivers. The palaces, temples and other buildings raised by him bear witness to a considerable development of wealth and art.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cruelty">Cruelty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashurnasirpal_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cruelty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ashurnasirpal II was notorious for his brutality,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using enslaved captives to build a new Assyrian capital at Kalhu (<a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a>) in Mesopotamia where he built many impressive monuments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was also a shrewd administrator, who realized that he could gain greater control over his empire by installing Assyrian governors, rather than depending on local client rulers paying tribute.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>His harshness prompted a revolt that he crushed decisively in a pitched, two-day battle. According to his monument inscription, while recalling this massacre he says:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Their men young and old I took prisoners. Of some I cut off their feet and hands; of others I cut off the ears noses and lips; of the young men's ears I made a heap; of the old men's heads I made a minaret. I exposed their heads as a trophy in front of their city. The male children and the female children I burned in flames; the city I destroyed, and consumed with fire.</p></blockquote> <p>Following this victory, he advanced without opposition as far as the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> and exacted tribute from <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>. On his return home, he moved his capital to the city of Kalhu (<a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaigns">Campaigns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashurnasirpal_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon_under_Assyrian_rule#Campaigns_of_Ashurnasirpal_II,_883_-_859_B.C" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanon under Assyrian rule">Ashurnasirpal II's campaigns in Lebanon</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_Expansion_under_Ashurnasirpal_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Assyrian_Expansion_under_Ashurnasirpal_II.jpg/450px-Assyrian_Expansion_under_Ashurnasirpal_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Assyrian_Expansion_under_Ashurnasirpal_II.jpg/675px-Assyrian_Expansion_under_Ashurnasirpal_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Assyrian_Expansion_under_Ashurnasirpal_II.jpg/900px-Assyrian_Expansion_under_Ashurnasirpal_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Campaigns and contemporaries of Ashurnasirpal II</figcaption></figure> <p>Like previous Assyrian monarchs, Ashurnasirpal campaigned along the Euphrates against <a href="/wiki/Aramaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaeans">Aramaeans</a> and in the Diyala against <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>. Ashurnasirpal II's brutal treatment of rebels ensured that even when his army was not present, there would not be further revolts. Further revolts saw the local monarch replaced with a governor, loyal only to the Assyrian monarchy. Leading his army, which was typically composed of <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries" title="Auxiliaries">auxiliaries</a> and foreigners), <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">heavy & light cavalry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chariots" class="mw-redirect" title="Chariots">chariots</a>, Ashurnasirpal conquered the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aramaean" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaean">Aramaean</a> states of northern Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-Healyp10_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Healyp10-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ashurnasirpal II did not destroy the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a>/<a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite</a> cities he conquered. He was unsuccessful in his siege of <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>, which under <a href="/wiki/Ithobaal_I" title="Ithobaal I">Ittobaal</a> settled <a href="/wiki/Kition" title="Kition">Kition</a> in Cyprus and opened up trade routes throughout the Aegean, at Rhodes and Miletus. Through tribute they became sources for the raw materials of his armies and his building programs. Iron was needed for weapons, Lebanese cedar for construction and gold and silver for the payment of troops. </p><p>When considering the occupied citizens of his conquered territories, he wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>I resettled them in their abandoned towns and houses. I imposed more tribute and tax on them than ever before: horses, mules, oxen, sheep, wine and labor.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Balawat_Gates">Balawat Gates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashurnasirpal_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Balawat Gates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Balawat_Gates" title="Balawat Gates">Balawat Gates</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(3)_%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%283%29_%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA.jpg/220px-%283%29_%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%283%29_%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA.jpg/330px-%283%29_%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%283%29_%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA.jpg/440px-%283%29_%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Engravings of the brass gates of Balawat, dating back to the reign of King Ashurnasirpal II, 883-859 BC, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Balawat Gates, or the <i>Balawat Bronze Bands</i> are three sets of decorated bronze bands that had adorned the main doors of several buildings at <a href="/wiki/Balawat" title="Balawat">Balawat</a> (ancient Imgur-Enlil). Two of them date to the reign of Ashurnasirpal II. The third set of the Bronze Bands depicts the exploits of his son <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-melville_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-melville-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Neo-Assyrian Empire fell and Balawat was destroyed, the wooden elements of the gates decomposed. Most of the bronze bands survive, and can be found in museums. The gates were originally 6.8 metres high.<sup id="cite_ref-melville_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-melville-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gates were first discovered by the Iraqi archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Hormuzd_Rassam" title="Hormuzd Rassam">Hormuzd Rassam</a> on a British Museum expedition in 1878. They were found in the doorway of the king's palace. That set of the Balawat Bronze Bands is now on permanent display in London. The second set of the Bands was excavated by Sir Max Mallowan in 1956 in the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Mamu_(deity)" title="Mamu (deity)">Mamu</a>, the Mesopotamian goddess associated with dreams. It was on display in the <a href="/wiki/Mosul_Museum" title="Mosul Museum">Mosul Museum</a> in Iraq, but is now largely missing because of the looting in the wake of the invasion of Iraq in 2003. The documentation of these Bands is available in a 2008 publication by the British Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Mosul_Museum_artifacts" title="Destruction of Mosul Museum artifacts">Destruction of Mosul Museum artifacts</a> further occurred in 2015 because of a terrorist attack. </p><p>These sets include 32 bands of figurative scenes embossed on bronze, including cuneiform inscriptions. They provide a wealth of historical and art-historical information about the ninth century BC Assyria and surrounding region.<sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palace_of_Kalhu">Palace of Kalhu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashurnasirpal_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Palace of Kalhu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Gate_of_Nimrud_(Metropolitan_Museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Gate_of_Nimrud_%28Metropolitan_Museum%29.jpg/220px-The_Gate_of_Nimrud_%28Metropolitan_Museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Gate_of_Nimrud_%28Metropolitan_Museum%29.jpg/330px-The_Gate_of_Nimrud_%28Metropolitan_Museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Gate_of_Nimrud_%28Metropolitan_Museum%29.jpg/440px-The_Gate_of_Nimrud_%28Metropolitan_Museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2242" data-file-height="1665" /></a><figcaption>A pair of <a href="/wiki/Lamassu" title="Lamassu">Lamassus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a>, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art</figcaption></figure> <p>Ashurnasirpal II's palace in Kalhu (Nimrud, which is in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> slightly south of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>) probably began construction c.878 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is now generally accepted as having been completed after around 15 years alongside the near-total reconstruction of the Middle Assyrian city, c.864 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An inscription describing its inauguration details a ten-day banquet which 69,574 people attended.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The palace walls were lined with reliefs carved in alabaster. These reliefs bore elaborate carvings, many portraying the king surrounded by winged protective spirits, or engaged in hunting or on campaign. </p><p>Each relief had text inscribed in it. This text was the same or very similar on each relief and is therefore called the Standard Inscription. The Standard Inscription begins by tracing Ashur-nasir-pal II's lineage back three generations and recounts his military victories, defines the boundaries of his empire, tells how he founded Kalhu, and built the palace. Ashurnasirpal II also built a massive gateway at Nimrud. </p><p>The British archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard" title="Austen Henry Layard">Austen Henry Layard</a> excavated Kalhu in the 1840s, uncovering the North-West Palace of Ashurnasirpal II. Today, many of the reliefs and sculptures from the excavations in Nimrud are displayed in the galleries of the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Statue of Ashurnasirpal II">Statue of Ashurnasirpal II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Obelisk">Black Obelisk</a> by his son <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a>, with other reliefs on display in museums in Europe (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Sammlung_f%C3%BCr_%C3%84gyptische_Kunst" title="Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst">Munich</a>), Japan and the USA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nimrud_reliefs">Nimrud reliefs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashurnasirpal_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nimrud reliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_-_Relief_with_Winged_Genius_-_Walters_218.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Assyrian_-_Relief_with_Winged_Genius_-_Walters_218.jpg/220px-Assyrian_-_Relief_with_Winged_Genius_-_Walters_218.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Assyrian_-_Relief_with_Winged_Genius_-_Walters_218.jpg/330px-Assyrian_-_Relief_with_Winged_Genius_-_Walters_218.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Assyrian_-_Relief_with_Winged_Genius_-_Walters_218.jpg/440px-Assyrian_-_Relief_with_Winged_Genius_-_Walters_218.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>On this relief from Nimrud, a winged benevolent spirit blesses either the king or palace with a pine-cone. <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_East-_G9_Assyria_Nineveh_-_44841858665.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Middle_East-_G9_Assyria_Nineveh_-_44841858665.jpg/220px-Middle_East-_G9_Assyria_Nineveh_-_44841858665.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Middle_East-_G9_Assyria_Nineveh_-_44841858665.jpg/330px-Middle_East-_G9_Assyria_Nineveh_-_44841858665.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Middle_East-_G9_Assyria_Nineveh_-_44841858665.jpg/440px-Middle_East-_G9_Assyria_Nineveh_-_44841858665.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4720" /></a><figcaption>Ashurnasirpal on the throne</figcaption></figure> <p>After Assyria fell in 612 BC, the palace became overgrown and eventually completely buried, in which state it remained for nearly 2,500 years until rediscovered by the British-born <a href="/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard" title="Austen Henry Layard">A.H. Layard</a> in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Layard oversaw the excavation of the palace during which time the reliefs that dominated the walls of the structure were removed from the site and sent to collections throughout Europe and North America, with the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> receiving the majority of these Nimrud reliefs. Despite excavating and removing many of these reliefs, a great number remained within the palace and were eventually reburied with time.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/M.E.L._Mallowan" class="mw-redirect" title="M.E.L. Mallowan">M.E.L. Mallowan</a> re-excavated the site from 1947 until 1957, when the project was taken over by the Iraq Department of Antiques which still has legal authority over the site. The known area of the palace measures 200m from north to south and 120 meters from east to west. This is most likely only a portion of the original design, including the possibility of an upper level while no concrete evidence of this remains. All of the walls of the palace were lined with stone slabs of which a majority were decorated with relief images.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assurnasirpal_II_Hunting_Lions.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/Assurnasirpal_II_Hunting_Lions.jpeg/220px-Assurnasirpal_II_Hunting_Lions.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7f/Assurnasirpal_II_Hunting_Lions.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>Nimrud Relief:Ashurnasirpal II Hunting Lions, 883–859 BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Assyrian_gallery_at_the_Iraq_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Assyrian_gallery_at_the_Iraq_Museum.jpg/220px-The_Assyrian_gallery_at_the_Iraq_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Assyrian_gallery_at_the_Iraq_Museum.jpg/330px-The_Assyrian_gallery_at_the_Iraq_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Assyrian_gallery_at_the_Iraq_Museum.jpg/440px-The_Assyrian_gallery_at_the_Iraq_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> gallery, room X at the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Museum" title="Iraq Museum">Iraq Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Symbolism_and_purpose">Symbolism and purpose</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashurnasirpal_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Symbolism and purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among these relief images occurred a certain amount of standardization around 870 BC. Carved into each of the stone slabs, including the ones lacking relief, was what is referred to as the Standard Inscription. This text gave the various names and titles of the king, spoke of his relationship with the gods and summarized his military conquests. The text also goes on to describe the founding of Kalhu and speaks of the palace itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slabs, which contain relief, consist of depictions of Assurnasirpal's royal ideology. This ideology can be categorized into four main ideas, the military success of the king, his service to the gods, which provided divine protection and Assyrian prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a particular interest in the anatomy of both humans and animals within the depictions.<sup id="cite_ref-Ataç_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ataç-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Royal hunting scenes are some of the most well known of the Nimrud reliefs particularly those showing Assurnasirpal II hunting lions. There is also a distinct interest in the relationship between man and animal in many of the scenes. In several depictions the king is shown with supernatural creatures of animal and human combination. All of the apotropaic portrayals, which would have decorated the doorways of the palace, were of these human and animal hybrids. Within the context of these apotropaic figures were three main types, a winged figure wearing the horned crown which symbolized divinity, a winged figure wearing a headband of rosettes and a winged human figure with the head of a bird.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recurring_subject_matter">Recurring subject matter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashurnasirpal_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Recurring subject matter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nimrud_Palace_Reliefs_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nimrud_Palace_Reliefs_2.jpg/220px-Nimrud_Palace_Reliefs_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nimrud_Palace_Reliefs_2.jpg/330px-Nimrud_Palace_Reliefs_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nimrud_Palace_Reliefs_2.jpg/440px-Nimrud_Palace_Reliefs_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1994" data-file-height="1306" /></a><figcaption>Nimrud relief</figcaption></figure> <p>Other popular themes in the Nimrud reliefs included military campaigns and victories garnered by the Assyrians. More specifically these were displays of the relationships between Assyrians and non-Assyrians.<sup id="cite_ref-Cirfarelli_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cirfarelli-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Assyrians were always shown in moments of glory while the non-Assyrians are in sprawled or contorted positions and most often naked. These illustrations represented violent death as punishment for violating Assyrian values, as well as merciless punishment for transgressions. Not only would this have served as a clear message for visiting dignitaries from other cultures but also the same message was innately obvious as a warning to the Assyrian elites as to what could happen if they decided to defy the king.<sup id="cite_ref-Cirfarelli_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cirfarelli-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-elites were likely not viewing these reliefs, as they would not have often, if ever, been permitted into the palace. The elites would have typically only been present at the palace for rituals and other business with the king. Assyrian women tend to be absent from all of these relief sculptures. This is most likely due to the context of the reliefs, which were male dominated activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Cirfarelli_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cirfarelli-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only exception to women being absent from these scenes is non-Assyrian women who were captured as slaves during war. These were typically the elite women of other cultures, rather than the lower class. In contrast to the way in which male captives were portrayed, women were neither bound nor naked in their depictions. Women captives were most often shown in floor length outfits, with possibly one part of their body exposed in detail.<sup id="cite_ref-Cirfarelli_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cirfarelli-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Site_post-excavations">Site post-excavations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashurnasirpal_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Site post-excavations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_foundation_tablet_of_Ashurna%E1%B9%A3irpal_II_found_in_his_palace_in_the_city_Apqu_(modern_Tell_Abu_Marya).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Gold_foundation_tablet_of_Ashurna%E1%B9%A3irpal_II_found_in_his_palace_in_the_city_Apqu_%28modern_Tell_Abu_Marya%29.png/220px-Gold_foundation_tablet_of_Ashurna%E1%B9%A3irpal_II_found_in_his_palace_in_the_city_Apqu_%28modern_Tell_Abu_Marya%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Gold_foundation_tablet_of_Ashurna%E1%B9%A3irpal_II_found_in_his_palace_in_the_city_Apqu_%28modern_Tell_Abu_Marya%29.png/330px-Gold_foundation_tablet_of_Ashurna%E1%B9%A3irpal_II_found_in_his_palace_in_the_city_Apqu_%28modern_Tell_Abu_Marya%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Gold_foundation_tablet_of_Ashurna%E1%B9%A3irpal_II_found_in_his_palace_in_the_city_Apqu_%28modern_Tell_Abu_Marya%29.png/440px-Gold_foundation_tablet_of_Ashurna%E1%B9%A3irpal_II_found_in_his_palace_in_the_city_Apqu_%28modern_Tell_Abu_Marya%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2412" data-file-height="1642" /></a><figcaption>Gold foundation tablet of Ashurnaṣirpal II found in his palace in the city Apqu (modern Tell Abu Marya)</figcaption></figure> <p>Not all of the relief sculptures have been removed from the palace at Nimrud. Many of them are able to be viewed in their original context, although this is greatly limited. Many of the museums, which currently display the Nimrud reliefs, attempt to recreate the palace atmosphere by exhibiting them in a similar fashion to their original loci.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In November 2014, it was reported that <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL</a>, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, militants had looted many of Iraq's archaeological sites, including the palace of Ashurnasirpal II, and were selling artifacts on the black market. According to Aymen Jawad, executive director of Iraq Heritage (based in London), <i>"Tablets, manuscripts and cuneiforms are the most common artifacts being traded, and, unfortunately, this is being seen in Europe and America,”</i> he said. <i>“Hundreds of millions of dollars’ worth of irreplaceable pieces are being sold to fund terrorists."</i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 March 2015 ISIL reportedly started the demolition of Nimrud. The local palace was bulldozed. Lamassu statues at the gates of the palace of Ashurnasirpal II were smashed.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_location_of_Nimrud_reliefs">Current location of Nimrud reliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashurnasirpal_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Current location of Nimrud reliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BM;_RM7_-_ANE,_Nimrud_Palace_Reliefs_1_Northwest_Palace_of_Ashurnasirpal_II_(883-859_B.C)_~_Full_Elevation_%26_Viewing_South.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BM%3B_RM7_-_ANE%2C_Nimrud_Palace_Reliefs_1_Northwest_Palace_of_Ashurnasirpal_II_%28883-859_B.C%29_~_Full_Elevation_%26_Viewing_South.JPG/220px-BM%3B_RM7_-_ANE%2C_Nimrud_Palace_Reliefs_1_Northwest_Palace_of_Ashurnasirpal_II_%28883-859_B.C%29_~_Full_Elevation_%26_Viewing_South.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BM%3B_RM7_-_ANE%2C_Nimrud_Palace_Reliefs_1_Northwest_Palace_of_Ashurnasirpal_II_%28883-859_B.C%29_~_Full_Elevation_%26_Viewing_South.JPG/330px-BM%3B_RM7_-_ANE%2C_Nimrud_Palace_Reliefs_1_Northwest_Palace_of_Ashurnasirpal_II_%28883-859_B.C%29_~_Full_Elevation_%26_Viewing_South.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BM%3B_RM7_-_ANE%2C_Nimrud_Palace_Reliefs_1_Northwest_Palace_of_Ashurnasirpal_II_%28883-859_B.C%29_~_Full_Elevation_%26_Viewing_South.JPG/440px-BM%3B_RM7_-_ANE%2C_Nimrud_Palace_Reliefs_1_Northwest_Palace_of_Ashurnasirpal_II_%28883-859_B.C%29_~_Full_Elevation_%26_Viewing_South.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Wall reliefs from the north west palace, at the British Museum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Near_Eastern_Assyrian_Reliefs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ancient_Near_Eastern_Assyrian_Reliefs.jpg/220px-Ancient_Near_Eastern_Assyrian_Reliefs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ancient_Near_Eastern_Assyrian_Reliefs.jpg/330px-Ancient_Near_Eastern_Assyrian_Reliefs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ancient_Near_Eastern_Assyrian_Reliefs.jpg/440px-Ancient_Near_Eastern_Assyrian_Reliefs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>Reliefs from the palace, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_of_a_royal_attendant._From_the_North-West_Palace_at_Nimrud,_Iraq._Reign_of_Ashurnasirpall_II,_883-859_BCE._The_Burrell_Collection,_Glasgow,_UK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Head_of_a_royal_attendant._From_the_North-West_Palace_at_Nimrud%2C_Iraq._Reign_of_Ashurnasirpall_II%2C_883-859_BCE._The_Burrell_Collection%2C_Glasgow%2C_UK.jpg/220px-Head_of_a_royal_attendant._From_the_North-West_Palace_at_Nimrud%2C_Iraq._Reign_of_Ashurnasirpall_II%2C_883-859_BCE._The_Burrell_Collection%2C_Glasgow%2C_UK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Head_of_a_royal_attendant._From_the_North-West_Palace_at_Nimrud%2C_Iraq._Reign_of_Ashurnasirpall_II%2C_883-859_BCE._The_Burrell_Collection%2C_Glasgow%2C_UK.jpg/330px-Head_of_a_royal_attendant._From_the_North-West_Palace_at_Nimrud%2C_Iraq._Reign_of_Ashurnasirpall_II%2C_883-859_BCE._The_Burrell_Collection%2C_Glasgow%2C_UK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Head_of_a_royal_attendant._From_the_North-West_Palace_at_Nimrud%2C_Iraq._Reign_of_Ashurnasirpall_II%2C_883-859_BCE._The_Burrell_Collection%2C_Glasgow%2C_UK.jpg/440px-Head_of_a_royal_attendant._From_the_North-West_Palace_at_Nimrud%2C_Iraq._Reign_of_Ashurnasirpall_II%2C_883-859_BCE._The_Burrell_Collection%2C_Glasgow%2C_UK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2661" data-file-height="2837" /></a><figcaption>Head of a royal attendant. From the North-West Palace at Nimrud, Iraq. Reign of Ashurnasirpall II, 883–859 BC. The Burrell Collection, Glasgow, UK</figcaption></figure> <p><b>United States</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a>, Ohio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Institute_of_Art" title="Minneapolis Institute of Art">Minneapolis Institute of Art</a>, Minnesota - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/winged-genius/VgG0_3mKv_isfQ">Winged Genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Art_Museum" title="Princeton University Art Museum">Princeton University Art Museum</a>, New Jersey - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/objects/34202">Winged Genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Art_Gallery" title="Yale University Art Gallery">Yale University Art Gallery</a>, Connecticut - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artgallery.yale.edu/overall-search/ashurnasirpal">items of the collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Oriental_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Oriental Institute">University of Chicago Oriental Institute</a>, Chicago - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/relief-from-palace-of-ashurnasirpal-ii-at-nimrud/AAGkq1pScmZFmQ?avm=4">relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_Art_Museum" title="Mead Art Museum">Mead Art Museum</a>, Amherst, Massachusetts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_College_Museum_of_Art" title="Williams College Museum of Art">Williams College Museum of Art</a>, Williamstown, Massachusetts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</a>, Massachusetts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>, New York</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search#!?q=ashurnasirpal&perPage=20&offset=0&pageSize=0&sortBy=Relevance&sortOrder=asc&searchField=All">items of the collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_Museum_of_Art" title="Hood Museum of Art">Hood Museum of Art</a>, Hanover, New Hampshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>, Baltimore, Maryland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Houston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Houston">Museum of Fine Arts, Houston</a>, Texas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimbell_Art_Museum" title="Kimbell Art Museum">Kimbell Art Museum</a>, Fort Worth, Texas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum" title="Saint Louis Art Museum">Saint Louis Art Museum</a>, Missouri</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Atkins_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Nelson Atkins Museum of Art">Nelson Atkins Museum of Art</a>, Kansas City, Missouri</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleming_Museum_of_Art" title="Fleming Museum of Art">Fleming Museum of Art</a>, Burlington, Vermont</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowdoin_College_Museum_of_Art" title="Bowdoin College Museum of Art">Bowdoin College Museum of Art</a>, Brunswick, Maine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Arts_Museums_of_San_Francisco" title="Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco">Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Legion_of_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of the Legion of Honor">Palace of the Legion of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a></li></ul> <p><b>United Kingdom</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, London</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Museum_%26_Art_Gallery" title="Bristol Museum & Art Gallery">Bristol Museum & Art Gallery</a>, Bristol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzwilliam_Museum" title="Fitzwilliam Museum">Fitzwilliam Museum</a>, Cambridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Scotland" title="National Museum of Scotland">National Museum of Scotland</a>, Edinburgh</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Burrell_Collection" title="Burrell Collection">Burrell Collection</a>, Glasgow</li></ul> <p><b>Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Museum" title="Pergamon Museum">Pergamon Museum</a>, Berlin, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Sammlung_f%C3%BCr_%C3%84gyptische_Kunst" title="Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst">Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst</a>, Munich, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skulpturensammlung" title="Skulpturensammlung">Skulpturensammlung</a>, Dresden, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calouste_Gulbenkian_Museum" title="Calouste Gulbenkian Museum">Calouste Gulbenkian Museum</a>, Lisbon, Portugal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Museums_of_Art_and_History" title="Royal Museums of Art and History">Royal Museums of Art and History</a>, Brussels, Belgium</li></ul> <p><b>Middle East</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basrah_Museum" title="Basrah Museum">Basra Museum</a>, Iraq</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Museum" title="Iraq Museum">Iraq Museum</a>, Baghdad, Iraq</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosul_Museum" title="Mosul Museum">Mosul Museum</a>, Iraq</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Museum" title="Sulaymaniyah Museum">Sulaymaniyah Museum</a>, Iraq</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbil_Civilization_Museum" title="Erbil Civilization Museum">Erbil Civilization Museum</a>, Iraq</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basrah_Museum" title="Basrah Museum">Basra Museum</a>, Iraq</li> <li>Museum of the Ancient Orient, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Archaeology_Museums" title="Istanbul Archaeology Museums">Istanbul Archaeology Museums</a>, Turkey</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashurnasirpal_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurkh_Monoliths" title="Kurkh Monoliths">Kurkh Monoliths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamassu" title="Lamassu">Lamassu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashurnasirpal_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-roux-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roux_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoux,_Georges1992" class="citation book cs1">Roux, Georges (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientiraq00roux/page/288"><i>Ancient Iraq</i></a> (Third ed.). New York: Penguin Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientiraq00roux/page/288">288</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-012523-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-012523-X"><bdi>0-14-012523-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Iraq&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=288&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-14-012523-X&rft.au=Roux%2C+Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientiraq00roux%2Fpage%2F288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshurnasirpal+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Ashurnasirpal_II/">"Ashurnasirpal II"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ashurnasirpal+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FAshurnasirpal_II%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshurnasirpal+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ashurnasirpal-II">"Ashurnasirpal II | king of Assyria | Britannica"</a>. 27 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ashurnasirpal+II+%26%23124%3B+king+of+Assyria+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2023-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAshurnasirpal-II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshurnasirpal+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClareTyler1897" class="citation book cs1">Clare, Israel; Tyler, Moses (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jPFFAQAAMAAJ"><i>Library of Universal History Vol 1 - Ancient Oriental Nations</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ISIL+fighters+bulldoze+ancient+Assyrian+palace+in+Iraq&rft.date=2015-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F03%2Fisil-fighters-bulldoze-ancient-assyrian-palace-iraq-150305195222805.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshurnasirpal+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashurnasirpal_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinkman1968" class="citation book cs1">Brinkman, J.A. (1968). <i>A Political History of Post-Kassite Babylonia, 1158–722 BC</i>. Rome: Pontilicium Institutum Biblicum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+History+of+Post-Kassite+Babylonia%2C+1158%E2%80%93722+BC&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Pontilicium+Institutum+Biblicum&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Brinkman&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshurnasirpal+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChow2020" class="citation journal cs1">Chow, C. T. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Firq.2020.1">"Sword Carry in the Art of Ashurnasirpal Ii: Displays of Divine Authority"</a>. <i>Iraq</i>. <b>82</b>: 73–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Firq.2020.1">10.1017/irq.2020.1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225636027">225636027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iraq&rft.atitle=Sword+Carry+in+the+Art+of+Ashurnasirpal+Ii%3A+Displays+of+Divine+Authority&rft.volume=82&rft.pages=73-93&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Firq.2020.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225636027%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chow&rft.aufirst=C.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Firq.2020.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshurnasirpal+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford,_Vaughn_E.1980" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Vaughn E.; et al. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/33166/rec/1"><i>Assyrian reliefs and ivories in the Metropolitan Museum of Art: palace reliefs of Assurnasirpal II and ivory carvings from Nimrud</i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870992600" title="Special:BookSources/0870992600"><bdi>0870992600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assyrian+reliefs+and+ivories+in+the+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art%3A+palace+reliefs+of+Assurnasirpal+II+and+ivory+carvings+from+Nimrud&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0870992600&rft.au=Crawford%2C+Vaughn+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F33166%2Frec%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshurnasirpal+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewar2020" class="citation journal cs1">Dewar, B. (2020). "US AGAINST THEM: IDEOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ASHURNASIRPAL II'S CAMPAIGN AGAINST ASSYRIAN REBELS IN ḪALZILUḪA". <i>Iraq</i>. <b>82</b>: 111–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Firq.2020.4">10.1017/irq.2020.4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225382970">225382970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iraq&rft.atitle=US+AGAINST+THEM%3A+IDEOLOGICAL+AND+PSYCHOLOGICAL+ASPECTS+OF+ASHURNASIRPAL+II%27S+CAMPAIGN+AGAINST+ASSYRIAN+REBELS+IN+%E1%B8%AAALZILU%E1%B8%AAA&rft.volume=82&rft.pages=111-124&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Firq.2020.4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225382970%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dewar&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshurnasirpal+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayson1972" class="citation book cs1">Grayson, A. K. (1972). <i>From Tiglath-pileser I to Ashur-nasir-apli II</i>. Assyrian Royal Inscriptions. Vol. 2. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Tiglath-pileser+I+to+Ashur-nasir-apli+II&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.series=Assyrian+Royal+Inscriptions&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Grayson&rft.aufirst=A.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshurnasirpal+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert_Kirk_Grayson1991" class="citation book cs1">Albert Kirk Grayson (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/assyrian-rulers-of-the-early-first-millennium-bc-i-1114-859-bc"><i>Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC I (1114–859 BC)</i></a>. University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assyrian+Rulers+of+the+Early+First+Millennium+BC+I+%281114%E2%80%93859+BC%29&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Albert+Kirk+Grayson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fassyrian-rulers-of-the-early-first-millennium-bc-i-1114-859-bc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshurnasirpal+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallowan1966" class="citation book cs1">Mallowan, M.E. L. (1966). <i>Nimrud and Its Remains</i>. London: Collins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nimrud+and+Its+Remains&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Mallowan&rft.aufirst=M.E.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshurnasirpal+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlmstead,_A._T.1918" class="citation journal cs1">Olmstead, A. T. (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-592609">"The Calculated Frightfulness of Ashur Nasir Apal"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>38</b>: 209–263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F592609">10.2307/592609</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fpst.000020023782">2027/pst.000020023782</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/592609">592609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Calculated+Frightfulness+of+Ashur+Nasir+Apal&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=209-263&rft.date=1918&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fpst.000020023782&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F592609%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F592609&rft.au=Olmstead%2C+A.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjstor-592609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshurnasirpal+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReade1980" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Reade, J.E. (1980) [1979]. "Assyrian Architectural Decoration". <i>Baghdader Mitteilungen</i>. 10/11: 71–87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baghdader+Mitteilungen&rft.atitle=Assyrian+Architectural+Decoration&rft.volume=10%2F11&rft.pages=71-87&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Reade&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshurnasirpal+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearns1961" class="citation book cs1">Stearns, J. B. (1961). <i>Reliefs from the Palace of Ashurnasirpal II</i>. Graz: Ernst F. Weidner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reliefs+from+the+Palace+of+Ashurnasirpal+II&rft.place=Graz&rft.pub=Ernst+F.+Weidner&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshurnasirpal+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashurnasirpal_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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title="commons:Category:Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Ashurnasirpal_II/">Ashurnasirpal II - World History Encyclopedia</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_II" title="Tukulti-Ninurta II">Tukulti-Ninurta II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Assyria" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Assyria">King of Assyria</a> </b><br />884–859 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div 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title="List of Assyrian kings">List of Assyrian kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Royal titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings#Early_Assyrian_rulers" title="List of Assyrian kings">Legendary kings and early governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings#Later_Assyrian_kingship" title="List of Assyrian kings">Later kingship</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyrian period</a><br /><small>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2025–1364 BC)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_I" title="Puzur-Ashur I">Puzur-Ashur I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalim-ahum" title="Shalim-ahum">Shalim-ahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilu-shuma" title="Ilu-shuma">Ilu-shuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erishum_I" title="Erishum I">Erishum I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikunum" title="Ikunum">Ikunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargon_I" title="Sargon I">Sargon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_II" title="Puzur-Ashur II">Puzur-Ashur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Assyria" title="Naram-Sin of Assyria">Naram-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erishum_II" title="Erishum II">Erishum II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_I" title="Ishme-Dagan I">Ishme-Dagan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut-Ashkur" title="Mut-Ashkur">Mut-Ashkur</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimush_of_Assyria" title="Rimush of Assyria">Rimush</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asinum" title="Asinum">Asinum</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Sin" title="Puzur-Sin">Puzur-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel-bani" title="Bel-bani">Bel-bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libaya" title="Libaya">Libaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad I">Sharma-Adad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iptar-Sin" title="Iptar-Sin">Iptar-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaya" title="Bazaya">Bazaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullaya" title="Lullaya">Lullaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu-Ninua" title="Shu-Ninua">Shu-Ninua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad II">Sharma-Adad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erishum_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Erishum III">Erishum III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_II" title="Shamshi-Adad II">Shamshi-Adad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_II" title="Ishme-Dagan II">Ishme-Dagan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_III" title="Shamshi-Adad III">Shamshi-Adad III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_I" title="Ashur-nirari I">Ashur-nirari I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_III" title="Puzur-Ashur III">Puzur-Ashur III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nasir_I" title="Enlil-nasir I">Enlil-nasir I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur-ili" title="Nur-ili">Nur-ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-shaduni" title="Ashur-shaduni">Ashur-shaduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_I" title="Ashur-rabi I">Ashur-rabi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_I" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe I">Ashur-nadin-ahhe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-Nasir_II" title="Enlil-Nasir II">Enlil-Nasir II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_II" title="Ashur-nirari II">Ashur-nirari II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-nisheshu" title="Ashur-bel-nisheshu">Ashur-bel-nisheshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-rim-nisheshu" title="Ashur-rim-nisheshu">Ashur-rim-nisheshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_II" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe II">Ashur-nadin-ahhe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_I" title="Eriba-Adad I">Eriba-Adad I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a><br /><small>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1363–912 BC)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nirari" title="Enlil-nirari">Enlil-nirari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arik-den-ili" title="Arik-den-ili">Arik-den-ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_I" title="Adad-nirari I">Adad-nirari I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_I" title="Shalmaneser I">Shalmaneser I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-apli" title="Ashur-nadin-apli">Ashur-nadin-apli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_III" title="Ashur-nirari III">Ashur-nirari III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-kudurri-usur" title="Enlil-kudurri-usur">Enlil-kudurri-usur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apal-Ekur" title="Ninurta-apal-Ekur">Ninurta-apal-Ekur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_I" title="Ashur-dan I">Ashur-dan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur" title="Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur">Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutakkil-Nusku" title="Mutakkil-Nusku">Mutakkil-Nusku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_I" title="Ashur-resh-ishi I">Ashur-resh-ishi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_I" title="Tiglath-Pileser I">Tiglath-Pileser I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asharid-apal-Ekur" title="Asharid-apal-Ekur">Asharid-apal-Ekur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-kala" title="Ashur-bel-kala">Ashur-bel-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_II" title="Eriba-Adad II">Eriba-Adad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_IV" title="Shamshi-Adad IV">Shamshi-Adad IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_I" title="Ashurnasirpal I">Ashurnasirpal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_II" title="Shalmaneser II">Shalmaneser II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_IV" title="Ashur-nirari IV">Ashur-nirari IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_II" title="Ashur-rabi II">Ashur-rabi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_II" title="Ashur-resh-ishi II">Ashur-resh-ishi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_II" title="Tiglath-Pileser II">Tiglath-Pileser II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_II" title="Ashur-dan II">Ashur-dan II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a><br /><small>(911–609 BC)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_II" title="Adad-nirari II">Adad-nirari II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_II" title="Tukulti-Ninurta II">Tukulti-Ninurta II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ashurnasirpal II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_III" title="Adad-nirari III">Adad-nirari III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_IV" title="Shalmaneser IV">Shalmaneser IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_III" title="Ashur-dan III">Ashur-dan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_V" title="Ashur-nirari V">Ashur-nirari V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-etil-ilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-etil-ilani">Ashur-etil-ilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin-shumu-lishir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-shumu-lishir">Sin-shumu-lishir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neo-Assyrian_Empire_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neo-Assyrian_Empire_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Neo-Assyrian Empire topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neo-Assyrian_Empire_topics" title="Template talk:Neo-Assyrian Empire topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neo-Assyrian_Empire_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neo-Assyrian Empire topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neo-Assyrian_Empire_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resettlement_policy_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Resettlement policy of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Resettlement policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Queens</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rulers" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_II" title="Adad-nirari II">Adad-nirari II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_II" title="Tukulti-Ninurta II">Tukulti-Ninurta II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ashurnasirpal II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shammuramat" title="Shammuramat">Shammuramat</a> (regent?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_III" title="Adad-nirari III">Adad-nirari III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_IV" title="Shalmaneser IV">Shalmaneser IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_III" title="Ashur-dan III">Ashur-Dan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_V" title="Ashur-nirari V">Ashur-nirari V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-etil-ilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-etil-ilani">Ashur-etil-ilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sin-shumu-lishir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-shumu-lishir">Sin-shumu-lishir</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_communications_in_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="State communications in the Neo-Assyrian Empire">State communications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_sculpture" title="Assyrian sculpture">Assyrian sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Hunt_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal">Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachish_Reliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachish Reliefs">Lachish Reliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Obelisk_of_Shalmaneser_III" title="Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III">Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balawat_Gates" title="Balawat Gates">Balawat Gates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Category:Neo-Assyrian Empire">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193290#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193290#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193290#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000448884722">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/88746107">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1805519/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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