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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">文頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-性質" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#性質"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>性質</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-性質-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-起源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#起源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>起源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-起源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-粵語" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#粵語"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>粵語</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-粵語-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-變調" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#變調"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>變調</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-變調-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-聲調標記法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#聲調標記法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>聲調標記法</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-聲調標記法-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去聲調標記法細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-聲調標記法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-五度標記法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#五度標記法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>五度標記法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-五度標記法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-國際音標" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#國際音標"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>國際音標</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-國際音標-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-調型標記法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#調型標記法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>調型標記法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-調型標記法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-發圈法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#發圈法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>發圈法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-發圈法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-有聲調嘅語言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#有聲調嘅語言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>有聲調嘅語言</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-有聲調嘅語言-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去有聲調嘅語言細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-有聲調嘅語言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-亞洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#亞洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>亞洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-亞洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-非洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#非洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>非洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-非洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歐洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歐洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>歐洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歐洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-大洋洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#大洋洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>大洋洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-大洋洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-美洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#美洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>美洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-美洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-聲調產生" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#聲調產生"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>聲調產生</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-聲調產生-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>參考</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-參考-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去參考細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-參考-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-出面網頁" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#出面網頁"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>出面網頁</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-出面網頁-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">聲調</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有41種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0" title="ভাষিক সুৰ – 阿薩姆文" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাষিক সুৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿薩姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D2%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5)" title="Тон (тел ғилеме) – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тон (тел ғилеме)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Тон (лингвистика) – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тон (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonenn_(yezhoniezh)" title="Tonenn (yezhoniezh) – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tonenn (yezhoniezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_(ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica)" title="To (lingüística) – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="To (lingüística)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4n_(iaith)" title="Tôn (iaith) – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tôn (iaith)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexikalischer_Ton" title="Lexikalischer Ton – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lexikalischer Ton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics) – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tone (linguistics)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tono_(ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica)" title="Tono (lingüística) – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tono (lingüística)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toon_(keeleteadus)" title="Toon (keeleteadus) – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Toon (keeleteadus)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonu_(hizkuntzalaritza)" title="Tonu (hizkuntzalaritza) – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tonu (hizkuntzalaritza)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="نواخت – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نواخت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooni" title="Tooni – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tooni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton_(linguistique)" title="Ton (linguistique) – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ton (linguistique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toan_(taalkunde)" title="Toan (taalkunde) – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Toan (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_(%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="טון (בלשנות) – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טון (בלשנות)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3nus_(nyelv%C3%A9szet)" title="Tónus (nyelvészet) – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tónus (nyelvészet)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nada_(linguistik)" title="Nada (linguistik) – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nada (linguistik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tono_(linguistica)" title="Tono (linguistica) – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tono (linguistica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E8%AA%BF" title="声調 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="声調" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu" title="Liu – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Liu" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Тонема – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тонема" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EC%A1%B0" title="성조 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tono_(fonolojia)" title="Tono (fonolojia) – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tono (fonolojia)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nada_(linguistik)" title="Nada (linguistik) – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nada (linguistik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6_(%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92)" title="တက်ကျသံ (ဘာသာဗေဒ) – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တက်ကျသံ (ဘာသာဗေဒ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0_(%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8)" title="ਸੁਰ (ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ) – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੁਰ (ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_(lingu%C3%ADstica)" title="Tom (linguística) – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tom (linguística)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton_(lingvistic%C4%83)" title="Ton (lingvistică) – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ton (lingvistică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Тон (лингвистика) – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тон (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzwi" title="Inzwi – 塞內加爾文" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Inzwi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="塞內加爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_(gjuh%C3%ABsi)" title="Toni (gjuhësi) – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Toni (gjuhësi)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="தொனி (மொழியியல்) – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொனி (மொழியியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="วรรณยุกต์ – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วรรณยุกต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton_(dilbilim)" title="Ton (dilbilim) – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ton (dilbilim)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Тон (мовознавство) – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тон (мовознавство)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanh_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87u" title="Thanh điệu – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thanh điệu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton_(linwince)" title="Ton (linwince) – 瓦隆文" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ton (linwince)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E8%B0%83" title="声调 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="声调" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" title="聲調 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="聲調" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sia%E2%81%BF-ti%C4%81u" title="Siaⁿ-tiāu – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siaⁿ-tiāu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q833734#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" title="睇吓內容頁[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" rel="discussion" title="關於內容頁嘅討論[t]" accesskey="t"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="改語言變體" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">粵語</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="外觀"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=history" title="呢一頁之前嘅修訂[h]" accesskey="h"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="架撐" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">架撐</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">架撐</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="多啲選項" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 動作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=history"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q"><span>專門版</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&oldid=2130359" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&id=2130359&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%2581%25B2%25E8%25AA%25BF"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%2581%25B2%25E8%25AA%25BF"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tones_(linguistics)" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q833734" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantonese_tones_canto.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cantonese_tones_canto.png/333px-Cantonese_tones_canto.png" decoding="async" width="333" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Cantonese_tones_canto.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>現代粵語當中嘅六調</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Six_tones_of_Vietnamese_language.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Six_tones_of_Vietnamese_language.svg/333px-Six_tones_of_Vietnamese_language.svg.png" decoding="async" width="333" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Six_tones_of_Vietnamese_language.svg/500px-Six_tones_of_Vietnamese_language.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Six_tones_of_Vietnamese_language.svg/666px-Six_tones_of_Vietnamese_language.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="越南語">越南語</a>嘅六聲</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg/333px-Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="333" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg/500px-Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg/666px-Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>越南語各聲調</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1742023">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <table class="infobox" style="width:22em;width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background: #f2f2ce;">水平聲調</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background: #ffffe6;;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA"><span style="font-size:80%"><span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA"><span class="nowrap">˥ ˦ ˧ ˨ ˩</span></span></span></span></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=IPA_number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IPA number (無呢版)">IPA編號</a></th><td style="">519–523</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="">Entity <small>(decimal)</small></th><td style="">&#741;–&#745;</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background: #ffffe6;;">編碼</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="">Unicode碼<small>（十六進制）</small></th><td style="">U+02E5–U+02E9</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1742023"> <table class="infobox" style="width:22em;width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background: #f2f2ce;">聲調輪廓</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background: #ffffe6;;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA"><span style="font-size:80%"><span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA"><span class="nowrap">˥˧ ˦˨ ˧˩ ˥˩</span></span><br /><span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA"><span class="nowrap">˩˧ ˨˦ ˧˥ ˩˩˧</span></span><br /><span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA"><span class="nowrap">˧˥˦ ˦˩˨ ˨˩˧</span></span></span></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">聲調輪廓字母按順序組成：<br /><span class="nowrap"><span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">˥ ˧</span> → <span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">˥˧</span>,</span> <span class="nowrap"><span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">˨ ˩ ˧</span> → <span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">˨˩˧</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>聲調</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>：<span lang="en">Tone</span>）喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>上嘅定義，係一種附喺<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80" title="音節">音節</a>度嘅高低抑揚（又叫<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%AA%BF" title="音調">音調</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%AB%98" title="音高">音高</a>，佢嘅值係<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E5%80%BC" title="調值">調值</a>）。喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="漢語音韻學">漢語音韻學</a>上，聲調嘅意義除咗抑揚仲包涵埋頓挫，頓挫關係到佢係舒聲定係促聲，具體操作上，取決於佢有冇<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E8%81%B2" title="入聲">入聲</a>嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB%E5%B0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="輔音韻尾 (無呢版)">輔音韻尾</a>。 </p><p>喺抑揚方面，語言學家<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%99%E5%85%83%E4%BB%BB" title="趙元任">趙元任</a>由<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%9A%8E" title="音階">音階</a>度獲得靈感，設計咗<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%BA%A6%E6%A8%99%E8%A8%98%E6%B3%95" title="五度標記法">五度調值標記法</a>，以數字1表示最低音、數字5表示最高音。趙氏五度標記法已經獲得<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國際語音學學會 (無呢版)">國際語音學學會</a>認可，並成爲<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">國際音標</a>標準之一。五度標記法至今仍然係最爲廣泛使用嘅聲調標記。要確定一個聲調嘅調值，必須借助電子儀器來記錄同分析。同樣嘅音節被賦予唔同嘅單字調，就可以表達唔同嘅意義，比如<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="普通話">普通話</a>嘅媽（mā）、麻（má）、馬（mǎ）同罵（mà）由同樣嘅輔音同元音構成，卻以唔同嘅聲調區辨其義。 </p><p>喺頓挫方面，好多南方<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E8%AE%8A%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語變體">漢語變體</a>例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="吳語">吳語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="閩語">閩語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="粵語">粵語</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="客家語">客家語</a>有入聲調，<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E5%80%BC" title="調值">調值</a>相同嘅兩個音節係咪帶有入聲韻尾，會導致其頓挫性唔同，而決定佢係咪分做兩個聲調，最典型嘅例子有<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="粵語">粵語</a>嘅「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E8%81%B2%E5%85%AD%E8%AA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="九聲六調">九聲六調</a>」。粵語九個聲調分別爲陰平、陽平、陰上、陽上、陰去、陽去、陰入、中入、陽入，但其實只有六個唔同嘅調值。陰入同陰平嘅分別、陰去同中入嘅分別、陽去同陽入嘅分別，都喺佢嘅頓挫性質，唔係喺調值度。 </p><p>聲調同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%BF" title="語調">語調</a>唔同嘅係，喺聲調語言入面，聲調係詞素嘅組成部份之一。聲調一轉咗就唔同字。而<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%BF" title="語調">語調</a>嘅改變唔會令個字變咗。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="性質"><span id=".E6.80.A7.E8.B3.AA"></span>性質</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 性質"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%AB%98" title="音高">音高</a></div> <p>大多數語言都用<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E4%BD%8E%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3" title="高低重音">重音</a>嚟做<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%BF" title="語調">語調</a>，嚟表現<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BB%E5%BE%8B_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="韻律 (語言學)">韻律</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%94%A8%E5%AD%B8" title="語用學">語用</a>，注意呢啲並唔係聲調。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>聲調語言嘅每個<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80" title="音節">音節</a>都有固有嘅聲調輪廓，所以有聲調唔同的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E7%B4%B0%E5%B0%8D%E7%AB%8B%E9%AB%94" title="最細對立體">最細對立體</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語">漢語</a>（包含<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="漢語族">漢語族</a>下嘅各種漢語語言或者方言）同<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="越南語">越南語</a>嘅聲調系統，都有比較完善嘅研究。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="起源"><span id=".E8.B5.B7.E6.BA.90"></span>起源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 起源"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>聲調起源</b>（Tonogenesis）係語言由冇聲調特性轉化爲有聲調特性嘅過程。 </p><p>歷史上，好多語言，特別係東亞語言，都有產生聲調嘅過程，例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="上古漢語">上古漢語</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="中古漢語">中古漢語</a>嘅過渡。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="藏語">藏語</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="瑞典語">瑞典語</a>亦都曾經發生過呢個過程。<sup id="cite_ref-#1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>由於人體內發音嘅部位不一致，唔同嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" title="輔音">輔音</a>，有可能產生唔同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E5%80%BC" title="調值">調值</a>嘅副作用，而隨住時間嘅過去，原來嘅輔音結尾變成咗非必要嘅區分元素，而慢慢脫落。反之，唔同嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E5%80%BC" title="調值">調值</a>成爲咗區分輔音嘅重點。噉樣就係聲調嘅起源。<sup id="cite_ref-#1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="粵語"><span id=".E7.B2.B5.E8.AA.9E"></span>粵語</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 粵語"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E8%81%B2%E5%85%AD%E8%AA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="九聲六調">九聲六調</a></div> <p>喺聲調語言中，通常一個語音有好多個聲調，各自表達出唔同嘅意思。 </p><p>以<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="粵語">粵語</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="標準粵語">標準粵語</a>做例子（拼寫係<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%8B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="粵拼">粵拼</a>），舒聲音節可以有陰平、陰上、陰去、陽平、陽上、陽入六種聲調，促聲音節就有上陰入（又稱陰入）、下陰入（又稱中入）、陽入三種聲調。其中韻尾係/-m/、/-n/、/-ng/嘅舒聲字，分別同韻尾係/-p/、/-t/、/-k/嘅入聲字相對，例如舒聲 /sing/（音會拉長）嘅對應入聲係 /sik/（短促音）。以下列出詳細嘅拼音同其相應嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="漢字">漢字</a>，「○」係指欠缺<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="漢字">漢字</a>嘅讀音字。 </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th width="65">聲調</th> <th width="60">陰平</th> <th width="60">陰上</th> <th width="60">陰去</th> <th width="60">陽平</th> <th width="60">陽上</th> <th width="60">陽去</th> <th width="60">上陰入<br />(陰入)</th> <th width="60">下陰入<br />(中入)</th> <th width="60">陽入 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>拼音 </th> <td>sing<b>1</b></td> <td>sing<b>2</b></td> <td>sing<b>3</b></td> <td>sing<b>4</b></td> <td>sing<b>5</b></td> <td>sing<b>6</b></td> <td>sik<b>1</b></td> <td>sik<b>3</b></td> <td>sik<b>6</b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>漢字舉例 </th> <td>聲</td> <td>醒</td> <td>聖</td> <td>城</td> <td>○</td> <td>盛</td> <td>色</td> <td>錫</td> <td>食 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>拼音 </th> <td>bin<b>1</b></td> <td>bin<b>2</b></td> <td>bin<b>3</b></td> <td>bin<b>4</b></td> <td>bin<b>5</b></td> <td>bin<b>6</b></td> <td>bit<b>1</b></td> <td>bit<b>3</b></td> <td>bit<b>6</b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>漢字舉例 </th> <td>邊</td> <td>扁</td> <td>變</td> <td>○</td> <td>○</td> <td>便</td> <td>必</td> <td>憋</td> <td>別 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>拼音 </th> <td>jim<b>1</b></td> <td>jim<b>2</b></td> <td>jim<b>3</b></td> <td>jim<b>4</b></td> <td>jim<b>5</b></td> <td>jim<b>6</b></td> <td>jip<b>1</b></td> <td>jip<b>3</b></td> <td>jip<b>6</b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>漢字舉例 </th> <td>閹</td> <td>掩</td> <td>厭</td> <td>炎</td> <td>染</td> <td>艷</td> <td>○</td> <td>醃</td> <td>葉 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>拼音 </th> <td>caang<b>1</b></td> <td>caang<b>2</b></td> <td>caang<b>3</b></td> <td>caang<b>4</b></td> <td>caang<b>5</b></td> <td>caang<b>6</b></td> <td>caak<b>1</b></td> <td>caak<b>3</b></td> <td>caak<b>6</b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>漢字舉例 </th> <td>瞠</td> <td>橙</td> <td>撐</td> <td>掁</td> <td>○</td> <td>○</td> <td>測</td> <td>冊</td> <td>賊 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>拼音 </th> <td>fan<b>1</b></td> <td>fan<b>2</b></td> <td>fan<b>3</b></td> <td>fan<b>4</b></td> <td>fan<b>5</b></td> <td>fan<b>6</b></td> <td>fat<b>1</b></td> <td>fat<b>3</b></td> <td>fat<b>6</b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>漢字舉例 </th> <td>分</td> <td>粉</td> <td>訓</td> <td>焚</td> <td>奮</td> <td>份</td> <td>忽</td> <td>○</td> <td>佛 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>可以見到，同樣一個音，用唔同音調、唔同長短讀出來，意思會好唔同。 </p><p>再以<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="普通話">普通話</a>中嘅 [ma] 音做例子。根據<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="現代標準官話">現代標準官話</a>，呢個語音系有陰平、陽平、上聲、去聲、輕聲。以下詳細嘅拼音同其相應嘅中文字一併列出。 </p><p>[mā] 媽；[má] 麻；[mǎ] 馬；[mà] 罵；[ma] 嗎 </p><p>如果編成語句，可以係：媽媽罵馬的麻嗎？[māma mà mǎ de má ma?] </p><p>又例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="泰語">泰語</a><span lang="th" title="泰文文字">ไหมใหม่ไหม้มั้ย</span>，用<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">國際音標</a>可記爲<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">/mǎi mài mâi mái/</span>，可譯爲「新絲綢燒咗嗎？」 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="越南語">越南語</a>中嘅一句話<span lang="vi" title="越南文文字">bấy nay bây bầy bảy bẫy bậy</span>（<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1641005">.mw-parser-output .han-nom{font-family:"Nom Na Tong","Han-Nom Gothic","Han-Nom Ming","HAN NOM A","HAN NOM B","TH-Khaai-TP0","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP0","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP0","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP0","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP0","TH-Ming-JP2","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-UNI-H","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","FZKaiT-Extended","FZKaiT-Extended(SIP)","FZKaiS-Extended","FZKaiS-Extended(SIP)","Sun-ExtA","Sun-ExtB","MingLiU","MingLiU-ExtB","MingLiU_HKSCS","MingLiU_HKSCS-ExtB","SimSun","SimSun-ExtB",sans-serif}</style><span lang="vi-Hani" title="越南文文字"><span class="han-nom">卑𠉞𣊾排𦉱擺敗</span></span>），可譯爲「你連續擺咗七樣錯嘅嘢」，亦都係唔同聲調嘅示範句。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="變調"><span id=".E8.AE.8A.E8.AA.BF"></span>變調</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 變調"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E8%AA%BF" title="變調">變調</a></div> <p>連讀變調係一種廣泛存在聲調語言嘅現象，意指當聲調毗鄰時，其調值會產生變化。最著名嘅例子就係<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="現代標準官話">現代標準官話</a>嘅上聲變調，當兩個讀作三聲嘅字擺埋一齊時，前字必須讀成陽平，例如老虎（lǎohǔ）實際嘅讀音係「láohǔ」。漢語族好多語言或方言，多多少少都有變調，其中屬於<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="閩語">閩語</a>嘅各種語言，變調較爲複雜，但係亦有規律，例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E9%80%A3%E8%AE%80%E8%AE%8A%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="閩南語連讀變調 (無呢版)">閩南語連讀變調</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="聲調標記法"><span id=".E8.81.B2.E8.AA.BF.E6.A8.99.E8.A8.98.E6.B3.95"></span>聲調標記法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 聲調標記法"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="五度標記法"><span id=".E4.BA.94.E5.BA.A6.E6.A8.99.E8.A8.98.E6.B3.95"></span>五度標記法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 五度標記法"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%BA%A6%E6%A8%99%E8%A8%98%E6%B3%95" title="五度標記法">五度標記法</a></div> <p>學界通常用五度標記法嚟記錄值調，當中又有「曲線法」同「數字法」兩種。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="國際音標"><span id=".E5.9C.8B.E9.9A.9B.E9.9F.B3.E6.A8.99"></span><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">國際音標</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 國際音標"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">國際音標</a>標示單字字調嘅方法有兩種，一種係直接用上述嘅五度標記法，另一種係借鑑五度標記法創作出嚟嘅符號。以<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[a]</span>爲例，最高調可以表示爲<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[a˥]</span>（或者<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[a̋]</span>），次高調爲<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[a˦]</span>（或者<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[á]</span>），中調爲<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[a˧]</span>（或者<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[ā]</span>），次低調爲<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[a˨]</span>（或者<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[à]</span>），低調爲<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[a˩]</span>（或者<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[ȁ]</span>）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="調型標記法"><span id=".E8.AA.BF.E5.9E.8B.E6.A8.99.E8.A8.98.E6.B3.95"></span>調型標記法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 調型標記法"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>有啲<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="中文拼音">中文拼音方案</a>嘅聲調標記方法，亦借鑑咗五度標記法嘅曲線法，將啲調值曲線化爲符號。例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="現代標準官話">現代標準官話</a>用<i>¯</i>、<i>ˊ</i>、<i>ˇ</i>、<i>ˋ</i>分別表示陰平、陽平、上聲、去聲呢四個聲調。由於<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="普通話">普通話</a>中嘅四個聲調調型都唔同，因此冇必要用豎標來標明相對高度。 </p><p>而<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="標準粵語">標準粵語</a>，亦都有啲方案用上標嘅<i><sup>ˋ</sup></i>、<i><sup>ˊ</sup></i>、<i><sup>¯</sup></i>嚟表示陰平/陰入、陰上、陰去/中入，用下標嘅<i><sub>ˋ</sub></i>、<i><sub>ˊ</sub></i>、<i><sub>¯</sub></i>嚟表示陽平、陽上、陽去/陽入。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="發圈法"><span id=".E7.99.BC.E5.9C.88.E6.B3.95"></span>發圈法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 發圈法"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BC%E5%9C%88%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="發圈法 (無呢版)">發圈法</a></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%88%86%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%95.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="分四聲法"><img alt="分四聲法" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%E5%88%86%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%95.jpg/200px-%E5%88%86%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%95.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="407" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%E5%88%86%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%95.jpg/300px-%E5%88%86%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%95.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%E5%88%86%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%95.jpg/400px-%E5%88%86%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%95.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="2256" /></a></span> </p><p>現行嘅發圈法共使用八個符號，主要形式爲半圈嘅「⊂」同埋喺半圈下加短橫嘅「⊆」，以唔同位置、唔同方向表示唔同調類，具體方法係用左手拇指喺食指指根左方畫半圈爲平聲，喺食指指頭左方畫爲上聲，喺無名指指頭右方上畫爲去聲，喺無名指指根右方上畫爲入聲。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>具體如下所示： </p><p>分四聲，只標半圈 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>上聲</td> <td>꜂□</td> <td>去聲</td> <td>□꜄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>平聲</td> <td>꜀□</td> <td>入聲</td> <td>□꜆ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>分陰陽，根據聲母清濁唔同劃分，清聲母多爲陰調，濁聲母則多爲陽調，以半圈下加短橫區別 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4"><b>陰調</b>（只標半圈） </td></tr> <tr> <td>陰上</td> <td>꜂□</td> <td>陰去</td> <td>□꜄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>陰平</td> <td>꜀□</td> <td>陰入</td> <td>□꜆ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>陽調</b>（加一短橫） </td></tr> <tr> <td>陽上</td> <td>꜃□</td> <td>陽去</td> <td>□꜅ </td></tr> <tr> <td>陽平</td> <td>꜁□</td> <td>陽入</td> <td>□꜇ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>分上下（或者高低），根據所依附元音嘅長短劃分，即長元音爲上（高），短元音爲下（低），以半圈開口方向區別 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4"><b>平聲類</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>上陰平</td> <td>꜀□</td> <td>下陰平</td> <td>꜆□ </td></tr> <tr> <td>上陽平</td> <td>꜁□</td> <td>下陽平</td> <td>꜇□ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>上聲類</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>上陰上</td> <td>꜂□</td> <td>下陰上</td> <td>꜄□ </td></tr> <tr> <td>上陽上</td> <td>꜃□</td> <td>下陽上</td> <td>꜅□ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>去聲類</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>上陰去</td> <td>□꜄</td> <td>下陰去</td> <td>□꜂ </td></tr> <tr> <td>上陽去</td> <td>□꜅</td> <td>下陽去</td> <td>□꜃ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>‌入聲類</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>上陰入</td> <td>□꜆</td> <td>下陰入</td> <td>□꜀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>上陽入</td> <td>□꜇</td> <td>下陽入</td> <td>□꜁ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> <a href="/wiki/Unicode" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>區段<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E9%9F%93%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F%E5%90%8C%E6%A8%99%E9%BB%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中日韓符號同標點 (無呢版)">中日韓符號同標點</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F_(Unicode%E5%8D%80%E6%AE%B5)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聲調修飾符號 (Unicode區段) (無呢版)">聲調修飾符號</a>分別收錄咗兩種四角標圈法之漢語四聲標誌。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>符號</td> <td>Unicode名稱</td> <td>編碼</td> <td>字符效果</td> <td>結合字符 </td></tr> <tr> <td>平聲標誌</td> <td>Ideographic Level Tone Mark</td> <td>U+302A</td> <td>◌〪</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; border: 1px dotted red;">〪</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>上聲標誌</td> <td>Ideographic Rising Tone Mark</td> <td>U+302B</td> <td>◌〫</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; border: 1px dotted red;">〫</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>去聲標誌</td> <td>Ideographic Departing Tone Mark</td> <td>U+302C</td> <td>◌〬</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; border: 1px dotted red;">〬</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>入聲標誌</td> <td>Ideographic Entering Tone Mark</td> <td>U+302D</td> <td>◌〭</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; border: 1px dotted red;">〭</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>符號</td> <td>Unicode名稱</td> <td>編碼</td> <td>字符效果</td> <td>字符 </td></tr> <tr> <td>陰平調</td> <td>Modifier Letter Chinese Tone Yin Ping</td> <td>U+A700</td> <td>꜀◌</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; border: 1px dotted red;">꜀</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>陽平調</td> <td>Modifier Letter Chinese Tone Yang Ping</td> <td>U+A701</td> <td>꜁◌</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; border: 1px dotted red;">꜁</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>陰上調</td> <td>Modifier Letter Chinese Tone Yin Shang</td> <td>U+A702</td> <td>꜂◌</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; border: 1px dotted red;">꜂</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>陽上調</td> <td>Modifier Letter Chinese Tone Yang Shang</td> <td>U+A703</td> <td>꜃◌</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; border: 1px dotted red;">꜃</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>陰去調</td> <td>Modifier Letter Chinese Tone Yin Qu</td> <td>U+A704</td> <td>◌꜄</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; border: 1px dotted red;">꜄</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>陽去調</td> <td>Modifier Letter Chinese Tone Yang Qu</td> <td>U+A705</td> <td>◌꜅</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; border: 1px dotted red;">꜅</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>陰入調</td> <td>Modifier Letter Chinese Tone Yin Ru</td> <td>U+A706</td> <td>◌꜆</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; border: 1px dotted red;">꜆</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>陽入調</td> <td>Modifier Letter Chinese Tone Yang Ru</td> <td>U+A707</td> <td>◌꜇</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; border: 1px dotted red;">꜇</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="有聲調嘅語言"><span id=".E6.9C.89.E8.81.B2.E8.AA.BF.E5.98.85.E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80"></span>有聲調嘅語言</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 有聲調嘅語言"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="聲調語言">聲調語言</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="亞洲"><span id=".E4.BA.9E.E6.B4.B2"></span><a 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.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{position:absolute;align-self:baseline;margin-left:-1em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFLiTangLuWu2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Li, Yuanning; Tang, Claire; Lu, Junfeng; Wu, Jinsong; Chang, Edward F. (2021-02-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21430-x">"Human cortical encoding of pitch in tonal and non-tonal languages"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i> (英文). <b>12</b> (1): 1161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-21430-x">10.1038/s41467-021-21430-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. 原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430074658/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21430-x">歸檔</a>喺2023-04-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2023-04-30</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Human+cortical+encoding+of+pitch+in+tonal+and+non-tonal+languages&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1161&rft.date=2021-02-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-021-21430-x&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Yuanning&rft.au=Tang%2C+Claire&rft.au=Lu%2C+Junfeng&rft.au=Wu%2C+Jinsong&rft.au=Chang%2C+Edward+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41467-021-21430-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF朱曉農2021" class="citation web cs1">朱曉農 (2021-06-24)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611221628/http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-16640"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈聲調起源於發聲——兼論漢語四聲的發明〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>聲</span><span class="zit3">調起源於發聲——兼論漢語四聲的發明</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《學位論文資料庫》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>學</span><span class="zit3">位論文資料庫</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。香港科技大學。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-16640">原著</a>喺2020-06-11歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺<span class="nowrap">2021-06-08</span>搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E5%AD%B8%E4%BD%8D%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB&rft.atitle=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90%E6%96%BC%E7%99%BC%E8%81%B2%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%85%BC%E8%AB%96%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E6%98%8E&rft.date=2021-06-24&rft.au=%E6%9C%B1%E6%9B%89%E8%BE%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.ust.hk%2Fir%2FRecord%2F1783.1-16640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-#1_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-#1_3-1">3.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFSuzuki2015" class="citation journal cs1">Suzuki, Hiroyuki (2015-01-14)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924033332/https://brill.com/view/journals/bcl/8/1/article-p117_9.xml"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈An introduction to the tonogenesis triggered by breathy voice: 對舟曲藏語超音段音素的新見解——被氣聲引起的聲調發生論〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>A</span><span class="zit3">n introduction to the tonogenesis triggered by breathy voice: 對舟曲藏語超音段音素的新見解——被氣聲引起的聲調發生論</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<i>Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics</i>。<b>8</b> (1): 117–139。<a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2405478X-00801007">10.1163/2405478X-00801007</a>。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/bcl/8/1/article-p117_9.xml">原著</a>喺2021-09-24歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺<span class="nowrap">2021-06-08</span>搵到</span> –透過brill.com。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Chinese+Linguistics&rft.atitle=An+introduction+to+the+tonogenesis+triggered+by+breathy+voice%3A+%E5%B0%8D%E8%88%9F%E6%9B%B2%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%B6%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%AE%B5%E9%9F%B3%E7%B4%A0%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%8B%E8%A7%A3%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E8%A2%AB%E6%B0%A3%E8%81%B2%E5%BC%95%E8%B5%B7%E7%9A%84%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F%E8%AB%96&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117-139&rft.date=2015-01-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2405478X-00801007&rft.aulast=Suzuki&rft.aufirst=Hiroyuki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fbcl%2F8%2F1%2Farticle-p117_9.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171118213503/https://stedt.berkeley.edu/pdf/JAM/Matisoff_1973_tonogenesis-SEA.pdf"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈存檔副本〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>存</span><span class="zit3">檔副本</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stedt.berkeley.edu/pdf/JAM/Matisoff_1973_tonogenesis-SEA.pdf">原著</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>喺2017-11-18歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺<span class="nowrap">2021-06-08</span>搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%AA%94%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstedt.berkeley.edu%2Fpdf%2FJAM%2FMatisoff_1973_tonogenesis-SEA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF唐2016" class="citation book cs1">唐作藩 (2016)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《音韻學教程（第五版）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>音</span><span class="zit3">韻學教程<span class="koen1zo2siu2siu2">（</span>第</span><span class="zit3">五版</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。北京：北京大學出版社。頁第五十頁。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9787301270974" title="Special:書本來源/9787301270974"><bdi>9787301270974</bdi></a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB%E5%AD%B8%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9787301270974&rft.aulast=%E5%94%90&rft.aufirst=%E4%BD%9C%E8%97%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=18" title="編輯小節: 參考文獻"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1972394">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li>Bao, Zhiming. 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"De l'origine des tons en vietnamien". <i>Journal Asiatique</i>, 242: 69–82.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9-Georges_Haudricourt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André-Georges Haudricourt (無呢版)">Haudricourt, André-Georges</a>. (1961). "Bipartition et tripartition des systèmes de tons dans quelques langues d'Extrême-Orient". <i>Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris</i>, 56: 163–180.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFHombertOhalaEwan1979" class="citation journal cs1">Hombert, Jean-Marie; <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ohala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Ohala (無呢版)">Ohala, John J.</a>; Ewan, William G. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_language_1979-03_55_1/page/37">"Phonetic explanations for the development of tones"</a>. <i>Language</i>. <b>55</b> (1): 37–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F412518">10.2307/412518</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (無呢版)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/412518">412518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Phonetic+explanations+for+the+development+of+tones&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-58&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F412518&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F412518%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hombert&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marie&rft.au=Ohala%2C+John+J.&rft.au=Ewan%2C+William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_language_1979-03_55_1%2Fpage%2F37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_M._Hyman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larry M. Hyman (無呢版)">Hyman, Larry</a>. 2007. There is no pitch-accent prototype. Paper presented at the 2007 LSA Meeting. Anaheim, CA.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_M._Hyman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larry M. Hyman (無呢版)">Hyman, Larry</a>. 2007. How (not) to do phonological typology: the case of pitch-accent. Berkeley, UC Berkeley. UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report: 654–685. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/phonlab/annual_report/documents/2007/Hyman_Pitch-Accent.pdf">Available online.</a> Wayback Machine嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130525084759/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/phonlab/annual_report/documents/2007/Hyman_Pitch-Accent.pdf">版面存檔備份</a></li> <li>Kingston, John. (2005). The phonetics of Athabaskan tonogenesis. In S. Hargus & K. Rice (Eds.), <i>Athabaskan prosody</i> (pp. 137–184). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Maddieson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ian Maddieson (無呢版)">Maddieson, Ian</a>. (1978). Universals of tone. In J. H. Greenberg (Ed.), <i>Universals of human language: Phonology</i> (Vol. 2). Stanford: Stanford University Press.</li> <li>Michaud, Alexis. (2008). Tones and intonation: some current challenges. Proc. of 8th Int. Seminar on Speech Production (ISSP'08), Strasbourg, pp. 13–18. (Keynote lecture.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00325982/">Available online.</a> Wayback Machine嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130125215826/http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00325982/">版面存檔備份</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odden,_David&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odden, David (無呢版)">Odden, David</a>. (1995). Tone: African languages. In J. 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(1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209040453/https://core.ac.uk/reader/4834376">"The evolution of tones in Punjabi"</a>. <i>Studies in Linguistic Sciences</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 12–24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/reader/4834376">原著</a>喺2022-02-09歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2022-02-09</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Linguistic+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+tones+in+Punjabi&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=12-24&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Bhatia&rft.aufirst=T.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Freader%2F4834376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFBao1999" class="citation book cs1">Bao, Zhiming (1999). <i>The Structure of Tone</i>. 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Cambridge, England: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge University Press (無呢版)">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-65272-8" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-521-65272-8"><bdi>978-0-521-65272-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tone+sandhi%3A+Patterns+across+Chinese+dialects&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65272-8&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFClementsGoldsmith1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nick_Clements&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nick Clements (無呢版)">Clements, George N.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Goldsmith_(linguist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Goldsmith (linguist) (無呢版)">Goldsmith, John</a>, 編 (1984). <i>Autosegmental Studies in Bantu Tone</i>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autosegmental+Studies+in+Bantu+Tone&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyer&rft.date=1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFFromkin1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_Fromkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victoria Fromkin (無呢版)">Fromkin, Victoria A.</a>, 編 (1978). <i>Tone: A Linguistic Survey</i>. New York: Academic Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tone%3A+A+Linguistic+Survey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFHalleStevens1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morris_Halle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morris Halle (無呢版)">Halle, Morris</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_N._Stevens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth N. Stevens (無呢版)">Stevens, Kenneth</a> (1971). "A note on laryngeal features". <i>Quarterly Progress Report 101</i>. MIT.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+note+on+laryngeal+features&rft.btitle=Quarterly+Progress+Report+101&rft.pub=MIT&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Halle&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft.au=Stevens%2C+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFHaudricourt2018" class="citation journal cs1">Haudricourt, André-Georges (2018). Marc Brunelle翻譯. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209040455/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01678018/document">"The origin of tones in Vietnamese (translation of: De l'origine des tons en vietnamien)"</a>. <i>Problèmes de phonologie diachronique</i>: 146–160. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01678018/document">原著</a>喺2022-02-09歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2022-02-09</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Probl%C3%A8mes+de+phonologie+diachronique&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+tones+in+Vietnamese+%28translation+of%3A+De+l%27origine+des+tons+en+vietnamien%29&rft.pages=146-160&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Haudricourt&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9-Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-01678018%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> HAL 01678018. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFHaudricourt1954" class="citation journal cs1">Haudricourt, André-Georges (1954). "De l'origine des tons en vietnamien". <i>Journal Asiatique</i>. <b>242</b>: 69–82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+Asiatique&rft.atitle=De+l%27origine+des+tons+en+vietnamien&rft.volume=242&rft.pages=69-82&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Haudricourt&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9-Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFHaudricourt2017" class="citation journal cs1">Haudricourt, André-Georges (2017). Guillaume Jacques翻譯. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209040455/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01631479/document">"How to reconstruct Old Chinese (translation of: Comment reconstruire le chinois archaïque)"</a>. <i>Problèmes de phonologie diachronique</i>: 161–182. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01631479/document">原著</a>喺2022-02-09歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2021-02-15</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Probl%C3%A8mes+de+phonologie+diachronique&rft.atitle=How+to+reconstruct+Old+Chinese+%28translation+of%3A+Comment+reconstruire+le+chinois+archa%C3%AFque%29&rft.pages=161-182&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Haudricourt&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9-Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-01631479%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> Reprinted (with additions). <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Haudricourt, André-Georges (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00437956.1954.11659532?needAccess=true">"Comment reconstruire le chinois archaïque"</a>. <i>Word</i>. <b>10</b> (2/3): 351–364. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1954.11659532">10.1080/00437956.1954.11659532</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2021-02-15</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Word&rft.atitle=Comment+reconstruire+le+chinois+archa%C3%AFque&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=351-364&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1954.11659532&rft.aulast=Haudricourt&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9-Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1954.11659532%3FneedAccess%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFHaudricourt1961" class="citation journal cs1">Haudricourt, André-Georges (1961). "Bipartition et tripartition des systèmes de tons dans quelques langues d'Extrême-Orient". <i>Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris</i>. <b>56</b> (1): 163–180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+de+Linguistique+de+Paris&rft.atitle=Bipartition+et+tripartition+des+syst%C3%A8mes+de+tons+dans+quelques+langues+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=163-180&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Haudricourt&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9-Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation book cs1">Haudricourt, André-Georges (1972). "Two-way and Three-way Splitting of Tonal Systems in Some Far Eastern Languages". 出自 Jimmy G. Harris; Richard B. Noss (編). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122130028/http://www.sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/haudricourt1972two.pdf"><i>Tai phonetics and phonology</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Christopher Court翻譯. Bangkok: Central Institute of English Language, Mahidol University. pp. 58–86. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/haudricourt1972two.pdf">原著</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>喺2022-01-22歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2021-02-15</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Two-way+and+Three-way+Splitting+of+Tonal+Systems+in+Some+Far+Eastern+Languages&rft.btitle=Tai+phonetics+and+phonology&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pages=58-86&rft.pub=Central+Institute+of+English+Language%2C+Mahidol+University&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Haudricourt&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9-Georges&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Fsala%2Farchives%2Fpdf4%2Fhaudricourt1972two.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> Translation of <a href="#CITEREFHaudricourt1961">Haudricourt (1961)</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFHombertOhalaEwan1979" class="citation journal cs1">Hombert, Jean-Marie; <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ohala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Ohala (無呢版)">Ohala, John J.</a>; Ewan, William G. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_language_1979-03_55_1/page/37">"Phonetic explanations for the development of tones"</a>. <i>Language</i>. <b>55</b> (1): 37–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F412518">10.2307/412518</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (無呢版)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/412518">412518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Phonetic+explanations+for+the+development+of+tones&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-58&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F412518&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F412518%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hombert&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marie&rft.au=Ohala%2C+John+J.&rft.au=Ewan%2C+William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_language_1979-03_55_1%2Fpage%2F37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFHyman2007a" class="citation conference cs1">Hyman, Larry M. (2007a). <i>There is no pitch-accent prototype</i>. 2007 LSA Meeting. Anaheim, CA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=There+is+no+pitch-accent+prototype&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.aufirst=Larry+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFHyman2007b" class="citation book cs1">Hyman, Larry M. (2007b). "DRAFT: Tone: Is it Different?". 出自 John Goldsmith; Jason Riggle; Alan Yu (編). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120728084737/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/phonlab/annual_report/documents/2007/Hyman_Blackwell_Tone_PLAR.pdf"><i>The Handbook of Phonological Theory</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (第2版). Blackwell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/phonlab/annual_report/documents/2007/Hyman_Blackwell_Tone_PLAR.pdf">原著</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>喺2012-07-28歸檔 –透過UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2007).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=DRAFT%3A+Tone%3A+Is+it+Different%3F&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Phonological+Theory&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.aufirst=Larry+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinguistics.berkeley.edu%2Fphonlab%2Fannual_report%2Fdocuments%2F2007%2FHyman_Blackwell_Tone_PLAR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFHyman2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_M._Hyman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larry M. Hyman (無呢版)">Hyman, Larry M.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525084759/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/phonlab/annual_report/documents/2007/Hyman_Pitch-Accent.pdf">"How (not) to do phonological typology: The case of pitch accent"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Language Sciences</i>. <b>31</b> (2–3): 213–238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.langsci.2008.12.007">10.1016/j.langsci.2008.12.007</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/phonlab/annual_report/documents/2007/Hyman_Pitch-Accent.pdf">原著</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>喺2013-05-25歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2013-02-11</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Sciences&rft.atitle=How+%28not%29+to+do+phonological+typology%3A+The+case+of+pitch+accent&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=213-238&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.langsci.2008.12.007&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.aufirst=Larry+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinguistics.berkeley.edu%2Fphonlab%2Fannual_report%2Fdocuments%2F2007%2FHyman_Pitch-Accent.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFKingston2005" class="citation book cs1">Kingston, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209040451/https://books.google.com/books?id=RUo6AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA137">"The phonetics of Athabaskan tonogenesis"</a>. 出自 Hargus, Sharon; Rice, Keren (編). <i>Athabaskan Prosody</i>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 137–184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9789027285294" title="Special:書本來源/9789027285294"><bdi>9789027285294</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RUo6AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA137">原著</a>喺2022-02-09歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2022-02-09</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+phonetics+of+Athabaskan+tonogenesis&rft.btitle=Athabaskan+Prosody&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=137-184&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789027285294&rft.aulast=Kingston&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRUo6AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFKingston2011" class="citation book cs1">Kingston, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211210101322/https://blogs.umass.edu/jkingstn/files/2019/04/kingstonTonogenesis2011BlackwellCompanionPhonology.pdf">"Tonogenesis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 出自 Marc van Oostendorp; Colin J Ewen; Elizabeth Hume; Keren Rice (編). <i>The Blackwell companion to phonology, Volume 4: Phonological interfaces</i>. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 2304–2333. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.umass.edu/jkingstn/files/2019/04/kingstonTonogenesis2011BlackwellCompanionPhonology.pdf">原著</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>喺2021-12-10歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2022-02-09</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tonogenesis&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+companion+to+phonology%2C+Volume+4%3A+Phonological+interfaces&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=2304-2333&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kingston&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.umass.edu%2Fjkingstn%2Ffiles%2F2019%2F04%2FkingstonTonogenesis2011BlackwellCompanionPhonology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFMaddieson1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Maddieson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ian Maddieson (無呢版)">Maddieson, Ian</a> (1978). "Universals of tone". 出自 Greenberg, J. H. (編). <i>Universals of human language: Phonology</i>.第2卷. Stanford: Stanford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Universals+of+tone&rft.btitle=Universals+of+human+language%3A+Phonology&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Maddieson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFMichaudVaissière2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexis_Michaud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexis Michaud (無呢版)">Michaud, Alexis</a>; Vaissière, Jacqueline (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109070902/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01091477v3/document">"Tone and intonation: introductory notes and practical recommendations"</a>. <i>KALIPHO - Kieler Arbeiten zur Linguistik und Phonetik</i>. <b>3</b>: 43–80. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01091477v3/document">原著</a>喺2020-11-09歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2022-02-09</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KALIPHO+-+Kieler+Arbeiten+zur+Linguistik+und+Phonetik&rft.atitle=Tone+and+intonation%3A+introductory+notes+and+practical+recommendations&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=43-80&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Michaud&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft.au=Vaissi%C3%A8re%2C+Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-01091477v3%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFMichaudSands2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexis_Michaud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexis Michaud (無呢版)">Michaud, Alexis</a>; Sands, Bonny (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209040452/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02519305/document">"Tonogenesis"</a>. 出自 Aronoff, Mark (編). <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.748">10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.748</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780199384655" title="Special:書本來源/9780199384655"><bdi>9780199384655</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02519305/document">原著</a>喺2022-02-09歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2022-02-09</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tonogenesis&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.748&rft.isbn=9780199384655&rft.aulast=Michaud&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft.au=Sands%2C+Bonny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-02519305%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFOdden1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Odden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Odden (無呢版)">Odden, David</a> (1995). "Tone: African languages". 出自 Goldsmith, J. (編). <i>Handbook of Phonological Theory</i>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tone%3A+African+languages&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Phonological+Theory&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Odden&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFOdden2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Odden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Odden (無呢版)">Odden, David</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209040452/https://books.google.com/books?id=wcjXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">"Tone"</a>. 出自 Rainer Vossen; Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (編). <i>The Oxford Handbook of African Languages</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 30–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780199609895" title="Special:書本來源/9780199609895"><bdi>9780199609895</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wcjXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">原著</a>喺2022-02-09歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2022-02-09</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tone&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+African+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=30-47&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780199609895&rft.aulast=Odden&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwcjXDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFPike1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Lee_Pike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Lee Pike (無呢版)">Pike, Kenneth L.</a> (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tonelanguagestec0000pike"><i>Tone Languages: A Technique for Determining the Number and Type of Pitch Contrasts In a Language, with Studies in Tonemic Substitution and Fusion</i></a>. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tone+Languages%3A+A+Technique+for+Determining+the+Number+and+Type+of+Pitch+Contrasts+In+a+Language%2C+with+Studies+in+Tonemic+Substitution+and+Fusion&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftonelanguagestec0000pike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span> (Reprinted 1972, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/0-472-08734-7" title="Special:書本來源/0-472-08734-7">0-472-08734-7</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFWee2008" class="citation journal cs1">Wee, Lian-Hee (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/eng_ja/1">"Phonological Patterns in the Englishes of Singapore and Hong Kong"</a>. <i>World Englishes</i>. <b>27</b> (3/4): 480–501. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-971X.2008.00580.x">10.1111/j.1467-971X.2008.00580.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Englishes&rft.atitle=Phonological+Patterns+in+the+Englishes+of+Singapore+and+Hong+Kong&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=480-501&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-971X.2008.00580.x&rft.aulast=Wee&rft.aufirst=Lian-Hee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.hkbu.edu.hk%2Feng_ja%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E5%92%97%E6%95%88%E5%98%85%E9%8F%88" title="Wikipedia:失咗效嘅鏈"><span title="">失咗效嘅鏈</span></a></i>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFYip2002" class="citation book cs1">Yip, Moira (2002). <i>Tone</i>. Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge University Press (無呢版)">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-77314-0" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-521-77314-0"><bdi>978-0-521-77314-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tone&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Textbooks+in+Linguistics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77314-0&rft.aulast=Yip&rft.aufirst=Moira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/0-521-77445-4" title="Special:書本來源/0-521-77445-4">0-521-77445-4</a> (pbk).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=19" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" title="粵語聲調">粵語聲調</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2" title="四聲">四聲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E4%BB%84" title="平仄">平仄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BC%E9%9F%BB" title="押韻">押韻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E5%80%BC" title="調值">調值</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E9%9F%B3" title="叶音">叶音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E8%AA%BF" title="變調">變調</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E5%8D%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="音區 (無呢版)">音區</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E9%99%BD%E5%85%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高陽入 (無呢版)">高陽入</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%8E%E9%99%B0%E5%85%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="低陰入 (無呢版)">低陰入</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E9%AB%98%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="音高重音 (無呢版)">音高重音</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D%E9%99%8D%E9%9A%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="音位降階 (無呢版)">音位降階</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E8%BC%AA%E5%BB%93" title="聲調輪廓">聲調輪廓</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2%E5%88%A5%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="四聲別義 (無呢版)">四聲別義</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吠陀重音 (無呢版)">吠陀重音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E6%B0%8F%E9%A3%9F%E7%8D%85%E5%8F%B2" title="施氏食獅史">施氏食獅史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%BA%A6%E6%A8%99%E8%A8%98%E6%B3%95" title="五度標記法">五度標記法</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9B%E8%A7%92%E6%A8%99%E5%9C%88%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="四角標圈法 (無呢版)">四角標圈法</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原始印歐語重音 (無呢版)">原始印歐語重音</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="出面網頁"><span id=".E5.87.BA.E9.9D.A2.E7.B6.B2.E9.A0.81"></span>出面網頁</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=20" title="編輯小節: 出面網頁"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wals.info/feature/13?tg_format=map">World map of tone languages</a> Wayback Machine嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100228214835/http://wals.info/feature/13?tg_format=map">版面存檔備份</a> The World Atlas of Language Structures Online</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104817/http://www.pkucn.com/thread-147074-1-1.html">請問Pitch Register是什麼？北大中文論壇</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305045432/http://wingtilldie.blogspot.com/2013/06/tone-of-IPA-piyin-bopomofo.html">注音.拼音.國際音標的聲調符號比較以及對應到的音高|振斷雙翼WingTillDie</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawdata.com.tw/tw/detail.aspx?no=287439">苗瑤語聲調問題</a> Wayback Machine嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210924030724/http://lawdata.com.tw/tw/detail.aspx?no=287439">版面存檔備份</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/bcl/8/1/article-p117_9.xml?language=en">對舟曲藏語超音段音素的新見解——被氣聲引起的聲調發生論</a> Wayback Machine嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210924034553/https://brill.com/view/journals/bcl/8/1/article-p117_9.xml?language=en">版面存檔備份</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-16640">聲調起源於發聲——兼論漢語四聲的發明</a> Wayback Machine嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200611221628/http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-16640">版面存檔備份</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.1xuezhe.exuezhe.com/Qk/art/320671?dbcode=1&flag=2">從吳方言看聲母－聲調的相互關係</a> Wayback Machine嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210924032242/https://www.1xuezhe.exuezhe.com/Qk/art/320671?dbcode=1&flag=2">版面存檔備份</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stedt.berkeley.edu/pdf/JAM/Matisoff_1973_tonogenesis-SEA.pdf">Tonogenesis in Southeast Asia - Matisoff, James 1973</a> Wayback Machine嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171118213503/https://stedt.berkeley.edu/pdf/JAM/Matisoff_1973_tonogenesis-SEA.pdf">版面存檔備份</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="語音學相關課題" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:語音學"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:語音學 (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="語音學相關課題" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="語音學">語音學</a>相關課題</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="語音學：語言學嘅基礎領域，專門研究講嘢發出嘅聲"><b>語音學</b>：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>嘅基礎領域，專門研究<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E5%98%A2" title="講嘢">講嘢</a>發出嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2" title="聲">聲</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>基本概念</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E5%98%A2" title="講嘢">講嘢</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2" title="聲">聲</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="單音 (語言學)">單音</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">國際音標</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E9%9F%B3" title="標音">標音</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9A%B4%E5%BC%8F%E6%A8%99%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="嚴式標音">嚴式</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%9B%E5%BC%8F%E6%A8%99%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="寛式標音">寛式</a>）</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="發聲語音學">發聲語音學</a></b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%81%93" title="聲道">聲道</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E6%9C%89%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BF" title="固有音響">固有音響</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="元音">元音</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="雙元音">雙元音</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%9C%96" title="元音圖">元音圖</a>）同埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" title="輔音">輔音</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">清濁音</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">送氣</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" title="複輔音">複輔音</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E8%81%B2" title="發聲">發聲</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%8A%E5%96%89%E8%81%B2" title="緊喉聲">緊喉聲</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E8%81%B2" title="氣聲">氣聲</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E8%81%B2%E8%B5%B7%E5%A7%8B%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" class="mw-redirect" title="發聲起始時間">VOT</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E9%9F%B3%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%8D" title="調音部位">調音部位</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="唇音">唇音</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B7%E5%B0%96%E5%89%8D%E9%9F%B3" title="脷尖前音">脷尖前音</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E5%86%A0%E9%9F%B3" title="舌冠音">舌冠音</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦後音">齒齦後音</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E9%A1%8E%E9%9F%B3" title="硬顎音">硬顎音</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E9%A1%8E%E9%9F%B3" title="軟顎音">軟顎音</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%96%89%E5%9A%A8%E6%A4%97%E9%9F%B3" title="喉嚨椗音">喉嚨椗音</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%96%89%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" title="喉輔音">喉輔音</a>）<br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="調音方法">調音方法</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="鼻音">鼻音</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="塞擦音">塞擦音</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="近音">近音</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E9%9F%B3" title="流音">流音</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8A%E9%9F%B3" title="邊音">邊音</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E6%B5%81%E6%A9%9F%E5%88%B6" title="氣流機制">氣流機制</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E9%83%A8%E6%B0%A3%E6%B5%81%E9%9F%B3" title="肺部氣流音">肺部氣流音</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="搭嘴音">搭嘴音</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%90-%E6%BF%BE%E6%B3%A2%E5%99%A8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="源-濾波器模型">源-濾波器模型</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%81%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="語言聲學">語言聲學</a></b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="聲波">聲波</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%8B%95" title="波動">波動</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87" title="頻率">頻率</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%A0%BB%E8%AD%9C" title="時頻譜">時頻譜</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF%E5%B3%B0" title="共振峰">共振峰</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80" title="音節">音節</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BB%E5%BE%8B_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="韻律 (語言學)">韻律</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%95%E9%87%8D%E8%AE%80" title="輕重讀">重音</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%AB%98" title="音高">音高</a>、<a class="mw-selflink selflink">聲調</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E4%BD%8E%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3" title="高低重音">高低重音</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%BF" title="語調">語調</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E6%99%82" title="等時">等時</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%A6%BA%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="聽覺語音學">聽覺語音學</a></b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%A6%BA" title="聽覺">聽覺</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="耳仔">耳仔</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E5%98%A2" title="聽嘢">聽嘢</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" 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