CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Queen Victoria - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8d74c08e-abec-47dd-add7-63e129eb45a3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Queen_Victoria","wgTitle":"Queen Victoria","wgCurRevisionId":1254825581,"wgRevisionId":1254825581,"wgArticleId":47923,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: overridden setting","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)","CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)","CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)","CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 uses Thai-language script (th)","CS1 Thai-language sources (th)", "CS1 Serbian-language sources (sr)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Featured articles","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use British English from October 2012","Use dmy dates from June 2024","Articles containing French-language text","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Articles with hAudio microformats","Spoken articles","Articles with Project Gutenberg links","Articles with Internet Archive links","Articles with LibriVox links","Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch","Articles containing video clips","Victorian era","Queen Victoria","1819 births","1901 deaths","19th-century British monarchs","20th-century British monarchs","19th-century queens regnant","20th-century queens regnant","19th-century British letter writers","20th-century British letter writers","19th-century British diarists", "19th-century British women writers","20th-century British diarists","20th-century British women writers","British people of German descent","British women diarists","Monarchs of the United Kingdom","Monarchs of the Isle of Man","Monarchs of Australia","Queens regnant in the British Isles","House of Hanover","Hanoverian princesses","House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (United Kingdom)","Empresses regnant in Asia","Indian empresses","British royal memoirists","Founders of English schools and colleges","People associated with the Royal National College for the Blind","People from Kensington","Writers from the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea","Female critics of feminism","Heirs presumptive to the British throne","Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa","Dames of the Order of Saint Isabel","Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour","Grand Crosses of the Order of St. Sava","Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Takovo"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Queen_Victoria","wgRelevantArticleId":47923,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q9439" ,"wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player", "ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Queen_Victoria_by_Bassano.jpg/1200px-Queen_Victoria_by_Bassano.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1693"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Queen_Victoria_by_Bassano.jpg/800px-Queen_Victoria_by_Bassano.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1129"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Queen_Victoria_by_Bassano.jpg/640px-Queen_Victoria_by_Bassano.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="903"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Queen Victoria - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Queen_Victoria rootpage-Queen_Victoria skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Queen+Victoria" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Queen+Victoria" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Queen+Victoria" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Queen+Victoria" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Early life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth_and_ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_and_ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Birth and ancestry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_and_ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heir_presumptive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heir_presumptive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Heir presumptive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heir_presumptive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accession_and_early_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession_and_early_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Accession and early reign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accession_and_early_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_public_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_public_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Marriage and public life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_public_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Widowhood_and_isolation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Widowhood_and_isolation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Widowhood and isolation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Widowhood_and_isolation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Empress_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empress_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Empress of India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empress_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_and_Diamond_Jubilees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_and_Diamond_Jubilees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Golden and Diamond Jubilees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_and_Diamond_Jubilees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declining_health_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declining_health_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Declining health and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declining_health_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Reputation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants_and_haemophilia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants_and_haemophilia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Descendants and haemophilia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants_and_haemophilia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles,_styles,_honours,_and_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles,_styles,_honours,_and_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Titles, styles, honours, and arms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Titles,_styles,_honours,_and_arms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Titles, styles, honours, and arms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Titles,_styles,_honours,_and_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Titles_and_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_and_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Titles and styles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles_and_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 British honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.2 Foreign honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Arms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Family </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Family-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Family subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Issue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Ancestry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Family tree </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2.1 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Queen Victoria</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 142 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-142" aria-hidden="true" > 142 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_van_die_Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Victoria van die Verenigde Koninkryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Victoria van die Verenigde Koninkryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Vereinigtes_K%C3%B6nigreich)" title="Victoria (Vereinigtes Königreich) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Victoria (Vereinigtes Königreich)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%A5%E1%89%B5_%E1%89%AA%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B6%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="ንግሥት ቪክቶሪያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ንግሥት ቪክቶሪያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विक्टोरिया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="विक्टोरिया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uictoria_Cw%C4%93n" title="Uictoria Cwēn – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Uictoria Cwēn" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="فيكتوريا ملكة المملكة المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيكتوريا ملكة المملكة المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitoria_d%27o_Reino_Uniu" title="Vitoria d'o Reino Uniu – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vitoria d'o Reino Uniu" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_del_Reinu_Xun%C3%ADu" title="Victoria del Reinu Xuníu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Victoria del Reinu Xuníu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="महारानी भिक्टोरिया – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="महारानी भिक्टोरिया" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krali%C3%A7a_Viktoriya" title="Kraliça Viktoriya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kraliça Viktoriya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%87_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ملکه ویکتوریا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ملکه ویکتوریا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="রাণী ভিক্টোরিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাণী ভিক্টোরিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Li%C3%A2n-ha%CC%8Dp_%C3%94ng-kok)" title="Victoria (Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Victoria (Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B)" title="Виктория (Бөйөк Британия королеваһы) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Виктория (Бөйөк Британия королеваһы)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F)" title="Вікторыя (каралева брытанская) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вікторыя (каралева брытанская)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96)" title="Вікторыя (каралева Вялікабрытаніі) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вікторыя (каралева Вялікабрытаніі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="रानी विक्टोरिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रानी विक्टोरिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyna_Victoria" title="Reyna Victoria – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Reyna Victoria" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Виктория – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Виктория" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktorija,_kraljica_Ujedinjenog_Kraljevstva" title="Viktorija, kraljica Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Viktorija, kraljica Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Rouantelezh-Unanet)" title="Victoria (Rouantelezh-Unanet) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Victoria (Rouantelezh-Unanet)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vict%C3%B2ria_I_del_Regne_Unit" title="Victòria I del Regne Unit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Victòria I del Regne Unit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C)" title="Виктория (Аслă Британири майра-король) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Виктория (Аслă Британири майра-король)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktorie_(britsk%C3%A1_kr%C3%A1lovna)" title="Viktorie (britská královna) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Viktorie (britská královna)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictoria,_brenhines_y_Deyrnas_Unedig" title="Fictoria, brenhines y Deyrnas Unedig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fictoria, brenhines y Deyrnas Unedig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_af_Storbritannien" title="Victoria af Storbritannien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Victoria af Storbritannien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Vereinigtes_K%C3%B6nigreich)" title="Victoria (Vereinigtes Königreich) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Victoria (Vereinigtes Königreich)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="महारानी भिक्टोरिया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="महारानी भिक्टोरिया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Suurbritannia_kuninganna)" title="Victoria (Suurbritannia kuninganna) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Victoria (Suurbritannia kuninganna)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%89%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βασίλισσα Βικτωρία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασίλισσα Βικτωρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_del_Reino_Unido" title="Victoria del Reino Unido – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Victoria del Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktoria_(Britio)" title="Viktoria (Britio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Viktoria (Britio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktoria_Erresuma_Batukoa" title="Viktoria Erresuma Batukoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Viktoria Erresuma Batukoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%87_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ملکه ویکتوریا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ملکه ویکتوریا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_drotning" title="Victoria drotning – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Victoria drotning" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(reine)" title="Victoria (reine) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Victoria (reine)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiktoaria_fan_it_Feriene_Keninkryk" title="Fiktoaria fan it Feriene Keninkryk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fiktoaria fan it Feriene Keninkryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_na_R%C3%ADochta_Aontaithe" title="Victoria na Ríochta Aontaithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Victoria na Ríochta Aontaithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0nrigh_Bhictoria" title="Bànrigh Bhictoria – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bànrigh Bhictoria" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitoria_do_Reino_Unido" title="Vitoria do Reino Unido – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vitoria do Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_%C5%83g-v%C3%B2ng" title="Victoria Ńg-vòng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Victoria Ńg-vòng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%85%ED%86%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_(%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD)" title="빅토리아 (영국) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빅토리아 (영국)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarauniya_Victoria" title="Sarauniya Victoria – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sarauniya Victoria" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%A1_(%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B0%D5%AB)" title="Վիկտորյա (Մեծ Բրիտանիայի թագուհի) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիկտորյա (Մեծ Բրիտանիայի թագուհի)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विक्टोरिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विक्टोरिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktorija,_kraljica_Ujedinjenog_Kraljevstva" title="Viktorija, kraljica Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Viktorija, kraljica Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_dil_Unionita_Rejio" title="Victoria dil Unionita Rejio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Victoria dil Unionita Rejio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Queen Victoria" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_dari_Britania_Raya" title="Victoria dari Britania Raya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Victoria dari Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_del_Regno_Unite" title="Victoria del Regno Unite – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Victoria del Regno Unite" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor%C3%ADa_Bretadrottning" title="Viktoría Bretadrottning – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Viktoría Bretadrottning" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittoria_del_Regno_Unito" title="Vittoria del Regno Unito – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vittoria del Regno Unito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93%D7%AA" title="ויקטוריה, מלכת הממלכה המאוחדת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויקטוריה, מלכת הממלכה המאוחדת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_saking_Britania_Raya" title="Victoria saking Britania Raya – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Victoria saking Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abi%C9%96e_Victoria" title="Abiɖe Victoria – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Abiɖe Victoria" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಮಹಾರಾಣಿ ವಿಕ್ಟೋರಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಹಾರಾಣಿ ವಿಕ್ಟೋರಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D)" title="ვიქტორია (გაერთიანებული სამეფო) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიქტორია (გაერთიანებული სამეფო)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B)" title="Виктория (Ұлыбритания патшайымы) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Виктория (Ұлыбритания патшайымы)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktorya" title="Viktorya – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Viktorya" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktoria_wa_Uingereza" title="Viktoria wa Uingereza – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Viktoria wa Uingereza" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyban%C3%BB_Victoria" title="Keybanû Victoria – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Keybanû Victoria" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B)" title="Виктория (Улуу Британиянын королевасы) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Виктория (Улуу Британиянын королевасы)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(regina_Britanniarum)" title="Victoria (regina Britanniarum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Victoria (regina Britanniarum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktorija_(karaliene)" title="Viktorija (karaliene) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viktorija (karaliene)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_vum_Vereenegte_Kinnekr%C3%A4ich" title="Victoria vum Vereenegte Kinnekräich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Victoria vum Vereenegte Kinnekräich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktorija_(karalien%C4%97)" title="Viktorija (karalienė) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Viktorija (karalienė)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit%C3%B6ia_d%27Inghilt%C3%A6ra" title="Vitöia d'Inghiltæra – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Vitöia d'Inghiltæra" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rea_Victoria" title="Rea Victoria – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rea Victoria" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitoria_del_Regn_Unii" title="Vitoria del Regn Unii – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vitoria del Regn Unii" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikt%C3%B3ria_brit_kir%C3%A1lyn%C5%91" title="Viktória brit királynő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Viktória brit királynő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="महारानी भिक्टोरिया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="महारानी भिक्टोरिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кралица Викторија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кралица Викторија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_du_Royaume-Uni" title="Victoria du Royaume-Uni – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Victoria du Royaume-Uni" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BF" title="വിക്ടോറിയ രാജ്ഞി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിക്ടോറിയ രാജ്ഞി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Re%C4%A1ina)" title="Victoria (Reġina) – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Victoria (Reġina)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="व्हिक्टोरिया राणी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्हिक्टोरिया राणी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94)" title="ვიქტორია (გოართოიანაფილი ომაფე) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვიქტორია (გოართოიანაფილი ომაფე)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87" title="فيكتوريا ملكة المملكه المتحده – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيكتوريا ملكة المملكه المتحده" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%87_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ملکه ویکتوریا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ملکه ویکتوریا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratu_Victoria" title="Ratu Victoria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ratu Victoria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_N%E1%B9%B3%CC%84-u%C3%B2ng" title="Victoria Nṳ̄-uòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Victoria Nṳ̄-uòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0_(%D0%98%D1%85_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Викториа (Их Британийн хатан хаан) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Викториа (Их Британийн хатан хаан)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A_%E1%80%98%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99" title="ဝိတိုရိယ ဘုရင်မ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝိတိုရိယ ဘုရင်မ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_van_het_Verenigd_Koninkrijk" title="Victoria van het Verenigd Koninkrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Victoria van het Verenigd Koninkrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="महारानी भिक्टोरिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="महारानी भिक्टोरिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2_(%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B)" title="ヴィクトリア (イギリス女王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィクトリア (イギリス女王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Ferianigt_K%C3%B6ningrik)" title="Victoria (Ferianigt Köningrik) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Victoria (Ferianigt Köningrik)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_av_Storbritannia" title="Victoria av Storbritannia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Victoria av Storbritannia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_av_Storbritannia" title="Victoria av Storbritannia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Victoria av Storbritannia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_du_Rouoyaume_Unni" title="Victoria du Rouoyaume Unni – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Victoria du Rouoyaume Unni" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vict%C3%B2ria_dau_Reiaume_Unit" title="Victòria dau Reiaume Unit – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Victòria dau Reiaume Unit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria" title="Victoria – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Victoria" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਮਲਿਕਾ ਵਿਕਟੋਰੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਲਿਕਾ ਵਿਕਟੋਰੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%81_%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ملکہ وکٹوریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ملکہ وکٹوریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_di_Reino_Uni" title="Victoria di Reino Uni – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Victoria di Reino Uni" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%87_%D9%88%DB%90%DA%A9%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ملکه وېکټوريا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ملکه وېکټوريا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit%C3%B2ria" title="Vitòria – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Vitòria" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Hannober)" title="Victoria (Hannober) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Victoria (Hannober)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktoria_(kr%C3%B3lowa_Wielkiej_Brytanii)" title="Wiktoria (królowa Wielkiej Brytanii) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wiktoria (królowa Wielkiej Brytanii)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria_do_Reino_Unido" title="Vitória do Reino Unido – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vitória do Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktoriya_(Ull%C4%B1_Britaniya_xanzadas%C4%B1)" title="Viktoriya (Ullı Britaniya xanzadası) – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Viktoriya (Ullı Britaniya xanzadası)" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_a_Regatului_Unit" title="Victoria a Regatului Unit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Victoria a Regatului Unit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(quya)" title="Victoria (quya) – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Victoria (quya)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Виктория (Споене кральовство) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Виктория (Споене кральовство)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Виктория (королева Великобритании) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виктория (королева Великобритании)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masiofo_Vitoria" title="Masiofo Vitoria – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Masiofo Vitoria" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विक्टोरिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="विक्टोरिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Queen Victoria" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbret%C3%ABresha_Viktoria" title="Mbretëresha Viktoria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mbretëresha Viktoria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittoria_d%C3%BB_Regnu_Unitu" title="Vittoria dû Regnu Unitu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vittoria dû Regnu Unitu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AB" title="වික්ටෝරියා රැජිණ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වික්ටෝරියා රැජිණ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Queen Victoria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%8A_%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%BD%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="راڻي وڪٽوريا (برطانيا) – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="راڻي وڪٽوريا (برطانيا)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikt%C3%B3ria_(Spojen%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1%C4%BEovstvo)" title="Viktória (Spojené kráľovstvo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Viktória (Spojené kráľovstvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktorija_Britanska" title="Viktorija Britanska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Viktorija Britanska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_(%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%98%D9%86)" title="ڤیکتۆریا (شاژن) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤیکتۆریا (شاژن)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Викторија Хановерска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Викторија Хановерска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktorija" title="Viktorija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Viktorija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktoria_(Iso-Britannia)" title="Viktoria (Iso-Britannia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viktoria (Iso-Britannia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktoria_av_Storbritannien" title="Viktoria av Storbritannien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Viktoria av Storbritannien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_ng_Gran_Britanya" title="Victoria ng Gran Britanya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Victoria ng Gran Britanya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்தின் விக்டோரியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்தின் விக்டோரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagellit_Victoria" title="Tagellit Victoria – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tagellit Victoria" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B5)" title="Виктория (Бөекбритания патшабикәсе) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Виктория (Бөекбритания патшабикәсе)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BF" title="విక్టోరియా మహారాణి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విక్టోరియా మహారాణి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="สมเด็จพระราชินีนาถวิกตอเรีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมเด็จพระราชินีนาถวิกตอเรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Малика Виктория – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Малика Виктория" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Birle%C5%9Fik_Krall%C4%B1k_krali%C3%A7esi)" title="Victoria (Birleşik Krallık kraliçesi) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Victoria (Birleşik Krallık kraliçesi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Queen Victoria" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97)" title="Вікторія (королева Великої Британії) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вікторія (королева Великої Британії)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%81_%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="ملکہ وکٹوریہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ملکہ وکٹوریہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_c%E1%BB%A7a_Anh" title="Victoria của Anh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Victoria của Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuninganna_Victoria" title="Kuninganna Victoria – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kuninganna Victoria" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E7%8E%8B%E7%B6%AD%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="英王維多利亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="英王維多利亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyna_Victoria" title="Reyna Victoria – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Reyna Victoria" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B" title="维多利亚女王 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="维多利亚女王" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="קעניגין וויקטאריע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קעניגין וויקטאריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%A5%B3%E7%9A%87" title="維多利亞女皇 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="維多利亞女皇" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koningin_Victoria" title="Koningin Victoria – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Koningin Victoria" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%97ktuor%C4%97j%C4%97_(karalien%C4%97)" title="Vėktuorėjė (karalienė) – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vėktuorėjė (karalienė)" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B" title="维多利亚女王 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="维多利亚女王" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktoriah_deri_Britani_Ged%C3%A9" title="Wiktoriah deri Britani Gedé – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Wiktoriah deri Britani Gedé" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9439#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Queen_Victoria" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_Victoria&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_Victoria&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_Victoria&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_Victoria&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Queen_Victoria" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Queen_Victoria" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_Victoria&oldid=1254825581" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_Victoria&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Queen_Victoria&id=1254825581&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FQueen_Victoria">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FQueen_Victoria">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Queen_Victoria&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_Victoria&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9439" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Queen_Victoria-article.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Queen of the United Kingdom from 1837 to 1901</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Victoria of the United Kingdom" and "Victoria I" redirect here. For other people, see <a href="/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Victoria of the United Kingdom (disambiguation)">Victoria of the United Kingdom (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Queen Victoria (disambiguation)">Queen Victoria (disambiguation)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Victoria (disambiguation)">Victoria (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Victoria</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Victoria_by_Bassano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Victoria wearing a lace cap and diamond jewellery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Queen_Victoria_by_Bassano.jpg/220px-Queen_Victoria_by_Bassano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Queen_Victoria_by_Bassano.jpg/330px-Queen_Victoria_by_Bassano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Queen_Victoria_by_Bassano.jpg/440px-Queen_Victoria_by_Bassano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2729" data-file-height="3851" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bassano" title="Alexander Bassano">Alexander Bassano</a>, 1882</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of the United Kingdom">Queen of the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">20 June 1837 – 22 January 1901</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Coronation of Queen Victoria">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">28 June 1838</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Empress_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress of India">Empress of India</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1 May 1876 – 22 January 1901</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Durbar#Durbar_of_1877" title="Delhi Durbar">Imperial Durbar</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1877</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Edward VII</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Princess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent (1819-05-24)24 May 1819 <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Palace" title="Kensington Palace">Kensington Palace</a>, London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 January 1901(1901-01-22) (aged 81) <a href="/wiki/Osborne_House" title="Osborne House">Osborne House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">4 February 1901 <div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mausoleum,_Frogmore" title="Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore">Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore</a>, Windsor</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1840; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1861)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_German_Empress" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, German Empress">Victoria, German Empress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice,_Grand_Duchess_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine">Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Princess_Christian_of_Schleswig-Holstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein">Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise,_Duchess_of_Argyll" title="Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll">Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany">Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice,_Princess_Henry_of_Battenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg">Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">Hanover</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Protestantism in the United Kingdom">Protestant</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Victoria_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Victoria's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature of Queen Victoria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Queen_Victoria_Signature.svg/125px-Queen_Victoria_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Queen_Victoria_Signature.svg/188px-Queen_Victoria_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Queen_Victoria_Signature.svg/250px-Queen_Victoria_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="218" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> from 20 June 1837 until <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Death and state funeral of Queen Victoria">her death</a> in 1901. Her reign of 63 years and 216 days—which was <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_in_Britain_by_length_of_reign" title="List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign">longer than those of any of her predecessors</a>—constituted the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>. It was a period of industrial, political, scientific, and military change within the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, and was marked by a great expansion of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. In 1876, the <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a> voted to grant her the additional title of <a href="/wiki/Empress_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress of India">Empress of India</a>. Victoria was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a> (the fourth son of <a href="/wiki/King_George_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King George III">King George III</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a>. After the deaths of her father and grandfather in 1820, she was <a href="/wiki/Kensington_System" title="Kensington System">raised under close supervision</a> by her mother and her <a href="/wiki/Comptroller_of_the_Household" title="Comptroller of the Household">comptroller</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Conroy" title="John Conroy">John Conroy</a>. She inherited the throne aged 18 after her father's three elder brothers died without surviving <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">legitimate</a> issue. Victoria, a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional monarch">constitutional monarch</a>, attempted privately to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards of <a href="/wiki/Victorian_morality" title="Victorian morality">personal morality</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Queen_Victoria_and_Prince_Albert" title="Wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert">Victoria married</a> her first cousin, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, earning Victoria the <a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">sobriquet</a> "<a href="/wiki/Grandmother_of_Europe" title="Grandmother of Europe">grandmother of Europe</a>". After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, <a href="/wiki/British_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="British republicanism">British republicanism</a> temporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign, her popularity recovered. Her <a href="/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria">Golden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria">Diamond</a> <a href="/wiki/Jubilee" title="Jubilee">jubilees</a> were times of public celebration. Victoria died at <a href="/wiki/Osborne_House" title="Osborne House">Osborne House</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>, at the age of 81. The last <a href="/wiki/British_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarch">British monarch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a>, she was succeeded by her son <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_ancestry">Birth and ancestry</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_William_Beechey_(1753-1839)_-_Victoria,_Duchess_of_Kent,_(1786-1861)_with_Princess_Victoria,_(1819-1901)_-_RCIN_407169_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sir_William_Beechey_%281753-1839%29_-_Victoria%2C_Duchess_of_Kent%2C_%281786-1861%29_with_Princess_Victoria%2C_%281819-1901%29_-_RCIN_407169_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/200px-Sir_William_Beechey_%281753-1839%29_-_Victoria%2C_Duchess_of_Kent%2C_%281786-1861%29_with_Princess_Victoria%2C_%281819-1901%29_-_RCIN_407169_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sir_William_Beechey_%281753-1839%29_-_Victoria%2C_Duchess_of_Kent%2C_%281786-1861%29_with_Princess_Victoria%2C_%281819-1901%29_-_RCIN_407169_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/300px-Sir_William_Beechey_%281753-1839%29_-_Victoria%2C_Duchess_of_Kent%2C_%281786-1861%29_with_Princess_Victoria%2C_%281819-1901%29_-_RCIN_407169_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sir_William_Beechey_%281753-1839%29_-_Victoria%2C_Duchess_of_Kent%2C_%281786-1861%29_with_Princess_Victoria%2C_%281819-1901%29_-_RCIN_407169_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/400px-Sir_William_Beechey_%281753-1839%29_-_Victoria%2C_Duchess_of_Kent%2C_%281786-1861%29_with_Princess_Victoria%2C_%281819-1901%29_-_RCIN_407169_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="1650" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Victoria as a child with her mother, after <a href="/wiki/William_Beechey" title="William Beechey">William Beechey</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Denning,_Stephen_Poyntz_-_Princess_Victoria_aged_Four_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Denning%2C_Stephen_Poyntz_-_Princess_Victoria_aged_Four_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-Denning%2C_Stephen_Poyntz_-_Princess_Victoria_aged_Four_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Denning%2C_Stephen_Poyntz_-_Princess_Victoria_aged_Four_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Denning%2C_Stephen_Poyntz_-_Princess_Victoria_aged_Four_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Denning%2C_Stephen_Poyntz_-_Princess_Victoria_aged_Four_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/400px-Denning%2C_Stephen_Poyntz_-_Princess_Victoria_aged_Four_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3755" data-file-height="4711" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Poyntz_Denning" title="Stephen Poyntz Denning">Stephen Poyntz Denning</a>, 1823</div></div></div></div></div> Victoria's father was <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a>, the fourth son of <a href="/wiki/King_George_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King George III">King George III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Charlotte">Queen Charlotte</a>. Until 1817, King George's only legitimate grandchild was Edward's niece <a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_(1796%E2%80%931817)" title="Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796–1817)">Princess Charlotte of Wales</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/George,_Prince_Regent" class="mw-redirect" title="George, Prince Regent">George, Prince Regent</a> (who would become George IV). Princess Charlotte's death in 1817 precipitated a <a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis" title="Succession crisis">succession crisis</a> that brought pressure on Prince Edward and his unmarried brothers to marry and have children. In 1818, the Duke of Kent married <a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a>, a widowed German princess with two children—<a href="/wiki/Carl,_3rd_Prince_of_Leiningen" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl, 3rd Prince of Leiningen">Carl</a> (1804–1856) and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Feodora_of_Leiningen" title="Princess Feodora of Leiningen">Feodora</a> (1807–1872)—by her first marriage to <a href="/wiki/Emich_Carl,_2nd_Prince_of_Leiningen" title="Emich Carl, 2nd Prince of Leiningen">Emich Carl, 2nd Prince of Leiningen</a>. Her brother <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold</a> was Princess Charlotte's widower and later the first <a href="/wiki/King_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Belgium">king of Belgium</a>. The Duke and Duchess of Kent's only child, Victoria was born at 4:15 a.m. on Monday 24 May 1819 at <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Palace" title="Kensington Palace">Kensington Palace</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> Victoria was christened privately by the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners-Sutton" title="Charles Manners-Sutton">Charles Manners-Sutton</a>, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace.<a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a> She was baptised Alexandrina after one of her godparents, Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a>, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina (or Georgiana), Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Prince Regent.<a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a> At birth, Victoria was fifth in the line of succession after the four eldest sons of George III: George, Prince Regent (later George IV); <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick, Duke of York">Frederick, Duke of York</a>; <a href="/wiki/William,_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="William, Duke of Clarence">William, Duke of Clarence</a> (later William IV); and Victoria's father, Edward, Duke of Kent.<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a> Prince George had no surviving children, and Prince Frederick had no children; further, both were estranged from their wives, who were both past child-bearing age, so the two eldest brothers were unlikely to have any further legitimate children. William married in 1818, in a joint ceremony with his brother Edward, but both of William's legitimate daughters died as infants. The first of these was Princess Charlotte, who was born and died on 27 March 1819, two months before Victoria was born. Victoria's father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old. A week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son as George IV. Victoria was then third in line to the throne after Frederick and William. She was fourth in line while William's second daughter, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_of_Clarence" title="Princess Elizabeth of Clarence">Princess Elizabeth</a>, lived, from 10 December 1820 to 4 March 1821.<a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heir_presumptive">Heir presumptive</h3></div> Prince Frederick died in 1827, followed by George IV in 1830; their next surviving brother succeeded to the throne as William IV, and Victoria became <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Regency_Act_1830" title="Regency Act 1830">Regency Act 1830</a> made special provision for Victoria's mother to act as regent in case William died while Victoria was still a minor.<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> King William distrusted the Duchess's capacity to be regent, and in 1836 he declared in her presence that he wanted to live until Victoria's 18th birthday, so that a <a href="/wiki/Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency">regency</a> could be avoided.<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Princess_Victoria_and_Dash_by_George_Hayter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Princess_Victoria_and_Dash_by_George_Hayter.jpg/220px-Princess_Victoria_and_Dash_by_George_Hayter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Princess_Victoria_and_Dash_by_George_Hayter.jpg/330px-Princess_Victoria_and_Dash_by_George_Hayter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Princess_Victoria_and_Dash_by_George_Hayter.jpg/440px-Princess_Victoria_and_Dash_by_George_Hayter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Portrait with her spaniel Dash by <a href="/wiki/George_Hayter" title="George Hayter">George Hayter</a>, 1833</figcaption></figure> Victoria later described her childhood as "rather melancholy".<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> Her mother was extremely protective, and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Kensington_System" title="Kensington System">Kensington System</a>", an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering <a href="/wiki/Comptroller" title="Comptroller">comptroller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Conroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Conroy">Sir John Conroy</a>, who was rumoured to be the Duchess's lover.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> The system prevented the princess from meeting people whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable (including most of her father's family), and was designed to render her weak and dependent upon them.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> The Duchess avoided the court because she was scandalised by the presence of King William's illegitimate children.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night, studied with private tutors to a regular timetable, and spent her play-hours with her dolls and her <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_Spaniel" title="King Charles Spaniel">King Charles Spaniel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dash_(spaniel)" title="Dash (spaniel)">Dash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> Her lessons included French, German, Italian, and Latin,<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> but she spoke only English at home.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> In 1830, the Duchess and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to visit the <a href="/wiki/Malvern_Hills" title="Malvern Hills">Malvern Hills</a>, stopping at towns and great <a href="/wiki/Country_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Country houses">country houses</a> along the way.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> Similar journeys to other parts of England and Wales were taken in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835. To the King's annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically welcomed in each of the stops.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> William compared the journeys to <a href="/wiki/Royal_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal progress">royal progresses</a> and was concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival rather than his heir presumptive.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> Victoria disliked the trips; the constant round of public appearances made her tired and ill, and there was little time for her to rest.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> She objected on the grounds of the King's disapproval, but her mother dismissed his complaints as motivated by jealousy and forced Victoria to continue the tours.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Ramsgate" title="Ramsgate">Ramsgate</a> in October 1835, Victoria contracted a severe fever, which Conroy initially dismissed as a childish pretence.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> While Victoria was ill, Conroy and the Duchess unsuccessfully badgered her to make Conroy her <a href="/wiki/Private_Secretary_to_the_Sovereign" title="Private Secretary to the Sovereign">private secretary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> As a teenager, Victoria resisted persistent attempts by her mother and Conroy to appoint him to her staff.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> Once queen, she banned him from her presence, but he remained in her mother's household.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_sketch_1835.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Victoria's sketch of herself" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Victoria_sketch_1835.jpg/170px-Victoria_sketch_1835.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Victoria_sketch_1835.jpg/255px-Victoria_sketch_1835.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Victoria_sketch_1835.jpg/340px-Victoria_sketch_1835.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>Self-portrait, 1835</figcaption></figure> By 1836, Victoria's maternal uncle Leopold, who had been King of the Belgians since 1831, hoped to marry her to <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Albert</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> the son of his brother <a href="/wiki/Ernest_I,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>. Leopold arranged for Victoria's mother to invite her Coburg relatives to visit her in May 1836, with the purpose of introducing Victoria to Albert.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Alexander_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prince Alexander of the Netherlands">Prince Alexander of the Netherlands</a>, second son of <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">the Prince of Orange</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> Victoria was aware of the various matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> According to her diary, she enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning. After the visit she wrote, "[Albert] is extremely handsome; his hair is about the same colour as mine; his eyes are large and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of his countenance is his expression, which is most delightful."<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> Alexander, on the other hand, she described as "very plain".<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> Victoria wrote to King Leopold, whom she considered her "best and kindest adviser",<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy. He is so sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable too. He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see."<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> However at 17, Victoria, though interested in Albert, was not yet ready to marry. The parties did not undertake a formal engagement, but assumed that the match would take place in due time.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accession_and_early_reign">Accession and early reign</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoriatothrone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of Conyngham and Howley on their knees in front of Victoria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Victoriatothrone.jpg/220px-Victoriatothrone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Victoriatothrone.jpg/330px-Victoriatothrone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Victoriatothrone.jpg/440px-Victoriatothrone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="761" /></a><figcaption>Victoria receives the news of her accession from Lord Conyngham (bowing) and the Archbishop Howley (right). Painting by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Tanworth_Wells" title="Henry Tanworth Wells">Henry Tanworth Wells</a>, 1887.</figcaption></figure> Victoria turned 18 on 24 May 1837, and a <a href="/wiki/Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency">regency</a> was avoided. Less than a month later, on 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-34">[c]</a> In her diary she wrote, "I was awoke at 6 o'clock by Mamma, who told me the <a href="/wiki/William_Howley" title="William Howley">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Conyngham,_2nd_Marquess_Conyngham" title="Francis Conyngham, 2nd Marquess Conyngham">Lord Conyngham</a> were here and wished to see me. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing gown) and alone, and saw them. Lord Conyngham then acquainted me that my poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this morning, and consequently that I am Queen."<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> Official documents prepared on the first day of her reign described her as Alexandrina Victoria, but the first name was withdrawn at her own wish and not used again.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> Since 1714, <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> had shared a monarch with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a> in Germany, but under <a href="/wiki/Salic_law" title="Salic law">Salic law</a>, women were excluded from the Hanoverian succession. While Victoria inherited the British throne, her father's unpopular younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland</a>, became <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hanover" title="King of Hanover">King of Hanover</a>. He was Victoria's heir presumptive until she had a child.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_George_Hayter_(1792-1871)_-_Queen_Victoria_(1819-1901)_-_RCIN_401213_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Victoria wears her crown and holds a sceptre." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sir_George_Hayter_%281792-1871%29_-_Queen_Victoria_%281819-1901%29_-_RCIN_401213_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/220px-Sir_George_Hayter_%281792-1871%29_-_Queen_Victoria_%281819-1901%29_-_RCIN_401213_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sir_George_Hayter_%281792-1871%29_-_Queen_Victoria_%281819-1901%29_-_RCIN_401213_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/330px-Sir_George_Hayter_%281792-1871%29_-_Queen_Victoria_%281819-1901%29_-_RCIN_401213_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sir_George_Hayter_%281792-1871%29_-_Queen_Victoria_%281819-1901%29_-_RCIN_401213_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/440px-Sir_George_Hayter_%281792-1871%29_-_Queen_Victoria_%281819-1901%29_-_RCIN_401213_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Coronation portrait by <a href="/wiki/George_Hayter" title="George Hayter">George Hayter</a></figcaption></figure> At the time of Victoria's accession, the government was led by the <a href="/wiki/British_Whig_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Whig Party">Whig</a> prime minister <a href="/wiki/Lord_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Melbourne">Lord Melbourne</a>. He at once became a powerful influence on the politically inexperienced monarch, who relied on him for advice.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Greville_(diarist)" title="Charles Greville (diarist)">Charles Greville</a> supposed that the widowed and childless Melbourne was "passionately fond of her as he might be of his daughter if he had one", and Victoria probably saw him as a father figure.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Coronation of Queen Victoria">Her coronation</a> took place on 28 June 1838 at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>. Over 400,000 visitors came to London for the celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> She became the first sovereign to take up residence at <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> and inherited the revenues of the duchies of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Duchy of Lancaster">Lancaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall" title="Duchy of Cornwall">Cornwall</a> as well as being granted a <a href="/wiki/Civil_list" title="Civil list">civil list</a> allowance of £385,000 per year. Financially prudent, she paid off her father's debts.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> At the start of her reign Victoria was popular,<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Flora_Hastings" title="Lady Flora Hastings">Lady Flora Hastings</a>, developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> Victoria believed the rumours.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> She hated Conroy, and despised "that odious Lady Flora",<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> because she had conspired with Conroy and the Duchess in the Kensington System.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> At first, Lady Flora refused to submit to an intimate medical examination, until in mid-February she eventually acquiesced, and was found to be a virgin.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> Conroy, the Hastings family, and the opposition <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a> organised a press campaign implicating the Queen in the spreading of false rumours about Lady Flora.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> When Lady Flora died in July, the post-mortem revealed a large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> At public appearances, Victoria was hissed and jeered as "Mrs. Melbourne".<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> In 1839, Melbourne resigned after <a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radicals</a> and Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>. The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">abolition of slavery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> The Queen commissioned a Tory, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a>, to form a new ministry. At the time, it was customary for the prime minister to appoint members of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Households_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Royal Households of the United Kingdom">Royal Household</a>, who were usually his political allies and their spouses. Many of the Queen's <a href="/wiki/Ladies_of_the_bedchamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladies of the bedchamber">ladies of the bedchamber</a> were wives of Whigs, and Peel expected to replace them with wives of Tories. In what became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Bedchamber_crisis" title="Bedchamber crisis">bedchamber crisis</a>", Victoria, advised by Melbourne, objected to their removal. Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen, and consequently resigned his commission, allowing Melbourne to return to office.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_public_life">Marriage and public life</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Queen_Victoria_and_Prince_Albert" title="Wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert">Wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Wedding dress of Queen Victoria">Wedding dress of Queen Victoria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_Marriage01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a lavish wedding attended by richly dressed people in a magnificent room" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Victoria_Marriage01.jpg/310px-Victoria_Marriage01.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Victoria_Marriage01.jpg/465px-Victoria_Marriage01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Victoria_Marriage01.jpg/620px-Victoria_Marriage01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1061" /></a><figcaption>Marriage of Victoria and Albert, painted by George Hayter</figcaption></figure> Though Victoria was now queen, as an unmarried young woman she was required by <a href="/wiki/Social_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Social convention">social convention</a> to live with her mother, despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother's continued reliance on Conroy.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> The Duchess was consigned to a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace, and Victoria often refused to see her.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> When Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother's proximity promised "torment for many years", Melbourne sympathised but said it could be avoided by marriage, which Victoria called a "schocking [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] alternative".<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> Victoria showed interest in Albert's education for the future role he would have to play as her husband, but she resisted attempts to rush her into wedlock.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> Victoria continued to praise Albert following his second visit in October 1839. They felt mutual affection and the Queen proposed to him on 15 October 1839, just five days after he had arrived at <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> They were married on 10 February 1840, in the <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Royal" title="Chapel Royal">Chapel Royal</a> of <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a>, London. Victoria was love-struck. She spent the evening after their wedding lying down with a headache, but wrote ecstatically in her diary: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> I NEVER, NEVER spent such an evening!!! MY DEAREST DEAREST DEAR Albert ... his excessive love & affection gave me feelings of heavenly love & happiness I never could have hoped to have felt before! He clasped me in his arms, & we kissed each other again & again! His beauty, his sweetness & gentleness—really how can I ever be thankful enough to have such a Husband! ... to be called by names of tenderness, I have never yet heard used to me before—was bliss beyond belief! Oh! This was the happiest day of my life!<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> </blockquote> Albert became an important political adviser as well as the Queen's companion, replacing Melbourne as the dominant influential figure in the first half of her life.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> Victoria's mother was evicted from the palace, to Ingestre House in <a href="/wiki/Belgrave_Square" title="Belgrave Square">Belgrave Square</a>. After the death of Victoria's aunt <a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_Sophia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom">Princess Augusta</a> in 1840, the Duchess was given both <a href="/wiki/Clarence_House" title="Clarence House">Clarence House</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frogmore_House" title="Frogmore House">Frogmore House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> Through Albert's mediation, relations between mother and daughter slowly improved.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Oxford_shoots_at_H._M._the_Queen,_1840.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Edward_Oxford_shoots_at_H._M._the_Queen%2C_1840.jpg/310px-Edward_Oxford_shoots_at_H._M._the_Queen%2C_1840.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Edward_Oxford_shoots_at_H._M._the_Queen%2C_1840.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="309" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary lithograph of Edward Oxford's attempt to assassinate Victoria, 1840</figcaption></figure> During Victoria's first pregnancy in 1840, in the first few months of the marriage, 18-year-old <a href="/wiki/Edward_Oxford" title="Edward Oxford">Edward Oxford</a> attempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother. Oxford fired twice, but either both bullets missed or, as he later claimed, the guns had no shot.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> He was tried for <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a>, found <a href="/wiki/Not_guilty_by_reason_of_insanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Not guilty by reason of insanity">not guilty by reason of insanity</a>, committed to an insane asylum indefinitely, and later sent to live in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> In the immediate aftermath of the attack, Victoria's popularity soared, mitigating residual discontent over the <a href="/wiki/Lady_Flora_Hastings#Scandal" title="Lady Flora Hastings">Hastings affair</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bedchamber_crisis" title="Bedchamber crisis">bedchamber crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> Her daughter, also named <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Princess_Royal" title="Victoria, Princess Royal">Victoria</a>, was born on 21 November 1840. The Queen hated being pregnant,<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> viewed breast-feeding with disgust,<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> and thought newborn babies were ugly.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> Nevertheless, over the following seventeen years, she and Albert had a further eight children: <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Albert Edward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Alice of the United Kingdom">Alice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Alfred</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Helena of the United Kingdom">Helena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise,_Duchess_of_Argyll" title="Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll">Louise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Arthur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany">Leopold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom">Beatrice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-69">[66]</a> The household was largely run by Victoria's childhood governess, Baroness <a href="/wiki/Louise_Lehzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Lehzen">Louise Lehzen</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a>. Lehzen had been a formative influence on Victoria<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> and had supported her against the Kensington System.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> Albert, however, thought that Lehzen was incompetent and that her mismanagement threatened his daughter Victoria's health. After a furious row between Victoria and Albert over the issue, Lehzen was pensioned off in 1842, and Victoria's close relationship with her ended.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winterhalter_-_Queen_Victoria_1843.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Winterhalter_-_Queen_Victoria_1843.jpg/170px-Winterhalter_-_Queen_Victoria_1843.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Winterhalter_-_Queen_Victoria_1843.jpg/255px-Winterhalter_-_Queen_Victoria_1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Winterhalter_-_Queen_Victoria_1843.jpg/340px-Winterhalter_-_Queen_Victoria_1843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1231" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter" title="Franz Xaver Winterhalter">Franz Xaver Winterhalter</a>, 1843</figcaption></figure> On 29 May 1842, Victoria was riding in a carriage along <a href="/wiki/The_Mall,_London" title="The Mall, London">The Mall, London</a>, when John Francis aimed a pistol at her, but the gun did not fire. The assailant escaped; the following day, Victoria drove the same route, though faster and with a greater escort, in a deliberate attempt to bait Francis into taking a second aim and catch him in the act. As expected, Francis shot at her, but he was seized by plainclothes policemen, and convicted of high treason. On 3 July, two days after Francis's death sentence was commuted to <a href="/wiki/Transportation_for_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation for life">transportation for life</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_William_Bean" title="John William Bean">John William Bean</a> also tried to fire a pistol at the Queen, but it was loaded only with paper and tobacco and had too little charge.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> Edward Oxford felt that the attempts were encouraged by his acquittal in 1840.<a href="#cite_note-auto-74">[71]</a> Bean was sentenced to 18 months in jail.<a href="#cite_note-auto-74">[71]</a> In a similar attack in 1849, unemployed Irishman William Hamilton fired a powder-filled pistol at Victoria's carriage as it passed along <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Hill,_London" title="Constitution Hill, London">Constitution Hill, London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> In 1850, the Queen did sustain injury when she was assaulted by a possibly insane ex-army officer, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Pate" title="Robert Pate">Robert Pate</a>. As Victoria was riding in a carriage, Pate struck her with his cane, crushing her bonnet and bruising her forehead. Both Hamilton and Pate were sentenced to seven years' transportation.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> Melbourne's support in the House of Commons weakened through the early years of Victoria's reign, and in the <a href="/wiki/1841_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1841 United Kingdom general election">1841 general election</a> the Whigs were defeated. Peel became prime minister, and the ladies of the bedchamber most associated with the Whigs were replaced.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Victoria_the_Princess_Royal_Victoria_c1844-5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Victoria cuddling her daughter next to her" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Victoria_the_Princess_Royal_Victoria_c1844-5.png/170px-Queen_Victoria_the_Princess_Royal_Victoria_c1844-5.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Victoria_the_Princess_Royal_Victoria_c1844-5.png/255px-Queen_Victoria_the_Princess_Royal_Victoria_c1844-5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Victoria_the_Princess_Royal_Victoria_c1844-5.png/340px-Queen_Victoria_the_Princess_Royal_Victoria_c1844-5.png 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Earliest known photograph of the Queen, here with her eldest daughter, Princess Victoria, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1845<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1845, Ireland was hit by a <a href="/wiki/Potato_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Potato blight">potato blight</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> In the next four years, over a million Irish people died and another million emigrated in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> In Ireland, Victoria was labelled "The Famine Queen".<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> In January 1847 she personally donated £2,000 (equivalent to between £230,000 and £8.5 million in 2022)<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> to the <a href="/wiki/British_Relief_Association" title="British Relief Association">British Relief Association</a>, more than any other individual famine relief donor,<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> and supported the <a href="/wiki/Maynooth_Grant" title="Maynooth Grant">Maynooth Grant</a> to a Roman Catholic seminary in Ireland, despite Protestant opposition.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> The story that she donated only £5 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount to <a href="/wiki/Battersea_Dogs_Home" class="mw-redirect" title="Battersea Dogs Home">Battersea Dogs Home</a>, was a myth generated towards the end of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> By 1846, Peel's ministry faced a crisis involving the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a>. Many Tories—by then known also as <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a>—were opposed to the repeal, but Peel, some Tories (the free-trade oriented <a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal conservative">liberal conservative</a> "<a href="/wiki/Peelite" title="Peelite">Peelites</a>"), most Whigs and Victoria supported it. Peel resigned in 1846, after the repeal narrowly passed, and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord John Russell">Lord John Russell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> <table class="toc" style="float:left; border:3px solid lightblue; font-size:90%;margin-right:10px; clear:left;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:mistyrose">Victoria's British prime ministers </td></tr> <tr style="background:lavenderblush;"> <th scope="col" style="width:5.5em;">Year </th> <th scope="col">Prime Minister (party) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1835 </td> <td style="background:#fed;"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Viscount Melbourne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Whig_(British_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political party)">Whig</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1841 </td> <td style="background:#def;"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Peel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1846 </td> <td style="background:#fed;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord John Russell">Lord John Russell</a> (Whig) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1852 (February) </td> <td style="background:#def;"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Earl of Derby</a> (Conservative) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1852 (December) </td> <td style="background:#D8F8C8;"><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Earl of Aberdeen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peelite" title="Peelite">Peelite</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1855 </td> <td style="background:#ffd;"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Viscount Palmerston</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1858 </td> <td style="background:#def;">Earl of Derby (Conservative) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1859 </td> <td style="background:#ffd;">Viscount Palmerston (Liberal) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1865 </td> <td style="background:#ffd;">Earl Russell, Lord John Russell (Liberal) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1866 </td> <td style="background:#def;">Earl of Derby (Conservative) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1868 (February) </td> <td style="background:#def;"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a> (Conservative) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1868 (December) </td> <td style="background:#ffd;"><a href="/wiki/William_Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="William Gladstone">William Gladstone</a> (Liberal) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1874 </td> <td style="background:#def;">Benjamin Disraeli, Lord Beaconsfield (Conservative) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1880 </td> <td style="background:#ffd;">William Gladstone (Liberal) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1885 </td> <td style="background:#def;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Marquess of Salisbury</a> (Conservative) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1886 (February) </td> <td style="background:#ffd;">William Gladstone (Liberal) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1886 (July) </td> <td style="background:#def;">Marquess of Salisbury (Conservative) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1892 </td> <td style="background:#ffd;">William Gladstone (Liberal) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1894 </td> <td style="background:#ffd;"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Earl of Rosebery</a> (Liberal) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1895 </td> <td style="background:#def;">Marquess of Salisbury (Conservative) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td colspan="2">See <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Queen_Victoria" title="List of prime ministers of Queen Victoria">List of prime ministers of Queen Victoria</a> for details of her British and overseas premiers </td></tr></tbody></table> Internationally, Victoria took a keen interest in the improvement of relations between France and Britain.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> She made and hosted several visits between the British royal family and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Orleans">House of Orleans</a>, who were related by marriage through the Coburgs. In 1843 and 1845, she and Albert stayed with King <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Eu" title="Château d'Eu">Château d'Eu</a> in Normandy; she was the first British or English monarch to visit a French monarch since the meeting of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold" title="Field of the Cloth of Gold">Field of the Cloth of Gold</a> in 1520.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> When Louis Philippe made a reciprocal trip in 1844, he became the first French king to visit a British sovereign.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> Louis Philippe was deposed in the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">revolutions of 1848</a>, and fled to exile in England.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> At the height of a revolutionary scare in the United Kingdom in April 1848, Victoria and her family left London for the greater safety of <a href="/wiki/Osborne_House" title="Osborne House">Osborne House</a>,<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> a private estate on the Isle of Wight that they had purchased in 1845 and redeveloped.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> Demonstrations by <a href="/wiki/Chartists" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartists">Chartists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish nationalists">Irish nationalists</a> failed to attract widespread support, and the scare died down without any major disturbances.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> Victoria's first visit to Ireland in 1849 was a public relations success, but it had no lasting impact or effect on the growth of Irish nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> Russell's ministry, though Whig, was not favoured by the Queen.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> She found particularly offensive the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Foreign Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Palmerston" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a>, who often acted without consulting the Cabinet, the Prime Minister, or the Queen.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> Victoria complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge, but Palmerston was retained in office and continued to act on his own initiative, despite her repeated remonstrances. It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after he announced the British government's approval of President <a href="/wiki/Louis-Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte">Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte</a>'s <a href="/wiki/1851_French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1851 French coup d'état">coup in France</a> without consulting the Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> The following year, President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon III, by which time Russell's administration had been replaced by a short-lived minority government led by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Derby" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Derby">Lord Derby</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Victoria_Prince_Albert_and_their_nine_children.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Victoria, dressed in black, is seated and holding her infant daughter. Prince Albert and their other children stand around her." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Queen_Victoria_Prince_Albert_and_their_nine_children.JPG/400px-Queen_Victoria_Prince_Albert_and_their_nine_children.JPG" decoding="async" width="400" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Queen_Victoria_Prince_Albert_and_their_nine_children.JPG/600px-Queen_Victoria_Prince_Albert_and_their_nine_children.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Queen_Victoria_Prince_Albert_and_their_nine_children.JPG/800px-Queen_Victoria_Prince_Albert_and_their_nine_children.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2207" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Albert, Victoria and their nine children, 1857. Left to right: Alice, Arthur, Prince Albert, Albert Edward, Leopold, Louise, Queen Victoria with Beatrice, Alfred, Victoria, and Helena</figcaption></figure> In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic, <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a>. She was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> Victoria may have had <a href="/wiki/Postnatal_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Postnatal depression">postnatal depression</a> after many of her pregnancies.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-69">[66]</a> Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her "continuance of hysterics" over a "miserable trifle".<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> In early 1855, the government of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Aberdeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Aberdeen">Lord Aberdeen</a>, who had replaced Derby, fell amidst recriminations over the poor management of British troops in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>. Victoria approached both Derby and Russell to form a ministry, but neither had sufficient support, and Victoria was forced to appoint Palmerston as prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> Napoleon III, Britain's closest ally as a result of the Crimean War,<a href="#cite_note-odnb-69">[66]</a> visited London in April 1855, and from 17 to 28 August the same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> Napoleon III met the couple at <a href="/wiki/Boulogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulogne">Boulogne</a> and accompanied them to Paris.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> They visited the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1855)" title="Exposition Universelle (1855)">Exposition Universelle</a> (a successor to Albert's 1851 brainchild the <a href="/wiki/Great_Exhibition" title="Great Exhibition">Great Exhibition</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a>'s tomb at <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a> (to which his remains had only been <a href="/wiki/Retour_des_cendres" title="Retour des cendres">returned</a> in 1840), and were guests of honour at a 1,200-guest ball at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> This marked the first time that a reigning British monarch had been to Paris in over 400 years.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Victoria_-_Winterhalter_1859.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Queen_Victoria_-_Winterhalter_1859.jpg/170px-Queen_Victoria_-_Winterhalter_1859.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Queen_Victoria_-_Winterhalter_1859.jpg/255px-Queen_Victoria_-_Winterhalter_1859.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Queen_Victoria_-_Winterhalter_1859.jpg/340px-Queen_Victoria_-_Winterhalter_1859.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1463" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by Winterhalter, 1859</figcaption></figure> On 14 January 1858, an Italian refugee from Britain called <a href="/wiki/Felice_Orsini" title="Felice Orsini">Felice Orsini</a> attempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> The ensuing diplomatic crisis destabilised the government, and Palmerston resigned. Derby was reinstated as prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> Victoria and Albert attended the opening of a new basin at the French military port of <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg" title="Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a> on 5 August 1858, in an attempt by Napoleon III to reassure Britain that his military preparations were directed elsewhere. On her return Victoria wrote to Derby reprimanding him for the poor state of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> in comparison to the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> Derby's ministry did not last long, and in June 1859 Victoria recalled Palmerston to office.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> Eleven days after Orsini's assassination attempt in France, Victoria's eldest daughter married <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">Prince Frederick William of Prussia</a> in London. They had been betrothed since September 1855, when Princess Victoria was 14 years old; the marriage was delayed by the Queen and her husband Albert until the bride was 17.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> The Queen and Albert hoped that their daughter and son-in-law would be a liberalising influence in the enlarging <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> state.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> The Queen felt "sick at heart" to see her daughter leave England for Germany; "It really makes me shudder", she wrote to Princess Victoria in one of her frequent letters, "when I look round to all your sweet, happy, unconscious sisters, and think I must give them up too – one by one."<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> Almost exactly a year later, the Princess gave birth to the Queen's first grandchild, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm</a>, who would become the last German emperor.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-69">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Widowhood_and_isolation">Widowhood and isolation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Victoria_by_JJE_Mayall,_1860.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Queen_Victoria_by_JJE_Mayall%2C_1860.png/170px-Queen_Victoria_by_JJE_Mayall%2C_1860.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Queen_Victoria_by_JJE_Mayall%2C_1860.png/255px-Queen_Victoria_by_JJE_Mayall%2C_1860.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Queen_Victoria_by_JJE_Mayall%2C_1860.png/340px-Queen_Victoria_by_JJE_Mayall%2C_1860.png 2x" data-file-width="1147" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Photograph by <a href="/wiki/J._J._E._Mayall" class="mw-redirect" title="J. J. E. Mayall">J. J. E. Mayall</a>, 1860</figcaption></figure> In March 1861, Victoria's mother died, with Victoria at her side. Through reading her mother's papers, Victoria discovered that her mother had loved her deeply;<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> she was heart-broken, and blamed Conroy and Lehzen for "wickedly" estranging her from her mother.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> To relieve his wife during her intense and deep grief,<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> Albert took on most of her duties, despite being ill himself with chronic stomach trouble.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> In August, Victoria and Albert visited their son, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Edward,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Edward, Prince of Wales">Albert Edward, Prince of Wales</a>, who was attending army manoeuvres near Dublin, and spent a few days holidaying in <a href="/wiki/Killarney" title="Killarney">Killarney</a>. In November, Albert was made aware of gossip that his son had slept with an actress in Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> Appalled, he travelled to Cambridge, where his son was studying, to confront him.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> By the beginning of December, Albert was very unwell.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> He was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Jenner,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Jenner, 1st Baronet">William Jenner</a>, and died on 14 December 1861. Victoria was devastated.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> She blamed her husband's death on worry over the Prince of Wales's <a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">philandering</a>. He had been "killed by that dreadful business", she said.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> She entered a state of <a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">mourning</a> and wore black for the remainder of her life. She avoided public appearances and rarely set foot in London in the following years.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> Her seclusion earned her the nickname "widow of Windsor".<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> Her weight increased through comfort eating, which reinforced her aversion to public appearances.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> Victoria's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy, and encouraged the growth of the republican movement.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> She did undertake her official government duties, yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences—<a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>, Osborne House, and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847, <a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Castle" title="Balmoral Castle">Balmoral Castle</a>. In March 1864, a protester stuck a notice on the railings of <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> that announced "these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant's declining business".<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising her to appear in public. She agreed to visit the gardens of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kensington" title="Kensington">Kensington</a> and take a drive through London in an open carriage.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Victoria,_photographed_by_George_Washington_Wilson_(1863).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Victoria on a horse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Queen_Victoria%2C_photographed_by_George_Washington_Wilson_%281863%29.jpg/170px-Queen_Victoria%2C_photographed_by_George_Washington_Wilson_%281863%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Queen_Victoria%2C_photographed_by_George_Washington_Wilson_%281863%29.jpg/255px-Queen_Victoria%2C_photographed_by_George_Washington_Wilson_%281863%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Queen_Victoria%2C_photographed_by_George_Washington_Wilson_%281863%29.jpg/340px-Queen_Victoria%2C_photographed_by_George_Washington_Wilson_%281863%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>With John Brown at Balmoral, 1863. Photograph by <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Wilson" title="George Washington Wilson">G. W. Wilson</a></figcaption></figure> Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(servant)" title="John Brown (servant)">John Brown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> Rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and some referred to the Queen as "Mrs. Brown".<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie <a href="/wiki/Mrs._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Mrs. Brown">Mrs. Brown</a>. A painting by Sir <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Henry_Landseer" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Henry Landseer">Edwin Henry Landseer</a> depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a>, and Victoria published a book, Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> Palmerston died in 1865, and after a brief ministry led by Russell, Derby returned to power. In 1866, Victoria attended the <a href="/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="State Opening of Parliament">State Opening of Parliament</a> for the first time since Albert's death.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> The following year she supported the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1867" title="Reform Act 1867">Reform Act 1867</a> which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise to many urban working men,<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> though she was not in favour of votes for women.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> Derby resigned in 1868, to be replaced by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>, who charmed Victoria. "Everyone likes flattery," he said, "and when you come to royalty you should lay it on with a trowel."<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> With the phrase "we authors, Ma'am", he complimented her.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> Disraeli's ministry only lasted a matter of months, and at the end of the year his Liberal rival, <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a>, was appointed prime minister. Victoria found Gladstone's demeanour far less appealing; he spoke to her, she is thought to have complained, as though she were "a public meeting rather than a woman".<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> In 1870 republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen's seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Third_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third French Republic">Third French Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> A republican rally in <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a> demanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs spoke against her.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> In August and September 1871, she was seriously ill with an <a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">abscess</a> in her arm, which <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a> successfully lanced and treated with his new antiseptic <a href="/wiki/Carbolic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbolic acid">carbolic acid</a> spray.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> In late November 1871, at the height of the republican movement, the Prince of Wales contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father, and Victoria was fearful her son would die.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> As the tenth anniversary of her husband's death approached, her son's condition grew no better, and Victoria's distress continued.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> To general rejoicing, he recovered.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> Mother and son attended a public parade through London and a grand service of thanksgiving in <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a> on 27 February 1872, and republican feeling subsided.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> On the last day of February 1872, two days after the thanksgiving service, 17-year-old Arthur O'Connor, a great-nephew of Irish MP <a href="/wiki/Feargus_O%27Connor" title="Feargus O'Connor">Feargus O'Connor</a>, waved an unloaded pistol at Victoria's open carriage just after she had arrived at Buckingham Palace. Brown, who was attending the Queen, grabbed him and O'Connor was later sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment,<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Birching" title="Birching">birching</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> As a result of the incident, Victoria's popularity recovered further.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Empress_of_India">Empress of India</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Proclamation_by_the_Queen_in_Council,_to_the_princes,_chiefs,_and_people_of_India" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Proclamation by the Queen in Council, to the princes, chiefs, and people of India">Proclamation by the Queen in Council, to the princes, chiefs, and people of India</a></div></div></div> </div> After the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>, which had ruled much of India, was dissolved, and Britain's possessions and protectorates on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> were formally incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. The Queen had a relatively balanced view of the conflict, and condemned atrocities on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> She wrote of "her feelings of horror and regret at the result of this bloody civil war",<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> and insisted, urged on by Albert, that an official proclamation announcing the transfer of power from the company to the state "should breathe feelings of generosity, benevolence and religious toleration".<a href="#cite_note-hws-150">[147]</a> At her behest, a reference threatening the "undermining of native religions and customs" was replaced by a passage guaranteeing religious freedom.<a href="#cite_note-hws-150">[147]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_von_Angeli_(1840-1925)_-_Queen_Victoria_(1819-1901)_-_RCIN_405021_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Heinrich_von_Angeli_%281840-1925%29_-_Queen_Victoria_%281819-1901%29_-_RCIN_405021_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/190px-Heinrich_von_Angeli_%281840-1925%29_-_Queen_Victoria_%281819-1901%29_-_RCIN_405021_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Heinrich_von_Angeli_%281840-1925%29_-_Queen_Victoria_%281819-1901%29_-_RCIN_405021_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/285px-Heinrich_von_Angeli_%281840-1925%29_-_Queen_Victoria_%281819-1901%29_-_RCIN_405021_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Heinrich_von_Angeli_%281840-1925%29_-_Queen_Victoria_%281819-1901%29_-_RCIN_405021_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/380px-Heinrich_von_Angeli_%281840-1925%29_-_Queen_Victoria_%281819-1901%29_-_RCIN_405021_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Victoria admired <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Angeli" title="Heinrich von Angeli">Heinrich von Angeli</a>'s 1875 portrait of her for its "honesty, total want of flattery, and appreciation of character".<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/1874_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1874 United Kingdom general election">1874 general election</a>, Disraeli was returned to power. He passed the <a href="/wiki/Public_Worship_Regulation_Act_1874" title="Public Worship Regulation Act 1874">Public Worship Regulation Act 1874</a>, which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> She preferred short, simple services, and personally considered herself more aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">presbyterian</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> than the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">episcopal</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> Disraeli also pushed the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Titles_Act_1876" title="Royal Titles Act 1876">Royal Titles Act 1876</a> through Parliament, so that Victoria took the title "Empress of India" from 1 May 1876.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> The new title was proclaimed at the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Durbar" title="Delhi Durbar">Delhi Durbar</a> of 1 January 1877.<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> On 14 December 1878, the anniversary of Albert's death, Victoria's second daughter Alice, who had married <a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Grand_Duke_of_Hesse" title="Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse">Louis of Hesse</a>, died of <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>. Victoria noted the coincidence of the dates as "almost incredible and most mysterious".<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> In May 1879, she became a great-grandmother (on the birth of <a href="/wiki/Princess_Feodora_of_Saxe-Meiningen" title="Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen">Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen</a>) and passed her "poor old 60th birthday". She felt "aged" by "the loss of my beloved child".<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> Between April 1877 and February 1878, she threatened five times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Russia during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War</a>, but her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> Disraeli's expansionist foreign policy, which Victoria endorsed, led to conflicts such as the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a>. "If we are to maintain our position as a first-rate Power", she wrote, "we must ... be Prepared for attacks and wars, somewhere or other, CONTINUALLY."<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> Victoria saw the expansion of the British Empire as civilising and benign, protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers: "It is not in our custom to annexe countries", she said, "unless we are obliged & forced to do so."<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> To Victoria's dismay, Disraeli lost the <a href="/wiki/1880_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1880 United Kingdom general election">1880 general election</a>, and Gladstone returned as prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> When Disraeli died the following year, she was blinded by "fast falling tears",<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> and erected a memorial tablet "placed by his grateful Sovereign and Friend, Victoria R.I."<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_farthing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Victoria_farthing.jpg/170px-Victoria_farthing.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Victoria_farthing.jpg/255px-Victoria_farthing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Victoria_farthing.jpg/340px-Victoria_farthing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Victorian <a href="/wiki/Farthing_(British_coin)" title="Farthing (British coin)">farthing</a>, 1884</figcaption></figure> On 2 March 1882, <a href="/wiki/Roderick_Maclean" title="Roderick Maclean">Roderick Maclean</a>, a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria's refusal to accept one of his poems,<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> shot at the Queen as her carriage left <a href="/wiki/Windsor_%26_Eton_Central_railway_station" title="Windsor & Eton Central railway station">Windsor railway station</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Chesney_Wilson" title="Gordon Chesney Wilson">Gordon Chesney Wilson</a> and another schoolboy from <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a> struck him with their umbrellas, until he was hustled away by a policeman.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> Victoria was outraged when he was found not guilty by reason of insanity,<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> but was so pleased by the many expressions of loyalty after the attack that she said it was "worth being shot at—to see how much one is loved".<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> On 17 March 1883, Victoria fell down some stairs at Windsor, which left her lame until July; she never fully recovered and was plagued with rheumatism thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> John Brown died 10 days after her accident, and to the consternation of her private secretary, Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ponsonby" title="Henry Ponsonby">Henry Ponsonby</a>, Victoria began work on a eulogistic biography of Brown.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> Ponsonby and <a href="/wiki/Randall_Davidson" title="Randall Davidson">Randall Davidson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Windsor" title="Dean of Windsor">Dean of Windsor</a>, who had both seen early drafts, advised Victoria against publication, on the grounds that it would stoke the rumours of a love affair.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> The manuscript was destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> In early 1884, Victoria did publish More Leaves from a Journal of a Life in the Highlands, a sequel to her earlier book, which she dedicated to her "devoted personal attendant and faithful friend John Brown".<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> On the day after the first anniversary of Brown's death, Victoria was informed by telegram that her youngest son, Leopold, had died in <a href="/wiki/Cannes" title="Cannes">Cannes</a>. He was "the dearest of my dear sons", she lamented.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> The following month, Victoria's youngest child, Beatrice, met and fell in love with <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_of_Battenberg" title="Prince Henry of Battenberg">Prince Henry of Battenberg</a> at the wedding of Victoria's granddaughter <a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine" title="Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine">Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine</a> to Henry's brother <a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis_of_Battenberg" title="Prince Louis of Battenberg">Prince Louis of Battenberg</a>. Beatrice and Henry planned to marry, but Victoria opposed the match at first, wishing to keep Beatrice at home to act as her companion. After a year, she was won around to the marriage by their promise to remain living with and attending her.<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Empire_in_1898.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/British_Empire_in_1898.png/290px-British_Empire_in_1898.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/British_Empire_in_1898.png/435px-British_Empire_in_1898.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/British_Empire_in_1898.png/580px-British_Empire_in_1898.png 2x" data-file-width="1434" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>Extent of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in 1898</figcaption></figure> Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> She thought his government was "the worst I have ever had", and blamed him for the death of <a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon" title="Charles George Gordon">General Gordon</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Khartoum" title="Siege of Khartoum">Siege of Khartoum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> Gladstone was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Salisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a>. Salisbury's government only lasted a few months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she referred to as a "half crazy & really in many ways ridiculous old man".<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> Gladstone attempted to pass <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Bill_1886" title="Government of Ireland Bill 1886">a bill granting Ireland home rule</a>, but to Victoria's glee it was defeated.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> In <a href="/wiki/1886_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1886 United Kingdom general election">the ensuing election</a>, Gladstone's party lost to Salisbury's and the government switched hands again.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Golden_and_Diamond_Jubilees">Golden and Diamond Jubilees</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Victoria_and_Abdul_Karim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Munshi stands over Victoria as she works at a desk." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Queen_Victoria_and_Abdul_Karim.jpg/170px-Queen_Victoria_and_Abdul_Karim.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Queen_Victoria_and_Abdul_Karim.jpg/255px-Queen_Victoria_and_Abdul_Karim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Queen_Victoria_and_Abdul_Karim.jpg/340px-Queen_Victoria_and_Abdul_Karim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>With the Munshi Abdul Karim</figcaption></figure> In 1887, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> celebrated <a href="/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria">Victoria's Golden Jubilee</a>. She marked the fiftieth anniversary of her accession on 20 June with a banquet to which 50 kings and princes were invited. The following day, she participated in a procession and attended a thanksgiving service in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> By this time, Victoria was once again extremely popular.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> Two days later on 23 June,<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> she engaged two Indian Muslims as waiters, one of whom was <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Karim_(the_Munshi)" title="Abdul Karim (the Munshi)">Abdul Karim</a>. He was soon promoted to "<a href="/wiki/Munshi" title="Munshi">Munshi</a>": teaching her <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> and acting as a clerk.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> Her family and retainers were appalled, and accused Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim Patriotic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Equerry" title="Equerry">Equerry</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ponsonby,_1st_Baron_Sysonby" title="Frederick Ponsonby, 1st Baron Sysonby">Frederick Ponsonby</a> (the son of Sir Henry) discovered that the Munshi had lied about his parentage, and reported to <a href="/wiki/Victor_Bruce,_9th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin">Lord Elgin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a>, "the Munshi occupies very much the same position as John Brown used to do."<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> Victoria dismissed their complaints as racial prejudice.<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> Abdul Karim remained in her service until he returned to India with a pension, on her death.<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> Victoria's eldest daughter became <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">empress consort of Germany</a> in 1888, but she was widowed a little over three months later, and Victoria's eldest grandchild became German Emperor as <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a>. Victoria and Albert's hopes of a liberal Germany would go unfulfilled, as Wilhelm was a firm believer in <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a>. Victoria thought he had "little heart or Zartgefühl [tact] – and ... his conscience & intelligence have been completely wharped [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>]".<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> Gladstone returned to power after the <a href="/wiki/1892_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1892 United Kingdom general election">1892 general election</a>; he was 82 years old. Victoria objected when Gladstone proposed appointing the Radical MP <a href="/wiki/Henry_Labouch%C3%A8re" title="Henry Labouchère">Henry Labouchère</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a>, so Gladstone agreed not to appoint him.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> In 1894, Gladstone retired and, without consulting the outgoing prime minister, Victoria appointed <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rosebery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rosebery">Lord Rosebery</a> as prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> His government was weak, and the following year Lord Salisbury replaced him. Salisbury remained prime minister for the remainder of Victoria's reign.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Victoria_60._crownjubilee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Seated Victoria in embroidered and lace dress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Queen_Victoria_60._crownjubilee.jpg/170px-Queen_Victoria_60._crownjubilee.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Queen_Victoria_60._crownjubilee.jpg/255px-Queen_Victoria_60._crownjubilee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Queen_Victoria_60._crownjubilee.jpg/340px-Queen_Victoria_60._crownjubilee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1138" /></a><figcaption>Official Diamond Jubilee photograph by <a href="/wiki/W._%26_D._Downey" title="W. & D. Downey">W. & D. Downey</a></figcaption></figure> On 23 September 1896, Victoria surpassed her grandfather George III as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_in_Britain_by_length_of_reign" title="List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign">longest-reigning monarch in British history</a>. The Queen requested that any special celebrations be delayed until 1897, to coincide with <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria">her Diamond Jubilee</a>,<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> which was made a festival of the British Empire at the suggestion of the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Colonial Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> The prime ministers of all the <a href="/wiki/Self-governing" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-governing">self-governing</a> <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominions</a> were invited to London for the festivities.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> One reason for including the prime ministers of the Dominions and excluding foreign heads of state was to avoid having to invite Victoria's grandson Wilhelm II, who, it was feared, might cause trouble at the event.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> The Queen's Diamond Jubilee procession on 22 June 1897 followed a route six miles long through London and included troops from all over the empire. The procession paused for an open-air service of thanksgiving held outside St Paul's Cathedral, throughout which Victoria sat in her open carriage, to avoid her having to climb the steps to enter the building. The celebration was marked by vast crowds of spectators and great outpourings of affection for the 78-year-old Queen.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Declining_health_and_death">Declining health and death</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Death and state funeral of Queen Victoria">Death and state funeral of Queen Victoria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Queen_Victoria_In_Dublin_%28Rare_archive_footage_from_1900%29.webm/170px--Queen_Victoria_In_Dublin_%28Rare_archive_footage_from_1900%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="170" height="96" data-durationhint="159" data-mwtitle="Queen_Victoria_In_Dublin_(Rare_archive_footage_from_1900).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Queen_Victoria_In_Dublin_(Rare_archive_footage_from_1900).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/Queen_Victoria_In_Dublin_%28Rare_archive_footage_from_1900%29.webm/Queen_Victoria_In_Dublin_%28Rare_archive_footage_from_1900%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/Queen_Victoria_In_Dublin_%28Rare_archive_footage_from_1900%29.webm/Queen_Victoria_In_Dublin_%28Rare_archive_footage_from_1900%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Queen_Victoria_In_Dublin_%28Rare_archive_footage_from_1900%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/Queen_Victoria_In_Dublin_%28Rare_archive_footage_from_1900%29.webm/Queen_Victoria_In_Dublin_%28Rare_archive_footage_from_1900%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/Queen_Victoria_In_Dublin_%28Rare_archive_footage_from_1900%29.webm/Queen_Victoria_In_Dublin_%28Rare_archive_footage_from_1900%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/Queen_Victoria_In_Dublin_%28Rare_archive_footage_from_1900%29.webm/Queen_Victoria_In_Dublin_%28Rare_archive_footage_from_1900%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/Queen_Victoria_In_Dublin_%28Rare_archive_footage_from_1900%29.webm/Queen_Victoria_In_Dublin_%28Rare_archive_footage_from_1900%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/Queen_Victoria_In_Dublin_%28Rare_archive_footage_from_1900%29.webm/Queen_Victoria_In_Dublin_%28Rare_archive_footage_from_1900%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Queen Victoria in Dublin, 1900</figcaption></figure> Victoria regularly holidayed in mainland Europe. In 1889, during a stay in <a href="/wiki/Biarritz" title="Biarritz">Biarritz</a>, she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to visit Spain by briefly crossing the border.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> By April 1900, the <a href="/wiki/Boer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer War">Boer War</a> was so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvisable. Instead, the Queen went to Ireland for the first time since 1861, in part to acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Victoria_after_Heinrich_von_Angeli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Queen_Victoria_after_Heinrich_von_Angeli.jpg/170px-Queen_Victoria_after_Heinrich_von_Angeli.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Queen_Victoria_after_Heinrich_von_Angeli.jpg/255px-Queen_Victoria_after_Heinrich_von_Angeli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Queen_Victoria_after_Heinrich_von_Angeli.jpg/340px-Queen_Victoria_after_Heinrich_von_Angeli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3092" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Angeli" title="Heinrich von Angeli">Heinrich von Angeli</a>, 1899</figcaption></figure> In July 1900, Victoria's second son, Alfred ("Affie"), died. "Oh, God! My poor darling Affie gone too", she wrote in her journal. "It is a horrible year, nothing but sadness & horrors of one kind & another."<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. <a href="/wiki/Rheumatism" title="Rheumatism">Rheumatism</a> in her legs had rendered her disabled, and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts.<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> Through early January, she felt "weak and unwell",<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> and by mid-January she was "drowsy [...] dazed, [and] confused".<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> Her <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria%27s_pets" title="Queen Victoria's pets">favourite pet</a> <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_(dog)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomeranian (dog)">Pomeranian</a>, Turi, was laid on her bed as a last request.<a href="#cite_note-ABC-205">[202]</a> She died aged 81 on 22 January 1901, at half past six in the evening, in the presence of her eldest son, Albert Edward, and grandson Wilhelm II. Albert Edward immediately succeeded as Edward VII.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proclamation_-_Day_of_mourning_in_Toronto_for_Queen_Victoria_February_2,_1901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Proclamation_-_Day_of_mourning_in_Toronto_for_Queen_Victoria_February_2%2C_1901.jpg/170px-Proclamation_-_Day_of_mourning_in_Toronto_for_Queen_Victoria_February_2%2C_1901.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Proclamation_-_Day_of_mourning_in_Toronto_for_Queen_Victoria_February_2%2C_1901.jpg/255px-Proclamation_-_Day_of_mourning_in_Toronto_for_Queen_Victoria_February_2%2C_1901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Proclamation_-_Day_of_mourning_in_Toronto_for_Queen_Victoria_February_2%2C_1901.jpg/340px-Proclamation_-_Day_of_mourning_in_Toronto_for_Queen_Victoria_February_2%2C_1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1502" /></a><figcaption>Poster proclaiming a day of mourning in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> on the day of Victoria's funeral</figcaption></figure> In 1897, Victoria had written instructions for <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Death and state funeral of Queen Victoria">her funeral</a>, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army,<a href="#cite_note-odnb-69">[66]</a> and white instead of black.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> On 25 January, Edward VII and Wilhelm II, together with Prince Arthur, helped lift her body into the coffin.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her physician and dressers. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> Items of <a href="/wiki/Victorian_jewellery" title="Victorian jewellery">jewellery</a> placed on Victoria included the wedding ring of Brown's mother, which Brown gave Victoria in 1883.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-69">[66]</a> Her funeral was held on Saturday 2 February, in <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle</a>, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mausoleum,_Frogmore" title="Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore">Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Great_Park" title="Windsor Great Park">Windsor Great Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> With a reign of 63 years, seven months, and two days, Victoria was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_in_Britain_by_length_of_reign" title="List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign">longest-reigning British monarch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-reigning_monarchs" title="List of longest-reigning monarchs">longest-reigning</a> <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">queen regnant</a> in world history, until her great-great-granddaughter <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> surpassed her on 9 September 2015.<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> She was the last monarch of Britain from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a>; her son Edward VII belonged to her husband's <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reputation">Reputation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Cultural depictions of Queen Victoria">Cultural depictions of Queen Victoria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Her_Majesty%27s_Gracious_Smile_by_Charles_Knight.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Victoria smiling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Her_Majesty%27s_Gracious_Smile_by_Charles_Knight.JPG/220px-Her_Majesty%27s_Gracious_Smile_by_Charles_Knight.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Her_Majesty%27s_Gracious_Smile_by_Charles_Knight.JPG/330px-Her_Majesty%27s_Gracious_Smile_by_Charles_Knight.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Her_Majesty%27s_Gracious_Smile_by_Charles_Knight.JPG/440px-Her_Majesty%27s_Gracious_Smile_by_Charles_Knight.JPG 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption>Victoria amused. The remark "We are not amused" is attributed to her but there is no direct evidence that she ever said it,<a href="#cite_note-odnb-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> and she denied doing so.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> Her staff and family recorded that Victoria "was immensely amused and roared with laughter" on many occasions.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a></figcaption></figure> According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life.<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailed <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria%27s_journals" title="Queen Victoria's journals">journal</a>, which eventually encompassed 122 volumes.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> After Victoria's death, her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, was appointed her literary executor. Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria's accession onwards, and burned the originals in the process.<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> Despite this destruction, much of the diaries still exist. In addition to Beatrice's edited copy, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Brett,_2nd_Viscount_Esher" title="Reginald Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher">Lord Esher</a> transcribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> Part of Victoria's extensive correspondence has been published in volumes edited by <a href="/wiki/A._C._Benson" title="A. C. Benson">A. C. Benson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hector_Bolitho" title="Hector Bolitho">Hector Bolitho</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Earle_Buckle" title="George Earle Buckle">George Earle Buckle</a>, Lord Esher, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Fulford" title="Roger Fulford">Roger Fulford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hough" title="Richard Hough">Richard Hough</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> In her later years, Victoria was stout, dowdy, and about five feet (1.5 metres) tall, but she projected a grand image.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> She was unpopular during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure.<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider public.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such as <a href="/wiki/Lytton_Strachey" title="Lytton Strachey">Lytton Strachey</a>'s Queen Victoria of 1921, are now considered out of date.<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> The biographies written by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Longford" title="Elizabeth Longford">Elizabeth Longford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Woodham-Smith" title="Cecil Woodham-Smith">Cecil Woodham-Smith</a>, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking.<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_Memorial_London.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bronze statue of winged victory mounted on a marble four-sided base with a marble figure on each side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Victoria_Memorial_London.JPG/170px-Victoria_Memorial_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Victoria_Memorial_London.JPG/255px-Victoria_Memorial_London.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Victoria_Memorial_London.JPG/340px-Victoria_Memorial_London.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Memorial (London)">Victoria Memorial</a> in front of <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> was erected a decade after her death.</figcaption></figure> Through Victoria's reign, the gradual establishment of a modern <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> in Britain continued. Reforms of the voting system increased the power of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> at the expense of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> and the monarch.<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> In 1867, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bagehot" title="Walter Bagehot">Walter Bagehot</a> wrote that the monarch only retained "the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn".<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> As Victoria's monarchy became more symbolic than political, it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values, in contrast to the sexual, financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy. The concept of the "family monarchy", with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify, was solidified.<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descendants_and_haemophilia">Descendants and haemophilia</h3></div> Victoria's links with Europe's royal families earned her the nickname "the grandmother of Europe".<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> Of the <a href="/wiki/Grandchildren_of_Victoria_and_Albert" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandchildren of Victoria and Albert">grandchildren of Victoria and Albert</a>, 34 survived to adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-69">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_Memorial_situated_in_Kolkata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Victoria_Memorial_situated_in_Kolkata.jpg/290px-Victoria_Memorial_situated_in_Kolkata.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Victoria_Memorial_situated_in_Kolkata.jpg/435px-Victoria_Memorial_situated_in_Kolkata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Victoria_Memorial_situated_in_Kolkata.jpg/580px-Victoria_Memorial_situated_in_Kolkata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12725" data-file-height="5694" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial,_Kolkata" title="Victoria Memorial, Kolkata">Victoria Memorial</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, India</figcaption></figure> Victoria's youngest son, Leopold, was affected by the blood-clotting disease <a href="/wiki/Haemophilia_B" title="Haemophilia B">haemophilia B</a> and at least two of her five daughters, Alice and Beatrice, were carriers. <a href="/wiki/Haemophilia_in_European_royalty" title="Haemophilia in European royalty">Royal haemophiliacs</a> descended from Victoria included her great-grandsons, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Nikolaevich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia">Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Prince_of_Asturias_(1907%E2%80%931938)" title="Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907–1938)">Alfonso, Prince of Asturias</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Infante_Gonzalo_of_Spain" title="Infante Gonzalo of Spain">Infante Gonzalo of Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> The presence of the disease in Victoria's descendants, but not in her ancestors, led to <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Legitimacy of Queen Victoria">modern speculation that her true father was not the Duke of Kent</a>, but a haemophiliac.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> There is no documentary evidence of a haemophiliac in connection with Victoria's mother, and as male carriers always had the disease, even if such a man had existed he would have been seriously ill.<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> It is more likely that the mutation arose spontaneously because Victoria's father was over 50 at the time of her conception and haemophilia arises more frequently in the children of older fathers.<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> Spontaneous mutations account for about a third of cases.<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles,_styles,_honours,_and_arms">Titles, styles, honours, and arms</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles_and_styles">Titles and styles</h3></div> At the end of her reign, the Queen's full <a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_British_sovereign#Styles_of_British_sovereigns" title="Style of the British sovereign">style</a> was: "Her Majesty Victoria, by the Grace of God, of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> Queen, <a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Faith" title="Defender of the Faith">Defender of the Faith</a>, Empress of India".<a href="#cite_note-1900_Whitaker-237">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honours">Honours</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_honours">British honours</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Family_Order_of_George_IV" title="Royal Family Order of George IV">Royal Family Order of George IV</a>, 1826<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a></li> <li>Founder of the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a> 5 February 1856<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a></li> <li>Founder and Sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_India" title="Order of the Star of India">Order of the Star of India</a>, 25 June 1861<a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a></li> <li>Founder and Sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Victoria_and_Albert" title="Royal Order of Victoria and Albert">Royal Order of Victoria and Albert</a>, 10 February 1862<a href="#cite_note-Whitaker1894-241">[238]</a></li> <li>Founder and Sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_India" title="Order of the Crown of India">Order of the Crown of India</a>, 1 January 1878<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a></li> <li>Founder and Sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" title="Order of the Indian Empire">Order of the Indian Empire</a>, 1 January 1878<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a></li> <li>Founder and Sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Red_Cross" title="Royal Red Cross">Royal Red Cross</a>, 27 April 1883<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a></li> <li>Founder and Sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">Distinguished Service Order</a>, 6 November 1886<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Medal_(Royal_Society_of_Arts)" title="Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)">Albert Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts" title="Royal Society of Arts">Royal Society of Arts</a>, 1887<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a></li> <li>Founder and Sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order" title="Royal Victorian Order">Royal Victorian Order</a>, 23 April 1896<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_honours">Foreign honours</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1810%E2%80%931873)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1810–1873)">Spain</a>: <ul><li>Dame of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Queen_Maria_Luisa" title="Order of Queen Maria Luisa">Order of Queen Maria Luisa</a>, 21 December 1833<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Charles III</a><a href="#cite_note-Naotaka-249">[246]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>: <ul><li>Dame of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Isabel" title="Order of Saint Isabel">Order of Queen Saint Isabel</a>, 23 February 1836<a href="#cite_note-Agraciamentos-250">[247]</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_Vila_Vi%C3%A7osa" title="Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa">Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa</a><a href="#cite_note-Naotaka-249">[246]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Catherine" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Catherine">Grand Cross of St. Catherine</a>, 26 June 1837<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">France</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a>, 5 September 1843<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Mexican Republic">Mexico</a>/<a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexican Empire</a>: <ul><li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Guadalupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Guadalupe">National Order of Guadalupe</a>, 1854<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Charles_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Charles (Mexico)">Imperial Order of San Carlos</a>, 1866<a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>: Dame of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Louise" title="Order of Louise">Order of Louise</a>, 1st Division, 11 June 1857<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Pedro_I" title="Order of Pedro I">Order of Pedro I</a>, 3 December 1872<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Persia</a>:<a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Aftab" title="Order of Aftab">Order of the Sun</a>, 1st Class in Diamonds, 20 June 1873</li> <li>Order of the August Portrait, 20 June 1873</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Elephant" title="Order of the White Elephant">Grand Cross of the White Elephant</a>, 1880<a href="#cite_note-times29924-258">[255]</a></li> <li>Dame of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Royal_House_of_Chakri" title="Order of the Royal House of Chakri">Order of the Royal House of Chakri</a>, 1887<a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hawaii">Hawaii</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Kamehameha_I_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Order of Kamehameha I (decoration)">Order of Kamehameha I</a>, with Collar, July 1881<a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a>:<a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Cross_of_Takovo" title="Order of the Cross of Takovo">Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo</a>, 1882</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Serbia)" title="Order of the White Eagle (Serbia)">Grand Cross of the White Eagle</a>, 1883</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Sava" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Sava">Grand Cross of St. Sava</a>, 1897</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesse_and_by_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesse and by Rhine">Hesse and by Rhine</a>: <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_the_Golden_Lion_(Hesse)" class="mw-redirect" title="House Order of the Golden Lion (Hesse)">Dame of the Golden Lion</a>, 25 April 1885<a href="#cite_note-hesse-263">[260]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>: Order of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Red_Cross" title="Bulgarian Red Cross">Bulgarian Red Cross</a>, August 1887<a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Seal_of_Solomon" title="Order of the Seal of Solomon">Grand Cross of the Seal of Solomon</a>, 22 June 1897 – Diamond Jubilee gift<a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Danilo_I" title="Order of Prince Danilo I">Order of Prince Danilo I</a>, 1897<a href="#cite_note-266">[263]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>: Silver Wedding Medal of Duke Alfred and Duchess Marie, 23 January 1899<a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arms">Arms</h3></div> As Sovereign, Victoria used the <a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom">royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom</a>. As she could not succeed to the throne of Hanover, her arms did not carry the Hanoverian symbols that were used by her immediate predecessors. Her arms have been borne by all of her successors on the throne.<a href="#cite_note-louda-268">[265]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1837).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/143px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="143" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/215px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/286px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Royal coat of arms outside Scotland</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_(1837-1952).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281837-1952%29.svg/141px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281837-1952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="141" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281837-1952%29.svg/212px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281837-1952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281837-1952%29.svg/282px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281837-1952%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1580" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Royal coat of arms in Scotland</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_Family_of_Queen_Victoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_Family_of_Queen_Victoria.jpg/400px-Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_Family_of_Queen_Victoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_Family_of_Queen_Victoria.jpg/600px-Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_Family_of_Queen_Victoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_Family_of_Queen_Victoria.jpg/800px-Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_Family_of_Queen_Victoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1492" /></a><figcaption>Victoria's family in 1846 by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter" title="Franz Xaver Winterhalter">Franz Xaver Winterhalter</a> Left to right: <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Alfred</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">the Prince of Wales</a>; the Queen and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Albert</a>; Princesses <a href="/wiki/Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Alice of the United Kingdom">Alice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Helena of the United Kingdom">Helena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Princess_Royal" title="Victoria, Princess Royal">Victoria</a></figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issue">Issue</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Descendants of Queen Victoria">Descendants of Queen Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_descendants_of_Queen_Victoria_and_of_King_Christian_IX" title="Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX">Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="19%">Name </th> <th width="10%">Birth </th> <th width="10%">Death </th> <th>Spouse and children<a href="#cite_note-1900_Whitaker-237">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[266]</a> </th></tr> <tr style="background: #fff8f8"> <td><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Princess_Royal" title="Victoria, Princess Royal">Victoria, Princess Royal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">1840 21 Nov </td> <td style="text-align:center">1901 5 August </td> <td style="background:#f8f8ff">Married 1858, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">Frederick</a>, later German Emperor and King of Prussia (1831–1888); 4 sons (including <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II, German Emperor</a>), 4 daughters (including <a href="/wiki/Queen_Sophia_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Sophia of Greece">Queen Sophia of Greece</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f8f8ff"> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">1841 9 Nov </td> <td style="text-align:center">1910 6 May </td> <td style="background:#fff8f8">Married 1863, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexandra_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Alexandra of Denmark">Princess Alexandra of Denmark</a> (1844–1925); 3 sons (including <a href="/wiki/King_George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V of the United Kingdom">King George V of the United Kingdom</a>), 3 daughters (including <a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Maud of Norway">Queen Maud of Norway</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background: #fff8f8"> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Alice of the United Kingdom">Princess Alice</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">1843 25 April </td> <td style="text-align:center">1878 14 Dec </td> <td style="background:#f8f8ff">Married 1862, <a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Grand_Duke_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine">Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine</a> (1837–1892); 2 sons, 5 daughters (including <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Feodorovna_(Alix_of_Hesse)" title="Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)">Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f8f8ff"> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">1844 6 August </td> <td style="text-align:center">1900 31 July </td> <td style="background:#fff8f8">Married 1874, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Alexandrovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia</a> (1853–1920); 2 sons (1 <a href="/wiki/Stillborn" class="mw-redirect" title="Stillborn">stillborn</a>), 4 daughters (including <a href="/wiki/Queen_Marie_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Marie of Romania">Queen Marie of Romania</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background: #fff8f8"> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Helena of the United Kingdom">Princess Helena</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">1846 25 May </td> <td style="text-align:center">1923 9 June </td> <td style="background:#f8f8ff">Married 1866, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Christian_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein">Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein</a> (1831–1917); 4 sons (1 <a href="/wiki/Stillborn" class="mw-redirect" title="Stillborn">stillborn</a>), 2 daughters </td></tr> <tr style="background: #fff8f8"> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise,_Duchess_of_Argyll" title="Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll">Princess Louise</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">1848 18 March </td> <td style="text-align:center">1939 3 Dec </td> <td style="background:#f8f8ff">Married 1871, <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_9th_Duke_of_Argyll" title="John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll">John Campbell</a>, Marquess of Lorne, later 9th <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Argyll" title="Duke of Argyll">Duke of Argyll</a> (1845–1914); no issue </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f8f8ff"> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">1850 1 May </td> <td style="text-align:center">1942 16 Jan </td> <td style="background:#fff8f8">Married 1879, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_Margaret_of_Prussia" title="Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia">Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia</a> (1860–1917); 1 son, 2 daughters (including <a href="/wiki/Crown_Princess_Margaret_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Princess Margaret of Sweden">Crown Princess Margaret of Sweden</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f8f8ff"> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany">Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">1853 7 April </td> <td style="text-align:center">1884 28 March </td> <td style="background:#fff8f8">Married 1882, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Helena_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont</a> (1861–1922); 1 son, 1 daughter </td></tr> <tr style="background: #fff8f8"> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom">Princess Beatrice</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">1857 14 April </td> <td style="text-align:center">1944 26 Oct </td> <td style="background:#f8f8ff">Married 1885, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_of_Battenberg" title="Prince Henry of Battenberg">Prince Henry of Battenberg</a> (1858–1896); 3 sons, 1 daughter (<a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Eugenie_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Victoria Eugenie of Spain">Queen Victoria Eugenie of Spain</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em 0;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Queen Victoria<a href="#cite_note-louda-268">[265]</a></th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style=""><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick, Prince of Wales</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III of the United Kingdom</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Saxe-Gotha" title="Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha">Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Duke_Charles_Louis_Frederick_of_Mecklenburg" title="Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg">Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_Albertine_of_Saxe-Hildburghausen" title="Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen">Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. Victoria of the United Kingdom</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Frederick,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophie_Antoinette_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Princess Sophie Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Princess Sophie Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_XXIV,_Count_Reuss_of_Ebersdorf" title="Heinrich XXIV, Count Reuss of Ebersdorf">Heinrich XXIV, Count Reuss of Ebersdorf</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Countess_Augusta_Reuss_of_Ebersdorf" title="Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf">Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Countess_Karoline_Ernestine_of_Erbach-Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Countess Karoline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg">Countess Karoline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h3></div> <ul><li>  Red borders indicate British monarchs</li> <li>    Bold borders indicate children of British monarchs</li></ul> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">Family of Queen Victoria, spanning the reigns of her grandfather, <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>, to her grandson, <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#CC0000"><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> 1738–1820 r.1760–1820</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Charlotte</a> of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1744–1818</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px; border-color:#CC0000"><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a> 1762–1830 r.1820–1830</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Brunswick" title="Caroline of Brunswick">Caroline</a> of Brunswick 1768–1821</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Frederick</a> Duke of York and Albany 1763–1827</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Frederica_Charlotte_of_Prussia" title="Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia">Frederica Charlotte</a> of Prussia 1767–1820</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen" title="Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen">Adelaide</a> of Saxe-Meiningen 1792–1849</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px; border-color:#CC0000"><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a> 1765–1837 r.1830–1837</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Jordan" title="Dorothea Jordan">Dorothea Jordan</a> 1761–1816</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Princess_Royal" title="Charlotte, Princess Royal">Charlotte</a> Princess Royal 1766–1828</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I of Württemberg">Frederick I</a> King of Württemberg 1754–1816</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Edward</a> Duke of Kent and Strathearn 1767–1820</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Victoria</a> of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 1786–1861</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Sophia" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta Sophia">Augusta Sophia</a> 1768–1840</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em">Illegitimate children</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom">Elizabeth</a> 1770–1840</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Homburg" title="Frederick VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg">Frederick VI</a> Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg 1769–1829</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">Ernest Augustus</a> King of Hanover 1771–1851</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Frederica_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Frederica</a> of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1778–1841</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Frederick" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Frederick">Augustus Frederick</a> Duke of Sussex 1773–1843</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Adolphus,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge">Adolphus</a> Duke of Cambridge 1774–1850</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel">Augusta</a> of Hesse-Kassel 1797–1889</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary,_Duchess_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Mary</a> 1776–1857</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Frederick,_Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">William Frederick</a> Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 1776–1834</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom">Sophia Matilda</a> 1777–1848</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Octavius_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince Octavius of Great Britain">Octavius</a> 1779–1783</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alfred_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince Alfred of Great Britain">Alfred</a> 1780–1783</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Amelia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom">Amelia</a> 1783–1810</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I</a> King of the Belgians 1790–1865</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_(1796%E2%80%931817)" title="Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796–1817)">Charlotte</a> of Wales 1796–1817</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/George_V_of_Hanover" title="George V of Hanover">George V</a> King of Hanover 1819–1878</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Saxe-Altenburg" title="Marie of Saxe-Altenburg">Marie</a> of Saxe-Altenburg 1818–1907</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Charlotte of Clarence">Charlotte</a> of Clarence 1819</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_of_Clarence" title="Princess Elizabeth of Clarence">Elizabeth</a> of Clarence 1820–1821</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince George, Duke of Cambridge">George</a> Duke of Cambridge 1819–1904</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Cambridge" title="Princess Augusta of Cambridge">Augusta</a> of Cambridge 1822–1916</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Frederick William, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Frederick William</a> Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1819–1904</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary_Adelaide_of_Cambridge" title="Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge">Mary Adelaide</a> of Cambridge 1833–1897</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Teck" title="Francis, Duke of Teck">Francis</a> Duke of Teck 1837–1900</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a> King of Prussia, German Emperor 1797–1888</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Christian_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian IX">Christian IX</a> King of Denmark 1818–1906</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a> Emperor of Russia 1818–1881</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#CC0000">Victoria 1819–1901 r.1837–1901</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Albert</a> of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1819–1861</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">Frederick III</a> German Emperor 1831–1888</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Princess_Royal" title="Victoria, Princess Royal">Victoria</a> Princess Royal 1840–1901</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px; border-color:#CC0000"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> 1841–1910 r.1901–1910</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">Alexandra</a> of Denmark 1844–1925</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Alice of the United Kingdom">Alice</a> 1843–1878</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Grand_Duke_of_Hesse" title="Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse">Louis IV</a> Grand Duke of Hesse 1837–1892</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Alfred</a> Duke of Edinburgh/Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1844–1900</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Alexandrovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia">Maria</a> of Russia 1853–1920</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Helena of the United Kingdom">Helena</a> 1846–1923</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Christian_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein">Christian</a> of Schleswig-Holstein 1831–1917</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise,_Duchess_of_Argyll" title="Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll">Louise</a> 1848–1939</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_9th_Duke_of_Argyll" title="John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll">John Campbell</a> Duke of Argyll 1845–1914</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Arthur</a> Duke of Connaught and Strathearn 1850–1942</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_Margaret_of_Prussia" title="Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia">Louise Margaret</a> of Prussia 1860–1917</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany">Leopold</a> Duke of Albany 1853–1884</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Helen_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Helena</a> of Waldeck and Pyrmont 1861–1922</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom">Beatrice</a> 1857–1944</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_of_Battenberg" title="Prince Henry of Battenberg">Henry</a> of Battenberg 1858–1896</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Battenberg_family" title="Battenberg family">Battenberg family</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a> German Emperor 1859–1941</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Alfred</a> of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1874–1899</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Romania" title="Marie of Romania">Marie</a> of Edinburgh 1875–1938</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand of Romania">Ferdinand</a> King of Romania 1865–1927</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Louis,_Grand_Duke_of_Hesse" title="Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse">Ernest Louis</a> Grand Duke of Hesse 1868–1937</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Melita" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Melita">Victoria Melita</a> of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1876–1936</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Kirill_Vladimirovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia">Kirill Vladimirovich</a> Grand Duke of Russia 1876–1938</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexandra_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Alexandra</a> of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1878–1942</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_II,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Langenburg" title="Ernst II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg">Ernst II</a> of Hohenlohe-Langenburg 1863–1950</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Beatrice</a> of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1884–1966</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso,_Duke_of_Galliera" title="Infante Alfonso, Duke of Galliera">Alfonso</a> Duke of Galliera 1886–1975</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">House of Hohenzollern</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em">House of <a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hesse-Darmstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Hesse-Darmstadt">House of Hesse-Darmstadt</a></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">House of Romanov</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em">House of <a href="/wiki/Hohenlohe-Langenburg" title="Hohenlohe-Langenburg">Hohenlohe-Langenburg</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans-Galliera" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Orléans-Galliera">House of Orléans-Galliera</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Victor">Albert Victor</a> Duke of Clarence 1864–1892</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px; border-color:#CC0000"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> 1865–1936 r.1910–1936</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Mary</a> of Teck 1867–1953</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Louise,_Princess_Royal_and_Duchess_of_Fife" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife">Louise</a> Princess Royal 1867–1931</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Duff,_1st_Duke_of_Fife" title="Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife">Alexander Duff</a> Duke of Fife 1849–1912</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom">Victoria</a> 1868–1935</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Maud_of_Wales" title="Maud of Wales">Maud</a> of Wales 1869–1938</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII" title="Haakon VII">Haakon VII</a> King of Norway 1872–1957</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alexander_John_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Alexander John of Wales">Alexander John</a> of Wales 1871</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> As monarch, Victoria was <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Governor of the Church of England">Supreme Governor of the Church of England</a>. She was also aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Her godparents were Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a> (represented by her uncle <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick, Duke of York">Frederick, Duke of York</a>), her uncle <a href="/wiki/George,_Prince_Regent" class="mw-redirect" title="George, Prince Regent">George, Prince Regent</a>, her aunt <a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlotte_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Charlotte of Württemberg">Queen Charlotte of Württemberg</a> (represented by Victoria's aunt <a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_Sophia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom">Princess Augusta</a>) and Victoria's maternal grandmother the <a href="/wiki/Countess_Augusta_of_Reuss-Ebersdorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Countess Augusta of Reuss-Ebersdorf">Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a> (represented by Victoria's aunt <a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary,_Duchess_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Under section 2 of the Regency Act 1830, the <a href="/wiki/Accession_Council" title="Accession Council">Accession Council</a>'s proclamation declared Victoria as the King's successor "saving the rights of any issue of His late Majesty King William the Fourth which may be borne of his late Majesty's Consort". <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGazette19509" class="citation magazine cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19509/page/1581">"No. 19509"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>, 20 June 1837, p. 1581</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+19509&rft.pages=1581&rft.date=1837-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F19509%2Fpage%2F1581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: overridden setting (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_overridden_setting" title="Category:CS1 maint: overridden setting">link</a>) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 3–12; Strachey, pp. 1–17; Woodham-Smith, pp. 15–29 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 12–13; Longford, p. 23; Woodham-Smith, pp. 34–35 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Longford, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Worsley, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Hibbert, p. 31; St Aubyn, p. 26; Woodham-Smith, p. 81 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Hibbert, p. 46; Longford, p. 54; St Aubyn, p. 50; Waller, p. 344; Woodham-Smith, p. 126 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Hibbert, p. 19; Marshall, p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Hibbert, p. 27; Longford, pp. 35–38, 118–119; St Aubyn, pp. 21–22; Woodham-Smith, pp. 70–72. The rumours were false in the opinion of these biographers. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 27–28; Waller, pp. 341–342; Woodham-Smith, pp. 63–65 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 32–33; Longford, pp. 38–39, 55; Marshall, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Waller, pp. 338–341; Woodham-Smith, pp. 68–69, 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Hibbert, p. 18; Longford, p. 31; Woodham-Smith, pp. 74–75 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Longford, p. 31; Woodham-Smith, p. 75 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 34–35 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 35–39; Woodham-Smith, pp. 88–89, 102 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Hibbert, p. 36; Woodham-Smith, pp. 89–90 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 35–40; Woodham-Smith, pp. 92, 102 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 38–39; Longford, p. 47; Woodham-Smith, pp. 101–102 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Hibbert, p. 42; Woodham-Smith, p. 105 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Hibbert, p. 42; Longford, pp. 47–48; Marshall, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 42, 50; Woodham-Smith, p. 135 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Marshall, p. 46; St Aubyn, p. 67; Waller, p. 353 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Longford, pp. 29, 51; Waller, p. 363; Weintraub, pp. 43–49 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Longford, p. 51; Weintraub, pp. 43–49 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Longford, pp. 51–52; St Aubyn, p. 43; Weintraub, pp. 43–49; Woodham-Smith, p. 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Weintraub, pp. 43–49 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Victoria quoted in Marshall, p. 27 and Weintraub, p. 49 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Victoria quoted in Hibbert, p. 99; St Aubyn, p. 43; Weintraub, p. 49 and Woodham-Smith, p. 119 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria%27s_journals" title="Queen Victoria's journals">Victoria's journal</a>, October 1835, quoted in St Aubyn, p. 36 and Woodham-Smith, p. 104 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Hibbert, p. 102; Marshall, p. 60; Waller, p. 363; Weintraub, p. 51; Woodham-Smith, p. 122 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Waller, pp. 363–364; Weintraub, pp. 53, 58, 64, and 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> St Aubyn, pp. 55–57; Woodham-Smith, p. 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Woodham-Smith, p. 140 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Packard, pp. 14–15 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 66–69; St Aubyn, p. 76; Woodham-Smith, pp. 143–147 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Greville quoted in Hibbert, p. 67; Longford, p. 70 and Woodham-Smith, pp. 143–144 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/The%20Royal%20Collection%20and%20other%20collections/TheRoyalArchives/QueenVictoriaeducationproject/QueenVictoriasCoronation1838.aspx">Queen Victoria's Coronation 1838</a>, The British Monarchy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203025327/http://www.royal.gov.uk/The%20Royal%20Collection%20and%20other%20collections/TheRoyalArchives/QueenVictoriaeducationproject/QueenVictoriasCoronation1838.aspx">archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2016, retrieved 28 January 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Victoria%27s+Coronation+1838&rft.pub=The+British+Monarchy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FThe%2520Royal%2520Collection%2520and%2520other%2520collections%2FTheRoyalArchives%2FQueenVictoriaeducationproject%2FQueenVictoriasCoronation1838.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> St Aubyn, p. 69; Waller, p. 353 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Hibbert, p. 58; Longford, pp. 73–74; Woodham-Smith, p. 152 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Marshall, p. 42; St Aubyn, pp. 63, 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Marshall, p. 47; Waller, p. 356; Woodham-Smith, pp. 164–166 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 77–78; Longford, p. 97; St Aubyn, p. 97; Waller, p. 357; Woodham-Smith, p. 164 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Victoria's journal, 25 April 1838, quoted in Woodham-Smith, p. 162 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> St Aubyn, p. 96; Woodham-Smith, pp. 162, 165 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Hibbert, p. 79; Longford, p. 98; St Aubyn, p. 99; Woodham-Smith, p. 167 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 80–81; Longford, pp. 102–103; St Aubyn, pp. 101–102 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Longford, p. 122; Marshall, p. 57; St Aubyn, p. 104; Woodham-Smith, p. 180 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Hibbert, p. 83; Longford, pp. 120–121; Marshall, p. 57; St Aubyn, p. 105; Waller, p. 358 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> St Aubyn, p. 107; Woodham-Smith, p. 169 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 94–96; Marshall, pp. 53–57; St Aubyn, pp. 109–112; Waller, pp. 359–361; Woodham-Smith, pp. 170–174 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Longford, p. 84; Marshall, p. 52 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Longford, p. 72; Waller, p. 353 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Woodham-Smith, p. 175 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 103–104; Marshall, pp. 60–66; Weintraub, p. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 107–110; St Aubyn, pp. 129–132; Weintraub, pp. 77–81; Woodham-Smith, pp. 182–184, 187 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Hibbert, p. 123; Longford, p. 143; Woodham-Smith, p. 205 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> St Aubyn, p. 151 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Hibbert, p. 265, Woodham-Smith, p. 256 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Marshall, p. 152; St Aubyn, pp. 174–175; Woodham-Smith, p. 412 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Charles, p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 421–422; St Aubyn, pp. 160–161 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Woodham-Smith, p. 213 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Hibbert, p. 130; Longford, p. 154; Marshall, p. 122; St Aubyn, p. 159; Woodham-Smith, p. 220 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Hibbert, p. 149; St Aubyn, p. 169 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Hibbert, p. 149; Longford, p. 154; Marshall, p. 123; Waller, p. 377 </li> <li id="cite_note-odnb-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_69-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_69-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_69-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_69-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_69-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_69-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_69-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthewReynolds2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Matthew" title="Colin Matthew">Matthew, H. C. G.</a>; Reynolds, K. D. (October 2009) [2004], "Victoria (1819–1901)", <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.), Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F36652">10.1093/ref:odnb/36652</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Victoria+%281819%E2%80%931901%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F36652&rft.aulast=Matthew&rft.aufirst=H.+C.+G.&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+K.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: overridden setting (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_overridden_setting" title="Category:CS1 maint: overridden setting">link</a>) (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Woodham-Smith, p. 100 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Longford, p. 56; St Aubyn, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 150–156; Marshall, p. 87; St Aubyn, pp. 171–173; Woodham-Smith, pp. 230–232 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Charles, p. 51; Hibbert, pp. 422–423; St Aubyn, pp. 162–163 </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_74-1">b</a> Hibbert, p. 423; St Aubyn, p. 163 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Longford, p. 192 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> St Aubyn, p. 164 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Marshall, pp. 95–101; St Aubyn, pp. 153–155; Woodham-Smith, pp. 221–222 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/search#/36/collection/2931317-c/queen-victoria-and-the-princess-royal">Queen Victoria and the Princess Royal</a>, Royal Collection, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117132415/https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/search#/36/collection/2931317-c/queen-victoria-and-the-princess-royal">archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2016, retrieved 29 March 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Victoria+and+the+Princess+Royal&rft.pub=Royal+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalcollection.org.uk%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%23%2F36%2Fcollection%2F2931317-c%2Fqueen-victoria-and-the-princess-royal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Woodham-Smith, p. 281 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Longford, p. 359 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> The title of <a href="/wiki/Maud_Gonne" title="Maud Gonne">Maud Gonne</a>'s 1900 article upon Queen Victoria's visit to Ireland </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2003" class="citation cs2">Harrison, Shane (15 April 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/2951395.stm">"Famine Queen row in Irish port"</a>, BBC News, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190919081531/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/2951395.stm">archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2019, retrieved 29 March 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Famine+Queen+row+in+Irish+port&rft.date=2003-04-15&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F2951395.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOfficerWilliamson2024" class="citation cs2">Officer, Lawrence H.; Williamson, Samuel H. (2024), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ukcompare/result.php?year_source=1846&amount=2000&year_result=2022">Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present</a>, MeasuringWorth, retrieved 8 June 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+Ways+to+Compute+the+Relative+Value+of+a+UK+Pound+Amount%2C+1270+to+Present&rft.pub=MeasuringWorth&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Officer&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+H.&rft.au=Williamson%2C+Samuel+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fcalculators%2Fukcompare%2Fresult.php%3Fyear_source%3D1846%26amount%3D2000%26year_result%3D2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinealy" class="citation cs2">Kinealy, Christine, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130406031633/http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Private_Responses_to_the_Famine3344361812">Private Responses to the Famine</a>, University College Cork, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Private_Responses_to_the_Famine3344361812">the original</a> on 6 April 2013, retrieved 29 March 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Private+Responses+to+the+Famine&rft.pub=University+College+Cork&rft.aulast=Kinealy&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmultitext.ucc.ie%2Fd%2FPrivate_Responses_to_the_Famine3344361812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Longford, p. 181 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenny2009" class="citation cs2">Kenny, Mary (2009), Crown and Shamrock: Love and Hate Between Ireland and the British Monarchy, Dublin: New Island, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905494-98-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905494-98-9"><bdi>978-1-905494-98-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crown+and+Shamrock%3A+Love+and+Hate+Between+Ireland+and+the+British+Monarchy&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=New+Island&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-905494-98-9&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> St Aubyn, p. 215 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> St Aubyn, p. 238 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Longford, pp. 175, 187; St Aubyn, pp. 238, 241; Woodham-Smith, pp. 242, 250 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Woodham-Smith, p. 248 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Hibbert, p. 198; Longford, p. 194; St Aubyn, p. 243; Woodham-Smith, pp. 282–284 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 201–202; Marshall, p. 139; St Aubyn, pp. 222–223; Woodham-Smith, pp. 287–290 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 161–164; Marshall, p. 129; St Aubyn, pp. 186–190; Woodham-Smith, pp. 274–276 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Longford, pp. 196–197; St Aubyn, p. 223; Woodham-Smith, pp. 287–290 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Longford, p. 191; Woodham-Smith, p. 297 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> St Aubyn, p. 216 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 196–198; St Aubyn, p. 244; Woodham-Smith, pp. 298–307 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 204–209; Marshall, pp. 108–109; St Aubyn, pp. 244–254; Woodham-Smith, pp. 298–307 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> St Aubyn, pp. 255, 298 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 216–217; St Aubyn, pp. 257–258 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 217–220; Woodham-Smith, pp. 328–331 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 227–228; Longford, pp. 245–246; St Aubyn, p. 297; Woodham-Smith, pp. 354–355 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Woodham-Smith, pp. 357–360 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQueen_Victoria" class="citation cs2">Queen Victoria, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.queenvictoriasjournals.org">"Saturday, 18th August 1855"</a>, Queen Victoria's Journals, vol. 40, p. 93, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125152643/http://qvj.chadwyck.com/marketing.do">archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2021, retrieved 2 June 2012 – via The Royal Archives</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saturday%2C+18th+August+1855&rft.btitle=Queen+Victoria%27s+Journals&rft.pages=93&rft.au=Queen+Victoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.queenvictoriasjournals.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130111200927/http://en.chateauversailles.fr/history/the-significant-dates/most-important-dates/1855-visit-of-queen-victoria">1855 visit of Queen Victoria</a>, Château de Versailles, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.chateauversailles.fr/history/the-significant-dates/most-important-dates/1855-visit-of-queen-victoria">the original</a> on 11 January 2013, retrieved 29 March 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1855+visit+of+Queen+Victoria&rft.pub=Ch%C3%A2teau+de+Versailles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.chateauversailles.fr%2Fhistory%2Fthe-significant-dates%2Fmost-important-dates%2F1855-visit-of-queen-victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/themes/exhibitions/queen-victoria-in-paris/bowes-museum-barnard-castle">"Queen Victoria in Paris"</a>, Royal Collection Trust, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220829155504/https://www.rct.uk/collection/themes/exhibitions/queen-victoria-in-paris/bowes-museum-barnard-castle">archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2022, retrieved 29 August 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Collection+Trust&rft.atitle=Queen+Victoria+in+Paris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rct.uk%2Fcollection%2Fthemes%2Fexhibitions%2Fqueen-victoria-in-paris%2Fbowes-museum-barnard-castle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 241–242; Longford, pp. 280–281; St Aubyn, p. 304; Woodham-Smith, p. 391 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Hibbert, p. 242; Longford, p. 281; Marshall, p. 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/12129.html">Napoleon III Receiving Queen Victoria at Cherbourg, 5 August 1858</a>, Royal Museums Greenwich, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120403162336/http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/12129.html">archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2012, retrieved 29 March 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+III+Receiving+Queen+Victoria+at+Cherbourg%2C+5+August+1858&rft.pub=Royal+Museums+Greenwich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.rmg.co.uk%2Fcollections%2Fobjects%2F12129.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Hibbert, p. 255; Marshall, p. 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Longford, pp. 259–260; Weintraub, pp. 326 ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Longford, p. 263; Weintraub, pp. 326, 330 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Hibbert, p. 244 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Hibbert, p. 267; Longford, pp. 118, 290; St Aubyn, p. 319; Woodham-Smith, p. 412 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Hibbert, p. 267; Marshall, p. 152; Woodham-Smith, p. 412 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 265–267; St Aubyn, p. 318; Woodham-Smith, pp. 412–413 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Waller, p. 393; Weintraub, p. 401 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Hibbert, p. 274; Longford, p. 293; St Aubyn, p. 324; Woodham-Smith, p. 417 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Longford, p. 293; Marshall, p. 153; Strachey, p. 214 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 276–279; St Aubyn, p. 325; Woodham-Smith, pp. 422–423 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 280–292; Marshall, p. 154 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Hibbert, p. 299; St Aubyn, p. 346 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> St Aubyn, p. 343 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> e.g. Strachey, p. 306 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidley2017" class="citation cs2">Ridley, Jane (27 May 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/2017/05/queen-victoria-burdened-by-grief-and-six-course-dinners/">"Queen Victoria – burdened by grief and six-course dinners"</a>, The Spectator, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180828081110/https://www.spectator.co.uk/2017/05/queen-victoria-burdened-by-grief-and-six-course-dinners/">archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2018, retrieved 28 August 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Queen+Victoria+%E2%80%93+burdened+by+grief+and+six-course+dinners&rft.date=2017-05-27&rft.aulast=Ridley&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2F2017%2F05%2Fqueen-victoria-burdened-by-grief-and-six-course-dinners%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Marshall, pp. 170–172; St Aubyn, p. 385 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Hibbert, p. 310; Longford, p. 321; St Aubyn, pp. 343–344; Waller, p. 404 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Hibbert, p. 310; Longford, p. 322 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 323–324; Marshall, pp. 168–169; St Aubyn, pp. 356–362 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 321–322; Longford, pp. 327–328; Marshall, p. 170 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Hibbert, p. 329; St Aubyn, pp. 361–362 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 311–312; Longford, p. 347; St Aubyn, p. 369 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> St Aubyn, pp. 374–375 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Marshall, p. 199; Strachey, p. 299 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Hibbert, p. 318; Longford, p. 401; St Aubyn, p. 427; Strachey, p. 254 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Earle_Buckle" title="George Earle Buckle">Buckle, George Earle</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Flavelle_Monypenny" title="William Flavelle Monypenny">Monypenny, W. F.</a> (1910–1920) The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield, vol. 5, p. 49, quoted in Strachey, p. 243 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Hibbert, p. 320; Strachey, pp. 246–247 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Longford, p. 381; St Aubyn, pp. 385–386; Strachey, p. 248 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> St Aubyn, pp. 385–386; Strachey, pp. 248–250 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Longford, p. 385 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Hibbert, p. 343 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 343–344; Longford, p. 389; Marshall, p. 173 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 344–345 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Hibbert, p. 345; Longford, pp. 390–391; Marshall, p. 176; St Aubyn, p. 388 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Charles, p. 103; Hibbert, pp. 426–427; St Aubyn, pp. 388–389 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Old Bailey Proceedings Online, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?div=t18720408-352">Trial of Arthur O'Connor</a>. (t18720408-352, 8 April 1872). </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Hibbert, p. 427; Marshall, p. 176; St Aubyn, p. 389 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 249–250; Woodham-Smith, pp. 384–385 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Woodham-Smith, p. 386 </li> <li id="cite_note-hws-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hws_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hws_150-1">b</a> Hibbert, p. 251; Woodham-Smith, p. 386 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> St Aubyn, p. 335 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Hibbert, p. 361; Longford, p. 402; Marshall, pp. 180–184; Waller, p. 423 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 295–296; Waller, p. 423 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Hibbert, p. 361; Longford, pp. 405–406; Marshall, p. 184; St Aubyn, p. 434; Waller, p. 426 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Waller, p. 427 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Victoria's diary and letters quoted in Longford, p. 425 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Victoria quoted in Longford, p. 426 </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Longford, pp. 412–413 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Longford, p. 426 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Longford, p. 411 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 367–368; Longford, p. 429; Marshall, p. 186; St Aubyn, pp. 442–444; Waller, pp. 428–429 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Letter from Victoria to <a href="/wiki/Montagu_Corry,_1st_Baron_Rowton" title="Montagu Corry, 1st Baron Rowton">Montagu Corry, 1st Baron Rowton</a>, quoted in Hibbert, p. 369 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Longford, p. 437 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Hibbert, p. 420; St Aubyn, p. 422 </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Hibbert, p. 420; St Aubyn, p. 421 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 420–421; St Aubyn, p. 422; Strachey, p. 278 </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Hibbert, p. 427; Longford, p. 446; St Aubyn, p. 421 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Longford, pp. 451–452 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Longford, p. 454; St Aubyn, p. 425; Hibbert, p. 443 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 443–444; St Aubyn, pp. 425–426 </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 443–444; Longford, p. 455 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Hibbert, p. 444; St Aubyn, p. 424; Waller, p. 413 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Longford, p. 461 </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Longford, pp. 477–478 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Hibbert, p. 373; St Aubyn, p. 458 </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Waller, p. 433; see also Hibbert, pp. 370–371 and Marshall, pp. 191–193 </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Hibbert, p. 373; Longford, p. 484 </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Hibbert, p. 374; Longford, p. 491; Marshall, p. 196; St Aubyn, pp. 460–461 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> St Aubyn, pp. 460–461 </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/HMTheQueen/TheQueenandspecialanniversaries/HistoryofJubilees/QueenVictoria.aspx">Queen Victoria</a>, Royal Household, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210313022325/http://www.royal.gov.uk/HMTheQueen/TheQueenandspecialanniversaries/HistoryofJubilees/QueenVictoria.aspx">archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2021, retrieved 29 March 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Victoria&rft.pub=Royal+Household&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FHMTheQueen%2FTheQueenandspecialanniversaries%2FHistoryofJubilees%2FQueenVictoria.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Marshall, pp. 210–211; St Aubyn, pp. 491–493 </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Longford, p. 502 </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 447–448; Longford, p. 508; St Aubyn, p. 502; Waller, p. 441 </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-41285054">"Queen Victoria's Urdu workbook on show"</a>, BBC News, 15 September 2017, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043830/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-41285054">archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017, retrieved 23 November 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Queen+Victoria%27s+Urdu+workbook+on+show&rft.date=2017-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-hampshire-41285054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2017" class="citation cs2">Hunt, Kristin (20 September 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/victoria-and-abdul-friendship-scandalized-england-180964959/">"Victoria and Abdul: The Friendship that Scandalized England"</a>, Smithsonian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032437/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/victoria-and-abdul-friendship-scandalized-england-180964959/">archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017, retrieved 23 November 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Victoria+and+Abdul%3A+The+Friendship+that+Scandalized+England&rft.date=2017-09-20&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fvictoria-and-abdul-friendship-scandalized-england-180964959%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 448–449 </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 449–451 </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Hibbert, p. 447; Longford, p. 539; St Aubyn, p. 503; Waller, p. 442 </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Hibbert, p. 454 </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Hibbert, p. 382 </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Hibbert, p. 375; Longford, p. 519 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Hibbert, p. 376; Longford, p. 530; St Aubyn, p. 515 </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Hibbert, p. 377 </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Hibbert, p. 456 </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Longford, p. 546; St Aubyn, pp. 545–546 </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Marshall, pp. 206–207, 211; St Aubyn, pp. 546–548 </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacMillan2013" class="citation cs2">MacMillan, Margaret (2013), The War That Ended Peace, <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>, p. 29, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9470-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9470-4"><bdi>978-0-8129-9470-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+That+Ended+Peace&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-9470-4&rft.aulast=MacMillan&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 457–458; Marshall, pp. 206–207, 211; St Aubyn, pp. 546–548 </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Hibbert, p. 436; St Aubyn, p. 508 </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 437–438; Longford, pp. 554–555; St Aubyn, p. 555 </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Longford, p. 558 </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 464–466, 488–489; Strachey, p. 308; Waller, p. 442 </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Victoria's journal, 1 January 1901, quoted in Hibbert, p. 492; Longford, p. 559 and St Aubyn, p. 592 </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Her personal physician <a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Reid,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Reid, 1st Baronet">Sir James Reid, 1st Baronet</a>, quoted in Hibbert, p. 492 </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC-205"><a href="#cite_ref-ABC_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRappaport2003" class="citation cs2">Rappaport, Helen (2003), "Animals", Queen Victoria: A Biographical Companion, Abc-Clio, pp. 34–39, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-355-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-355-7"><bdi>978-1-85109-355-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Animals&rft.btitle=Queen+Victoria%3A+A+Biographical+Companion&rft.pages=34-39&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-355-7&rft.aulast=Rappaport&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Longford, pp. 561–562; St Aubyn, p. 598 </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Hibbert, p. 497; Longford, p. 563 </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> St Aubyn, p. 598 </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Longford, p. 563 </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Hibbert, p. 498 </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Longford, p. 565; St Aubyn, p. 600 </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGander2015" class="citation cs2">Gander, Kashmira (26 August 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/queen-elizabeth-ii-to-become-britains-longest-reigning-monarch-surpassing-queen-victoria-10473729.html">"Queen Elizabeth II to become Britain's longest reigning monarch, surpassing Queen Victoria"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>, London, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919003603/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/queen-elizabeth-ii-to-become-britains-longest-reigning-monarch-surpassing-queen-victoria-10473729.html">archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2015, retrieved 9 September 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Queen+Elizabeth+II+to+become+Britain%27s+longest+reigning+monarch%2C+surpassing+Queen+Victoria&rft.date=2015-08-26&rft.aulast=Gander&rft.aufirst=Kashmira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fqueen-elizabeth-ii-to-become-britains-longest-reigning-monarch-surpassing-queen-victoria-10473729.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir1996" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alison Weir (historian)">Weir, Alison</a> (1996), Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy (Revised ed.), London: Random House, p. 317, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7448-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7448-5"><bdi>978-0-7126-7448-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Royal+Families%3A+The+Complete+Genealogy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=317&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-7448-5&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Fulford" title="Roger Fulford">Fulford, Roger</a> (1967) "Victoria", Collier's Encyclopedia, United States: Crowell, Collier and Macmillan Inc., vol. 23, p. 127 </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Ashley_(writer)" title="Mike Ashley (writer)">Ashley, Mike</a> (1998) British Monarchs, London: Robinson, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84119-096-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84119-096-9">1-84119-096-9</a>, p. 690 </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> Example from a letter written by lady-in-waiting Marie Mallet née Adeane, quoted in Hibbert, p. 471 </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Hibbert, p. xv; St Aubyn, p. 340 </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> St Aubyn, p. 30; Woodham-Smith, p. 87 </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 503–504; St Aubyn, p. 30; Woodham-Smith, pp. 88, 436–437 </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Hibbert, p. 503 </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 503–504; St Aubyn, p. 624 </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Hibbert, pp. 61–62; Longford, pp. 89, 253; St Aubyn, pp. 48, 63–64 </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> Marshall, p. 210; Waller, pp. 419, 434–435, 443 </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Waller, p. 439 </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> St Aubyn, p. 624 </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Hibbert, p. 504; St Aubyn, p. 623 </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> e.g. Hibbert, p. 352; Strachey, p. 304; Woodham-Smith, p. 431 </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Waller, p. 429 </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagehot1867" class="citation cs2">Bagehot, Walter (1867), The English Constitution, London: Chapman and Hall, p. 103</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Constitution&rft.place=London&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Bagehot&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> St Aubyn, pp. 602–603; Strachey, pp. 303–304; Waller, pp. 366, 372, 434 </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> Erickson, Carolly (1997) Her Little Majesty: The Life of Queen Victoria, New York: Simon & Schuster, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-3657-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-3657-2">0-7432-3657-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogaevGrigorenkoFaskhutdinovaKittler2009" class="citation cs2">Rogaev, Evgeny I.; Grigorenko, Anastasia P.; Faskhutdinova, Gulnaz; Kittler, Ellen L. W.; Moliaka, Yuri K. (2009), "Genotype Analysis Identifies the Cause of the "Royal Disease"", Science, 326 (5954): 817, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...326..817R">2009Sci...326..817R</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1180660">10.1126/science.1180660</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19815722">19815722</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206522975">206522975</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Genotype+Analysis+Identifies+the+Cause+of+the+%22Royal+Disease%22&rft.volume=326&rft.issue=5954&rft.pages=817&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206522975%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...326..817R&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1180660&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19815722&rft.aulast=Rogaev&rft.aufirst=Evgeny+I.&rft.au=Grigorenko%2C+Anastasia+P.&rft.au=Faskhutdinova%2C+Gulnaz&rft.au=Kittler%2C+Ellen+L.+W.&rft.au=Moliaka%2C+Yuri+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> Potts and Potts, pp. 55–65, quoted in Hibbert p. 217; Packard, pp. 42–43 </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jones_(biologist)" title="Steve Jones (biologist)">Jones, Steve</a> (1996) In the Blood, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> documentary </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKusick1965" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Victor_A._McKusick" title="Victor A. McKusick">McKusick, Victor A.</a> (1965), "The Royal Hemophilia", <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>, 213 (2): 91, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965SciAm.213b..88M">1965SciAm.213b..88M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0865-88">10.1038/scientificamerican0865-88</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14319025">14319025</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Hemophilia&rft.volume=213&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=91&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14319025&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0865-88&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965SciAm.213b..88M&rft.aulast=McKusick&rft.aufirst=Victor+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jones_(biologist)" title="Steve Jones (biologist)">Jones, Steve</a> (1993), The Language of the Genes, London: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, p. 69, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-255020-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-255020-2"><bdi>0-00-255020-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+the+Genes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-00-255020-2&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jones_(biologist)" title="Steve Jones (biologist)">Jones, Steve</a> (1993), In The Blood: God, Genes and Destiny, London: HarperCollins, p. 270, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-255511-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-255511-5"><bdi>0-00-255511-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+The+Blood%3A+God%2C+Genes+and+Destiny&rft.place=London&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-00-255511-5&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRushton2008" class="citation cs2">Rushton, Alan R. (2008), Royal Maladies: Inherited Diseases in the Royal Houses of Europe, <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria, British Columbia</a>: Trafford, pp. 31–32, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4251-6810-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4251-6810-0"><bdi>978-1-4251-6810-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Maladies%3A+Inherited+Diseases+in+the+Royal+Houses+of+Europe&rft.place=Victoria%2C+British+Columbia&rft.pages=31-32&rft.pub=Trafford&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4251-6810-0&rft.aulast=Rushton&rft.aufirst=Alan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hemophilia.org/Bleeding-Disorders/Types-of-Bleeding-Disorders/Hemophilia-B">Hemophilia B</a>, National Hemophilia Foundation, 5 March 2014, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324033555/http://www.hemophilia.org/Bleeding-Disorders/Types-of-Bleeding-Disorders/Hemophilia-B">archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2015, retrieved 29 March 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hemophilia+B&rft.pub=National+Hemophilia+Foundation&rft.date=2014-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hemophilia.org%2FBleeding-Disorders%2FTypes-of-Bleeding-Disorders%2FHemophilia-B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1900_Whitaker-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1900_Whitaker_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1900_Whitaker_237-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Whitaker%27s_Almanack" title="Whitaker's Almanack">Whitaker's Almanack</a> (1900) Facsimile Reprint 1998, London: Stationery Office, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-702247-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-11-702247-0">0-11-702247-0</a>, p. 86 </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiskPownallStanleyTamplin2001" class="citation cs2">Risk, James; Pownall, Henry; Stanley, David; Tamplin, John; Martin, Stanley (2001), Royal Service, vol. 2, Lingfield: Third Millennium Publishing/Victorian Publishing, pp. 16–19</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Service&rft.place=Lingfield&rft.pages=16-19&rft.pub=Third+Millennium+Publishing%2FVictorian+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Risk&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Pownall%2C+Henry&rft.au=Stanley%2C+David&rft.au=Tamplin%2C+John&rft.au=Martin%2C+Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette21846" class="citation magazine cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21846/page/410">"No. 21846"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>, 5 February 1856, pp. 410–411</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+21846&rft.pages=410-411&rft.date=1856-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F21846%2Fpage%2F410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: overridden setting (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_overridden_setting" title="Category:CS1 maint: overridden setting">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette22523" class="citation magazine cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22523/page/2621">"No. 22523"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>, 25 June 1861, p. 2621</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+22523&rft.pages=2621&rft.date=1861-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F22523%2Fpage%2F2621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: overridden setting (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_overridden_setting" title="Category:CS1 maint: overridden setting">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitaker1894-241"><a href="#cite_ref-Whitaker1894_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitaker1894" class="citation cs2">Whitaker, Joseph (1894), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6cUMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA112">An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord ...</a>, J. Whitaker, p. 112, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322110601/https://books.google.com/books?id=6cUMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA112">archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2023, retrieved 15 December 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Almanack+for+the+Year+of+Our+Lord+...&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=J.+Whitaker&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Whitaker&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6cUMAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette24539" class="citation magazine cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24539/page/113">"No. 24539"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>, 4 January 1878, p. 113</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+24539&rft.pages=113&rft.date=1878-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F24539%2Fpage%2F113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: overridden setting (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_overridden_setting" title="Category:CS1 maint: overridden setting">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1906" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Arthur_Shaw" title="William Arthur Shaw">Shaw, William Arthur</a> (1906), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924092537418/page/n55/mode/2up">"Introduction"</a>, The Knights of England, vol. 1, London: Sherratt and Hughes, p. xxxi</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Knights+of+England&rft.place=London&rft.pages=xxxi&rft.pub=Sherratt+and+Hughes&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=William+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924092537418%2Fpage%2Fn55%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qaranc.co.uk/royalredcross.php">The Royal Red Cross</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191128053143/https://qaranc.co.uk/royalredcross.php">Archived</a> 28 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". QARANC – Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps. Retrieved 28 November 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette25641" class="citation magazine cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25641/page/5385">"No. 25641"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>, 9 November 1886, pp. 5385–5386</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+25641&rft.pages=5385-5386&rft.date=1886-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F25641%2Fpage%2F5385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: overridden setting (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_overridden_setting" title="Category:CS1 maint: overridden setting">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608193010/http://www.thersa.org/about-us/history-and-archive/medals/albert-medal">The Albert Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts" title="Royal Society of Arts">Royal Society of Arts</a>, London, UK, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thersa.org/about-us/history-and-archive/medals/albert-medal">the original</a> on 8 June 2011, retrieved 12 December 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Albert+Medal&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Arts%2C+London%2C+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thersa.org%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory-and-archive%2Fmedals%2Falbert-medal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette26733" class="citation magazine cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26733/page/2455">"No. 26733"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>, 24 April 1896, p. 2455</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+26733&rft.pages=2455&rft.date=1896-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F26733%2Fpage%2F2455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: overridden setting (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_overridden_setting" title="Category:CS1 maint: overridden setting">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89003308012&view=1up&seq=128">"Real orden de damas nobles de la Reina Maria Luisa"</a>, Calendario Manual y Guía de Forasteros en Madrid (in Spanish), Madrid: Imprenta Real, p. 91, 1834, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210328225310/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89003308012&view=1up&seq=128">archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2021, retrieved 21 November 2019 – via hathitrust.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Calendario+Manual+y+Gu%C3%ADa+de+Forasteros+en+Madrid&rft.atitle=Real+orden+de+damas+nobles+de+la+Reina+Maria+Luisa&rft.pages=91&rft.date=1834&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dwu.89003308012%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naotaka-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Naotaka_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naotaka_249-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimizuka2004" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kimizuka, Naotaka (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T13tPAAACAAJ"><bdi lang="ja">女王陛下のブルーリボン: ガーター勲章とイギリス外交</bdi></a> [Her Majesty The Queen's Blue Ribbon: The Order of the Garter and British Diplomacy] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NTT Publishing, p. 303, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7571-4073-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-7571-4073-8"><bdi>978-4-7571-4073-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322110556/https://books.google.com/books?id=T13tPAAACAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2023, retrieved 13 September 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B%E9%99%9B%E4%B8%8B%E3%81%AE%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9C%E3%83%B3%3A+%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E5%8B%B2%E7%AB%A0%E3%81%A8%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=NTT+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-4-7571-4073-8&rft.aulast=Kimizuka&rft.aufirst=Naotaka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT13tPAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agraciamentos-250"><a href="#cite_ref-Agraciamentos_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBragança2014" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bragança, Jose Vicente de (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10576008">"Agraciamentos Portugueses Aos Príncipes da Casa Saxe-Coburgo-Gota"</a> [Portuguese Honours awarded to Princes of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha], Pro Phalaris (in Portuguese), vol. 9–10, p. 6, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125152639/https://www.academia.edu/10576008">archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2021, retrieved 28 November 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pro+Phalaris&rft.atitle=Agraciamentos+Portugueses+Aos+Pr%C3%ADncipes+da+Casa+Saxe-Coburgo-Gota&rft.volume=9%E2%80%9310&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bragan%C3%A7a&rft.aufirst=Jose+Vicente+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10576008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"> <bdi lang="ru">Ордена Св. Екатерины</bdi> [Knights of the Order of St. Catherine], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z_QxAQAAMAAJ"><bdi lang="ru">Список кавалерам россійских императорских и царских орденов</bdi></a> [List of Knights of the Russian Imperial and Tsarist Orders] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Printing house of the II branch of His Imperial Majesty's Chancellery, 1850, p. 15, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322110556/https://books.google.com/books?id=z_QxAQAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2023, retrieved 20 October 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%B2.+%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B8+%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.place=Saint+Petersburg&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Printing+house+of+the+II+branch+of+His+Imperial+Majesty%27s+Chancellery&rft.date=1850&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz_QxAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="M._et_B._Wattel" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wattel, Michel; Wattel, Béatrice (2009), Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers (in French), Paris: Archives & Culture, pp. 21, 460, 564, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35077-135-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35077-135-9"><bdi>978-2-35077-135-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Grand%27Croix+de+la+L%C3%A9gion+d%27honneur+de+1805+%C3%A0+nos+jours.+Titulaires+fran%C3%A7ais+et+%C3%A9trangers&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=21%2C+460%2C+564&rft.pub=Archives+%26+Culture&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-35077-135-9&rft.aulast=Wattel&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.au=Wattel%2C+B%C3%A9atrice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VOAxAQAAMAAJ">"Seccion IV: Ordenes del Imperio"</a>, Almanaque imperial para el año 1866 (in Spanish), Mexico City: Imp. de J.M. Lara, 1866, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VOAxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA244">244</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322110556/https://books.google.com/books?id=VOAxAQAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2023, retrieved 13 September 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seccion+IV%3A+Ordenes+del+Imperio&rft.btitle=Almanaque+imperial+para+el+a%C3%B1o+1866&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Imp.+de+J.M.+Lara&rft.date=1866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVOAxAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlvera_Ayes2020" class="citation journal cs2">Olvera Ayes, David A. (2020), "La Orden Imperial de San Carlos", Cuadernos del Cronista Editores, México</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cuadernos+del+Cronista+Editores%2C+M%C3%A9xico&rft.atitle=La+Orden+Imperial+de+San+Carlos&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Olvera+Ayes&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: overridden setting (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_overridden_setting" title="Category:CS1 maint: overridden setting">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQueen_Victoria" class="citation cs2">Queen Victoria, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.queenvictoriasjournals.org">"Thursday, 11th June 1857"</a>, Queen Victoria's Journals, vol. 43, p. 171, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125152643/http://qvj.chadwyck.com/marketing.do">archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2021, retrieved 2 June 2012 – via The Royal Archives</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thursday%2C+11th+June+1857&rft.btitle=Queen+Victoria%27s+Journals&rft.pages=171&rft.au=Queen+Victoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.queenvictoriasjournals.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQueen_Victoria" class="citation cs2">Queen Victoria, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.queenvictoriasjournals.org">"Tuesday, 3rd December 1872"</a>, Queen Victoria's Journals, vol. 61, p. 333, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125152643/http://qvj.chadwyck.com/marketing.do">archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2021, retrieved 2 June 2012 – via The Royal Archives</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tuesday%2C+3rd+December+1872&rft.btitle=Queen+Victoria%27s+Journals&rft.pages=333&rft.au=Queen+Victoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.queenvictoriasjournals.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar1874" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Naser al-Din Shah Qajar">Naser al-Din Shah Qajar</a> (1874), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diaryofhmshahofp00nasiuoft/page/148">"Chapter IV: England"</a>, The Diary of H.M. The Shah of Persia during his tour through Europe in A.D. 1873: A verbatim translation, translated by <a href="/wiki/James_Redhouse" title="James Redhouse">Redhouse, James William</a>, London: John Murray, p. 149</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+IV%3A+England&rft.btitle=The+Diary+of+H.M.+The+Shah+of+Persia+during+his+tour+through+Europe+in+A.D.+1873%3A+A+verbatim+translation&rft.place=London&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1874&rft.au=Naser+al-Din+Shah+Qajar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiaryofhmshahofp00nasiuoft%2Fpage%2F148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-times29924-258"><a href="#cite_ref-times29924_258-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs2">"Court Circular", Court and Social, The Times, no. 29924, London, 3 July 1880, col G, p. 11</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Court+Circular&rft.issue=29924&rft.pages=col+G%2C+p.-11&rft.date=1880-07-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: overridden setting (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_overridden_setting" title="Category:CS1 maint: overridden setting">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021052436/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2430/026/214_1.PDF"><bdi lang="th">ข่าวรับพระราชสาสน์ พระราชสาสน์จากกษัตริย์ในประเทศยุโรปที่ทรงยินดีในการได้รับพระราชสาสน์จากพระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัว</bdi></a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Government_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Thai Government Gazette">Royal Thai Government Gazette</a> (in Thai), 5 May 1887, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2430/026/214_1.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 October 2020, retrieved 8 May 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Thai+Government+Gazette&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7&rft.date=1887-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th%2FDATA%2FPDF%2F2430%2F026%2F214_1.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> Kalakaua to his sister, 24 July 1881, quoted in Greer, Richard A. (editor, 1967) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/186/JL05085.pdf">The Royal Tourist – Kalakaua's Letters Home from Tokio to London</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191019083943/https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/186/JL05085.pdf">Archived</a> 19 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Hawaiian Journal of History, vol. 5, p. 100 </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcović2012" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Acović, Dragomir (2012), Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima (in Serbian), Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik, p. 364</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slava+i+%C4%8Dast%3A+Odlikovanja+me%C4%91u+Srbima%2C+Srbi+me%C4%91u+odlikovanjima&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pages=364&rft.pub=Slu%C5%BEbeni+Glasnik&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Acovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dragomir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalfamily.org/two-royal-families-historical-ties/">"Two Royal Families – Historical Ties"</a>, The Royal Family of Serbia, 13 March 2016, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191206100031/http://www.royalfamily.org/two-royal-families-historical-ties/">archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2019, retrieved 6 December 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Family+of+Serbia&rft.atitle=Two+Royal+Families+%E2%80%93+Historical+Ties&rft.date=2016-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalfamily.org%2Ftwo-royal-families-historical-ties%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hesse-263"><a href="#cite_ref-hesse_263-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112089248626&view=1up&seq=43&skin=2021">"Goldener Löwen-orden"</a>, Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste (in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1885, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112089248626&view=1up&seq=45&skin=2021">35</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210906135729/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112089248626&view=1up&seq=43&skin=2021">archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2021, retrieved 6 September 2021 – via hathitrust.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Goldener+L%C3%B6wen-orden&rft.btitle=Gro%C3%9Fherzoglich+Hessische+Ordensliste&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Staatsverlag&rft.date=1885&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duiug.30112089248626%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D43%26skin%3D2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bulgariandecorations.com/distinctions/red_cross">"Honorary Badge of the Red Cross"</a>, Bulgarian Royal Decorations, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191215074015/https://bulgariandecorations.com/distinctions/red_cross">archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2019, retrieved 15 December 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulgarian+Royal+Decorations&rft.atitle=Honorary+Badge+of+the+Red+Cross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbulgariandecorations.com%2Fdistinctions%2Fred_cross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethiopiancrown.org/decorations.htm#TheOrderofSolomonsSeal">"The Imperial Orders and Decorations of Ethiopia"</a>, The Crown Council of Ethiopia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121226054014/http://www.ethiopiancrown.org/decorations.htm#TheOrderofSolomonsSeal">archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2012, retrieved 21 November 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Crown+Council+of+Ethiopia&rft.atitle=The+Imperial+Orders+and+Decorations+of+Ethiopia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethiopiancrown.org%2Fdecorations.htm%23TheOrderofSolomonsSeal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orderofdanilo.org/en/news/051207.htm">"The Order of Sovereign Prince Danilo I"</a>. orderofdanilo.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101009012208/http://www.orderofdanilo.org/en/history/index.htm">Archived</a> 9 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/441137">"Silver Wedding medal of Duke Alfred of Saxe-Coburg & Grand Duchess Marie"</a>, Royal Collection, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212053018/https://www.rct.uk/collection/441137">archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2019, retrieved 12 December 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Collection&rft.atitle=Silver+Wedding+medal+of+Duke+Alfred+of+Saxe-Coburg+%26+Grand+Duchess+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rct.uk%2Fcollection%2F441137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-louda-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-louda_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-louda_268-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoudaMaclagan1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Louda" title="Jiří Louda">Louda, Jiří</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Maclagan" title="Michael Maclagan">Maclagan, Michael</a> (1999), Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe, London: Little, Brown, pp. 32, 34, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85605-469-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85605-469-0"><bdi>978-1-85605-469-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lines+of+Succession%3A+Heraldry+of+the+Royal+Families+of+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pages=32%2C+34&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85605-469-0&rft.aulast=Louda&rft.aufirst=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rft.au=Maclagan%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Whitaker%27s_Almanack" title="Whitaker's Almanack">Whitaker's Almanack</a> (1993) Concise Edition, London: J. Whitaker and Sons, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85021-232-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85021-232-4">0-85021-232-4</a>, pp. 134–136 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles2012" class="citation cs2">Charles, Barrie (2012), Kill the Queen! The Eight Assassination Attempts on Queen Victoria, Stroud: Amberley Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-0457-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-0457-2"><bdi>978-1-4456-0457-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kill+the+Queen%21+The+Eight+Assassination+Attempts+on+Queen+Victoria&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-0457-2&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Barrie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbert2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hibbert" title="Christopher Hibbert">Hibbert, Christopher</a> (2000), Queen Victoria: A Personal History, London: HarperCollins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-638843-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-638843-4"><bdi>0-00-638843-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Victoria%3A+A+Personal+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-00-638843-4&rft.aulast=Hibbert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongford1964" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Pakenham,_Countess_of_Longford" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Pakenham, Countess of Longford">Longford, Elizabeth</a> (1964), Victoria R.I., London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-17001-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-17001-5"><bdi>0-297-17001-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victoria+R.I.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-297-17001-5&rft.aulast=Longford&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1972" class="citation cs2">Marshall, Dorothy (1972), The Life and Times of Queen Victoria (1992 reprint ed.), London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-83166-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-83166-6"><bdi>0-297-83166-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Queen+Victoria&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1992+reprint&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-297-83166-6&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPackard1998" class="citation cs2">Packard, Jerrold M. (1998), Victoria's Daughters, New York: St. Martin's Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-24496-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-24496-7"><bdi>0-312-24496-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victoria%27s+Daughters&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-312-24496-7&rft.aulast=Packard&rft.aufirst=Jerrold+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPottsPotts1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Potts" title="Malcolm Potts">Potts, D. M.</a>; Potts, W. T. W. (1995), Queen Victoria's Gene: Haemophilia and the Royal Family, Stroud: Alan Sutton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-1199-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-1199-9"><bdi>0-7509-1199-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Victoria%27s+Gene%3A+Haemophilia+and+the+Royal+Family&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Alan+Sutton&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7509-1199-9&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft.au=Potts%2C+W.+T.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Aubyn1991" class="citation cs2">St. Aubyn, Giles (1991), Queen Victoria: A Portrait, London: Sinclair-Stevenson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85619-086-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85619-086-2"><bdi>1-85619-086-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Victoria%3A+A+Portrait&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sinclair-Stevenson&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=1-85619-086-2&rft.aulast=St.+Aubyn&rft.aufirst=Giles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrachey1921" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Lytton_Strachey" title="Lytton Strachey">Strachey, Lytton</a> (1921), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/queenvictoria01265gut">Queen Victoria</a>, London: Chatto and Windus</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Victoria&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+and+Windus&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Strachey&rft.aufirst=Lytton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fqueenvictoria01265gut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaller2006" class="citation cs2">Waller, Maureen (2006), Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England, London: <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-6628-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7195-6628-2"><bdi>0-7195-6628-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereign+Ladies%3A+The+Six+Reigning+Queens+of+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7195-6628-2&rft.aulast=Waller&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeintraub1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Weintraub" title="Stanley Weintraub">Weintraub, Stanley</a> (1997), Albert: Uncrowned King, London: <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-5756-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7195-5756-9"><bdi>0-7195-5756-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert%3A+Uncrowned+King&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7195-5756-9&rft.aulast=Weintraub&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodham-Smith1972" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Woodham-Smith" title="Cecil Woodham-Smith">Woodham-Smith, Cecil</a> (1972), Queen Victoria: Her Life and Times 1819–1861, London: Hamish Hamilton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-241-02200-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-241-02200-2"><bdi>0-241-02200-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Victoria%3A+Her+Life+and+Times+1819%E2%80%931861&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-241-02200-2&rft.aulast=Woodham-Smith&rft.aufirst=Cecil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorsley2018" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Worsley" title="Lucy Worsley">Worsley, Lucy</a> (2018), Queen Victoria – Daughter, Wife, Mother, Widow, London: Hodder & Stoughton Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4736-5138-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4736-5138-8"><bdi>978-1-4736-5138-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Victoria+%E2%80%93+Daughter%2C+Wife%2C+Mother%2C+Widow&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton+Ltd&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4736-5138-8&rft.aulast=Worsley&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBensonEsher1907" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/A._C._Benson" title="A. C. Benson">Benson, A. C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Brett,_2nd_Viscount_Esher" title="Reginald Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher">Esher, Viscount</a>, eds. (1907), The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection of Her Majesty's Correspondence Between the Years 1837 and 1861, London: <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Queen+Victoria%3A+A+Selection+of+Her+Majesty%27s+Correspondence+Between+the+Years+1837+and+1861&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolitho1938" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Hector_Bolitho" title="Hector Bolitho">Bolitho, Hector</a>, ed. (1938), Letters of Queen Victoria from the Archives of the House of Brandenburg-Prussia, London: Thornton Butterworth</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+Queen+Victoria+from+the+Archives+of+the+House+of+Brandenburg-Prussia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thornton+Butterworth&rft.date=1938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckle1926" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/George_Earle_Buckle" title="George Earle Buckle">Buckle, George Earle</a>, ed. (1926), The Letters of Queen Victoria, 2nd Series 1862–1885, London: <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Queen+Victoria%2C+2nd+Series+1862%E2%80%931885&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckle1930" class="citation cs2">Buckle, George Earle, ed. (1930), The Letters of Queen Victoria, 3rd Series 1886–1901, London: <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Queen+Victoria%2C+3rd+Series+1886%E2%80%931901&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnell1962" class="citation cs2">Connell, Brian (1962), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reginavspalmerst001327mbp">Regina v. Palmerston: The Correspondence between Queen Victoria and her Foreign and Prime Minister, 1837–1865</a>, London: Evans Brothers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regina+v.+Palmerston%3A+The+Correspondence+between+Queen+Victoria+and+her+Foreign+and+Prime+Minister%2C+1837%E2%80%931865&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Evans+Brothers&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Connell&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freginavspalmerst001327mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuff1968" class="citation cs2">Duff, David, ed. (1968), Victoria in the Highlands: The Personal Journal of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, London: Muller</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victoria+in+the+Highlands%3A+The+Personal+Journal+of+Her+Majesty+Queen+Victoria&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Muller&rft.date=1968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDysonTennyson1969" class="citation cs2">Dyson, Hope; Tennyson, Charles, eds. (1969), Dear and Honoured Lady: The Correspondence between Queen Victoria and Alfred Tennyson, London: Macmillan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dear+and+Honoured+Lady%3A+The+Correspondence+between+Queen+Victoria+and+Alfred+Tennyson&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsher1912" class="citation cs2">Esher, Viscount, ed. (1912), The Girlhood of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty's Diaries Between the Years 1832 and 1840, London: <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Girlhood+of+Queen+Victoria%3A+A+Selection+from+Her+Majesty%27s+Diaries+Between+the+Years+1832+and+1840&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulford1964" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fulford" title="Roger Fulford">Fulford, Roger</a>, ed. (1964), Dearest Child: Letters Between Queen Victoria and the Princess Royal, 1858–1861, London: Evans Brothers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dearest+Child%3A+Letters+Between+Queen+Victoria+and+the+Princess+Royal%2C+1858%E2%80%931861&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Evans+Brothers&rft.date=1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulford1968" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fulford" title="Roger Fulford">Fulford, Roger</a>, ed. (1968), Dearest Mama: Letters Between Queen Victoria and the Crown Princess of Prussia, 1861–1864, London: Evans Brothers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dearest+Mama%3A+Letters+Between+Queen+Victoria+and+the+Crown+Princess+of+Prussia%2C+1861%E2%80%931864&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Evans+Brothers&rft.date=1968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulford1971" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fulford" title="Roger Fulford">Fulford, Roger</a>, ed. (1971), Beloved Mama: Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the German Crown Princess, 1878–1885, London: Evans Brothers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beloved+Mama%3A+Private+Correspondence+of+Queen+Victoria+and+the+German+Crown+Princess%2C+1878%E2%80%931885&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Evans+Brothers&rft.date=1971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulford1971" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fulford" title="Roger Fulford">Fulford, Roger</a>, ed. (1971), Your Dear Letter: Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the Crown Princess of Prussia, 1863–1871, London: Evans Brothers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Your+Dear+Letter%3A+Private+Correspondence+of+Queen+Victoria+and+the+Crown+Princess+of+Prussia%2C+1863%E2%80%931871&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Evans+Brothers&rft.date=1971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulford1976" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fulford" title="Roger Fulford">Fulford, Roger</a>, ed. (1976), Darling Child: Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the German Crown Princess of Prussia, 1871–1878, London: Evans Brothers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darling+Child%3A+Private+Correspondence+of+Queen+Victoria+and+the+German+Crown+Princess+of+Prussia%2C+1871%E2%80%931878&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Evans+Brothers&rft.date=1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbert1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hibbert" title="Christopher Hibbert">Hibbert, Christopher</a>, ed. (1984), Queen Victoria in Her Letters and Journals, London: <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-4107-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7195-4107-7"><bdi>0-7195-4107-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Victoria+in+Her+Letters+and+Journals&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-7195-4107-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHough1975" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hough" title="Richard Hough">Hough, Richard</a>, ed. (1975), Advice to a Grand-daughter: Letters from Queen Victoria to Princess Victoria of Hesse, London: Heinemann, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-434-34861-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-434-34861-9"><bdi>0-434-34861-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advice+to+a+Grand-daughter%3A+Letters+from+Queen+Victoria+to+Princess+Victoria+of+Hesse&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-434-34861-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJagow1938" class="citation cs2">Jagow, Kurt, ed. (1938), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.174741">Letters of the Prince Consort 1831–1861</a>, London: <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+the+Prince+Consort+1831%E2%80%931861&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.174741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortimer1961" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Mortimer" title="Raymond Mortimer">Mortimer, Raymond</a>, ed. (1961), Queen Victoria: Leaves from a Journal, New York: Farrar, Straus & Cudahy</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Victoria%3A+Leaves+from+a+Journal&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+%26+Cudahy&rft.date=1961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonsonby1930" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ponsonby,_1st_Baron_Sysonby" title="Frederick Ponsonby, 1st Baron Sysonby">Ponsonby, Frederick</a>, ed. (1930), Letters of the Empress Frederick, London: Macmillan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+the+Empress+Frederick&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamm1990" class="citation cs2">Ramm, Agatha, ed. (1990), Beloved and Darling Child: Last Letters between Queen Victoria and Her Eldest Daughter, 1886–1901, Stroud: Sutton Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86299-880-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86299-880-6"><bdi>978-0-86299-880-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beloved+and+Darling+Child%3A+Last+Letters+between+Queen+Victoria+and+Her+Eldest+Daughter%2C+1886%E2%80%931901&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-86299-880-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictoria1868" class="citation cs2">Victoria, Queen (1868), Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands from 1848 to 1861, London: Smith, Elder</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leaves+from+the+Journal+of+Our+Life+in+the+Highlands+from+1848+to+1861&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Victoria&rft.aufirst=Queen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictoria1884" class="citation cs2">Victoria, Queen (1884), More Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands from 1862 to 1882, London: Smith, Elder</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=More+Leaves+from+the+Journal+of+Our+Life+in+the+Highlands+from+1862+to+1882&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Victoria&rft.aufirst=Queen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnstein2003" class="citation cs2">Arnstein, Walter L. (2003), Queen Victoria, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-63806-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-63806-4"><bdi>978-0-333-63806-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Victoria&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-333-63806-4&rft.aulast=Arnstein&rft.aufirst=Walter+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaird2016" class="citation cs2">Baird, Julia (2016), Victoria The Queen: An Intimate Biography of the Woman Who Ruled an Empire, New York: Random House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6988-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6988-0"><bdi>978-1-4000-6988-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victoria+The+Queen%3A+An+Intimate+Biography+of+the+Woman+Who+Ruled+an+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6988-0&rft.aulast=Baird&rft.aufirst=Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadbury2017" class="citation cs2">Cadbury, Deborah (2017), Queen Victoria's Matchmaking: The Royal Marriages That Shaped Europe, Bloomsbury</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Victoria%27s+Matchmaking%3A+The+Royal+Marriages+That+Shaped+Europe&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Cadbury&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarterNugent2016" class="citation cs2">Carter, Sarah; Nugent, Maria Nugent, eds. (2016), Mistress of everything: Queen Victoria in Indigenous worlds, Manchester University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mistress+of+everything%3A+Queen+Victoria+in+Indigenous+worlds&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyck1959" class="citation cs2">Eyck, Frank (1959), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tomyfatherteache0000unse">The Prince Consort: a political biography</a>, Chatto</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prince+Consort%3A+a+political+biography&rft.pub=Chatto&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Eyck&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftomyfatherteache0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardiner1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Juliet_Gardiner" title="Juliet Gardiner">Gardiner, Juliet</a> (1997), Queen Victoria, London: Collins and Brown, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85585-469-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85585-469-7"><bdi>978-1-85585-469-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Victoria&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins+and+Brown&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85585-469-7&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=Juliet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomansMunich1997" class="citation cs2">Homans, Margaret; Munich, Adrienne, eds. (1997), Remaking Queen Victoria, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remaking+Queen+Victoria&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomans1997" class="citation cs2">Homans, Margaret (1997), Royal Representations: Queen Victoria and British Culture, 1837–1876</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Representations%3A+Queen+Victoria+and+British+Culture%2C+1837%E2%80%931876&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Homans&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHough1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hough" title="Richard Hough">Hough, Richard</a> (1996), Victoria and Albert, St. Martin's Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-30385-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-30385-3"><bdi>978-0-312-30385-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victoria+and+Albert&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-312-30385-3&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1983" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rhodes_James" title="Robert Rhodes James">James, Robert Rhodes</a> (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/princealbertbiog00jame">Albert, Prince Consort: A Biography</a>, Hamish Hamilton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394407630" title="Special:BookSources/9780394407630"><bdi>9780394407630</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert%2C+Prince+Consort%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780394407630&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Robert+Rhodes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprincealbertbiog00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingsley_Kent,_Susan2015" class="citation cs2">Kingsley Kent, Susan (2015), Queen Victoria: Gender and Empire</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Victoria%3A+Gender+and+Empire&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Kingsley+Kent%2C+Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyden2014" class="citation cs2">Lyden, Anne M. (2014), A Royal Passion: Queen Victoria and Photography, Los Angeles: Getty Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-155-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-155-8"><bdi>978-1-60606-155-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Royal+Passion%3A+Queen+Victoria+and+Photography&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-155-8&rft.aulast=Lyden&rft.aufirst=Anne+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidley2015" class="citation cs2">Ridley, Jane (2015), Victoria: Queen, Matriarch, Empress, Penguin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victoria%3A+Queen%2C+Matriarch%2C+Empress&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Ridley&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2020" class="citation cs2">Taylor, Miles (2020), "The Bicentenary of Queen Victoria", <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_British_Studies" title="Journal of British Studies">Journal of British Studies</a>, 59: 121–135, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjbr.2019.245">10.1017/jbr.2019.245</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213433777">213433777</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Bicentenary+of+Queen+Victoria&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=121-135&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fjbr.2019.245&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213433777%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Miles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeintraub1987" class="citation cs2">Weintraub, Stanley (1987), Victoria: Biography of a Queen, London: HarperCollins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-923084-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-923084-2"><bdi>978-0-04-923084-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victoria%3A+Biography+of+a+Queen&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-04-923084-2&rft.aulast=Weintraub&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2014" class="citation cs2">Wilson, A. N. (2014), Victoria: A Life, London: Atlantic Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84887-956-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84887-956-0"><bdi>978-1-84887-956-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victoria%3A+A+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-84887-956-0&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=A.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Victoria" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (1 hour and 2 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="3713" data-mwtitle="En-Queen_Victoria-article.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/En-Queen_Victoria-article.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/En-Queen_Victoria-article.ogg/En-Queen_Victoria-article.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Queen_Victoria-article.ogg" title="File:En-Queen Victoria-article.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 20 July 2014 (2014-07-20), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/queen-victoria">Queen Victoria</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/people/victoria-queen-of-the-united-kingdom-1819-1901#/type/subject">Queen Victoria</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Collection Trust">Royal Collection Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/ks3-gcse-history-queen-victoria-monarchy/z73rnrd">Queen Victoria</a> at BBC Teach</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp04634">Portraits of Queen Victoria</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9439#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.queenvictoriasjournals.org/home.do">Queen Victoria's Journals</a>, online from the Royal Archive and <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/9035">Works by Queen Victoria</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Victoria%2C%20Queen%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Queen%20Victoria%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Victoria%2C%20Queen%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Queen%20Victoria%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Victoria%2C%20Q%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Queen%20Victoria%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Victoria%2C%20Queen%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Queen%20Victoria%22%29%20OR%20%28%221819-1901%22%20AND%20Victoria%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Queen Victoria</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/3622">Works by Queen Victoria</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/017802">Newspaper clippings about Queen Victoria</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Queen Victoria </div><div><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Welf" title="House of Welf">House of Welf</a></div>Born: 24 May 1819 Died: 22 January 1901 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of the United Kingdom">Queen of the United Kingdom</a> 20 June 1837 – 22 January 1901 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahadur Shah II">Bahadur Shah II</a> as <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperor">Mughal emperor</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Empress_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress of India">Empress of India</a> 1 May 1876 – 22 January 1901 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Queen_Victoria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Queen_Victoria" title="Template:Queen Victoria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Queen_Victoria" title="Template talk:Queen Victoria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Queen_Victoria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Queen Victoria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Queen_Victoria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Queen Victoria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of the United Kingdom">Queen of the United Kingdom</a> (1837–1901), <a href="/wiki/Empress_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress of India">Empress of India</a> (1876–1901)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Coronation of Queen Victoria">Coronation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1838_Coronation_Honours" title="1838 Coronation Honours">Honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackpen_White_Horse" title="Hackpen White Horse">Hackpen White Horse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Queen_Victoria_and_Prince_Albert" title="Wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert">Wedding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Wedding dress of Queen Victoria">Wedding dress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria">Golden Jubilee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1887_Golden_Jubilee_Honours" title="1887 Golden Jubilee Honours">Honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Golden_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Victoria Golden Jubilee Medal">Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Police_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Victoria Police Jubilee Medal">Police Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Clock_Tower,_Weymouth" title="Jubilee Clock Tower, Weymouth">Clock Tower, Weymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_Tower,_Brighton" title="Clock Tower, Brighton">Clock Tower, Brighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_bust_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Jubilee bust of Queen Victoria">Bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Jubilee_International_Exhibition" title="Adelaide Jubilee International Exhibition">Adelaide Jubilee International Exhibition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria">Diamond Jubilee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1897_Diamond_Jubilee_Honours" title="1897 Diamond Jubilee Honours">Honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Victoria Diamond Jubilee Medal">Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Diamond" title="Jubilee Diamond">Jubilee Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Tower" title="Jubilee Tower">Jubilee Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherries_jubilee" title="Cherries jubilee">Cherries jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recessional_(poem)" title="Recessional (poem)">Recessional (poem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunningham_Clock_Tower" title="Cunningham Clock Tower">Cunningham Clock Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devonshire_House_Ball_of_1897" title="Devonshire House Ball of 1897">Devonshire House Ball</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedchamber_crisis" title="Bedchamber crisis">Bedchamber crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Queen_Victoria" title="List of prime ministers of Queen Victoria">Prime ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Oxford" title="Edward Oxford">Edward Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_boy_Jones" title="The boy Jones">The boy Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">Empress of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Bean" title="John William Bean">John William Bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_morality" title="Victorian morality">Victorian morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_visits_to_Manchester_and_Salford_during_the_reign_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Royal visits to Manchester and Salford during the reign of Queen Victoria">Visits to Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_visits_made_by_Queen_Victoria" title="List of foreign visits made by Queen Victoria">Foreign visits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Death and state funeral of Queen Victoria">Death and state funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mausoleum,_Frogmore" title="Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore">Mausoleum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a> (husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Princess_Royal" title="Victoria, Princess Royal">Victoria, German Empress</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Alice of the United Kingdom">Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Helena of the United Kingdom">Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise,_Duchess_of_Argyll" title="Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll">Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany">Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom">Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Feodora_of_Leiningen" title="Princess Feodora of Leiningen">Feodora, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg</a> (half-sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl,_Prince_of_Leiningen_(1804%E2%80%931856)" title="Karl, Prince of Leiningen (1804–1856)">Carl, 3rd Prince of Leiningen</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Descendants of Queen Victoria">Descendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_descendants_of_Queen_Victoria_and_of_King_Christian_IX" title="Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX">Royal descendants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_System" title="Kensington System">Kensington System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conroy" title="John Conroy">John Conroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoire_Conroy" title="Victoire Conroy">Victoire Conroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Lehzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Lehzen">Louise Lehzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Flora_Hastings" title="Lady Flora Hastings">Lady Flora Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Percy,_Duchess_of_Northumberland" title="Charlotte Percy, Duchess of Northumberland">Charlotte Percy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Davys" title="George Davys">George Davys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Legitimacy of Queen Victoria">Legitimacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_Queen_Victoria" title="List of places named after Queen Victoria">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Day" title="Commonwealth Day">Empire Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Victoria_and_Albert" title="Royal Order of Victoria and Albert">Royal Family Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Day" title="Victoria Day">Victoria Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Day_(Scotland)" title="Victoria Day (Scotland)">Victoria Day (Scotland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(plant)" title="Victoria (plant)">Victoria (plant)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Cultural depictions of Queen Victoria">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixty_Years_a_Queen" title="Sixty Years a Queen">Sixty Years a Queen (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_in_Dover_(1936_film)" title="Victoria in Dover (1936 film)">Victoria in Dover (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_the_Great" title="Victoria the Great">Victoria the Great (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixty_Glorious_Years" title="Sixty Glorious Years">Sixty Glorious Years (1938)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_in_Dover_(1954_film)" title="Victoria in Dover (1954 film)">Victoria in Dover (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Brown" title="Mrs Brown">Mrs Brown (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Victoria" title="The Young Victoria">The Young Victoria (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_%26_Abdul" title="Victoria & Abdul">Victoria & Abdul (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Prince_(film)" title="The Black Prince (film)">The Black Prince (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolittle_(film)" title="Dolittle (film)">Dolittle (2020)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Happy_and_Glorious_(TV_series)" title="Happy and Glorious (TV series)">Happy and Glorious (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Regina_(film)" title="Victoria Regina (film)">Victoria Regina (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Victoria_(1963_film)" title="The Young Victoria (1963 film)">The Young Victoria (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_%26_Albert_(TV_serial)" title="Victoria & Albert (TV serial)">Victoria & Albert (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looking_for_Victoria" title="Looking for Victoria">Looking for Victoria (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Upstairs_Downstairs" title="Royal Upstairs Downstairs">Royal Upstairs Downstairs (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(British_TV_series)" title="Victoria (British TV series)">Victoria (2016–2019)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Merrie_England" title="Victoria and Merrie England">Victoria and Merrie England (1897)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Regina_(play)" title="Victoria Regina (play)">Victoria Regina (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_and_Albert" title="I and Albert">I and Albert (1972)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Statues and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Queen_Victoria" title="List of statues of Queen Victoria">List of statues</a></li> <li>London <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial,_London" title="Victoria Memorial, London">Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Queen_Victoria,_Kensington_Palace" title="Statue of Queen Victoria, Kensington Palace">Statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Square,_London" title="Victoria Square, London">Square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_Queen_Victoria,_Leeds" title="Memorial to Queen Victoria, Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Queen_Victoria,_St_Helens" title="Statue of Queen Victoria, St Helens">St Helens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Memorial,_Lancaster" title="Queen Victoria Memorial, Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Queen_Victoria,_Bristol" title="Statue of Queen Victoria, Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Queen_Victoria,_Weymouth" title="Statue of Queen Victoria, Weymouth">Weymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Queen_Victoria,_Chester" title="Statue of Queen Victoria, Chester">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Queen_Victoria,_Reading" title="Statue of Queen Victoria, Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Monument,_Liverpool" title="Victoria Monument, Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Square,_Birmingham" title="Victoria Square, Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Monument,_Birkenhead" title="Queen Victoria Monument, Birkenhead">Birkenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Arch,_Dundee" title="Royal Arch, Dundee">Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmoral_cairns" title="Balmoral cairns">Balmoral cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Tower,_Guernsey" title="Victoria Tower, Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Clock_Tower,_Isle_of_Man" title="Victoria Clock Tower, Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li>Valletta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Queen_Victoria,_Valletta" title="Statue of Queen Victoria, Valletta">Statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Gate_(Valletta)" title="Victoria Gate (Valletta)">Gate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Queen_Victoria_(Winnipeg)" title="Statue of Queen Victoria (Winnipeg)">Winnipeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial_(Montreal)" title="Victoria Memorial (Montreal)">Montreal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Square,_Montreal" title="Victoria Square, Montreal">Square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Queen_Victoria_(Victoria,_British_Columbia)" title="Statue of Queen Victoria (Victoria, British Columbia)">Victoria, British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Queen_Victoria_(Toronto)" title="Statue of Queen Victoria (Toronto)">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Park,_Regina" title="Victoria Park, Regina">Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Queen_Victoria,_Bangalore" title="Statue of Queen Victoria, Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Queen_Victoria,_Hong_Kong" title="Statue of Queen Victoria, Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Garden,_Ahmedabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Garden, Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial,_Kolkata" title="Victoria Memorial, Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Pavilion" title="Queen Victoria Pavilion">Visakhapatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Memorial,_Penang" title="Queen Victoria Memorial, Penang">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Queen_Victoria,_Sydney" title="Statue of Queen Victoria, Sydney">Sydney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Building" title="Queen Victoria Building">Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Square,_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Square, Sydney">Square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Square,_Adelaide" title="Victoria Square, Adelaide">Adelaide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens_Gardens,_Brisbane" title="Queens Gardens, Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Gardens" title="Queen Victoria Gardens">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Square,_Christchurch" title="Victoria Square, Christchurch">Christchurch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Portraits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Coronation_of_Queen_Victoria" title="The Coronation of Queen Victoria">The Coronation of Queen Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Queen_Victoria" title="The Marriage of Queen Victoria">The Marriage of Queen Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Widow_at_Windsor" class="mw-redirect" title="The Widow at Windsor">"The Widow at Windsor" (1892)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recessional_(poem)" title="Recessional (poem)">"Recessional" (1897)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(The_Kinks_song)" title="Victoria (The Kinks song)">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choral_Songs_in_honour_of_Her_Majesty_Queen_Victoria" title="Choral Songs in honour of Her Majesty Queen Victoria">Choral Songs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Stamps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">British</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Black" title="Penny Black">Penny Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Black_VR_official" title="Penny Black VR official">VR official</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Blue" title="Penny Blue">Penny Blue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_penny_blue" title="Two penny blue">Two penny blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Red" title="Penny Red">Penny Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_embossed_postage_stamps" title="British embossed postage stamps">Embossed stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfpenny_Rose_Red" title="Halfpenny Rose Red">Halfpenny Rose Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Halfpence_Red" title="Three Halfpence Red">Three Halfpence Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Venetian_Red" title="Penny Venetian Red">Penny Venetian Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Lilac" title="Penny Lilac">Penny Lilac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Lilac_and_Green_Issue" title="Queen Victoria Lilac and Green Issue">Lilac and Green Issue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Issue" title="Jubilee Issue">Jubilee Issue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalon_head" title="Chalon head">Chalon head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_12d_black" title="Canada 12d black">Canada 12d black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_2c_Large_Queen_on_laid_paper" title="Canada 2c Large Queen on laid paper">Canada 2c Large Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dull_Rose" title="Dull Rose">Ceylon Dull Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_Head_4_Annas" title="Inverted Head 4 Annas">India Inverted Head 4 annas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfpenny_Yellow" title="Halfpenny Yellow">Malta Halfpenny Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_%22Post_Office%22_stamps" title="Mauritius "Post Office" stamps">Mauritius "Post Office" stamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_House" title="Osborne House">Osborne House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria%27s_journals" title="Queen Victoria's journals">Queen Victoria's journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(servant)" title="John Brown (servant)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Karim_(the_Munshi)" title="Abdul Karim (the Munshi)">Abdul Karim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria%27s_pets" title="Queen Victoria's pets">Pets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dash_(spaniel)" title="Dash (spaniel)">Dash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Diamond_Crown_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Small Diamond Crown of Queen Victoria">Diamond Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoriana" title="Victoriana">Victoriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_sponge" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria sponge">Victoria sponge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">← William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII →</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Victorian_era" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Victorian_era" title="Template:Victorian era"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Victorian_era" title="Template talk:Victorian era"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Victorian_era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Victorian era"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Victorian_era" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #ddddff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">← Georgian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era →</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_and_diplomatic_history_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Political and diplomatic history of the Victorian era">Politics and diplomacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_Victorian_Era" title="British Army during the Victorian Era">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire#Britain's_imperial_century_(1815–1914)" title="British Empire">British empire</a></li> <li>By location <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_century_London" class="mw-redirect" title="19th century London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_modern_era#Late_18th_century_and_19th_century" title="Scotland in the modern era">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pax Britannia">Pax Britannia</a></li> <li>Prime ministers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">The Viscount Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Lord John Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">The Earl of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">The Earl of Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">The Viscount Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">The Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">The Earl of Rosebery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Queen Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy, society and knowledge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Demographics of the Victorian era">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy,_industry,_and_trade_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Economy, industry, and trade of the Victorian era">Economy, industry, and trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics,_science,_technology_and_engineering_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Mathematics, science, technology and engineering of the Victorian era">Mathematics, science, technology and engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_and_culture_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Society and culture of the Victorian era">Society and culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian-era_cosmetics" title="Victorian-era cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_erotica" title="Victorian erotica">Erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_fashion" title="Victorian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_house" title="Victorian house">Houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_jewellery" title="Victorian jewellery">Jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_masculinity" title="Victorian masculinity">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_morality" title="Victorian morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_painting" title="Victorian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_the_Victorian_era" title="Theatre in the Victorian era">Theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_burlesque" title="Victorian burlesque">Burlesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Victorian_era" title="Women in the Victorian era">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Bibliography of the Victorian era">Bibliography</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Victorian_era" title="Category:Victorian era">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_1603"> <ul><li>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_1707"> <ul><li>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchy_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_monarchy" title="Template:Canadian monarchy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_monarchy" title="Template talk:Canadian monarchy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_monarchy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian monarchy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchy_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarchy in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Canadian_provinces" title="Monarchy in the Canadian provinces">Monarchy in the Canadian provinces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_British_Columbia" title="Monarchy in British Columbia">BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Alberta" title="Monarchy in Alberta">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Saskatchewan" title="Monarchy in Saskatchewan">SK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Manitoba" title="Monarchy in Manitoba">MB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Ontario" title="Monarchy in Ontario">ON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Quebec" title="Monarchy in Quebec">QC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_New_Brunswick" title="Monarchy in New Brunswick">NB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Nova_Scotia" title="Monarchy in Nova Scotia">NS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Monarchy in Prince Edward Island">PE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Monarchy in Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_monarchs" title="List of Canadian monarchs">Monarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_general_of_Canada" title="List of governors general of Canada">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor (Canada)">Lieutenant governors in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of British Columbia">BC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_British_Columbia" title="List of lieutenant governors of British Columbia">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Alberta">AB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Alberta" title="List of lieutenant governors of Alberta">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Saskatchewan">SK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Saskatchewan" title="List of lieutenant governors of Saskatchewan">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Manitoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Manitoba">MB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Manitoba" title="List of lieutenant governors of Manitoba">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Ontario">ON</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Ontario" title="List of lieutenant governors of Ontario">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Quebec">QC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Quebec" title="List of lieutenant governors of Quebec">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of New Brunswick">NB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_New_Brunswick" title="List of lieutenant governors of New Brunswick">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia">NS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Nova_Scotia" title="List of lieutenant governors of Nova Scotia">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island">PE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="List of lieutenant governors of Prince Edward Island">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lieutenant governors of Newfoundland and Labrador">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner#Canadian_territories" title="Commissioner">Territorial Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Vice-Regal_Appointments" title="Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments">Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitutional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">King-in-Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">King-on-the-Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_(law)" title="Peace (law)">King's peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and the Canadian Armed Forces">The Canadian Crown and the Canadian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada">The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_copyright#Canada" title="Crown copyright">Crown copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_corporations_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown corporations of Canada">Crown corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Consent" title="King's Consent">King's Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Printer" title="King's Printer">King's Printer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_charter#Canada" title="Royal charter">Royal charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_royal_commissions" title="List of Canadian royal commissions">Royal commissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremonial and symbolic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapels_Royal#Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapels Royal">Chapels Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Collection" title="Crown Collection">Crown Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Canada" title="Royal tours of Canada">Royal tours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_royal_tours_of_Canada_(18th%E2%80%9320th_centuries)" title="List of royal tours of Canada (18th–20th centuries)">1786–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_royal_tours_of_Canada_(21st_century)" title="List of royal tours of Canada (21st century)">2000–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_address_by_the_British_monarch" title="Special address by the British monarch">Special address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Canadian_sovereign" class="mw-redirect" title="Style of the Canadian sovereign">Title and style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrones_of_Canada" title="Thrones of Canada">Thrones of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Coronation_Contingent" title="Canadian Coronation Contingent">Canadian Coronation Contingent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Secretary_to_the_King" title="Canadian Secretary to the King">Canadian Secretary to the King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">History of monarchy in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_monarchy_in_Canada" title="Debate on the monarchy in Canada">Debate on the monarchy in Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_princesses" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_princesses" title="Template:British princesses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_princesses" title="Template talk:British princesses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_princesses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British princesses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_princesses" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_princess" title="British princess">British princesses</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The generations indicate descent from <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a>, who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family. Where a princess may have been or is descended from George I more than once, her most senior descent, by which she bore or bears her title, is used.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Dorothea_of_Hanover" title="Sophia Dorothea of Hanover">Sophia Dorothea, Queen in Prussia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal_and_Princess_of_Orange" title="Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange">Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Amelia_of_Great_Britain" title="Princess Amelia of Great Britain">Princess Amelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Caroline_of_Great_Britain" title="Princess Caroline of Great Britain">Princess Caroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary_of_Great_Britain" title="Princess Mary of Great Britain">Mary, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Great_Britain" title="Louise of Great Britain">Louise, Queen of Denmark and Norway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Great_Britain" title="Princess Augusta of Great Britain">Augusta, Duchess of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_of_Great_Britain" title="Princess Elizabeth of Great Britain">Princess Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louisa_of_Great_Britain" title="Princess Louisa of Great Britain">Princess Louisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Matilda_of_Great_Britain" title="Caroline Matilda of Great Britain">Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark and Norway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Princess_Royal" title="Charlotte, Princess Royal">Charlotte, Princess Royal and Queen of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_Sophia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom">Princess Augusta Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom">Elizabeth, Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary,_Duchess_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom">Princess Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Amelia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom">Princess Amelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophia_of_Gloucester" title="Princess Sophia of Gloucester">Princess Sophia of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Caroline_of_Gloucester" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Caroline of Gloucester">Princess Caroline of Gloucester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_(1796%E2%80%931817)" title="Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796–1817)">Charlotte, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_of_Clarence" title="Princess Elizabeth of Clarence">Princess Elizabeth of Clarence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Queen Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Cambridge" title="Princess Augusta of Cambridge">Augusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary_Adelaide_of_Cambridge" title="Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge">Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Princess_Royal" title="Victoria, Princess Royal">Victoria, Princess Royal and German Empress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Alice of the United Kingdom">Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Helena of the United Kingdom">Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise,_Duchess_of_Argyll" title="Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll">Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom">Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Frederica_of_Hanover" title="Princess Frederica of Hanover">Princess Frederica, Baroness von Pawel-Rammingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_of_Hanover" title="Princess Marie of Hanover">Princess Marie of Hanover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise,_Princess_Royal" title="Louise, Princess Royal">Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom">Princess Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_of_Wales" title="Maud of Wales">Maud, Queen of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Romania" title="Marie of Romania">Marie, Queen of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_Melita_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Grand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexandra_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Alexandra, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Princess Beatrice, Duchess of Galliera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret_of_Connaught" title="Princess Margaret of Connaught">Margaret, Crown Princess of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Patricia_of_Connaught" title="Princess Patricia of Connaught">Lady Patricia Ramsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alice,_Countess_of_Athlone" title="Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone">Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Louise_of_Hanover" title="Princess Marie Louise of Hanover">Marie Louise, Princess Maximilian of Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexandra_of_Hanover_(born_1882)" title="Princess Alexandra of Hanover (born 1882)">Alexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Crown_Prince_of_Hanover#Issue" title="Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover">Princess Olga of Hanover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Princess_Royal_and_Countess_of_Harewood" title="Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood">Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexandra,_2nd_Duchess_of_Fife" title="Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife">Alexandra, Princess Arthur of Connaught and Duchess of Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Carnegie,_Countess_of_Southesk" title="Maud Carnegie, Countess of Southesk">Maud Carnegie, Countess of Southesk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sibylla_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Princess Sibylla, Duchess of Västerbotten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Caroline_Mathilde_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Caroline Mathilde of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Princess Caroline Mathilde of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederica_of_Hanover" title="Frederica of Hanover">Frederica, Queen of Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon" title="Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon">Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexandra,_The_Honourable_Lady_Ogilvy" title="Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy">Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">Anne, Princess Royal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice" title="Princess Beatrice">Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Eugenie" title="Princess Eugenie">Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Louise_Windsor" title="Lady Louise Windsor">Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_(born_2015)" title="Princess Charlotte of Wales (born 2015)">Princess Charlotte of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Lilibet_of_Sussex" title="Princess Lilibet of Sussex">Princess Lilibet of Sussex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Princesses whose titles were removed and eligible people who do not use the title are shown in italics.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hanoverian_princesses_by_birth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanoverian_princesses" title="Template:Hanoverian princesses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanoverian_princesses" title="Template talk:Hanoverian princesses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanoverian_princesses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanoverian princesses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hanoverian_princesses_by_birth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hanoverian_princess" title="Hanoverian princess">Hanoverian princesses by birth</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Generations are numbered by descent from the first <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hanover" title="King of Hanover">King of Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Princess_Royal" title="Charlotte, Princess Royal">Charlotte, Queen of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_Sophia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom">Princess Augusta Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom">Elizabeth, Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary,_Duchess_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom">Princess Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Amelia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom">Princess Amelia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_(1796%E2%80%931817)" title="Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796–1817)">Charlotte, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_of_Clarence" title="Princess Elizabeth of Clarence">Princess Elizabeth of Clarence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Cambridge" title="Princess Augusta of Cambridge">Augusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary_Adelaide_of_Cambridge" title="Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge">Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Frederica_of_Hanover" title="Princess Frederica of Hanover">Princess Frederica, Baroness von Pawel-Rammingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_of_Hanover" title="Princess Marie of Hanover">Princess Marie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Louise_of_Hanover" title="Princess Marie Louise of Hanover">Marie Louise, Princess Maximilian of Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexandra_of_Hanover_(born_1882)" title="Princess Alexandra of Hanover (born 1882)">Alexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederica_of_Hanover" title="Frederica of Hanover">Frederica, Queen of the Hellenes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexandra_of_Hanover_(born_1999)" title="Princess Alexandra of Hanover (born 1999)">Princess Alexandra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Princesses_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_by_marriage" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princesses_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_by_marriage" title="Template:Princesses of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha by marriage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princesses_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_by_marriage" title="Template talk:Princesses of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha by marriage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princesses_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_by_marriage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princesses of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha by marriage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Princesses_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_by_marriage" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha">Princesses of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha by marriage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Antonia_Koh%C3%A1ry_of_Cs%C3%A1br%C3%A1g_and_Szitnya" title="Princess Maria Antonia Koháry of Csábrág and Szitnya">Princess Maria Antonia Koháry of Csábrág and Szitnya</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louise of Orléans">Princess Louise of Orléans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexandrine_of_Baden" title="Princess Alexandrine of Baden">Princess Alexandrine of Baden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II, Queen of Portugal and the Algarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Princess Clémentine of Orléans">Princess Clémentine of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Henriette_of_Austria" title="Marie Henriette of Austria">Archduchess Marie Henriette of Austria</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_of_Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen</a>**</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">Princess Alexandra of Denmark</a>***</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Alexandrovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia</a>***</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_Margaret_of_Prussia" title="Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia">Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia</a>***</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Helen_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont</a>***</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_of_Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Stephanie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Princess Stephanie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pia_of_Savoy" title="Maria Pia of Savoy">Princess Maria Pia of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Belgium" title="Princess Louise of Belgium">Princess Louise of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Leopoldina_of_Brazil" title="Princess Leopoldina of Brazil">Princess Leopoldina of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Louise_of_Bourbon-Parma" title="Princess Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma">Princess Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleonore_Reuss_of_K%C3%B6stritz" title="Eleonore Reuss of Köstritz">Princess Eleonore Reuss of Köstritz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Bavaria,_Queen_of_the_Belgians" title="Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of the Belgians">Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria</a>**</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Princess Victoria Mary of Teck</a>***</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexandra,_2nd_Duchess_of_Fife" title="Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife">Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife</a>***</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_Adelaide_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein">Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg</a>***</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Amélie of Orléans">Princess Amélie of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Karoline_Marie_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Karoline Marie of Austria">Archduchess Karoline Marie of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mathilde_of_Bavaria_(1877%E2%80%931906)" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Mathilde of Bavaria (1877–1906)">Princess Mathilde of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanna_of_Savoy" title="Giovanna of Savoy">Princess Giovanna of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrid_of_Sweden" title="Astrid of Sweden">Princess Astrid of Sweden</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilian,_Princess_of_R%C3%A9thy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilian, Princess of Réthy">Lilian Baels</a>**</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countess_Viktoria-Luise_of_Solms-Baruth" title="Countess Viktoria-Luise of Solms-Baruth">Countess Viktoria-Luise of Solms-Baruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Victoria_of_Hohenzollern" title="Augusta Victoria of Hohenzollern">Princess Augusta Victoria of Hohenzollern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarita_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" title="Margarita Saxe-Coburg-Gotha">Margarita Gómez-Acebo y Cejuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabiola_of_Belgium" title="Fabiola of Belgium">Fabiola de Mora y Aragón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Paola_of_Belgium" title="Queen Paola of Belgium">Paola Ruffo di Calabria</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_L%C3%A9a_of_Belgium" title="Princess Léa of Belgium">Léa Wolman</a>**</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Miriam_Ghazi" title="Princess Miriam Ghazi">Miriam Ungría y López</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosario_Nadal" title="Rosario Nadal">María del Rosario Nadal y Fuster de Puigdórfila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mathilde_of_Belgium" title="Queen Mathilde of Belgium">Mathilde d'Udekem d'Acoz</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Claire_of_Belgium" title="Princess Claire of Belgium">Claire Coombs</a>**</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Rondestvedt" title="Kelly Rondestvedt">Kelly Rondestvedt</a>^</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>*princess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld by marriage until 1826</li> <li>**also a princess of Belgium by marriage</li> <li>***also a <a href="/wiki/British_princess" title="British princess">British princess</a> by marriage</li> <li>^did not have a royal or noble title by birth</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg/21px-Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg/32px-Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg/42px-Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="222" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Royalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Royalty">Royalty</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/21px-British_Empire_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/32px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/42px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="849" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Queen Victoria at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="c:Victoria of the United Kingdom">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="q:Victoria of the United Kingdom">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Queen_Victoria" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Queen Victoria">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9439#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9439#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9439#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121443562">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/95738652">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/31183/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyRF6cQXgPKkCTxp46dwC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118626876">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79017983">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11928202f">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11928202f">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621601">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV056062">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35581194">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701900&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX979643">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070185115">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90733366">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000102956&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000432838&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000108638">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=44766">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201620212">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/1zcfg5fk451525m">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810690096605606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/107634">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269588405171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000120100">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058530077006706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14158528">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01723604?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500022428">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/7db5c493-38e5-41c7-9518-f3b8332a5ff7">MusicBrainz</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/011fa73c-a411-47ac-9a9a-3f6ede7bc860">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/80887">RKD Artists</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/406c28ca-4a49-4787-8fb7-a4c024d01f5c">KulturNav</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/6883/">Victoria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1002991">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118626876.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118626876">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027448207">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582813">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66n3wvb">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66z0061">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/31936">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30026818">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen_Victoria&oldid=1254825581">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen_Victoria&oldid=1254825581</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Victorian_era" title="Category:Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Queen_Victoria" title="Category:Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1819_births" title="Category:1819 births">1819 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1901_deaths" title="Category:1901 deaths">1901 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_British_monarchs" title="Category:19th-century British monarchs">19th-century British monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_British_monarchs" title="Category:20th-century British monarchs">20th-century British monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_queens_regnant" title="Category:19th-century queens regnant">19th-century queens regnant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_queens_regnant" title="Category:20th-century queens regnant">20th-century queens regnant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_British_letter_writers" title="Category:19th-century British letter writers">19th-century British letter writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_British_letter_writers" title="Category:20th-century British letter writers">20th-century British letter writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_British_diarists" title="Category:19th-century British diarists">19th-century British diarists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_British_women_writers" title="Category:19th-century British women writers">19th-century British women writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_British_diarists" title="Category:20th-century British diarists">20th-century British diarists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_British_women_writers" title="Category:20th-century British women writers">20th-century British women writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_people_of_German_descent" title="Category:British people of German descent">British people of German descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_women_diarists" title="Category:British women diarists">British women diarists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchs_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Monarchs of the United Kingdom">Monarchs of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchs_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Category:Monarchs of the Isle of Man">Monarchs of the Isle of Man</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchs_of_Australia" title="Category:Monarchs of Australia">Monarchs of Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Queens_regnant_in_the_British_Isles" title="Category:Queens regnant in the British Isles">Queens regnant in the British Isles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:House_of_Hanover" title="Category:House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hanoverian_princesses" title="Category:Hanoverian princesses">Hanoverian princesses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_(United_Kingdom)" title="Category:House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (United Kingdom)">House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (United Kingdom)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Empresses_regnant_in_Asia" title="Category:Empresses regnant in Asia">Empresses regnant in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_empresses" title="Category:Indian empresses">Indian empresses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_royal_memoirists" title="Category:British royal memoirists">British royal memoirists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Founders_of_English_schools_and_colleges" title="Category:Founders of English schools and colleges">Founders of English schools and colleges</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_the_Royal_National_College_for_the_Blind" title="Category:People associated with the Royal National College for the Blind">People associated with the Royal National College for the Blind</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Kensington" title="Category:People from Kensington">People from Kensington</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_from_the_Royal_Borough_of_Kensington_and_Chelsea" title="Category:Writers from the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea">Writers from the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Female_critics_of_feminism" title="Category:Female critics of feminism">Female critics of feminism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heirs_presumptive_to_the_British_throne" title="Category:Heirs presumptive to the British throne">Heirs presumptive to the British throne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_Vila_Vi%C3%A7osa" title="Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa">Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dames_of_the_Order_of_Saint_Isabel" title="Category:Dames of the Order of Saint Isabel">Dames of the Order of Saint Isabel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Cross_of_the_Legion_of_Honour" title="Category:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour">Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_St._Sava" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of St. Sava">Grand Crosses of the Order of St. Sava</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Takovo" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Takovo">Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Takovo</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_overridden_setting" title="Category:CS1 maint: overridden setting">CS1 maint: overridden setting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_ODNB" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Japanese-language_script_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)">CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)">CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt)" title="Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)">CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Russian-language_script_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)">CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Thai-language_script_(th)" title="Category:CS1 uses Thai-language script (th)">CS1 uses Thai-language script (th)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Thai-language_sources_(th)" title="Category:CS1 Thai-language sources (th)">CS1 Thai-language sources (th)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Serbian-language_sources_(sr)" title="Category:CS1 Serbian-language sources (sr)">CS1 Serbian-language sources (sr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_October_2012" title="Category:Use British English from October 2012">Use British English from October 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2024">Use dmy dates from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spoken_articles" title="Category:Spoken articles">Spoken articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links" title="Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links">Articles with Project Gutenberg links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_mismatch" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch">Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 November 2024, at 21:40 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen_Victoria&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-76dfdc59c8-knmhk","wgBackendResponseTime":173,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.632","walltime":"3.131","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18289,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":689903,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":93666,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":26,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":475139,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2515.483 1 -total"," 21.94% 551.905 94 Template:Citation"," 21.70% 545.826 2 Template:Reflist"," 11.66% 293.248 1 Template:Infobox_royalty"," 10.96% 275.691 1 Template:Infobox"," 6.49% 163.266 6 Template:London_Gazette"," 6.04% 152.031 6 Template:Cite_magazine"," 5.68% 142.892 11 Template:Navbox"," 5.56% 139.849 1 Template:Lang"," 4.46% 112.225 21 Template:Tree_chart"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.434","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22998332,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","320","21.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","17.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","180","11.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","7.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","7.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::test","60","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","40","2.6"],["concat","40","2.6"],["[others]","200","13.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-6545756664-xqqms","timestamp":"20241126115258","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Queen_Victoria","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9439","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9439","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-09T17:02:48Z","dateModified":"2024-11-01T21:40:44Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e3\/Queen_Victoria_by_Bassano.jpg","headline":"Queen of the United Kingdom from 1837 to 1901"}</script> </body> </html>