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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="dPJaW7H2GYw5OLpITKnEHmjadFv3hto-eMekuplLyThdp5i6e7lTEdNWEW0o9wKbnrdDB5U-C54uE9R8cqpibw" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="The Sinicization of Indo-Iranian Astrology in Medieval China" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Jeffrey Kotyk" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/37502869/The_Sinicization_of_Indo_Iranian_Astrology_in_Medieval_China" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="The Sinicization of Indo-Iranian Astrology in Medieval China" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="This study explores the introduction and development of foreign systems of astrology in medieval China (Tang to Ming periods), in particular the practice of horoscopy, and how such models were implemented within a Chinese astronomical framework. 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It" /> <title>(PDF) The Sinicization of Indo-Iranian Astrology in Medieval China</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/37502869/The_Sinicization_of_Indo_Iranian_Astrology_in_Medieval_China" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '1e60a92a442ff83025cbe4f252857ee7c49c0bbe'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740576447000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740576447000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"This study explores the introduction and development of foreign systems of astrology in medieval China (Tang to Ming periods), in particular the practice of horoscopy, and how such models were implemented within a Chinese astronomical framework. It is argued that the basic character of such horoscopy was in large part Dorothean, rather than Ptolemaic. It is furthermore demonstrated that Chinese horoscopy was as much an heir to Persian systems of horoscopy as was the Islamicate, a point that has yet to be recognized. The paper also demonstrates the enduring impact of horoscopy within the culture of Chinese divination. “The Sinicization of Indo-Iranian Astrology in Medieval China.” Sino-Platonic Papers 282 (2018): 1–95.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Jeffrey Kotyk","url":"https://mpiwg-berlin-mpg.academia.edu/JeffreyKotyk"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2018-09-30","headline":"The Sinicization of Indo-Iranian Astrology in Medieval China","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57474087/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Buddhism","Daoism","Sinology","Chinese Buddhism","Buddhist Studies","History of Astronomy","History of Astrology","China","Japan","History of China","Chinese Buddhism (Buddhist Studies)","Daoist 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{"work":{"id":37502869,"created_at":"2018-09-30T06:53:42.167-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2025-02-01T17:09:11.112-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"This study explores the introduction and development of foreign systems of astrology in medieval China (Tang to Ming periods), in particular the practice of horoscopy, and how such models were implemented within a Chinese astronomical framework. It is argued that the basic character of such horoscopy was in large part Dorothean, rather than Ptolemaic. It is furthermore demonstrated that Chinese horoscopy was as much an heir to Persian systems of horoscopy as was the Islamicate, a point that has yet to be recognized. The paper also demonstrates the enduring impact of horoscopy within the culture of Chinese divination.\n\n“The Sinicization of Indo-Iranian Astrology in Medieval China.” Sino-Platonic Papers 282 (2018): 1–95.\n","ai_title_tag":"Indo-Iranian Astrology in Medieval China"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The Sinicization of Indo-Iranian Astrology in Medieval China","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [3315857]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":57474087,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “The Sinicization of Indo-Iranian Astrology in Medieval China”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/57474087/mini_magick20180930-12976-nvpmgd.png?1538318084" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The Sinicization of Indo-Iranian Astrology in Medieval China</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3315857" href="https://mpiwg-berlin-mpg.academia.edu/JeffreyKotyk"><img alt="Profile image of Jeffrey Kotyk" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/3315857/1106747/73815447/s65_jeffrey.kotyk.jpg" />Jeffrey Kotyk</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">98 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 37502869; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=37502869"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This study explores the introduction and development of foreign systems of astrology in medieval China (Tang to Ming periods), in particular the practice of horoscopy, and how such models were implemented within a Chinese astronomical framework. It is argued that the basic character of such horoscopy was in large part Dorothean, rather than Ptolemaic. It is furthermore demonstrated that Chinese horoscopy was as much an heir to Persian systems of horoscopy as was the Islamicate, a point that has yet to be recognized. The paper also demonstrates the enduring impact of horoscopy within the culture of Chinese divination. “The Sinicization of Indo-Iranian Astrology in Medieval China.” Sino-Platonic Papers 282 (2018): 1–95. </p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":57474087,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/37502869/The_Sinicization_of_Indo_Iranian_Astrology_in_Medieval_China"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":57474087,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/37502869/The_Sinicization_of_Indo_Iranian_Astrology_in_Medieval_China"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="37502869" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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The history of astrology, which had been introduced into the Iranianised world of Central Asia through Graeco-Babylonian influence, goes back to ancient times. Moreover, with the spread of Buddhism into Central Asia, Iran and China, Indian nakṣatra (lunar asterism) astrology was introduced. Later Parthian (250 BC-224 AD) and Sasanian (224-651 AD) kings are recorded to have maintained a "chief of the star-gazers" (axtarmārānsālār) at court where a regnal horoscope would be drawn up for each king.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Kuehn, S., “The Dragon in Medieval Islamic Astrology and Its Indian and Iranian Influences,” Paper delivered at The Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, 3 February 2012, New Delhi","attachmentId":59371061,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39239308/Kuehn_S_The_Dragon_in_Medieval_Islamic_Astrology_and_Its_Indian_and_Iranian_Influences_Paper_delivered_at_The_Indira_Gandhi_National_Centre_for_the_Arts_3_February_2012_New_Delhi","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/39239308/Kuehn_S_The_Dragon_in_Medieval_Islamic_Astrology_and_Its_Indian_and_Iranian_Influences_Paper_delivered_at_The_Indira_Gandhi_National_Centre_for_the_Arts_3_February_2012_New_Delhi"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="121370672" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/121370672/Astrology_for_an_Empire_The_Treatise_on_the_Celestial_Offices_in_the_Grand_Scribe_s_Records_ca_100_BCE_">Astrology for an Empire: The ‘Treatise on the Celestial Offices’ in the Grand Scribe’s Records (ca. 100 BCE)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="145742468" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DavidPankenier">David Pankenier</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Culture and Cosmos, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Joseph Needham called the Treatise on the Celestial Offices 'a text of the highest importance for ancient Chinese astronomy'. This is no exaggeration, but the title of the Treatise alone shows that it is more than just a summa of ancient Chinese astronomical lore. The term 'Celestial Offices' clearly evokes a direct linkage between the stellar patterns above and the imperial offices and departments of the "celestial" empire below. This was new, of course, since at the time the empire itself was barely a century old. This paper will report on new insights on the text and its socio-cultural context acquired in the process of producing a complete annotated translation into English.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Astrology for an Empire: The ‘Treatise on the Celestial Offices’ in the Grand Scribe’s Records (ca. 100 BCE)","attachmentId":116266687,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/121370672/Astrology_for_an_Empire_The_Treatise_on_the_Celestial_Offices_in_the_Grand_Scribe_s_Records_ca_100_BCE_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/121370672/Astrology_for_an_Empire_The_Treatise_on_the_Celestial_Offices_in_the_Grand_Scribe_s_Records_ca_100_BCE_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="103388951" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/103388951/Astrology_and_Cosmology_in_Early_China_References">Astrology and Cosmology in Early China: References</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="145742468" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DavidPankenier">David Pankenier</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Astrology and Cosmology in Early China</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Even a remove of nearly five-hundred years has done little to dampen scholarly interest in this signal episode of the intellectual history of the 1500s. What so clearly focused attention at the time was the great fear aroused by the singular alignment of the major planets expected to occur in the sign of Pisces that supposedly portended the coming of a second great flood in February 1524. Indeed, the writings of so many eminent Renaissance scholars even in our own time, a list far too numerous to include in this brief summary of those forebodings for the intellectually curious but non-specialist reader, are a constant reminder of the historical import ascribed to them now, as then. Few would deny that astrology was a serious pursuit of natural science and, more generally, held in high esteem by the educated elite throughout the 1500s and beyond. In effect, it seemed to account as much for changes in the political and social winds as it did for the outbreak of war, famine, pestilence, atmospheric events, the rise of new religions and the fall of old ones, and much else besides. As the Polish historian Krzysztof Pomian has put it: "Until the XVIth century the existence of a connexion between celestial and terrestrial bodies and between celestial and terrestrial events was admitted by everyone as self-evident. But on the nature of this connexion there was no agreement. The augustinian current considered celestial events as signs of terrestrial ones. The former announce the latter, because God conferred upon them such a meaning. And this meaning can be truly understood only by those who are looking on the skies guided by the divinely inspired scriptures. To such an attitude expressed with particular vigour by William of Auvergne, the aristotelians opposed their conviction that celestial events are causes of terrestrial ones. In order to understand their action one has therefore to inquire into their powers in conformity with the principles of natural science. Between these two poles lay an entire spectrum of intermediate positions which tried to reconcile or to synthesize Augustine with Aristotle, theology with physics and astronomy, significance with causality, prophecy with prediction. The most influent among them was that of Aquinas."(1) In a world view shaped by a natural philosophy much imbued with, and indebted to, astrology, the theory of great conjunctions, which was originally formulated by the Arab scholars Messehala (Masha'allah) and al-Kindī and more fully articulated thereafter by Albumasar (Abū Ma'shar) in his De magnis coniunctionibus, played a particularly important role. It was this latter version that subsequently enjoyed such wide currency among a number of European scholars, including most notably Peter of Abano (Pietro d'Abano) and cardinal Pierre d'Ailly. The most important of these conjunctions involved the more slowly revolving planets-Jupiter and Saturn. According to Giuseppe Bezza, "…the doctrine of planetary conjunctions is based on the alignment of the superior planets, especially Saturn and Jupiter. As formulated by Abū Ma'shar, the conjunctions of Saturn and Jupiter are determined by their median movements (moti) and evince a regular pattern of alignments. Early on in De magnis coniunctionibus, Abū Ma'shar states that every 360,000 years Saturn completes 18,138 and Jupiter 30,352 revolutions, the numerical difference between them being 12,214. It therefore follows that their median conjunctions are repeated every 12,214/18,138 x 360° = 242.42144 degrees of the zodiac, i.e. the ninth sign from the initial sign of their conjunction, and that their temporal interval is given by 360,000/18,138 = 19 years, 314 days, 14 hour, 23 minutes and several seconds, which is why it is commonly</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Astrology and Cosmology in Early China: References","attachmentId":103408845,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/103388951/Astrology_and_Cosmology_in_Early_China_References","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/103388951/Astrology_and_Cosmology_in_Early_China_References"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="8317383" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8317383/Medieval_Persian_Astrology_The_Part_of_the_Unseen_Estebon_Duarte_MACAA_AMA">Medieval Persian Astrology: The Part of the Unseen ©Estebon Duarte MACAA, AMA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16596974" href="https://lamp.academia.edu/StephenDuarte">Stephen Duarte</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Medieval Persian Astrology: The Part of the Unseen ©Estebon Duarte MACAA, AMA","attachmentId":34724811,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8317383/Medieval_Persian_Astrology_The_Part_of_the_Unseen_Estebon_Duarte_MACAA_AMA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8317383/Medieval_Persian_Astrology_The_Part_of_the_Unseen_Estebon_Duarte_MACAA_AMA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="35484261" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35484261/Buddhist_Astrology_and_Astral_Magic_in_the_Tang_Dynasty_PhD_Dissertation_">Buddhist Astrology and Astral Magic in the Tang Dynasty (PhD Dissertation)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3315857" href="https://mpiwg-berlin-mpg.academia.edu/JeffreyKotyk">Jeffrey Kotyk</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study surveys the introduction of astrology into East Asia with a primary focus on the Buddhist experience of Indian and Iranian astrology during the eighth and ninth centuries. It is argued that prior to the introduction of Esoteric Buddhism during the 8th century, the Chinese sangha had no pressing need to observe astrology. However, following the rising popularity of Tantric rituals, which require proper timing according to non-Chinese astrological conventions, Chinese Buddhism took a deep interest in astrology. This in turn prompted a wider interest in astrology among Chinese elites, encouraging the translation of more foreign works on astrology, even outside of a Buddhist context. It is shown that around the year 800 there was a shift from Indian to Iranian sources of astrology, most likely as a result of ethnic Iranians working at court. Iranian astrology, which included a rich system of horoscopy rooted in the earlier Hellenistic tradition, prompted a booming popular interest in astrology. Buddhists subsequently took up practice of horoscopy for themselves. Chinese Buddhist astrology was then exported to neighboring countries, most notably Japan where it influenced medieval religious and court cultures.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Buddhist Astrology and Astral Magic in the Tang Dynasty (PhD Dissertation)","attachmentId":55346969,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35484261/Buddhist_Astrology_and_Astral_Magic_in_the_Tang_Dynasty_PhD_Dissertation_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35484261/Buddhist_Astrology_and_Astral_Magic_in_the_Tang_Dynasty_PhD_Dissertation_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="84388519" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/84388519/East_and_South_Asian_Traditions_in_Astrology_and_Divination_as_Viewed_from_the_West">East (and South) Asian Traditions in Astrology and Divination as Viewed from the West</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="425136" href="https://independent.academia.edu/charlesburnett">charles burnett</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Extrême-Orient Extrême-Occident, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Les astres et le destin. Astrologie et divination en Asie orientale East (and South) Asian Traditions in Astrology and Divination as Viewed from the West Les traditions astrologiques et divinatoires en Asie de l'Est (et du Sud) vues de l'Ouest</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"East (and South) Asian Traditions in Astrology and Divination as Viewed from the West","attachmentId":89429704,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/84388519/East_and_South_Asian_Traditions_in_Astrology_and_Divination_as_Viewed_from_the_West","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/84388519/East_and_South_Asian_Traditions_in_Astrology_and_Divination_as_Viewed_from_the_West"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="125307441" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/125307441/The_dawn_of_astrology_a_cultural_history_of_Western_astrology">The dawn of astrology : a cultural history of Western astrology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="52852414" href="https://lamp.academia.edu/NCampion">Nick Campion</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Continuum eBooks, 2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">"As above, so below, " the basic doctrine of astrology, has served many ends and taken on multiple forms since the historical inception of the art in the Middle East four millennia ago. Today there is a popular notion that it began to decline only late in the seventeenth century, when its tenets were swept away by scientific heroes on horseback who suddenly saw the light of objective truth-but that notion is being revealed as a gross oversimplification, thanks in part to scholarly work such as that exemplified in this massive survey of the subject. Campion's text is ample enough; its two volumes comprise 759 pages, plus 102 pages of footnotes and a 47page bibliography, but with surprisingly few (nine) illustrations, all of them appearing in the first volume. It traces the threads, some broken, others frayed, that make up the continuous chronological cord of astrology's development through history. He provides an accessible, humanistic treatment that explores the relationship of astrology to the histories of religion and magic as well as that of science, although it is science that has often relegated the deep-rooted connections between our lives and the course of the stars to the back burner of intellectual inquiry. Campion's informed treatment of astrology reveals it as the great survivor. It suffered multiple near-deaths, first in republican Rome, then in a twelfth-century conflict with Christianity, and in the seventeenth-century clash with</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The dawn of astrology : a cultural history of Western astrology","attachmentId":119375259,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/125307441/The_dawn_of_astrology_a_cultural_history_of_Western_astrology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/125307441/The_dawn_of_astrology_a_cultural_history_of_Western_astrology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="33489782" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33489782/Book_Review_Astrology_and_Cosmology_in_Early_China_Conforming_Earth_to_Heaven">Book Review: Astrology and Cosmology in Early China: Conforming Earth to Heaven</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="546253" href="https://lehigh.academia.edu/DavidPankenier">David W Pankenier</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This impressive and innovative book offers a detailed topical treatment of how the heavens have played a key role in shaping the culture and civilization of China in ancient and historical periods.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Book Review: Astrology and Cosmology in Early China: Conforming Earth to Heaven","attachmentId":53530100,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33489782/Book_Review_Astrology_and_Cosmology_in_Early_China_Conforming_Earth_to_Heaven","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33489782/Book_Review_Astrology_and_Cosmology_in_Early_China_Conforming_Earth_to_Heaven"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="29741910" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29741910/An_Overview_of_Divination_in_China_from_the_Song_through_the_Qing_Some_Issues_and_Approaches">An Overview of Divination in China from the Song through the Qing: Some Issues and Approaches</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1032807" href="https://rice.academia.edu/RichardSmith">Richard J Smith</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">My paper titled "An Overview of Divination in China from the Song through the Qing: Some Issues and Approaches," for the workshop on “Divinatory Traditions in East Asia: Historical, Comparative and Transnational Perspectives,” Rice University, February 17-18, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An Overview of Divination in China from the Song through the Qing: Some Issues and Approaches","attachmentId":50198834,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29741910/An_Overview_of_Divination_in_China_from_the_Song_through_the_Qing_Some_Issues_and_Approaches","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29741910/An_Overview_of_Divination_in_China_from_the_Song_through_the_Qing_Some_Issues_and_Approaches"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span 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