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约瑟夫·毕苏斯基 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

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class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance 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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&amp;returnto=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录,但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&amp;returnto=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-生平" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生平"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>生平</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-生平-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关生平子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-生平-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-早年生涯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#早年生涯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>早年生涯</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-早年生涯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-出獄" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#出獄"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>出獄</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-出獄-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1905年俄國革命後" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1905年俄國革命後"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1905年俄國革命後</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1905年俄國革命後-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-一战" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#一战"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>一战</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-一战-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-重建波兰" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#重建波兰"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>重建波兰</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-重建波兰-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-波苏战争" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#波苏战争"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>波苏战争</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-波苏战争-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-退休与政变" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#退休与政变"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>退休与政变</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-退休与政变-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-独裁" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#独裁"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>独裁</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-独裁-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-内政" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#内政"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1</span> <span>内政</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-内政-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外交" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外交"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2</span> <span>外交</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外交-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-逝世" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#逝世"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>逝世</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-逝世-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>影响</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-祖先" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#祖先"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>祖先</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-祖先-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-后代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#后代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>后代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-后代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-荣誉与勋章" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#荣誉与勋章"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>荣誉与勋章</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-荣誉与勋章-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关荣誉与勋章子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-荣誉与勋章-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-波兰" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#波兰"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>波兰</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-波兰-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外国" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外国"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>外国</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外国-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-荣誉博士学位" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#荣誉博士学位"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>荣誉博士学位</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-荣誉博士学位-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-进阶阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#进阶阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>进阶阅读</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-进阶阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">约瑟夫·毕苏斯基</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。77种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A" title="يوزف بيوسودسكي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوزف بيوسودسكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89" title="يوزف بيوسودسكى – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يوزف بيوسودسكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yozef_Pilsudski" title="Yozef Pilsudski – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yozef Pilsudski" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%AE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84" title="Пилсудский Юзеф – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пилсудский Юзеф" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Юзаф Пілсудскі – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Юзаф Пілсудскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B7%D1%8D%D1%84_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Юзэф Пілсудзкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Юзэф Пілсудзкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Йозеф Пилсудски – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йозеф Пилсудски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 下索布语" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%86_%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Γιούζεφ Πιουσούτσκι – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιούζεφ Πιουσούτσκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="یوزف پیلسودسکی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یوزف پیلسودسکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C5%82sudski_J%C3%B3zef" title="Piłsudski Józef – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Piłsudski Józef" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A3_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99" title="יוזף פילסודסקי – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוזף פילסודסקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 上索布语" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%86_%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%AB" title="Յուզեֆ Պիլսուդսկի – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յուզեֆ Պիլսուդսկի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%82%BC%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%94%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%84%E3%82%AD" title="ユゼフ・ピウスツキ – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユゼフ・ピウスツキ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="იუზეფ პილსუდსკი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იუზეფ პილსუდსკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Юзеф Пилсудский – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Юзеф Пилсудский" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%9C%ED%94%84_%ED%94%BC%EC%9A%B0%EC%88%98%ED%8A%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4" title="유제프 피우수트스키 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유제프 피우수트스키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosephus_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Iosephus Piłsudski – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iosephus Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juzefas_Pilsudskis" title="Juzefas Pilsudskis – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juzefas Pilsudskis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juzefs_Pilsudskis" title="Juzefs Pilsudskis – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Juzefs Pilsudskis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Юзеф Пилсудски – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Юзеф Пилсудски" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="योझेफ पियुसुद्स्की – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="योझेफ पियुसुद्स्की" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="जोसेफ् पिल्सुड्स्की – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जोसेफ् पिल्सुड्स्की" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%AE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84" title="Пилсудский, Юзеф – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пилсудский, Юзеф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Юзеф Пилсудскай – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Юзеф Пилсудскай" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Јозеф Пилсудски – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јозеф Пилсудски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%9F_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5" title="ยูแซฟ ปิวซุตสกี – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยูแซฟ ปิวซุตสกี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Юзеф Пилсудский – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Юзеф Пилсудский" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Юзеф Пілсудський – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Юзеф Пілсудський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="جوزف پیلسوڈسکی – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جوزف پیلسوڈسکی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Klemens_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Klemens Piłsudski – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Józef Klemens Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="约瑟夫·毕苏斯基 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="约瑟夫·毕苏斯基" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="იუზეფ პილსუდსკი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იუზეფ პილსუდსკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%A2%E8%98%87%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="畢蘇斯基 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="畢蘇斯基" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%A2%E8%98%87%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="畢蘇斯基 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="畢蘇斯基" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q885#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-738efac" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="People"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="地名"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 120%;"><span class="fn">约瑟夫·毕苏斯基</span><br /><span class="nickname" style="font-size:small;">Józef Piłsudski</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshal_of_Poland_J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski._Born_in_1867_and_died_in_1935_at_the_age_of_67._(46112331415).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Marshal_of_Poland_J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski._Born_in_1867_and_died_in_1935_at_the_age_of_67._%2846112331415%29.jpg/220px-Marshal_of_Poland_J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski._Born_in_1867_and_died_in_1935_at_the_age_of_67._%2846112331415%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Marshal_of_Poland_J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski._Born_in_1867_and_died_in_1935_at_the_age_of_67._%2846112331415%29.jpg/330px-Marshal_of_Poland_J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski._Born_in_1867_and_died_in_1935_at_the_age_of_67._%2846112331415%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Marshal_of_Poland_J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski._Born_in_1867_and_died_in_1935_at_the_age_of_67._%2846112331415%29.jpg/440px-Marshal_of_Poland_J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski._Born_in_1867_and_died_in_1935_at_the_age_of_67._%2846112331415%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="960" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">1923年的毕苏斯基元帥</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background:lavender;;">波兰共和国国家元首</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none;"><span class="nowrap"><b>任期</b></span><br />1918年11月14日—1922年12月11日</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">总理</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>列表</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3%E9%BD%90%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E7%94%B3%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="伊格纳齐·达申斯基">伊格纳齐·达申斯基</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E6%9D%B0%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%88%87%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="延杰伊·莫拉切夫斯基">延杰伊·莫拉切夫斯基</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%89%AC%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E5%BE%B7%E9%9B%B7%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="伊格纳奇·扬·帕德雷夫斯基">伊格纳奇·扬·帕德雷夫斯基</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%E6%B3%A2%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="利奥波德·斯库尔斯基(页面不存在)">利奥波德·斯库尔斯基</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="瓦迪斯瓦夫·格拉布斯基">瓦迪斯瓦夫·格拉布斯基</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%B2%91%E8%92%82%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF" title="文岑蒂·维托斯">文岑蒂·维托斯</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="安东尼·波尼科夫斯基(页面不存在)">安东尼·波尼科夫斯基</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%88%A9%E6%B8%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="阿尔图尔·希利温斯基(页面不存在)">阿尔图尔·希利温斯基</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E7%93%A6%E5%85%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="尤利安·诺瓦克(页面不存在)">尤利安·诺瓦克</a> </div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">前任</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">无(新建)<br /><small>(上一相同职务单位:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%91%84%E6%94%BF%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="摄政委员会(页面不存在)">摄政委员会</a>)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">继任</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BA%B3%E9%B2%81%E6%89%98%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87" title="加布列尔·纳鲁托维奇">加布列尔·纳鲁托维奇</a><br /><small>(总统)</small></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background:lavender;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="波兰总理">波兰共和国总理</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none;"><span class="nowrap"><b>任期</b></span><br />1926年10月2日—1928年6月27日</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">总统</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%B8%8C%E5%A5%87%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="伊格纳奇·莫希奇茨基">伊格纳奇·莫希奇茨基</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">前任</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%BD%90%E7%B1%B3%E6%97%A5%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%B0%E5%B0%94" title="卡齐米日·巴尔泰尔">卡齐米日·巴尔泰尔</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">继任</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%BD%90%E7%B1%B3%E6%97%A5%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%B0%E5%B0%94" title="卡齐米日·巴尔泰尔">卡齐米日·巴尔泰尔</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none;"><span class="nowrap"><b>任期</b></span><br />1930年8月15日—1930年12月4日</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">总统</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%B8%8C%E5%A5%87%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="伊格纳奇·莫希奇茨基">伊格纳奇·莫希奇茨基</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">前任</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%8E%B1%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E9%9F%A6%E5%85%8B" title="瓦莱雷·斯瓦韦克">瓦莱雷·斯瓦韦克</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">继任</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%8E%B1%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E9%9F%A6%E5%85%8B" title="瓦莱雷·斯瓦韦克">瓦莱雷·斯瓦韦克</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background:lavender;;">波兰军队总检阅官</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none;"><span class="nowrap"><b>任期</b></span><br />1926年8月27日—1935年5月12日</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">总统</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%B8%8C%E5%A5%87%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="伊格纳奇·莫希奇茨基">伊格纳奇·莫希奇茨基</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">前任</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">无(新建)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">继任</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E5%85%B9-%E5%B8%8C%E7%B1%B3%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%B4" title="爱德华·雷兹-希米格维">爱德华·雷兹-希米格维</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background:lavender;;">国防部长</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none;"><span class="nowrap"><b>任期</b></span><br />1926年5月16日—1935年5月12日</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">总统</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%88%87%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%94%E4%BC%8A" title="马切伊·拉塔伊">马切伊·拉塔伊</a>(临时)<br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%B8%8C%E5%A5%87%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="伊格纳奇·莫希奇茨基">伊格纳奇·莫希奇茨基</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">总理</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>列表</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><div class="plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%BD%90%E7%B1%B3%E6%97%A5%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%B0%E5%B0%94" title="卡齐米日·巴尔泰尔">卡齐米日·巴尔泰尔</a><br />毕苏斯基本人<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%BD%90%E7%B1%B3%E6%97%A5%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%BB%B4%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="卡齐米日·希维塔尔斯基">卡齐米日·希维塔尔斯基</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%8E%B1%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E9%9F%A6%E5%85%8B" title="瓦莱雷·斯瓦韦克">瓦莱雷·斯瓦韦克</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="亚历山大·普雷斯托尔">亚历山大·普雷斯托尔</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8A%AA%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E5%BB%B6%E6%9D%B0%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87" title="亚努什·延杰耶维奇">亚努什·延杰耶维奇</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%85%B9%E6%B2%83%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="莱昂·科兹沃夫斯基">莱昂·科兹沃夫斯基</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E6%9B%BE%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86-%E7%A7%91%E5%B8%8C%E6%81%B0%E4%B9%8C%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="马里安·曾德拉姆-科希恰乌科夫斯基(页面不存在)">马里安·曾德拉姆-科希恰乌科夫斯基</a> </div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">前任</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%A4%E6%9F%B3%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%E7%93%A6-%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E5%88%87%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="尤柳什·塔尔纳瓦-马尔切夫斯基(页面不存在)">尤柳什·塔尔纳瓦-马尔切夫斯基</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">继任</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%BE%B7%E4%B9%8C%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E6%99%AE%E6%97%A5%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" title="塔德乌什·卡斯普日茨基">塔德乌什·卡斯普日茨基</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;">个人资料</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">出生</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="nickname">约瑟夫·克莱门斯·毕苏斯基<br />Józef Klemens Piłsudski</span><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1867-12-05</span>)</span>1867年12月5日<br /><span class="birthplace"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国">俄罗斯帝国</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE%E7%B4%90%E6%96%AF%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="維爾紐斯省">維爾紐斯省</a>祖武夫</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">逝世</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1935年5月12日<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1935歲—05—12</span>)</span>(67歲)<br /><span class="deathplace"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="波蘭第二共和國">波蘭第二共和國</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E6%B2%99" class="mw-redirect" title="華沙">華沙</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">政党</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">无(曾为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A" title="波兰社会党">波兰社会党</a>党员)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">配偶</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%9B%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="玛利亚·毕苏斯卡(页面不存在)">玛利亚·毕苏斯卡</a>;<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E6%A1%91%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="亚历桑德拉·毕苏斯卡(页面不存在)">亚历桑德拉·毕苏斯卡</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">儿女</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">二女,分別為萬達(1918-2001) 和亞德維加(1920-2014)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">宗教信仰</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马天主教">罗马天主教</a>(1867年-1899年)<br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%B9%89%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="信义宗">信义宗</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">签名</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="约瑟夫·毕苏斯基的签名"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_Signature.svg/128px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_Signature.svg/192px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_Signature.svg/256px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="37" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herb_Pi%C5%82sudski.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Herb_Pi%C5%82sudski.PNG" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="112" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F%E7%BA%B9%E7%AB%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="毕苏斯基家族纹章(页面不存在)">毕苏斯基家族纹章</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilsudski_wanted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pilsudski_wanted.jpg/220px-Pilsudski_wanted.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pilsudski_wanted.jpg/330px-Pilsudski_wanted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pilsudski_wanted.jpg/440px-Pilsudski_wanted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="817" /></a><figcaption>1887年<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国">俄罗斯帝国</a>曾对毕苏斯基发出过<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%B7%9D%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="通緝令">通缉令</a>,这是1928年的复制品,在“波兰独立十周年庆祝”中(可能由他的政敌)发布:<br /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84090868">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">翻译</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> “国家要犯<br /> <u>约瑟夫·毕苏斯基,</u>贵族<br /> <b>个人概况</b>:<br /> <b>年龄</b> 19岁(1887年)<br /> <b>身高</b> 1米75<br /> <b>面容</b> 清晰<br /> <b>眼色</b> 灰色<br /> <b>发色</b> 暗黄<br /> <b>鬓脚</b> 浅黄,稀少<br /> <b>眉毛</b> 暗黄,且双眉相连<br /> <b>下颏胡须</b> 暗黄<br /> <b>唇部胡须</b> 浅黄<br /> <b>鼻</b> 标准<br /> <b>嘴</b> 标准<br /> <b>牙</b> 几颗缺失<br /> <b>下颏</b> 圆下颏<br /> <b>特征:</b><br /> 1) 面容清晰,且眉毛与鼻连在一起<br /> 2) 右耳边缘有疣”</div></div></figcaption></figure> <p><b>约瑟夫·克莱门斯·毕苏斯基</b><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="波蘭語">波蘭語</a>:<span lang="pl">Józef Klemens Piłsudski</span>,1867年12月5日—1935年5月12日)是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波兰</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%B6" title="政治家">政治家</a>,曾任<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="波兰第二共和国">波兰第二共和国</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%83%E9%A6%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰国家元首(页面不存在)">国家元首</a>(1918年-1922年)、“第一元帅”(1920年起)和<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81" title="独裁">独裁</a>者(1926年-1935年),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他还是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="波兰第二共和国">波兰第二共和国</a>的领袖。自<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战">第一次世界大战</a>中期起,他成为了波兰政治中的主要力量和欧洲政局的重要人物。<sup id="cite_ref-Plach_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plach-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他被认为是让波兰在123年(是为<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E5%88%86%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="瓜分波兰">瓜分波兰时期</a>)后于1918年重返<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="独立运动">独立</a>的功臣。<sup id="cite_ref-Pozeg9–11_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pozeg9–11-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HD2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HD2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>但是,毕苏斯基未能将其家乡<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B" title="立陶宛">立陶宛</a>的大部分地方并入新生的波兰。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>毕苏斯基在其政治生涯前期是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A" title="波兰社会党">波兰社会党</a>的领导人。但最后,他意识到波兰的独立要靠武力争取,因此组建了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E8%BB%8D%E5%9C%98_(%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0)" title="波蘭軍團 (第一次世界大戰)">波兰军团</a>。1914年,他预感到,欧洲将会爆发一场战争,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国">俄罗斯帝国</a>会被<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E5%9B%BD_(%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98)" class="mw-redirect" title="同盟国 (第一次世界大战)">同盟国</a>击败,而同盟国又会被西方势力所击败。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>第一次世界大战爆发时,他和他的军团站在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8C%88%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥匈帝国">奥匈帝国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志帝国">德意志帝国</a>一边,以确保击败俄罗斯。1917年俄罗斯战局危急时,他又不再支持同盟国。 </p><p>自1918年11月波兰重返独立起到1922年,毕苏斯基一直是波兰的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%83%E9%A6%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰国家元首(页面不存在)">国家元首</a>”。1919年至1921年间,他在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%8B%8F%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="波苏战争">波苏战争</a>中统领波兰军队。1923年,以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A_(%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="民族民主党 (波兰)">民族民主党</a>为主的反对派控制<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="波蘭政府">波兰政府</a>,这时毕苏斯基淡出政坛。三年后的1926年5月,他发动<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E4%BA%94%E6%9C%88%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="波兰五月政变">政变</a>,并重新回到权力中心,成为波兰“事实上的”独裁者。一位<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B_(1861%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%931946%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利王國 (1861年–1946年)">意大利</a>驻华沙大使称他是“掩藏在旧世界骑士外表之下的自由民主主义者”。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>毕苏斯基自政变到1935年逝世为止一直集中精力于波兰的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="军事">军事</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%8B%E5%8A%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="外交事务">外交领域</a>。 </p><p>在去世前的三十年间,毕苏斯基通过两种互补的策略让波兰更为安定(但他对这两种政策的强调程度随时间的变化而变化):一是“<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="普罗米修斯计划">普罗米修斯计划</a>”,其目的是接连将<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国">俄罗斯帝国</a>及其后继者<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>分裂为若干国家;二是“<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%97%B4%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="海间联邦">海间联邦</a>”,这个联邦的成员为波兰及其邻国。虽然毕苏斯基的不少政策还留有争议,但他的想法还是得到了他的同胞的很高评价,并一直沿用到他逝世至少30年后。<sup id="cite_ref-TT_NGP_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT_NGP-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goldfarb_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldfarb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pozeg6_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pozeg6-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roshwald_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roshwald-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生平"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E5.B9.B3"></span>生平</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="编辑章节:生平"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="早年生涯"><span id=".E6.97.A9.E5.B9.B4.E7.94.9F.E6.B6.AF"></span>早年生涯</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="编辑章节:早年生涯"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piludski_w_szkole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Piludski_w_szkole.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="241" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>学生时代的毕苏斯基</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pi%C5%82sudski_1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pi%C5%82sudski_1885.jpg/220px-Pi%C5%82sudski_1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pi%C5%82sudski_1885.jpg/330px-Pi%C5%82sudski_1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pi%C5%82sudski_1885.jpg/440px-Pi%C5%82sudski_1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="1225" /></a><figcaption>毕苏斯基肖像(摄于1885年)</figcaption></figure> <p>1867年12月5日,约瑟夫·毕苏斯基在前<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="波兰立陶宛联邦">波兰立陶宛联邦</a>祖武夫(现<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="扎拉瓦斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Zalavas"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%8E%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="扎拉瓦斯(页面不存在)">扎拉瓦斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalavas" class="extiw" title="en:Zalavas"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Zalavas</span></a></span>)</span></span>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="波蘭語">波蘭語</a>:<span lang="pl">Zułów</span>,<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="立陶宛語">立陶宛語</a>:<span lang="lt">Zalavas</span>)的一个<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%AB%E5%A1%94" class="mw-redirect" title="施拉赫塔">波兰贵族</a>家族庄园内出生了,因为18世纪时<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="普鲁士王国">普</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="奥地利帝国">奥</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国">俄</a>三国瓜分波兰,毕苏斯基出生时这里归<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国">俄罗斯帝国</a>所有,而现在此地则属于<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B" title="立陶宛">立陶宛</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E6%96%87%E5%96%AC%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%80" title="什文喬尼斯區">什文乔尼斯区</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poland.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="毕苏斯基家族(页面不存在)">毕苏斯基家族</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pidl_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pidl-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>是一个拥有波兰爱国传统的没落贵族家族,<sup id="cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poland.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Urb_13-15_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_13-15-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>这个家族可能是波兰人家族<sup id="cite_ref-HD_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HD-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davies40_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies40-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>也可能是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E5%8C%96" title="波蘭化">波兰化</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E4%BA%BA" title="立陶宛人">立陶宛人</a>家族。<sup id="cite_ref-Pidl_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pidl-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="ref_乙none"><a href="#endnote_乙none">[乙]</a></sup>约瑟夫是家里的次子。 </p><p>毕苏斯基在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%BD%E6%96%AF" title="维尔纽斯">维尔纽斯</a>的俄罗斯<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%A7%91%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="文科中学">文科中学</a>就读,当时他并不是一个特别勤奋的学生。<sup id="cite_ref-Aviel_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aviel-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>讽刺的是,毕苏斯基的学弟中有一位正是将来的共产主义者<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%88%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%8D%B7%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%BB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="费利克斯·捷尔任斯基">费利克斯·捷尔任斯基</a>,后来两者成为政敌。<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>约瑟夫·毕苏斯基与他的兄弟<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E5%BD%93%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="亚当·毕苏斯基(页面不存在)">亚当</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E7%BE%85%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%95%A2%E8%98%87%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="布羅尼斯瓦夫·畢蘇斯基">布罗尼斯瓦夫</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%AC%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="扬·毕苏斯基(页面不存在)">扬</a>一起在他们的母亲玛利亚·“内”·比莱维奇的教导下学习波兰历史和波兰文学,而这正是俄罗斯当局所不允许的。<sup id="cite_ref-MM-208_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-208-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>兄弟四人的父亲也叫约瑟夫,曾参加反抗俄罗斯对波兰的统治的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%88%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9" title="一月起義">1863年1月起义</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poland.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>他的家族对俄罗斯的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%8C%96" title="俄羅斯化">俄化</a>政策很是不满。年轻的约瑟夫非常不愿意参与<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%9C%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="俄罗斯东正教会">俄罗斯东正教会</a>的宗教仪式<sup id="cite_ref-MM-208_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-208-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,最终带着不满离开学校,这份不满不只针对沙皇和俄罗斯帝国,也针对他非常熟悉的那种文化。<sup id="cite_ref-Pidl_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pidl-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1885年,毕苏斯基在<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="哈尔科夫大学">哈尔科夫大学</a>(位于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0" title="乌克兰">乌克兰</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="哈尔科夫">哈尔科夫</a>)学习医学,在那里他参加了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E7%B2%B9%E6%B4%BE" title="民粹派">民粹派</a>组织<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97" title="人民意志">人民意志</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-PWN_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1886年,他被禁止参加学生游行运动。<sup id="cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poland.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>有人将毕苏斯基的政治背景告诉给<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="多尔帕特大学">多尔帕特大学</a>(位于<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="爱沙尼亚">爱沙尼亚</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E5%9B%BE" title="塔尔图">塔尔图</a>)的权力机关,故该校拒绝将他录取。<sup id="cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poland.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1887年3月22日,俄罗斯当局以与<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%BD%E6%96%AF" title="维尔纽斯">维尔纽斯</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="社会主义者">社会主义者</a>密谋暗杀<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%9A%87" title="沙皇">沙皇</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" class="mw-redirect" title="亚历山大三世 (俄罗斯帝国)">亚历山大三世</a>的罪行逮捕毕苏斯基。<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>事实上,是他的哥哥布罗尼斯瓦夫参与暗杀沙皇的计划,而毕苏斯基与此事的关系也不过如此。<sup id="cite_ref-BronPił_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BronPił-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>布罗尼斯瓦夫被处以在东西伯利亚<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E8%BF%AB%E5%8B%9E%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="強迫勞役">强迫劳役</a>的处罚。<sup id="cite_ref-BronPił_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BronPił-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Urb_50_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_50-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>约瑟夫的待遇稍好一点:在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="西伯利亚">西伯利亚</a>流放五年,先流放于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E6%8B%BF%E6%B2%B3" title="勒拿河">勒拿河</a>岸的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%BB%89%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B" title="基廉斯克">基廉斯克</a>,后流放于<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%AF%E5%8D%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="屯卡(页面不存在)">屯卡</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poland.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Urb_50_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_50-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>被转移至西伯利亚囚犯护送队期间,毕苏斯基在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94%E5%BA%93%E8%8C%A8%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="伊尔库茨克">伊尔库茨克</a>的一所监狱里滞留了几周。<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他在那里参与了被当局看做是造反的一幕:一名囚犯侮辱一位守卫并拒绝道歉,他和其他政治犯因违抗而遭到了守卫的殴打;<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_62–66_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_62–66-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>毕苏斯基被打掉了两颗牙,并参与了随后的绝食抗议,直到当局恢复了政治犯在那次骚乱后被剥夺的权利。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_62–66_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_62–66-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>因为参与这次骚乱,1881年他被判处六个月监禁。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_68–69_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_68–69-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>监禁的头一天,他被迫在零下40度的环境下过夜,并因此患病。他虽然死里逃生,但是也因此留下了终身的后遗症。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_68–69_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_68–69-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>流放至西伯利亚时,他遇到了很多<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E4%BA%BA%E6%B5%81%E6%94%BE%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰人流放西伯利亚(页面不存在)">与他相同命运的波兰人</a>,其中包括几乎成为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%88%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9" title="一月起義">1863年1月起义</a>领袖的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E4%BB%80%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E9%87%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="布罗尼斯瓦夫·什瓦尔采(页面不存在)">布罗尼斯瓦夫·什瓦尔采</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_74–77_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_74–77-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>俄罗斯当局允许他自主选择工作,他便依靠教授儿童数学和外语维持生计<sup id="cite_ref-Pidl_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pidl-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>(他能讲法语、德语、立陶宛语<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、俄语、他的母语波兰语;他后来学了英语)。<sup id="cite_ref-Jedrz13_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jedrz13-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>当时大部分流放者都享有领取10<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A2%E5%B8%83" title="俄罗斯卢布">卢布</a>抚恤金的权利。然而由于毕苏斯基具有波兰贵族的身份,当地官员认定他不能领取该抚恤金。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_71_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_71-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="出獄"><span id=".E5.87.BA.E7.8D.84"></span>出獄</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="编辑章节:出獄"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jozef_Pilsudski_in_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Jozef_Pilsudski_in_1899.jpg/250px-Jozef_Pilsudski_in_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Jozef_Pilsudski_in_1899.jpg/375px-Jozef_Pilsudski_in_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Jozef_Pilsudski_in_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>1899年的毕苏斯基</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pi%C5%82sudski_Ochrana_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pi%C5%82sudski_Ochrana_1900.jpg/220px-Pi%C5%82sudski_Ochrana_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pi%C5%82sudski_Ochrana_1900.jpg/330px-Pi%C5%82sudski_Ochrana_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pi%C5%82sudski_Ochrana_1900.jpg/440px-Pi%C5%82sudski_Ochrana_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>毕苏斯基被<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%85%8B%E7%91%9E%E7%BA%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="奥克瑞纳">奥克瑞纳</a>逮捕后,所拍摄的入狱照(摄于1900年)</figcaption></figure> <p>1892年,毕苏斯基刑满释放,并在特内尼艾(现位于<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89%E8%8E%B1%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="希拉莱地区(页面不存在)">希拉莱地区</a>)的阿多马瓦斯庄园定居下来。1893年,他加入<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A" title="波兰社会党">波兰社会党</a>(<i>PPS</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poland.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>并帮助组建社会党立陶宛支部。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_88_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_88-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>最开始,他是社会党的激进派,尽管社会主义通常是以<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="国际主义">国际主义</a>的面目出现,但他心底里还是波兰<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="民族主义">民族主义</a>者。<sup id="cite_ref-MM-209_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-209-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1894年,他开始出版社会主义的地下报纸《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E6%8A%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="工人报(页面不存在)">工人报</a>》(<i>Robotnik</i>),并成为这份报纸的<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="总编辑">总编辑</a>;他也是这份报纸的总作者,最初他还是这份报纸的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%92%E5%AD%97%E5%B7%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="排字工(页面不存在)">排字工</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poland.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PWN_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Urb_93_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_93-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Piłsudski12_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piłsudski12-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1895年,他成为社会党领导人,他将学术问题摆在次要位置上,并将社会主义思想融入民族主义理论,因为这种做法最有可能让波兰重新独立。<sup id="cite_ref-PWN_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1899年7月15日,毕苏斯基与他的女同行<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%9B%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="玛利亚·毕苏斯基(页面不存在)">玛利亚·尤什凯维乔娃·“内”·科普莱夫斯卡</a>结婚<sup id="cite_ref-Alabrudzinska99_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alabrudzinska99-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garlicki63_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garlicki63-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pobog-Malinowski07_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pobog-Malinowski07-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>根据毕苏斯基的首席传记作者瓦茨瓦夫·延德热耶维奇的说法,这场婚姻实际上政治色彩比浪漫色彩浓。两人都积极参与社会主义运动与独立运动。《工人报》最早的印刷处并不是在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%85%B9" class="mw-disambig" title="罗兹">罗兹</a>,而是在两人位于<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%BD%E6%96%AF" title="维尔纽斯">维尔纽斯</a>的公寓。操持日常家庭生活的借口使他们的住处免受怀疑。俄国的法律也保护妻子免受丈夫非法活动的牵连。<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他俩的感情在几年后开始恶化,因为毕苏斯基开始与另一位年轻的女社会主义者,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E6%A1%91%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="亚历桑德拉·毕苏斯卡(页面不存在)">亚历桑德拉·什切尔宾斯卡</a>发生关系。<sup id="cite_ref-MM-209_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-209-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>玛利亚在1921年逝世,那年10月,毕苏斯基与亚历桑德拉结婚。亚历桑德拉后来生下两个女孩,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%89%E8%BE%BE%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="婉达·毕苏斯卡(页面不存在)">婉达</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%85%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%8A%A0%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="雅德维加·毕苏斯卡(页面不存在)">雅德维加</a>。他们的婚事也遇到了麻烦。<sup id="cite_ref-Aleksandra_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aleksandra-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1900年2月,在俄方当局发现位于<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%85%B9" class="mw-disambig" title="罗兹">罗兹</a>的《工人报》的地下印刷机后,毕苏斯基被囚禁于<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="华沙城堡(页面不存在)">华沙城堡</a>。但是,他在1901年5月假装患有精神病保外就医,并在波兰医生<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E7%A5%96%E5%B0%94%E5%87%AF%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87_(1871%E5%B9%B4-1933%E5%B9%B4)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦迪斯瓦夫·马祖尔凯维奇 (1871年-1933年)(页面不存在)">瓦迪斯瓦夫·马祖尔凯维奇</a>和其他人的帮助下,逃到<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8C%88%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥匈帝国">奥匈帝国</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A_(%E4%B8%AD%E6%AC%A7)" class="mw-redirect" title="加利西亚 (中欧)">加利西亚</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poland.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>此时,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%B0" title="俄罗斯波兰领地">俄属波兰和立陶宛</a>所有党派与俄罗斯帝国关系缓和,并将目标定在与帝国开展关于提高波兰自治权的谈判,在这种情况下,毕苏斯基的波兰社会党成为了唯一一个准备为波兰独立而与帝国一战,并以武力达成这个目标的政治力量。<sup id="cite_ref-Pidl_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pidl-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1904年夏<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%BF%84%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="日俄战争">日俄战争</a>(1904年-1905年)爆发,毕苏斯基来到日本<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%AC" title="东京">东京</a>,在那里他试图让<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大日本帝國">大日本帝國</a>援助波兰革命,但这个目标未能达成。毕苏斯基愿意为日本提供<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E6%8A%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="情报">情报</a>,以支持它与俄罗斯的战争,并提议成立<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E8%BB%8D%E5%9C%98" title="波蘭軍團">波兰军团</a>,征召被日军俘虏的俄军中的波兰人。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_109–111_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_109–111-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他也提出了以让俄罗斯民族分裂为目标的「<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="普罗米修斯计划">普罗米修斯计划</a>」——后来,他也继续推行这个计划。<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>另一位有名的波兰人,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="罗曼·德莫夫斯基">罗曼·德莫夫斯基</a>也来到日本,他不赞成毕苏斯基的计划,并认为这个“波兰革命”必定会失败,在那里他要阻止日本政府支持波兰革命。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_109–111_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_109–111-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zamoyski-330_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamoyski-330-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>德莫夫斯基,这个波兰爱国者,会成为毕苏斯基一生的主要政敌。<sup id="cite_ref-Zamoyski-332_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamoyski-332-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>最后,毕苏斯基在日本所得到的远远低于他的期望,波兰社会党及其军队僅獲得枪支弹药,而组建波兰军团的建议則被回絕。<sup id="cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poland.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Urb_109–111_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_109–111-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1904年秋,毕苏斯基建立了一个准军事团体(<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A%E6%88%98%E6%96%97%E5%9B%A2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰社会党战斗团(页面不存在)">波兰社会党战斗团</a>,或称为<i>bojówki</i>),来发动反抗俄罗斯统治的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="武装起义">武装起义</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Zamoyski-330_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamoyski-330-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>社会党在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99" title="华沙">华沙</a>等地组织的游行示威越来越多;1904年10月28日,俄罗斯<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="哥萨克">哥萨克</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%91%E5%85%B5" title="骑兵">骑兵</a>镇压了一次游行示威事件,作为报复,在11月13日的游行中,毕苏斯基的军队向俄警察和军队开火。<sup id="cite_ref-Zamoyski-330_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamoyski-330-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Urb_113–116_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_113–116-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>这个团体最开始集中精力于间谍和情报人员,到了1905年3月,他们便开始用炸弹暗杀指定的俄罗斯警官。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_117–118_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_117–118-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1905年俄國革命後"><span id="1905.E5.B9.B4.E4.BF.84.E5.9C.8B.E9.9D.A9.E5.91.BD.E5.BE.8C"></span>1905年俄國革命後</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="编辑章节:1905年俄國革命後"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_with_Supreme_Command_of_Polish_Military_Organisation_in_1917.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_with_Supreme_Command_of_Polish_Military_Organisation_in_1917.PNG/250px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_with_Supreme_Command_of_Polish_Military_Organisation_in_1917.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_with_Supreme_Command_of_Polish_Military_Organisation_in_1917.PNG/375px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_with_Supreme_Command_of_Polish_Military_Organisation_in_1917.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_with_Supreme_Command_of_Polish_Military_Organisation_in_1917.PNG/500px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_with_Supreme_Command_of_Polish_Military_Organisation_in_1917.PNG 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>约瑟夫·毕苏斯基与<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰军队组织(页面不存在)">波兰军队组织</a>司令部在1917年的合照</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="1905年俄国革命">1905年俄国革命</a>期间,毕苏斯基在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="波兰议会王国">波兰议会王国</a>的运动中起领导作用。<sup id="cite_ref-Zamoyski-330_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamoyski-330-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1905年初,他命令波兰社会党在那里发动一次大罢工;这次罢工有四十万左右的工人参与,并持续了至少两个月,直到俄罗斯当局镇压了这次罢工。<sup id="cite_ref-Zamoyski-330_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamoyski-330-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1905年6月,毕苏斯基向<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%85%B9" class="mw-disambig" title="罗兹">罗兹</a>的一次起义提供准军事性质的援助。<sup id="cite_ref-Zamoyski-330_52-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamoyski-330-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>在因罗兹起义而闻名的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E5%85%B9%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89_(1905%E5%B9%B4)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="罗兹起义 (1905年)(页面不存在)">六月事件</a>”中,毕苏斯基的军队和忠于德莫夫斯基的枪手,及其<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="民族民主主义(页面不存在)">民族民主党</a>发生冲突。<sup id="cite_ref-Zamoyski-330_52-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamoyski-330-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1905年12月22日,毕苏斯基要求所有的波兰工人起义; 然而这个要求却大半未见回应。<sup id="cite_ref-Zamoyski-330_52-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamoyski-330-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>和民族民主党不一样,毕苏斯基要求波兰社会党拒绝参加<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E6%9D%9C%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="帝國杜馬">第一杜马</a>的选举。<sup id="cite_ref-Zamoyski-330_52-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamoyski-330-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>这个决定和他要通过武力让波兰独立的决心使波兰社会党处于紧张的状态中,波兰社会党最终在1906年11月脱离毕苏斯基的领导。<sup id="cite_ref-Zamoyski-332_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamoyski-332-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他的派系开始被称为“旧派”或“革命派”(“<i>Starzy</i>”或“<i>Frakcja Rewolucyjna</i>”),而他的反对派则称为“新派”、“现代派”或“左翼”(“<i>Młodzi</i>”,“ <i>Frakcja Umiarkowana</i>”,“<i>Lewica</i>”)。“新派”同情<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD%E5%92%8C%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A" title="波兰王国和立陶宛社会民主党">波兰王国与立陶宛的社会民主主义者</a>,而且相信自己的重心应放在与俄罗斯革命者合作上,他们应一起推翻沙皇的统治并建立社会主义的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%89%98%E9%82%A6" title="乌托邦">乌托邦</a>,这些“新派”认为这样做会减少独立协商的困难。<sup id="cite_ref-PWN_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>毕苏斯基和他在革命派中的支持者继续策划反沙皇俄国的起义,相信这会让波兰独立。<sup id="cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poland.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1909年,他的派系再次成为波兰社会党的多数派,毕苏斯基继续成为波兰社会党最重要的领导人之一,直到一战爆发。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb%20131_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb%2520131-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>毕苏斯基预料到一场欧洲大战将要爆发<sup id="cite_ref-Roos_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roos-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JR45_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JR45-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,并预感到组织未来的波兰军队核心的必要性,这个核心将会帮助波兰在18世纪被三个帝国<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E5%88%86%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="瓜分波兰">瓜分</a>灭亡后,重新赢得独立。1906年,在奥地利当局的默许下,毕苏斯基在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB" title="克拉科夫">克拉科夫</a>成立一座军校,用以训练准军事性质的军队。<sup id="cite_ref-Zamoyski-332_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamoyski-332-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>就在1906年,800名士兵五人一组在波兰会议王国杀死了336名俄方官员;在后来的几年中,他们的人员伤亡情况减少,而军队规模在1908年增长到2000多人。<sup id="cite_ref-Zamoyski-332_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamoyski-332-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Urb%20121%E2%80%93122_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb%2520121%25E2%2580%2593122-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>这支军队也切断了俄方当局从波兰通往其他地方的资金流。在1908年9月26日和27日之间的夜里,他们劫持了一辆邮政列车,这辆列车是俄罗斯用以将税款从华沙运输到圣彼得堡的。<sup id="cite_ref-Zamoyski-332_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamoyski-332-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>参与<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%B9%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%BC%E7%AA%81%E8%A2%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="贝兹达尼突袭(页面不存在)">贝兹达尼突袭</a>的毕苏斯基就是通过如此“征收钱款”来为他的秘密军队提供资金。<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他们通过劫掠得到的财富(200,812卢布)在那时算得上一笔巨款,相当于这个军队前两年的全部收入。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb%20121%E2%80%93122_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb%2520121%25E2%2580%2593122-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1908年,毕苏斯基将他的军队更名为“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%98%E6%96%97%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="战斗协会(页面不存在)">战斗协会</a>”(<i>Związek Walki Czynnej</i>,简称<i>ZWC</i>),由他的亲信<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦迪斯瓦夫·斯科尔斯基(页面不存在)">瓦迪斯瓦夫·斯科尔斯基</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E5%87%AF%E5%B0%94&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="马里安·库凯尔(页面不存在)">马里安·库凯尔</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E9%BD%90%E7%B1%B3%E6%97%A5%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E6%96%AF%E6%81%A9%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="卡齐米日·索斯恩科夫斯基(页面不存在)">卡齐米日·索斯恩科夫斯基</a>领导。<sup id="cite_ref-Zamoyski-332_53-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamoyski-332-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>建立战斗协会的主要目的之一就是为未来的波兰军队训练军官与士官。<sup id="cite_ref-PWN_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1910年,两个合法的军队组织分别在奥属波兰的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%83%E5%A4%AB" title="利沃夫">利沃夫</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB" title="克拉科夫">克拉科夫</a>成立,以进行<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="军事学">军事学</a>方面的训练。在奥方当局的许可下,毕苏斯基成立了一系列“体育俱乐部”,这就是后来的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A5%E5%85%B5%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="步兵协会(页面不存在)">步兵协会</a>,这个协会为训练波兰军队提供场所。1912年,毕苏斯基(使用假名“梅奇斯瓦夫”)成为步兵协会(<i>Związek Strzelecki</i>)的总司令,这个协会的人数到了1914年,已经增长到了12000人。<sup id="cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poland.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zamoyski-332_53-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamoyski-332-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1914年,毕苏斯基提出,“现在只有剑才能够决定国家的命运。”<sup id="cite_ref-Zamoyski-332_53-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamoyski-332-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="一战"><span id=".E4.B8.80.E6.88.98"></span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="一战">一战</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="编辑章节:一战"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pi%C5%82sudski_16.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pi%C5%82sudski_16.JPG/180px-Pi%C5%82sudski_16.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pi%C5%82sudski_16.JPG/270px-Pi%C5%82sudski_16.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pi%C5%82sudski_16.JPG/360px-Pi%C5%82sudski_16.JPG 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption>一战中的毕苏斯基(1916年)</figcaption></figure> <p>1914年,毕苏斯基在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a>的一次会议上预言道:一场大战即将爆发,而这将是光復波兰的时机,俄罗斯必将被同盟国(<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8C%88%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥匈帝国">奥匈帝国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志帝国">德意志帝国</a>)击败,而后者也将会被<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰西第三共和国">法国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国">英国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>打败。<sup id="cite_ref-Roos_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roos-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JR45_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JR45-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>相比而言,毕苏斯基的对手<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="罗曼·德莫夫斯基">罗曼·德莫夫斯基</a>则认为,让波兰统一,独立的最好办法就是支持<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8F%E7%BA%A6%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="协约国">协约国</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E5%9B%BD_(%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98)" class="mw-redirect" title="同盟国 (第一次世界大战)">同盟国</a>作战。<sup id="cite_ref-Zamoyski-333_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamoyski-333-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 一战爆发后的8月3日,毕苏斯基在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB" title="克拉科夫">克拉科夫</a>组建一支小型精锐部队,即<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%B2%BE%E9%94%90%E8%BF%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="第一精锐连(页面不存在)">第一精锐连</a>,其成员来自于<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A5%E5%85%B5%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="步兵协会(页面不存在)">步兵协会</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%AD%A5%E5%85%B5%E5%B0%8F%E9%98%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰步兵小队(页面不存在)">波兰步兵小队</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_171–172_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_171–172-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PolPrzem_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PolPrzem-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>同一天,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3-%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E6%97%A5%E8%8E%AB%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦迪斯瓦夫·贝利纳-普拉日莫夫斯基(页面不存在)">瓦迪斯瓦夫·贝利纳-普拉日莫夫斯基</a>指挥的一支骑兵队越过俄罗斯边界执行侦查任务,直到此事发生3天后的8月6日,奥匈帝国和俄罗斯才正式宣战。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_168_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_168-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>毕苏斯基的战略是将他的军队向北送往<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%B1%AC%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="俄屬波蘭">俄属波兰</a>,送往<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="俄罗斯帝国军事史(页面不存在)">俄军</a>已经撤出的地带,他希望突出重围到达华沙,在那里发动一次民族起义。<sup id="cite_ref-PWN_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cienciala_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cienciala-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>毕苏斯基利用他有限的兵力,并在开始的几天批准成立子虚乌有的“华沙国家政府”,以此来支持他的计划,<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_174–175_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_174–175-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他还将奥地利的命令利用到极致,争取主动,继续前进,并在解放的城镇确立波兰式制度,而奥地利人认为他的军队仅仅是帮忙侦查,支持奥地利主力部队而已。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_178–179_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_178–179-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1914年8月12日,毕苏斯基占领了<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%B1%E7%88%BE%E9%87%87%E7%9C%81" title="凱爾采省">凯尔采省</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E5%B0%94%E9%87%87" title="凯尔采">凯尔采</a>,但是毕苏斯基发现,他实际得到的支持要比他想象的要少。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_170–171_and_180–182_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_170–171_and_180–182-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>不久,他正式组建<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%86%9B%E5%9B%A2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="第一次世界大战波兰军团(页面不存在)">波兰军团</a>,并亲自担当<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%86%9B%E5%9B%A2%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%97%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰军团第一旅(页面不存在)">第一旅</a>的总司令,<sup id="cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poland.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他成功地带领第一旅打了几场胜仗。<sup id="cite_ref-PWN_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>毕苏斯基也在1914年秋秘密地告诉英国政府,他的军团不会同法国或英国作战,只会与俄国作战。<sup id="cite_ref-Cienciala_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cienciala-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>毕苏斯基命令,要称军团人员为“公民”(<i>Obywatel</i>),这是在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="法国大革命">法国大革命</a>中产生的称呼,而他自己则被称为“指挥官”(“ <i>Komendant</i>”)。 <sup id="cite_ref-Zamoyski-333_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamoyski-333-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>毕苏斯基在接下来的几年中得到他的手下对他的极度尊敬与忠诚。<sup id="cite_ref-Zamoyski-333_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamoyski-333-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>直到1917年前,波兰军团都站在同盟国阵营内与俄国作战。同样在1914年,军团成立后不久,毕苏斯基组建了另一个组织,<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="波蘭軍事組織">波兰军事组织</a>,这是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%83%85%E6%8A%A5%E5%B1%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰情报局(页面不存在)">波兰情报局</a>的前身,用于执行谍报活动和破坏任务。<sup id="cite_ref-PWN_31-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cienciala_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cienciala-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1916年中期,波兰军团在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E4%B9%8C%E8%B5%AB%E5%8A%AA%E5%A4%AB%E5%8D%A1%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="科斯蒂乌赫努夫卡战役(页面不存在)">科斯蒂乌赫努夫卡战役</a>中以至少2000人伤亡的代价延缓了俄国的入侵,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>之后毕苏斯基要求同盟国保证波兰独立。为此他用他自己和军团很多军官的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%9E%E8%81%8C%E4%B9%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="辞职书(页面不存在)">辞职书</a>做为筹码。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_251–252_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_251–252-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1916年11月5日,同盟国声明,波兰是“独立”的,希望以此来增加派往<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E6%88%98%E7%BA%BF_(%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98)" title="东方战线 (第一次世界大战)">东方战线</a>的波军士兵数,这样的话,同盟国也就能让更多德军投身于<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%88%98%E7%BA%BF_(%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98)" class="mw-redirect" title="西方战线 (第一次世界大战)">西方战线</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Biskupski_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biskupski-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilsudski_and_officers_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Pilsudski_and_officers_1915.jpg/220px-Pilsudski_and_officers_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Pilsudski_and_officers_1915.jpg/330px-Pilsudski_and_officers_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Pilsudski_and_officers_1915.jpg/440px-Pilsudski_and_officers_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>毕苏斯基与他的军官们,1915年</figcaption></figure> <p>毕苏斯基同意到德奧扶植的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%91%84%E6%94%BF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="波兰摄政王国">波兰攝政王国</a>任职,担任新成立的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%91%84%E6%94%BF%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰摄政政府(页面不存在)">波兰摄政政府</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="战争部长">战争部长</a>;依此身份他应该是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰王国军队(页面不存在)">波兰王国军队</a>的负责人。<sup id="cite_ref-Zamoyski-333_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamoyski-333-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/1917%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="1917年俄国革命">1917年俄国革命</a>后,因为同盟国形势的不断恶化,毕苏斯基立场更加强硬,并宣称他的手下不再是“德国<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%86%9B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="殖民军(页面不存在)">殖民军</a>”,且这支部队只用来攻打俄国。他预感到同盟国将要战败,而他自己也并不希望站在战败者的行列。<sup id="cite_ref-JR45_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JR45-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Urb_253_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_253-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1917年7月,毕苏斯基因为“<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E8%AA%93%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="宣誓危机">宣誓危机</a>”事件遭到逮捕并被囚禁于<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%A0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E5%A0%A1" title="马格德堡">马格德堡</a>,这场危机源于他禁止波兰士兵对同盟国<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%A3%E8%AA%93%E6%95%88%E5%BF%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="宣誓效忠(页面不存在)">宣誓效忠</a>;波军被解散,其士兵被并入<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8C%88%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="奥匈帝国军队">奥匈帝国军队</a>, <sup id="cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poland.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cienciala_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cienciala-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>而<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="波蘭軍事組織">波兰军事组织</a>开始对德国目标发起攻击。<sup id="cite_ref-PWN_31-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>毕苏斯基因为遭到逮捕在同胞中名声大噪,很多波兰人开始将他看做最为坚定的领袖,并认为他会誓与三个瓜分波兰的帝国奋战到底。<sup id="cite_ref-PWN_31-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1918年11月8日,毕苏斯基和他的同僚<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E9%BD%90%E7%B1%B3%E6%97%A5%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E6%96%AF%E6%81%A9%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="卡齐米日·索斯恩科夫斯基(页面不存在)">卡齐米日·索斯恩科夫斯基</a>被德国人从马格德堡释放,不久,他们和之前的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81" class="mw-redirect" title="列宁">列宁</a>一样,被安排在驶往他们国家首都的私人火车上,因为走投无路的德国人希望毕苏斯基组建一支对他们友好的部队。<sup id="cite_ref-Cienciala_65-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cienciala-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="重建波兰"><span id=".E9.87.8D.E5.BB.BA.E6.B3.A2.E5.85.B0"></span>重建波兰</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="编辑章节:重建波兰"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulica_Mokotowska_50,_Warsaw.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ulica_Mokotowska_50%2C_Warsaw.JPG/220px-Ulica_Mokotowska_50%2C_Warsaw.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ulica_Mokotowska_50%2C_Warsaw.JPG/330px-Ulica_Mokotowska_50%2C_Warsaw.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ulica_Mokotowska_50%2C_Warsaw.JPG/440px-Ulica_Mokotowska_50%2C_Warsaw.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>华沙的莫科托夫斯卡街50号,毕苏斯基曾在11月13日至29日,他从<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%A0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E5%A0%A1" title="马格德堡">马格德堡</a>逃离后在此居住</figcaption></figure> <p>1918年11月11日,毕苏斯基被<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%91%84%E6%94%BF%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="摄政委员会(页面不存在)">摄政委员会</a>任命为波军<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4" title="總司令">总司令</a>,并被委以为这个新生国家建立国家政府的重任。那一天(后来这一天成了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%97%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰独立日(页面不存在)">波兰独立日</a>),他宣布波兰独立。<sup id="cite_ref-Cienciala_65-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cienciala-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>同样是这一周,毕苏斯基让德国驻军从华沙撤军,德军其他部队从“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9C%E7%BA%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%86%9B%E6%80%BB%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4%E9%83%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="东线德军总司令部(页面不存在)">东线德军总司令部</a>”撤军的问题上进行协商。至少55000名德军会和平地离开波兰,并将他们的武器留给波兰人。下个月,共有至少500000人离开了波兰。<sup id="cite_ref-Cienciala_65-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cienciala-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Urb_256_and_277–278_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_256_and_277–278-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1918年11月14日,政府要求毕苏斯基临时管理国家的运作。11月22日,他从<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E6%9D%B0%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%88%87%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="延杰伊·莫拉切夫斯基">延杰伊·莫拉切夫斯基</a>的新政府那里,得到了新生波兰的临时国家元首(<i>Naczelnik Państwa</i>)的头衔。<sup id="cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poland.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>波兰各个军事组织和临时政府(华沙<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%91%84%E6%94%BF%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="摄政委员会(页面不存在)">摄政委员会</a>;<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E7%94%B3%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="伊格纳奇·达申斯基(页面不存在)">伊格纳奇·达申斯基</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E5%B8%83%E6%9E%97" title="卢布林">卢布林</a>政府;和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB" title="克拉科夫">克拉科夫</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%B8%85%E7%AE%97%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰清算委员会(页面不存在)">波兰清算委员会</a>)都听从毕苏斯基,而他也开始成立新的联合政府。这个政府中社会主义者占多数,并且波兰社会党展开了多项改革,譬如<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%B0%8F%E6%97%B6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6" title="八小时工作制">八小时工作制</a>、免费教育、和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="女性選舉權">女性选举权</a>等,这些改革从长远看尤为重要。这对于避免重大暴乱事件来说,必不可少。 </p><p>但是,毕苏斯基相信,身为一国首脑,他的立场必须要超越党派政治。<sup id="cite_ref-PWN_31-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cienciala_65-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cienciala-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>抵达华沙后,他遇到了地下岁月中的老同事,这些老同志以社会主义的方式称他为“<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8C%E5%BF%97" class="mw-redirect" title="革命同志">同志</a>”,并要他支持他们的革命政策;但这遭到了他的拒绝,他还说:“同志们,我与你们一同搭乘社会主义的红色<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%BD%A8%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="有轨电车">电车</a>,我在一个称作‘独立’的站点下车,而你们也许会继续坐在车上,直到电车抵达你们希望的那个终点站,但是从现在开始,让我们称呼彼此为‘先生’吧(而宁可不用社会主义者之间的称呼‘同志’)!” <sup id="cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poland.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他减少对任何一党的支持,并且不成立任何属于他自己的政治团体;相反,他主张成立联合政府。<sup id="cite_ref-PWN_31-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suleja202_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suleja202-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他也开始组建不包含在德国、俄国和奥地利军队服过役的波兰老兵的波兰军队。 </p><p>一战后不久的日子里,毕苏斯基试图在这么一个百废待兴的国家上建立一个政府。俄属波兰大部分地区都在战争中被夷为平地,而德意志人彻底的掠夺又让这个地区的财富减少了至少10%。<sup id="cite_ref-MM-210_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-210-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>一位在1919年1月来到华沙的英国外交官这么写道:“每时每刻出现在人们眼中的的那种极度悲惨贫穷,是我之前在任何第个地方都看不到的。”<sup id="cite_ref-MM-210_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-210-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>另外,从前德意志、奥地利和俄罗斯在各自的波兰领地建立迥异的法律系统、经济制度和<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府">政府</a>体制,而这些制度需要统一。这个地方有九种法律体系,五种货币,66种铁路系统(以及165种火车头型号),这些也都亟待统一。<sup id="cite_ref-MM-210_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-210-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warszawaid4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Warszawaid4.jpg/220px-Warszawaid4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Warszawaid4.jpg/330px-Warszawaid4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Warszawaid4.jpg/440px-Warszawaid4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>毕苏斯基在华沙<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%99%AF%E5%AE%AE_(%E8%8F%AF%E6%B2%99)" title="美景宮 (華沙)">美景宫</a>——他执政时官邸前的雕像</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E8%8C%A8%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%BB%B6%E6%9D%B0%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦茨瓦夫·延杰耶维奇(页面不存在)">瓦茨瓦夫·延杰耶维奇</a>在《毕苏斯基:一生为波兰》(<i>Piłsudski: A Life for Poland</i>)一书中称,毕苏斯基在作出决策时非常谨慎。在作出决定前,他总要先收集所有有关联且可用的信息,再花时间来考虑。毕苏斯基驱使自己整天整夜地努力工作。<sup id="cite_ref-MM-210_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-210-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他坚持<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E8%BE%BE%E5%BC%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="斯巴达式(页面不存在)">斯巴达式</a>的生活方式,吃饭时也仅仅是独自在廉价餐馆里吃简朴的食物。<sup id="cite_ref-MM-210_75-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-210-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>虽然毕苏斯基在波兰大众中非常受欢迎,但他不合群(长时间地下工作的后果)、多疑的性格让他与其他波兰政治家关系紧张。<sup id="cite_ref-MM-209_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-209-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>毕苏斯基和波兰第一政府得不到西方的信任,既因为毕苏斯基曾在1914年到1917年间与同盟国合作,也因为达申斯基和延杰伊·莫拉切夫斯基的政府以社会主义者为主。<sup id="cite_ref-Cienciala_65-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cienciala-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>直到1919年1月,世界著名钢琴家和作曲家<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%89%AC%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E5%BE%B7%E9%9B%B7%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="伊格纳奇·扬·帕德雷夫斯基">伊格纳奇·帕德雷夫斯基</a>担任新政府的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="波兰总理">总理</a>和外交部长后,波兰才得到西方的认可。<sup id="cite_ref-Cienciala_65-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cienciala-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>这一时期依然有两个彼此独立的政府自称为波兰的合法政府:毕苏斯基的华沙政府和德莫夫斯基的巴黎政府。<sup id="cite_ref-MM-210_75-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-210-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>为了确保波兰只有一个政府,避免内战的发生,帕德雷夫斯基会见德莫夫斯基和毕苏斯基,劝他们联合起来。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%92%8C%E4%BC%9A_(1919%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="巴黎和会 (1919年)">巴黎和会</a>时,德莫夫斯基和帕德雷夫斯基代表波兰出席,而毕苏斯基担任临时的国家元首和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4" title="總司令">总司令</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-MM-213–214_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-213–214-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%9B%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="凡尔赛条约">凡尔赛条约</a>的第87至93条<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%9B%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="小凡尔赛条约(页面不存在)">小凡尔赛条约</a>使波兰独立主权国的地位在国际领域中得到确立。<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>毕苏斯基经常与德莫夫斯基起摩擦,前者不同意后者波兰人是新生波兰的统治民族的看法,而德莫夫斯基试图从<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%8E%9B%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="魏玛共和国">德国</a>但泽(现在的波兰<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E4%BD%86%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B" title="格但斯克">格但斯克</a>)派<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E8%BB%8D_(%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD)" title="藍軍 (波蘭)">蓝军</a>到波兰一事也惹怒了毕苏斯基。<sup id="cite_ref-MM-211_and_214_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-211_and_214-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BFG_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFG-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1919年1月5日,德莫夫斯基的一些支持者(<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%8A%AA%E6%B2%99%E4%BC%8A%E6%8F%90%E6%96%AF-%E7%83%AD%E6%A0%BC%E5%A1%94&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="马里安·亚努沙伊提斯-热格塔(页面不存在)">马里安·亚努沙伊提斯-热格塔</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E9%BB%91%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E4%BD%A9%E5%93%88&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="埃乌斯塔黑·萨佩哈(页面不存在)">埃乌斯塔黑·萨佩哈</a>)试图发起针对毕苏斯基和总理莫拉切夫斯基的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98_(1919%E5%B9%B4)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰政变 (1919年)(页面不存在)">政变</a>,但并未成功。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_499–501_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_499–501-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1919年2月20日,毕苏斯基宣布,他会将他的大权交还给近期选举产生的波兰国会(瑟姆,<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="波蘭語">波蘭語</a>:<span lang="pl">Sejm</span>)。但是,瑟姆在<a href="/w/index.php?title=1919%E5%B9%B4%E5%B0%8F%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1919年小宪法(页面不存在)">1919年小宪法</a>中恢复他的职位。“临时”的字眼从他的头衔中取消了,毕苏斯基将会任职到1922年12月9日,到那时候,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BA%B3%E9%B2%81%E6%89%98%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87" title="加布列尔·纳鲁托维奇">加布列尔·纳鲁托维奇</a>将会被选为第一任<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="波兰总统">波兰总统</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poland.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>毕苏斯基这时的外交首创是提议在波兰、独立的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="波罗的海国家">波罗的海国家</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="白俄罗斯">白俄罗斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0" title="乌克兰">乌克兰</a>之间建成<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="联邦">联邦</a>(称为“<i>Międzymorze</i>”,即<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="波兰语">波兰语</a>中的“大海之间”,也被<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">拉丁语</a>称作“<i>Intermarum</i>”,即从<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7" title="波罗的海">波罗的海</a>延伸至<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海">黑海</a>的联邦),<sup id="cite_ref-Cienciala_65-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cienciala-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>这样,波兰的版图就跟<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E5%88%86%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="瓜分波兰">瓜分波兰之前</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="波兰立陶宛联邦">波兰立陶宛联邦</a>差不多。<sup id="cite_ref-PWN_31-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>毕苏斯基的这个计划遭致大部分预想中的联邦成员国(这些国家不愿失去来之不易的独立)和西方同盟国的反对,对他们来说,这对现存的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="權力平衡">权力平衡</a>来说实属鲁莽的冲击。<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>根据历史学家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7_(%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="乔治·桑福德 (学者)(页面不存在)">乔治·桑福德</a>的说法,1920年代,毕苏斯基了解到他这种“<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%97%B4%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="海间联邦">海间联邦</a>”并不可行。<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>同盟国与东欧联盟的战争过后,东欧又爆发了一系列边境冲突,其中包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%83%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="波烏戰爭">波乌战争</a>(1918年-1919年)、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波立战争(页面不存在)">波立战争</a>(1920年,在<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%88%A9%E6%88%88%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B5%E8%AE%8A" title="熱利戈夫斯基兵變">热利戈夫斯基兵变</a>时达到颠峰)、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E6%8D%B7%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波捷战争(页面不存在)">波捷战争</a>(开始于1918年),和最著名的波苏战争(1919年-1921年)。<sup id="cite_ref-PWN_31-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E4%B8%98%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94" title="温斯顿·丘吉尔">温斯顿·丘吉尔</a>对此称:“巨人的战争结束了,侏儒的战争才刚刚开始。”<sup id="cite_ref-AHP_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHP-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="波苏战争"><span id=".E6.B3.A2.E8.8B.8F.E6.88.98.E4.BA.89"></span>波苏战争</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="编辑章节:波苏战争"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%8B%8F%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="波苏战争">波苏战争</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jozef_Pilsudski_w_Poznaniu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Jozef_Pilsudski_w_Poznaniu.jpg/220px-Jozef_Pilsudski_w_Poznaniu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Jozef_Pilsudski_w_Poznaniu.jpg/330px-Jozef_Pilsudski_w_Poznaniu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Jozef_Pilsudski_w_Poznaniu.jpg/440px-Jozef_Pilsudski_w_Poznaniu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>毕苏斯基在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B9%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="波兹南">波兹南</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="一战">一战</a>后,波兰的每条边界都不平静。毕苏斯基针对波兰未来的边界说了这么一段话:“我们在西边所能得到的所有领土都要依靠协约国——要达到能够压制德国的地步”,而在东方“有几道或开或闭的门,而这几道门的开闭与迫使它们打开的人有关,与它们本身被打开到什么程度有关。”<sup id="cite_ref-MM-211_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-211-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1918年波军在波兰东部与乌克兰交战,这场战争便是波乌战争。而毕苏斯基作为波军总司令下达的第一道命令发自1918年11月12日,内容是要支援<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%83%E5%A4%AB%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9_(1918%E5%B9%B4)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="利沃夫战役 (1918年)(页面不存在)">波军对利沃夫的进攻</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_281_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_281-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>毕苏斯基意识到,布尔什维克并不是独立的波兰的盟友,两者必有一战。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_90–2_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_90–2-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>毕苏斯基将布尔什维克的西进看做是主要问题,但他也认为,布尔什维克对波兰而言,危险程度不及他们的敌人——<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="白军">白军</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Kenez_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenez-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>这些“白俄”们是旧俄罗斯帝国的代表,他们只愿给波兰有限的独立,他们所设想的波兰的边界可能跟过去的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="波兰议会王国">波兰议会王国</a>相同,而且很明显的是,他们反对波兰占领乌克兰,而乌克兰就是毕苏斯基“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E9%97%B4%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="海间联盟(页面不存在)">海间联盟</a>”计划中的关键。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_83–2_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_83–2-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>相比之下,布尔什维克至少还能宣布瓜分波兰的协议是无效的。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_291_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_291-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>因此毕苏斯基推测,与其让波兰与复辟的俄罗斯帝国毗邻,还不如让波兰与被西方孤立的布尔什维克毗邻。<sup id="cite_ref-Kenez_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenez-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Urb_45–2_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_45–2-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>毕苏斯基不顾<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%8F%E7%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="英法协约">英法协约</a>的压力,加入对仍在作困兽斗的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>的进攻,毕苏斯基可能在1919年的夏季与秋季拯救布尔什维克。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_92–2_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_92–2-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>因为波军东进,苏俄重新向西进军,波苏之间战火重燃,冲突愈演愈烈,在这种情况下,毕苏斯基<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%B8%85" title="元帅">元帅</a>于1920年4月21日与乌克兰领导人<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E7%95%99%E6%8B%89" title="西蒙·彼得留拉">西蒙·彼得留拉</a>签署<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6_(1920%E5%B9%B4)" title="华沙条约 (1920年)">一项军事协议</a>,使两国共同对<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国">俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国</a>作战。两人签署波乌条约是为了建立独立的乌克兰,并让乌克兰与波兰联盟。<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_WERS-99-103pl_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_WERS-99-103pl-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>作为回报,彼得留拉放弃乌克兰对<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A_(%E4%B8%AD%E6%AC%A7)" class="mw-redirect" title="加利西亚 (中欧)">东加利西亚</a>的领土要求,因此他遭到了东加利西亚乌克兰领导人的指責。<sup id="cite_ref-Cienciala_65-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cienciala-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jozef_Pilsudski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Jozef_Pilsudski.jpg/180px-Jozef_Pilsudski.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Jozef_Pilsudski.jpg/270px-Jozef_Pilsudski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Jozef_Pilsudski.jpg/360px-Jozef_Pilsudski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>1920年3月,毕苏斯基晋升为“<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%85%83%E5%B8%85" title="波兰元帅">波兰第一元帅</a>”</figcaption></figure> <p>波乌联军在毕苏斯基领导下,发动了针对驻乌俄军的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E8%BC%94%E6%94%BB%E5%8B%A2" title="基輔攻勢">一次成功进攻</a>。1920年5月7日,他们在极少遭遇冲突的情况下占领了<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E8%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="基辅">基辅</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_WERS_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_WERS-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>布尔什维克的领导层将波兰的行为看做是叛乱事件;作为回应,布尔什维克有成千上万名官员参军,成千上万名逃兵归队,成千上万名平民自愿参与战后生产工作。<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>苏联从<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="白俄罗斯">白俄罗斯</a>发起反攻,在乌克兰发动<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%87%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="反击">反击</a>,从通往德国的道路上向波兰进军,这样做也能够支持<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="德国共产党">德国共产党</a>的夺权斗争。苏联信心倍增。<sup id="cite_ref-LeninSpeach_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeninSpeach-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>苏军公布了他们入侵西欧的计划;苏联共产主义理论家<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="布哈林">布哈林</a>在《<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E6%8A%A5" title="真理报">真理报</a>》中称,希望得到物资以将战争从华沙“蔓延至伦敦和巴黎”。<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>苏联将军<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%93%88%E5%88%87%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="图哈切夫斯基">图哈切夫斯基</a>在1920年7月2日的命令中称:“向西去吧!越过躺在路上的白波兰的尸体,将革命蔓延到全世界。进军<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%BD%E6%96%AF" title="维尔纽斯">维尔纽斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B" title="明斯克">明斯克</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99" title="华沙">华沙</a>” <sup id="cite_ref-Lawrynowicz_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrynowicz-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>并称,“要跨过波兰的遗体,向<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a>进军!”<sup id="cite_ref-Cienciala_65-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cienciala-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1920年7月1日,由于苏联的快速反击,波兰国会“<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9F%E5%A7%86" class="mw-redirect" title="瑟姆">瑟姆</a>”成立<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%AD%90%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98" class="mw-redirect" title="東歐集團">国防委员会</a>。该委员会由毕苏斯基领导,用于快速作出决策,临时取代难以达成共识的瑟姆。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_341–346_and_357–358_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_341–346_and_357–358-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>但是民族民主党声称,布尔什维克的接连胜利是毕苏斯基造成的,<sup id="cite_ref-Suleja265_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suleja265-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>并要求他下台;有的人甚至指责他叛国。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_341–346_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_341–346-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>7月19日,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="罗曼·德莫夫斯基">罗曼·德莫夫斯基</a>在委员会上发起<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%BB%E5%86%B3%E8%AE%AE%E6%A1%88&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="不信任决议案(页面不存在)">不信任决议案</a>,但这次议案未能通过,德莫夫斯基不得不收回该议案。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_341–346_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_341–346-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>8月12日,毕苏斯基提出将他的职位让给总理<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%B2%91%E8%92%82%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF" title="文岑蒂·维托斯">文岑蒂·维托斯</a>,主动承担全军覆没的责任,但是维托斯拒绝接受他的请辞。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_341–346_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_341–346-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8F%E7%BA%A6%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="协约国">协约国</a>迫使波兰向布尔什维克投降,进行谈判。但是毕苏斯基坚持主张继续战争。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_341–346_102-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_341–346-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%AF" title="诺曼·戴维斯">诺曼·戴维斯</a>当时指出,“毕苏斯基还没有他后来的威信(在波兰以外更是如此),作为战前的革命派,他让他的党派走向分裂,争吵不断;作为一战时的将军,他让他的军团遭到逮捕,被迫解散;作为波军元帅,他将自己的军队带到<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E8%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="基辅">基辅</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%BD%E6%96%AF" title="维尔纽斯">维尔纽斯</a>,这两个地方现在又不再属于波兰人。他背叛了他的波兰社会党和他的盟友德国和奥地利,并拒绝与协约国同盟。在法国和英国,他被认为是频频叛变的盟友,将会让波兰走向灭亡;在俄罗斯,他被认为是消灭帝国主义同盟中虚伪的仆人;从<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81" class="mw-redirect" title="列宁">列宁</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E5%8A%B3%E5%90%88%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="大卫·劳合·乔治">劳合·乔治</a>,从《<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E6%8A%A5" title="真理报">真理报</a>》到《晨星报》,都认为他是军事上和政治上的失败者。1920年8月,所有人都同意,他的悲剧一生将会在华沙陷落时跌落谷底。”<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_WERS229_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_WERS229-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilsudski_and_Rydz-Smigly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pilsudski_and_Rydz-Smigly.jpg/220px-Pilsudski_and_Rydz-Smigly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pilsudski_and_Rydz-Smigly.jpg/330px-Pilsudski_and_Rydz-Smigly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pilsudski_and_Rydz-Smigly.jpg/440px-Pilsudski_and_Rydz-Smigly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>毕苏斯基(左边)与<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E5%85%B9-%E5%B8%8C%E7%B1%B3%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%B4" title="爱德华·雷兹-希米格维">爱德华·雷兹-希米格维</a>(右边),摄于1920年<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%8B%8F%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="波苏战争">波苏战争</a>期间</figcaption></figure> <p>但就在接下来的几周中,就在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9_(1920%E5%B9%B4)" title="华沙战役 (1920年)">1920年8月爆发的华沙战役</a>中,波兰利用冒险而非常规的策略阻挡了苏联的攻势。<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_WERS_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_WERS-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>波军的计划是由毕苏斯基等人(包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E5%BE%B7%E4%B9%8C%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%85%B9%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="塔德乌什·罗兹瓦多夫斯基(页面不存在)">塔德乌什·罗兹瓦多夫斯基</a>)设计出来的。<sup id="cite_ref-Eric_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eric-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>后来,毕苏斯基的一些支持者要将他说成是波军策略的唯一制定者,而反对者则极力忽视他的作用。<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>在西方,很长时间都存在一个传言,坚称是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E9%A9%BB%E6%B3%A2%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BD%BF%E8%8A%82%E5%9B%A2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="法国驻波军事使节团(页面不存在)">法国驻波军事使节团</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E9%AD%8F%E5%89%9B" title="馬克西姆·魏剛">馬克西姆·魏剛</a>拯救了波兰;但现在的学者同意,魏剛的作用充其量也是很小的。<sup id="cite_ref-Cienciala_65-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cienciala-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Szczep_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szczep-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>毕苏斯基的计划是要波军撤过<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E6%B2%B3" title="维斯瓦河">维斯瓦河</a>,据守华沙和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%99%AE%E6%97%A5%E6%B2%B3" title="維普日河">维普日河</a>的桥头堡,大约四分之一可动用的师在南面集结,以作战略反击的准备。下面的计划就需要将军<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%8B%92%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E4%BC%A6%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="约瑟夫·哈勒尔·德·哈伦伯格(页面不存在)">约瑟夫·哈勒尔</a>麾下的两个军了,在苏军从东面发起进攻时,这两个军需要不惜一切代价保卫他们的<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E5%A3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="戰壕">战壕</a>阵地。同时,<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="瓦迪斯瓦夫·西科尔斯基">瓦迪斯瓦夫·西科尔斯基</a>将军麾下的军队袭击华沙北部,切断企图从此地包围波兰首都的苏军。但是最重要的角色是新近整编的“后备军”(也称为攻击兵团,<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="波蘭語">波蘭語</a>:<span lang="pl"><i>Grupa Uderzeniowa</i></span>),这支军队规模较小,只有20000人,却容纳意志最坚定且战斗力最强的士兵,并由毕苏斯基亲自指挥。他们的任务是带头从华沙城南的维斯瓦河-维普日河三角洲向北发动快速反攻,另外波兰情报人员指出苏军西部<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E9%9D%A2%E5%86%9B" title="方面军">方面军</a>和西南方面军之间存在缺口,而攻击军团也会突破这个缺口。这次攻势会切断西部方面军的后援,并打乱它的活动。最后,西科尔斯基的军队和“攻击军团”在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="东普鲁士">东普鲁士</a>边境会合,将陷入包围圈中的苏军消灭。<sup id="cite_ref-Cisek_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cisek-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Urb_346–441_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_346–441-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>那时,毕苏斯基的计划广受批评,波军其他指挥官只因当时战况紧急才遵照此计划作战。这个计划虽然是基于可靠情报(还包括被解密的苏联电报)指定的,但还是被高级军官和军事专家认为是“门外汉所为”,他们很快指出毕苏斯基缺少正规军事教育。该计划的副本落入苏军手中时,苏军将领<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%93%88%E5%88%87%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="图哈切夫斯基">图哈切夫斯基</a>却认为这是个诡计,不理会它。<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_WERS_197_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_WERS_197-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>几天后,自负的苏军为此在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9_(1920%E5%B9%B4)" title="华沙战役 (1920年)">华沙战役</a>中付出巨大代价,而这场战役也成为<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B" title="苏联红军">苏联红军</a>史上的最大失利之一。<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_WERS_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_WERS-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Urb_346–441_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_346–441-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>一位民族民主党<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9F%E5%A7%86" class="mw-redirect" title="瑟姆">瑟姆</a>议员<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%9A%86%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="斯坦尼斯瓦夫·斯特隆斯基(页面不存在)">斯坦尼斯瓦夫·斯特隆斯基</a>创造了短语“维斯瓦河奇迹”(“<i>Cud nad Wisłą</i>”),<sup id="cite_ref-Głos_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Głos-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>以表达他对毕苏斯基“乌克兰冒险”的反对。斯特隆斯基的这个短语被一些或爱国或虔诚的波兰人用作对毕苏斯基的赞辞,他们并未注意到斯特隆斯基隐含在其中的讽喻意义。法国军事使节团的一位年轻成员<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E9%AB%98%E4%B9%90" class="mw-redirect" title="戴高乐">戴高乐</a>后来会用到从波苏战争和毕苏斯基习得的一些经验。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_346–441_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_346–441-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davies_E_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_E-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1921年2月,毕苏斯基访问巴黎,在那里他与法国总统<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%8B%92%E5%85%B0" title="亚历山大·米勒兰">亚历山大·米勒兰</a>谈判,以将成立<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%B3%A2%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="法波同盟">法波同盟</a>一事确定下来,而这一同盟将在同一年晚些时候正式建立。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_484_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_484-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>象征波苏战争结束的<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%8A%A0%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="里加条约">里加条约</a>在1921年签署,条约规定俄罗斯和波兰将瓜分<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="白俄罗斯">白俄罗斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0" title="乌克兰">乌克兰</a>。毕苏斯基称这份条约是“懦弱条约”。 <sup id="cite_ref-Davies_GP2-399_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_GP2-399-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>另外,毕苏斯基准许将军<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E8%8C%A8%E6%89%AC%C2%B7%E7%83%AD%E5%88%A9%E6%88%88%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="卢茨扬·热利戈夫斯基">卢茨扬·热利戈夫斯基</a>从立陶宛人手中<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%88%A9%E6%88%88%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E5%8F%9B%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="热利戈夫斯基叛变(页面不存在)">夺下维尔纽斯</a>,这件事和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%8A%A0%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="里加条约">里加条约</a>为毕苏斯基将“<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%97%B4%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="海间联邦">海间联邦</a>”计划付诸实践之行动画上句号。<sup id="cite_ref-PWN_31-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1921年9月25日,毕苏斯基因第一届<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E5%95%86%E5%93%81%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E4%BC%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="东方商品交易会(页面不存在)">东方商品交易会</a>(<i>Targi Wschodnie</i>)开张而访问<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%83%E5%A4%AB" title="利沃夫">利沃夫</a>,而代表<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="乌克兰军事组织(页面不存在)">乌克兰军事组织</a>等乌克兰独立组织的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E6%8D%B7%E6%BD%98%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E8%BE%BE%E5%85%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="斯捷潘·菲达克(页面不存在)">斯捷潘·菲达克</a>试图在这时暗杀毕苏斯基,但这个计划以失败告终。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_485_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_485-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span class="Unicode"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="退休与政变"><span id=".E9.80.80.E4.BC.91.E4.B8.8E.E6.94.BF.E5.8F.98"></span>退休与政变</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="编辑章节:退休与政变"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilsudski_in_Bristol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pilsudski_in_Bristol.jpg/220px-Pilsudski_in_Bristol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pilsudski_in_Bristol.jpg/330px-Pilsudski_in_Bristol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pilsudski_in_Bristol.jpg/440px-Pilsudski_in_Bristol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2038" data-file-height="1416" /></a><figcaption>1923年7月3日,毕苏斯基在华沙<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%BE%E9%A6%86&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="布里斯托尔宾馆(页面不存在)">布里斯托尔宾馆</a>宣布他<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%80%E4%BC%91" title="退休">隐退</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政坛</a></figcaption></figure> <p>波兰<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E6%9C%88%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="三月宪法(页面不存在)">1921年3月宪法</a>严格限制<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="总统">总统</a>权力(故意阻止从战场上回来的毕苏斯基当选总统),而毕苏斯基也不再角逐这一职位。<sup id="cite_ref-PWN_31-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1922年12月9日,波兰<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰共和国国民大会(页面不存在)">国民大会</a>推选<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%9A%E2%80%9C%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%B9%E6%B2%83%E8%8E%B1%E6%B6%85%E6%B4%BE%E2%80%9D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰人民党“维兹沃莱涅派”(页面不存在)">波兰人民党“维兹沃莱涅派”</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BA%B3%E9%B2%81%E6%89%98%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87" title="加布列尔·纳鲁托维奇">加布列尔·纳鲁托维奇</a>为波兰总统;他的当选遭致右翼政党的反对,这也成为社会动乱的起因。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_487-488_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_487-488-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>12月14日,毕苏斯基在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%99%AF%E5%AE%AE_(%E8%8F%AF%E6%B2%99)" title="美景宮 (華沙)">美景宫</a>正式将他作为国家元首的权力移交给他的朋友纳鲁托维奇;而“国家元首”的称呼被“总统”代替。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_488_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_488-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>两天后的1922年12月16日,纳鲁托维奇被<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E7%BF%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="右翼">右翼</a>画家和艺术批评家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%88%A9%E5%90%89%E4%B9%8C%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E6%B6%85%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%9A%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="埃利吉乌什·涅维亚多姆斯基(页面不存在)">埃利吉乌什·涅维亚多姆斯基</a>击毙,后者原本是想暗杀毕苏斯基的,但在受到民族民主党的反纳鲁托维奇宣传后,改变了目标。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_489_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_489-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>对毕苏斯基而言,这是次很大的打击,这件事让他不再相信波兰能够依民主制度运作<sup id="cite_ref-Suleja300_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suleja300-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,也让他更崇尚铁腕政治。<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他成为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%80%BB%E5%8F%82%E8%B0%8B%E9%83%A8" title="波兰总参谋部">总参谋长</a>,并与<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E9%83%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰军事部(页面不存在)">军事部长</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="瓦迪斯瓦夫·西科尔斯基">瓦迪斯瓦夫·西科尔斯基</a>一道设法通过暂时<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%92%E4%B8%A5" title="戒严">戒严</a>稳定局势,制止动乱。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_489–490_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_489–490-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>毕苏斯基的另一位同事,属于<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%9A%E2%80%9C%E7%9A%AE%E9%9B%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%BE%E2%80%9D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰人民党“皮雅斯特派”(页面不存在)">波兰人民党“皮雅斯特派”</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%87%E8%B5%AB%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="斯坦尼斯瓦夫·沃伊切赫夫斯基(页面不存在)">斯坦尼斯瓦夫·沃伊切赫夫斯基</a>当选为新总统,而同属于波兰人民党“皮雅斯特派”的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%B2%91%E8%92%82%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF" title="文岑蒂·维托斯">文岑蒂·维托斯</a>当选为总理。但是根据<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B0%E8%8C%A8%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E7%BA%B3%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="兰茨克罗纳协议(页面不存在)">兰茨克罗纳协议</a>,这届政府是由温和派的波兰人民党“皮雅斯特派”与右翼的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%B0%91%E7%B2%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%80%85%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="国家民粹主义者联盟(页面不存在)">国家民粹主义者联盟</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-disambig" title="基督教民主黨">基督教民主党</a>所组成的联合政府,其中也包括毕苏斯基的右翼敌人,毕苏斯基认为,这些人是谋杀纳鲁托维奇的罪魁祸首,是不可能与他合作的政敌。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_490–491_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_490–491-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1923年5月30日,毕苏斯基辞去总参谋长的职务。<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E6%99%AE%E8%92%82%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" title="斯坦尼斯瓦夫·谢普蒂茨基">斯坦尼斯瓦夫·谢普蒂茨基</a>提出军队应受民政当局更紧密的监督,而毕苏斯基将此提议批评为试图让军队政治化。6月28日,他又辞去了他最后的政治职务。同一天,瑟姆左翼议员签署一项决议,感谢他过去的贡献。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_490_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_490-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>毕苏斯基隐居于华沙郊外<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%8E%B1%E5%B0%A4%E9%9F%A6%E5%85%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="苏莱尤韦克(页面不存在)">苏莱尤韦克</a>的乡村庄园“米卢欣庄园”,这个庄园是他的战友捐赠给他的。<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他在那里定居下来,并写下一系列政治与军事回忆录来维持生计,其中包括《1920年》(<i>Rok 1920</i>)。<sup id="cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poland.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pi%C5%82sudski_on_Poniatowski%27s_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Pi%C5%82sudski_on_Poniatowski%27s_Bridge.jpg/200px-Pi%C5%82sudski_on_Poniatowski%27s_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Pi%C5%82sudski_on_Poniatowski%27s_Bridge.jpg/300px-Pi%C5%82sudski_on_Poniatowski%27s_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Pi%C5%82sudski_on_Poniatowski%27s_Bridge.jpg/400px-Pi%C5%82sudski_on_Poniatowski%27s_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3039" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption>毕苏斯基在华沙的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E6%89%98%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E6%A9%8B" title="波尼亞托夫斯基橋">波尼亚托夫斯基桥</a>,摄于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%9C%88%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="五月政變">1926年5月政变</a>期间。右者是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%87-%E5%BE%B7%E9%9B%B7%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古斯塔夫·奥尔利奇-德雷谢尔(页面不存在)">古斯塔夫·奥尔利奇-德雷谢尔</a>将军</figcaption></figure> <p>同时,波兰经济处在混乱中。<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%B6%E6%80%A7%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80" title="恶性通货膨胀">恶性通货膨胀</a>使社会动荡加剧,政府不能找到解决失业率攀升与经济危机的办法。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_502_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_502-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>毕苏斯基的盟友和支持者多次叫他重返政坛,他开始组织新的权力基础,这个基础以前<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E8%BB%8D%E5%9C%98" title="波蘭軍團">波兰军团</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰军队机构(页面不存在)">波兰军队机构</a>的成员、一部分<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="左翼">左翼</a>党派和一部分<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E9%9A%8E%E5%B1%A4" title="知識階層">知识阶层</a>党派为中心。1925年时,波兰已有几届政府接连下台,政治形势也日趋混乱,而毕苏斯基对政府更为不满,最后发出要求维托斯内阁下台的声明。<sup id="cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poland.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PWN_31-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>在遭到毕苏斯基强烈批评的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB%E8%80%B6%E8%AF%BA-%E7%9A%AE%E9%9B%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="赫耶诺-皮雅斯特(页面不存在)">赫耶诺-皮雅斯特</a>联盟组建新政府的时候,<sup id="cite_ref-PWN_31-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>毕苏斯基于1926年5月12日至14日发动<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%9C%88%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98_(%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="五月政变 (波兰)">五月政变</a>并重返权力中心,这次政变得到社会党、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%9A%E2%80%9C%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%B9%E6%B2%83%E8%8E%B1%E6%B6%85%E2%80%9D%E6%B4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰人民党“维兹沃莱涅”派(页面不存在)">波兰人民党“维兹沃莱涅”派</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%86%9C%E6%B0%91%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="波兰农民党">波兰农民党</a>、甚至<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="波兰共产党">共产党</a>支持。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_515_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_515-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>毕苏斯基希望发动不流血的政变,但政府拒绝下台;<sup id="cite_ref-Suleja343_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suleja343-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>此次政变共有215名士兵和164名兵民被杀,至少900人受伤。<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>5月31日,<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9F%E5%A7%86" class="mw-redirect" title="瑟姆">瑟姆</a>将毕苏斯基推选为波兰总统。但是毕苏斯基知道总统只有很有限的权力,谢绝出任总统。他的另一位老友<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%B8%8C%E5%A5%87%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="伊格纳奇·莫希奇茨基">伊格纳奇·莫希奇茨基</a>顶替他当选总统。在大部分时间内,毕苏斯基的正式职务都只是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰共和国国防部长(页面不存在)">国防部长</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F%E6%80%BB%E6%A3%80%E9%98%85%E5%AE%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="军队总检阅官(页面不存在)">军队总检阅官</a>和战争委员会委员长,仅仅在1926年至1928年间和1930年时两度当选总理。<sup id="cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poland.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="独裁"><span id=".E7.8B.AC.E8.A3.81"></span>独裁</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="编辑章节:独裁"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>毕苏斯基没有推行任何重大改革;他很快疏远他左翼支持者中的最激进派,并宣布他的政变是“没有改革的革命。”<sup id="cite_ref-PWN_31-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他的目标是令国家安定,消除他所认为的又腐败又无能的政党的影响力,并加强军队实力。<sup id="cite_ref-PWN_31-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Urb_528–529_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_528–529-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="内政"><span id=".E5.86.85.E6.94.BF"></span>内政</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="编辑章节:内政"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5_Warszawa_083.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/5_Warszawa_083.jpg/220px-5_Warszawa_083.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/5_Warszawa_083.jpg/330px-5_Warszawa_083.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/5_Warszawa_083.jpg/440px-5_Warszawa_083.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>毕苏斯基当政时的官邸华沙<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%99%AF%E5%AE%AE_(%E8%8F%AF%E6%B2%99)" title="美景宮 (華沙)">美景宮</a></figcaption></figure> <p>内政方面,毕苏斯基的政变需要扫除议会政府的限制,因为他推行“<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%BA%B3%E9%BD%90%E4%BA%9A" title="萨纳齐亚">萨纳齐亚</a>制度”(有时利用专制制度的办法)是为了让“人民的生活恢复道德意义上的健康”。自1928年起,萨纳齐亚当局被<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E6%97%A0%E5%85%9A%E6%B4%BE%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="政府合作无党派集团(页面不存在)">政府合作无党派集团</a>称为现实主义政治的代表。民众的支持和有效的宣传机构让毕苏斯基得以维持他的专政,使它不会被总统推翻,就是总统也并不是由<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9F%E5%A7%86" class="mw-redirect" title="瑟姆">瑟姆</a>推选出来的,而是由<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="毕苏斯基">毕苏斯基</a>认定的。<sup id="cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poland.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AB%E6%9C%88%E6%96%B0%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="八月新法(页面不存在)">宪法修正案</a>在政变后的1926年8月2日通过,瑟姆的权力在宪法修正案中被缩小。<sup id="cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poland.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>自1926年到1930年,毕苏斯基主要信赖削弱反对派领导人影响力的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E4%BC%A0" title="宣传">宣传</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-PWN_31-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>随着<a href="/w/index.php?title=1930%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1930年波兰立法选举(页面不存在)">1930年波兰立法选举</a>前对某些异见者的监禁和审判(参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%AE%A1%E5%88%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="布列斯特审判(页面不存在)">布列斯特审判</a>)和1934年<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E9%9B%B7%E6%89%8E-%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E5%9B%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E9%9A%94%E7%A6%BB%E8%90%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="贝雷扎-卡尔图斯卡隔离营(页面不存在)">贝雷扎-卡尔图斯卡隔离营</a>(位于今<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E7%BD%97%E6%89%8E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="比亚罗扎(页面不存在)">比亚罗扎</a>)的建立(那里的囚犯遭遇残酷的虐待),毕苏斯基专制而高于法律的权力在1930年代达到巅峰。<sup id="cite_ref-PWN_31-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E6%97%A0%E5%85%9A%E6%B4%BE%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="政府合作无党派集团(页面不存在)">政府合作无党派集团</a>于1930年获胜后,毕苏斯基将国内事务推给他的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E6%A0%A1%E5%9B%A2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="上校团(页面不存在)">上校团</a>,而自己则专心于军事和外交上。<sup id="cite_ref-PWN_31-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 他因他对政治反对派的处置遭到相当大的非议,而<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%AE%A1%E5%88%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="布列斯特审判(页面不存在)">布列斯特审判</a>事件(1930年对持不同政见者的监禁和审判)遭到国际谴责,并使波兰声誉受到损害。<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Biskupski_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biskupski-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_homaging_at_John_III_Sobieski_tomb,_commemorating_250_anniversary_of_battle_of_Vienna.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_homaging_at_John_III_Sobieski_tomb%2C_commemorating_250_anniversary_of_battle_of_Vienna.PNG/220px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_homaging_at_John_III_Sobieski_tomb%2C_commemorating_250_anniversary_of_battle_of_Vienna.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_homaging_at_John_III_Sobieski_tomb%2C_commemorating_250_anniversary_of_battle_of_Vienna.PNG/330px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_homaging_at_John_III_Sobieski_tomb%2C_commemorating_250_anniversary_of_battle_of_Vienna.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_homaging_at_John_III_Sobieski_tomb%2C_commemorating_250_anniversary_of_battle_of_Vienna.PNG/440px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_homaging_at_John_III_Sobieski_tomb%2C_commemorating_250_anniversary_of_battle_of_Vienna.PNG 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>1933年,约瑟夫·毕苏斯基来到<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="约翰三世 (波兰)">约翰三世</a>墓地谒陵,以纪念1683年<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%B9%9F%E7%B4%8D%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="維也納之戰">维也纳之戰</a>爆发250周年</figcaption></figure> <p>毕苏斯基对波兰的民主制度越发失望。<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen2_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen2-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>为了回应即将开始的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%BB%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="不信任投票">不信任投票</a>,他发出了将<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9F%E5%A7%86" class="mw-redirect" title="瑟姆">瑟姆</a>称为“妓女”这样的过激言论,并在瑟姆大楼内部署90名武装军官,当时和现在的观察员都将这件事看作是独裁者对政治质疑的回应的范例。<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>毕苏斯基的主要目标之一是将波兰的政治体制由<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="议会制">议会制</a>转为<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6" title="总统制">总统制</a>;但是,他反对引入<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%81%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="极权主义">极权主义</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-PWN_31-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1935年4月,波兰新宪法(即<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9B%E6%9C%88%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="四月宪法(页面不存在)">四月宪法</a>)得到采用,这部宪法是毕苏斯基的支持者根据毕苏斯基的要求所修改的,并且加大了总统的权力,但这样一部宪法来得太晚,毕苏斯基已经对总统一职不感兴趣;虽然如此,波兰直到<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">第二次世界大战</a>之前所采用的都是四月宪法,而<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="波蘭流亡政府">波兰流亡政府</a>在二战时及战后也一直使用这部宪法。 </p><p>但是,相较于理性-法律权威而言,毕苏斯基统治波兰更依靠魅力型权威。<sup id="cite_ref-PWN_31-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他的追随者中没有人会自称是他的合法继承人,他死后,<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%BA%B3%E9%BD%90%E4%BA%9A" title="萨纳齐亚">萨纳齐亚</a>政体将会很快崩溃,而波兰将回到前毕苏斯基时代的议会政治竞争状态中。<sup id="cite_ref-PWN_31-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>毕苏斯基开创了一个社会稳定的时代,而且这个时代占波兰第二共和国人口三分之一的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B0%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="少数民族">少数民族</a>的情况有所好转。<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Electronicmuseum_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Electronicmuseum-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 毕苏斯基将民族民主党的“<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E5%8C%96" title="波蘭化">民族同化</a>”政策转变为“国家意识统一”政策:公民不以他们的种族衡量,而是以他们对国家的忠心衡量。<sup id="cite_ref-Snyder_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snyder-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zim166_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zim166-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他让“国家意识统一”政策同样适用于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="波兰犹太人">波兰犹太人</a>,这种做法被广泛认为是他对民族民主党反犹政策的回应。<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zim19_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zim19-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Snyder_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snyder-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zim166_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zim166-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>很多<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="波兰犹太人">波兰犹太人</a>对毕苏斯基时期(1926年至1935年)及毕苏斯基本人具有好感,而在毕苏斯基任命的总理<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%BD%90%E7%B1%B3%E6%97%A5%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%B0%E5%B0%94" title="卡齐米日·巴尔泰尔">卡齐米日·巴尔泰尔</a>执政期间,这些犹太人的情况得到很大改善。<sup id="cite_ref-Cieplinski_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cieplinski-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>很多犹太人将毕苏斯基视为抑制波兰反犹主义趋势并维持社会治安的唯一希望;他是社会稳定的保证者和犹太人之友,这些犹太人投票支持他,并积极加入他的政治集团。<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1935年毕苏斯基去世,波兰犹太人的基本生活条件因此恶化。<sup id="cite_ref-Zim19_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zim19-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1930年代,因为一系列事件的发生,政府与少数民族的关系恶化,这些事件包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%90%A7%E6%9D%A1" title="大萧条">大萧条</a><sup id="cite_ref-Snyder_138-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snyder-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>和由“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="乌克兰民族主义组织">乌克兰民族主义组织</a>”的恐怖袭击与政府的绥靖行动所构成的恶性循环。<sup id="cite_ref-Snyder_138-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snyder-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davies_GP2-407_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_GP2-407-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>少数民族的动乱也与波兰的外交政策有关。在东加利西亚动乱(当地人口以乌克兰人为主)遭到镇压,近1800人遭到逮捕后,麻烦接踵而至。政府与德意志人之间也开始出现摩擦,这种摩擦在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="上西里西亞">上西里西亚</a>地区尤为显著。虽然政府还没到推行反犹政策的地步,但是犹太人(占波兰人口的8.6%)开始对因大萧条所造成的经济颓势不满。总之,到毕苏斯基本人去世前为止,他的政府与少数民族之间的关系越来越成问题。<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>军事方面,毕苏斯基虽在策划“维斯瓦河奇迹”时显露出睿智军事战略家的风范,但因专心于人事管理,忽视军事战略和装备而遭到一些人的批评。<sup id="cite_ref-PWN_31-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garlicki178_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garlicki178-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他在波苏战争(1919年-1921年)的经验也许令他高估了骑兵的价值,忽视了对装甲兵和空军的发展。<sup id="cite_ref-Garlicki178_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garlicki178-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>但是也有人称,毕苏斯基支持空军和装甲兵的建设,自1920年代末便更是如此。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_330–337-2_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_330–337-2-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>这个时候波兰军队的现代化受到限制可能是因为资金短缺,而不是因为毕苏斯基的理念有问题。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="外交"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E4.BA.A4"></span>外交</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="编辑章节:外交"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0527-0001-293,_Warschau,_Empfang_Goebbels_bei_Marschall_Pilsudski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0527-0001-293%2C_Warschau%2C_Empfang_Goebbels_bei_Marschall_Pilsudski.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0527-0001-293%2C_Warschau%2C_Empfang_Goebbels_bei_Marschall_Pilsudski.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0527-0001-293%2C_Warschau%2C_Empfang_Goebbels_bei_Marschall_Pilsudski.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0527-0001-293%2C_Warschau%2C_Empfang_Goebbels_bei_Marschall_Pilsudski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0527-0001-293%2C_Warschau%2C_Empfang_Goebbels_bei_Marschall_Pilsudski.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0527-0001-293%2C_Warschau%2C_Empfang_Goebbels_bei_Marschall_Pilsudski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>德国大使<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF-%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E5%85%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="汉斯-阿道夫·冯·摩尔特克(页面不存在)">汉斯-阿道夫·冯·摩尔特克</a>、毕苏斯基、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E5%9F%B9%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="约瑟夫·戈培尔">约瑟夫·戈培尔</a>和波兰外长<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B" title="约瑟夫·贝克">约瑟夫·贝克</a>,摄于1934年6月15日的华沙,五个月前,波德双方签署<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%92%E4%B8%8D%E4%BE%B5%E7%8A%AF%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="波德互不侵犯条约">波德互不侵犯条约</a></figcaption></figure> <p>在毕苏斯基的统治下,波兰与邻国<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马尼亚王国">罗马尼亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9" title="匈牙利">匈牙利</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%B1%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="拉脱维亚">拉脱维亚</a>维持良好关系,但与<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B" title="捷克斯洛伐克">捷克斯洛伐克</a>关系紧张,与<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B" title="立陶宛">立陶宛</a>的关系也依旧不见好转。<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein-29_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-29-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>波兰与<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%8E%9B%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="魏玛共和国">魏玛共和国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>的关系则多变化,但就毕苏斯基的统治时期而言,大部分时间还是能够称为是中立的。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_538_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_538-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ilya_Prizel_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ilya_Prizel-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Urb_539–540_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_539–540-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>毕苏斯基制定了<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="普罗米修斯计划">普罗米修斯计划</a>,这个计划通过支持俄罗斯帝国(或其继承者苏联)境内的非俄罗斯民族分离活动,来达到削弱上述两国的目的。自1927年至1939年二战爆发前,负责协调此计划的人是<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1" title="軍事情報">军事情报</a>官<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%80%E5%87%AF%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="埃德蒙德·哈拉什凯维奇(页面不存在)">埃德蒙德·哈拉什凯维奇</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E9%97%B4%E6%9C%9F" title="战间期">战间期</a>时,普罗米修斯运动实效寥寥。<sup id="cite_ref-Char_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Char-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>毕苏斯基希望在国际上保持自己国家的独立性。他在他的门徒<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E9%83%A8" title="外交部">外交部长</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B" title="约瑟夫·贝克">约瑟夫·贝克</a>的协助下,与法国和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>这样的西方势力以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马尼亚">罗马尼亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9" title="匈牙利">匈牙利</a>这样实力较弱的友好邻邦结盟,以此为波兰寻求帮助。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_539–540_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_539–540-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>作为法波联盟和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波罗联盟(页面不存在)">波罗联盟</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%8D%8F%E7%BA%A6%E5%9B%BD" title="小协约国">小协约国</a>的一环)的支持者,毕苏斯基为法国和英国在签署<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E8%BF%A6%E8%AF%BA%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="洛迦诺条约">洛迦诺条约</a>时显而易见的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%A5%E9%9D%96%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" class="mw-redirect" title="绥靖政策">绥靖政策</a>感到失望。<sup id="cite_ref-Ilya_Prizel_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ilya_Prizel-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JLu_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JLu-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NJ_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NJ-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 毕苏斯基因此也致力于与苏联和德国保持良好关系;故毕苏斯基与上述两大强邻签署<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E4%B8%8D%E4%BE%B5%E7%8A%AF%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="互不侵犯條約">互不侵犯条约</a>,分别是1932年的<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%B3%A2%E4%BA%92%E4%B8%8D%E4%BE%B5%E7%8A%AF%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="蘇波互不侵犯條約">苏波互不侵犯条约</a>和1934年的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%B3%A2%E4%BA%92%E4%B8%8D%E4%BE%B5%E7%8A%AF%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="德波互不侵犯条约">德波互不侵犯条约</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_539–540_158-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_539–540-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>签署这两份条约的目的是加强波兰在其盟友与邻国眼中的地位。<sup id="cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poland.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>毕苏斯基明白这些条约只是一纸空文,并论到:“签订这些条约,我们就像是跨坐两条板凳。这种日子不会太久。我们要知道我们先是因为哪条板凳而摔倒,我们也要知道我们什么时候才会摔倒。”<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>有人为签订上述两份不侵犯条约一事对毕苏斯基提出批评,并谴责他低估了希特勒的野心<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>并给了德国重整军备的时间;<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>还让斯大林能够排除异己(特别是在乌克兰),而这些异己正是毕苏斯基的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="普罗米修斯计划">普罗米修斯计划</a>所扶持的。<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92" title="阿道夫·希特勒">阿道夫·希特勒</a>于1933年1月取得权力后,就有传言称毕苏斯基建议法国发起对德的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E6%80%A7%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="预防性战争">预防性战争</a>。当时的德国已经违抗《<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%9B%E5%92%8C%E7%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="凡尔赛和约">凡尔赛和约</a>》,公然扩充军备,而此事表明了毕苏斯基曾试探过法国在对德展开军事行动一事上<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_317–326-2_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_317–326-2-167"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。法国的冷漠回應也许成为了波兰在1934年1月签署<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%B3%A2%E4%BA%92%E4%B8%8D%E4%BE%B5%E7%8A%AF%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="德波互不侵犯条约">德波互不侵犯条约</a>的原因。<sup id="cite_ref-TT_NGP_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT_NGP-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Urb_539–540_158-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_539–540-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GQH_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GQH-168"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>但是兩國間的外交文献从未提到毕苏斯基曾提出过这样的发起<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E6%80%A7%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="预防性战争">预防性战争</a>的建议。<sup id="cite_ref-Bel_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bel-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>希特勒多次提议成立对抗苏联的德波联盟,但毕苏斯基拒绝这一提议,相反,他在利用宝贵的时间为波德或波苏之间可能爆发的战争做准备。<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hildebrand_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hildebrand-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>希特勒钦佩毕苏斯基的领导才能和他的成功政变,<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他一直希望能与毕苏斯基进行私人会面,但这一建议也遭到拒绝。<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_169-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>毕苏斯基生前曾告诉<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B" title="约瑟夫·贝克">约瑟夫·贝克</a>,波兰的政策必须是与德国保持中立,保持波兰与法国的联盟,并改善与<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>的关系。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_539–540_158-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_539–540-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="逝世"><span id=".E9.80.9D.E4.B8.96"></span>逝世</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="编辑章节:逝世"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rossa-MATKA_I_SERCE_SYNA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Rossa-MATKA_I_SERCE_SYNA.jpg/220px-Rossa-MATKA_I_SERCE_SYNA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Rossa-MATKA_I_SERCE_SYNA.jpg/330px-Rossa-MATKA_I_SERCE_SYNA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Rossa-MATKA_I_SERCE_SYNA.jpg/440px-Rossa-MATKA_I_SERCE_SYNA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>位于<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B" title="立陶宛">立陶宛</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%BD%E6%96%AF" title="维尔纽斯">维尔纽斯</a>的毕苏斯基的母亲的坟墓。巨大黑色的墓碑这么写道:“一位母亲和他孩子的心”(“<i>Matka i serce syna</i>”),上面还有<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E6%9F%B3%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%B2%83%E7%93%A6%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="尤柳什·斯沃瓦茨基">尤柳什·斯沃瓦茨基</a>一首诗中感人至深的一行诗句。</figcaption></figure> <p>到1935年为止,毕苏斯基的健康状况在这些年已不断恶化,而民众对此尚不知情。1935年5月12日,他因<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E7%99%8C" title="肝癌">肝癌</a>在华沙<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%99%AF%E5%AE%AE_(%E8%8F%AF%E6%B2%99)" title="美景宮 (華沙)">美景宫</a>逝世。当局宣布他逝世的消息后不到半个小时,纪念他一生的典礼自然而然地开始了。<sup id="cite_ref-Pozeg5_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pozeg5-173"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>这次典礼由军队人员举办,其中包括过去的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%86%9B%E5%9B%A2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="第一次世界大战波兰军团(页面不存在)">军团士兵</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰军队机构(页面不存在)">波兰军队机构</a>成员、波苏战争老兵、和他作为国家元首乃至后来的总理和总检阅官时的政治伙伴。<sup id="cite_ref-Pozeg9–11_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pozeg9–11-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="波兰共产党">波兰共产党</a>当即指责毕苏斯基为一个<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="法西斯主义">法西斯主义</a>者和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="资本主义">资本主义</a>拥戴者,尽管法西斯主义者本身不会这么看。<sup id="cite_ref-Pozeg9–11_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pozeg9–11-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>但是其他反对<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%BA%B3%E9%BD%90%E4%BA%9A" title="萨纳齐亚">萨纳齐亚</a>政权的人士更加温和;社会主义者(例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E7%94%B3%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="伊格纳奇·达申斯基(页面不存在)">伊格纳奇·达申斯基</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E9%BD%90%E8%B0%A2%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="托马什·阿尔齐谢夫斯基(页面不存在)">托马什·阿尔齐谢夫斯基</a>)和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰基督教民主党(页面不存在)">基民党</a>人士(以伊格纳奇·帕德莱夫斯基、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%87%E8%B5%AB%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="斯坦尼斯瓦夫·沃伊切赫夫斯基(页面不存在)">斯坦尼斯瓦夫·沃伊切赫夫斯基</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="瓦迪斯瓦夫·格拉布斯基">瓦迪斯瓦夫·格拉布斯基</a>)前来吊唁他。人民党对此事分为两派(<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%B2%91%E8%92%82%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF" title="文岑蒂·维托斯">文岑蒂·维托斯</a>对毕苏斯基提出批评,但是<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%88%87%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%94%E4%BC%8A" title="马切伊·拉塔伊">马切伊·拉塔伊</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%8B%8F%E5%8F%A4%E7%89%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="斯坦尼斯瓦夫·苏古特(页面不存在)">斯坦尼斯瓦夫·苏古特</a>支持他),而<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="罗曼·德莫夫斯基">罗曼·德莫夫斯基</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="國家民主黨">国家民主党</a>温和地批评了他。<sup id="cite_ref-Pozeg9–11_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pozeg9–11-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>吊唁仪式按照波兰<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马天主教会">天主教</a>的仪式进行,并由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰大主教(页面不存在)">波兰大主教</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E9%9A%86%E5%BE%B7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="奥古斯特·赫隆德(页面不存在)">奥古斯特·赫隆德</a>及自称为元帅的“私人朋友”的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%87%E6%8A%A4%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="庇护十一世">庇护十一世</a>主持。<sup id="cite_ref-Pozeg9–11_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pozeg9–11-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>值得注意的是,少数民族和少数宗教都对毕苏斯基表示感激。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="东正教">东正教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E4%B8%9C%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="希腊东正教">希腊东正教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99" title="新教">新教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99" title="犹太教">犹太教</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="伊斯兰教">伊斯兰教</a>机构都为他举行吊唁仪式,并称赞他的宗教宽容政策。<sup id="cite_ref-Pozeg9–11_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pozeg9–11-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他的逝世对犹太人是一次打击,甚至在几年后,他们还是都将他惦记为“保护犹太人”的“非常好人”。 <sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>少数民族的主流机构都支持他民族宽容的政策,但是除波兰共产主义者外,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA%E6%80%BB%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="犹太人总工会(页面不存在)">犹太人工会联盟</a>和乌克兰人、德意志人与立陶宛人中的极端主义者也批评他。<sup id="cite_ref-Pozeg9–11_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pozeg9–11-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>国际方面,庇护十一世在5月18日于<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%BA%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="圣座">圣座</a>举行特别仪式,<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%86%85%E7%93%A6" title="日内瓦">日内瓦</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="国联">国联</a>为此举行特别仪式,各国<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E9%A6%96%E8%84%91&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="国家首脑(页面不存在)">首脑</a>中很多都向波兰发出吊唁信,这些首脑包括德国的希特勒、苏联的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="斯大林">斯大林</a>、意大利的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E7%B4%A2%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="墨索里尼">墨索里尼</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E6%89%98%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E9%A9%AC%E5%8A%AA%E5%9F%83%E8%8E%B1%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="维托里奥·埃马努埃莱三世">维托里奥·埃马努埃莱三世</a>、法国的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%9D%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E5%B8%83%E4%BC%A6" title="阿尔贝·勒布伦">阿尔贝·勒布伦</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%E7%BA%B3-%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E8%BF%AA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="皮埃尔·埃蒂安纳-弗兰迪(页面不存在)">皮埃尔·埃蒂安纳-弗兰迪</a>、奥地利的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="威廉·米克拉斯">威廉·米克拉斯</a>、日本天皇<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%95%E4%BB%81" class="mw-redirect" title="裕仁">裕仁</a>和英国国王<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD)" class="mw-redirect" title="乔治五世 (英国)">乔治五世</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Pozeg9–11_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pozeg9–11-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>纪念仪式、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A5%E6%92%92" title="弥撒">弥撒</a>和一次规模宏大的葬礼都已完毕,一列<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%AC%E7%A4%BC%E7%81%AB%E8%BD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="葬礼火车(页面不存在)">葬礼火车</a>环行波兰。<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>波兰铸币厂发行了一枚10<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B9%E7%BD%97%E6%8F%90" class="mw-redirect" title="兹罗提">兹罗提</a>的银质纪念币,上面印有元帅的侧面像。一系列明信片、邮票和邮戳也得到发行。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB" title="克拉科夫">克拉科夫</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%BA%A7%E5%A0%82" class="mw-redirect" title="瓦维尔主教座堂">瓦维尔主教座堂</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A3%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A5%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E5%AE%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="圣列奥纳德地下室(页面不存在)">圣列奥纳德地下室</a>陈列两年后,毕苏斯基的遗体(大脑和心脏已被除去,其中大脑被放置在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%BD%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="维尔纽斯大学">史特凡·巴托利大学</a>,供教学用;而毕苏斯基的心脏与他母亲同葬在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%BD%E6%96%AF" title="维尔纽斯">维尔纽斯</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E7%B4%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%85%AC%E5%A2%93&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拉索斯公墓(页面不存在)">拉索斯公墓</a>,现在仍在那里)被放置在主教座堂地下室的银钟下。<sup id="cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poland.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1937年,毕苏斯基的死敌,时任<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="克拉科夫大主教">克拉科夫大主教</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E5%BD%93%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E7%9A%AE%E8%80%B6%E5%93%88&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="亚当·萨皮耶哈(页面不存在)">亚当·萨皮耶哈</a>将毕苏斯基的遗体重新安葬,此举遭致人们的普遍反对,有人甚至要萨皮耶哈辞去神职。<sup id="cite_ref-Crowds_urge_Poland_to_banish_Archbishop;_Pilsudski_Legionnaires_also_Assail_Catholic_Church_on_the_Removal_of_Marshal&#39;s_Body_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowds_urge_Poland_to_banish_Archbishop;_Pilsudski_Legionnaires_also_Assail_Catholic_Church_on_the_Removal_of_Marshal&#39;s_Body-178"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Historical_dictionary_of_Poland,_966–1945_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_dictionary_of_Poland,_966–1945-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="影响"><span id=".E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D"></span>影响</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="编辑章节:影响"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; display:table; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color: inherit;width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">我不会去规定你们如何写我的生平与事业,不要把我写成多愁善感的啜泣者就好。”——毕苏斯基,1908年。<sup id="cite_ref-Urb_133–141_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urb_133–141-180"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pi%C5%82sudski_statue_and_honour_guards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Pi%C5%82sudski_statue_and_honour_guards.jpg/220px-Pi%C5%82sudski_statue_and_honour_guards.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Pi%C5%82sudski_statue_and_honour_guards.jpg/330px-Pi%C5%82sudski_statue_and_honour_guards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Pi%C5%82sudski_statue_and_honour_guards.jpg/440px-Pi%C5%82sudski_statue_and_honour_guards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>华沙<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%A2%E8%98%87%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E5%BB%A3%E5%A0%B4" title="畢蘇斯基廣場">毕苏斯基广场</a>上的毕苏斯基像</figcaption></figure> <p>1935年5月13日,依照毕苏斯基的遗愿,<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E5%85%B9-%E5%B8%8C%E7%B1%B3%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%B4" title="爱德华·雷兹-希米格维">爱德华·雷兹-希米格维</a>被总统和政府任命为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E8%BB%8D%E9%9A%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="波蘭軍隊">波兰军队</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%BB%E6%A3%80%E9%98%85%E5%AE%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="总检阅官(页面不存在)">总检阅官</a>,并于1936年11月10日晋升为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%85%83%E5%B8%85" title="波兰元帅">波兰元帅</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%B8%8C%E5%A5%87%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="伊格纳奇·莫希奇茨基">伊格纳奇·莫希奇茨基</a>留任波兰总统。<sup id="cite_ref-JabStaw13_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JabStaw13-181"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>雷兹成为当时波兰最有权势的人之一——“仅次于总统的国家第二号人物”。<sup id="cite_ref-JabStaw5_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JabStaw5-182"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>很多人将雷兹-希米格维视为毕苏斯基的继任者,但前者的影响力远不及于后者。<sup id="cite_ref-JabStaw14_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JabStaw14-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>波兰政府变得越来越<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E5%88%B6" title="專制">专制</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88" class="mw-redirect" title="保守">保守</a>,雷兹-希米格维的行为遭致更加温和的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%B8%8C%E5%A5%87%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="伊格纳奇·莫希奇茨基">伊格纳奇·莫希奇茨基</a>反对。<sup id="cite_ref-JabStaw14_183-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JabStaw14-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1938年雷兹-希米格维与莫希奇茨基和解,余下的统治集团却分为“总统派”和“元帅派”,总统派(又称为“城堡组织”,以当时总统官邸<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%A4%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="华沙王室城堡">王室城堡</a>命名)主要由平民构成,而元帅派包括职业军人和毕苏斯基的老战友(“毕苏斯基的上校”)。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="波兰战役">波兰战役</a>后,上述的一些政治派别继续留在了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="波蘭流亡政府">波兰流亡政府</a>。 </p><p>毕苏斯基留给波兰的遗产跟<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%BE%E5%85%8B%E5%BE%AE%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="显克微支">显克微支</a>笔下的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E5%8A%AA%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E6%89%8E%E6%A0%BC%E6%B2%83%E5%B7%B4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="奥努弗雷·扎格沃巴(页面不存在)">奥努弗雷·扎格沃巴</a>所沉思的一样,是波兰的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E4%BC%A6%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94" title="奥利弗·克伦威尔">奥利弗·克伦威尔</a>。这样的元帅既会得到炽烈的拥护,也会遭致刻薄的指责。<sup id="cite_ref-TT_NGP_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT_NGP-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goldfarb_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldfarb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pozeg6_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pozeg6-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1935年毕苏斯基的葬礼上,总统莫希奇茨基对元帅赞颂到:“他是我们心中的国王和我们希望的君主。在他辛勤劳累的半个世纪里,他一个接着一个地博得了我们的心,我们的魂,直到他将整个波兰染成他王室气概的紫色……他给了波兰自由、领土、权力和世人的尊敬。”<sup id="cite_ref-Mość_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mość-184"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">第二次世界大战</a>后成立的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="波兰人民共和国">波兰人民共和国</a>实际上是<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E5%9B%BD" title="卫星国">卫星国</a>,而毕苏斯基的思想对这样的波兰的影响已所剩无几,尤其要说的是,当时的波兰没法继承毕苏斯基的事业,既没法联合波兰与其邻国成立<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%97%B4%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="海间联邦">海间联邦</a>,也没法进行<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="普罗米修斯计划">普罗米修斯计划</a>,将俄罗斯分裂,将被强行并入俄罗斯的国家解放。<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>战后的十年间,波兰的共产政权对毕苏斯基和战间期的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="波兰第二共和国">波兰第二共和国</a>不是忽视,就是指责。但是,尤其是在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%BB%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%96" title="去斯大林化">去斯大林化</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88" class="mw-redirect" title="波蘭十月">波兰十月</a>(1956年)时,波兰史学界对毕苏斯基的态度逐步发生改变,摆脱了以往的完全否定,变得更加中立平衡。<sup id="cite_ref-nalamach_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nalamach-186"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%AC%A7%E5%89%A7%E5%8F%98" title="东欧剧变">东欧剧变</a>,1991年<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>解体后,毕苏斯基再次成为公认的波兰民族英雄。<sup id="cite_ref-Roshwald_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roshwald-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1995年5月12日,波兰<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9F%E5%A7%86" class="mw-redirect" title="瑟姆">瑟姆</a>在他逝世六十周年的纪念上接受一项决议:“在我们国家的记忆里,约瑟夫·毕苏斯基仍会是一位为波兰赢得独立的人,一位取得胜利的领导人,他抵挡了外国入侵,也使整个欧洲及其文明免遭荼毒。约瑟夫·毕苏斯基兢兢业业地为他的国家效劳,他将永载史册。”<sup id="cite_ref-Sejm1995_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sejm1995-187"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>但是毕苏斯基的政治行动仍然具有争议,其中<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%9C%88%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="五月政變">1926年5月政变</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%AE%A1%E5%88%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="布列斯特审判(页面不存在)">布列斯特审判</a>(1931年-1932年)、1934年<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E9%9B%B7%E6%89%8E-%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E5%9B%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E9%9A%94%E7%A6%BB%E8%90%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="贝雷扎-卡尔图斯卡隔离营(页面不存在)">贝雷扎-卡尔图斯卡隔离营</a>的成立和继任的波兰政府制定一贯而有建设性的少数民族政策的失败更是如此。<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>虽然如此,毕苏斯基仍被大多数波兰人视为20世纪中国家的幸运人物。 </p><p>毕苏斯基以自己的名字命名几支军队,其中包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%86%9B%E5%9B%A2%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AD%A5%E5%85%B5%E5%B8%88&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰军团第一步兵师(页面不存在)">军团第一步兵师</a>和第五十一号<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%9D%E7%94%B2%E5%88%97%E8%BB%8A" title="裝甲列車">装甲列车</a>(“<i>I Marszałek</i>”——第一元帅)。<sup id="cite_ref-PIBWL_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIBWL-189"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>同样以毕苏斯基命名的还有<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB" title="克拉科夫">克拉科夫</a>四座<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E5%B1%B1" title="假山">假山</a>之一,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E5%B1%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="毕苏斯基山(页面不存在)">毕苏斯基山</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-mound_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mound-190"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>以及一座位于<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6" title="纽约">纽约</a>,研究现代<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="波兰历史">波兰史</a>的研究中心与博物馆,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国约瑟夫·毕苏斯基学会(页面不存在)">美国约瑟夫·毕苏斯基学会</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Institute_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institute-191"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>还有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="华沙约瑟夫·毕苏斯基体育大学(页面不存在)">华沙约瑟夫·毕苏斯基体育大学</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-MON_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MON-192"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>以及一艘客船“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E5%8F%B7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="毕苏斯基号(页面不存在)">毕苏斯基号</a>”;一艘炮舰“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E8%88%B0%E9%95%BF%E5%8F%B7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="毕苏斯基舰长号(页面不存在)">毕苏斯基舰长号</a>”;和一匹赛马“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA_(%E9%A9%AC)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="毕苏斯基 (马)(页面不存在)">毕苏斯基</a>”。事实上每座波兰城市都有条“毕苏斯基街”(相比之下,以毕苏斯基的死敌<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="罗曼·德莫夫斯基">罗曼·德莫夫斯基</a>命名的街道即使真实存在,也是屈指可数,就算是在他的政治大本营<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="大波兰">大波兰</a>也是如此)。很多波兰城市都有毕苏斯基的雕像;毕苏斯基雕像最密集的地方位于华沙,那个地方是毕苏斯基住处<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%99%AF%E5%AE%AE_(%E8%8F%AF%E6%B2%99)" title="美景宮 (華沙)">美景宫</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%A2%E8%98%87%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E5%BB%A3%E5%A0%B4" title="畢蘇斯基廣場">毕苏斯基广场</a>之间的一个区域,两者仅相距1英里多,却建有3座雕像。 </p><p>很多小说作品都有毕苏斯基这个角色,譬如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%A4%E6%9F%B3%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%99%BB-%E7%8F%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="尤柳什·卡登-班德洛夫斯基(页面不存在)">尤柳什·卡登-班德洛夫斯基</a>在1922年所写的小说《巴尔奇将军》(<i>Generał Barcz</i>)<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E5%88%87%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E5%8D%A1%E4%BC%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="亚切克·杜卡伊(页面不存在)">亚切克·杜卡伊</a>在2007年所写的小说《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B0_(%E6%9D%9C%E5%8D%A1%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="冰 (杜卡伊小说)(页面不存在)">冰</a>》。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" title="波蘭國家圖書館">波兰国家图书馆</a>列出了至少500部与毕苏斯基有关的书刊; <sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>而<a 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rowspan="2"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"><td><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);padding:0 0.2em;padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;;background-color: #9fe;">卡齐米日·卢德维克·毕苏斯基</td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"><td style="border-left: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); border-top: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"><td rowspan="2" style="border-left: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 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serif;">&#160;</span></div></td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"><td rowspan="2" style=""><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"><td><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);padding:0 0.2em;padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;;background-color: 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serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"><td><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);padding:0 0.2em;padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;;background-color: #9fe;">约阿希姆·米哈沃夫斯基(1744年–1831年)</td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"><td style="border-left: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); border-top: 1px solid 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serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="14"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="6" style="border-left: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="6"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="6"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style=""><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 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serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"><td style="border-left: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);padding:0 0.2em;padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;;background-color: #bfc;">埃尔日别塔·布特勒(?—1894年)</td><td rowspan="2" 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0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"><td style="border-left: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);padding:0 0.2em;padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;;background-color: #9fe;">玛乌戈扎塔·比莱维奇(?-约1861年)</td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"><td><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"><td rowspan="2" style=""><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;">&#160;</span></div></td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="后代"><span id=".E5.90.8E.E4.BB.A3"></span>后代</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="编辑章节:后代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>共产党政权倒台后,毕苏斯基元帅的两个女儿都在1990年回到波兰。娅德维加·毕苏斯卡的女儿约安娜·亚拉切夫斯卡在1979年回到波兰。她在那里与政治犯,<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A2%E7%BB%93%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="团结工会">团结工会</a>活动家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E5%8A%AA%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%86%85%E4%BB%80%E5%87%AF%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="亚努什·奥内什凯维奇(页面不存在)">亚努什·奥内什凯维奇</a>结婚。两人都积极参与1979年至1989年间波兰人的反共斗争。<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="荣誉与勋章"><span id=".E8.8D.A3.E8.AA.89.E4.B8.8E.E5.8B.8B.E7.AB.A0"></span>荣誉与勋章</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="编辑章节:荣誉与勋章"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="波兰"><span id=".E6.B3.A2.E5.85.B0"></span>波兰</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="编辑章节:波兰"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E9%B7%B9%E5%8B%B3%E7%AB%A0_(%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD)" class="mw-redirect" title="白鷹勳章 (波蘭)">白鹰勋章</a>(1921年)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%8B%87%E6%88%98%E6%96%97%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="英勇战斗勋章(页面不存在)">英勇战斗勋章</a>,第一级、二级、四级、五级</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0_(%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="独立勋章 (波兰)(页面不存在)">带剑独立勋章</a>(1930年11月6日)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%85%89%E5%A4%8D%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰光复勋章(页面不存在)">波兰光复勋章</a>,第一级和第二级</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%87%E6%95%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0_(%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="勇敢十字勋章 (波兰)(页面不存在)">勇敢十字勋章</a>(四次)</li> <li>金色<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%A3%E8%AA%89%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0_(%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="荣誉十字勋章 (波兰)(页面不存在)">荣誉十字勋章</a>(四次,包括在1931年获得的那枚)</li> <li>立陶宛中部军队荣誉勋章</li> <li>西里西亚绶带荣誉勇气勋章</li> <li>标记军官“伞”(1912年)</li> <li>“忠诚服务”徽章(1916年)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%AD%90%E5%86%9B%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="童子军十字勋章(页面不存在)">童子军十字勋章</a>(1920年”</li> <li>“金色贸易联盟”主要的火力旅联盟</li> <li>卡尼奥夫斯基十字勋章(1929年)</li> <li>“波兰军团指挥官约瑟夫·毕苏斯基”徽章(1916年)</li> <li>来自在1914年至1921年间被监禁的前思想犯纪念徽章(1928年)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="外国"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E5.9B.BD"></span>外国</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="编辑章节:外国"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%93%9D%E8%89%B2%E6%96%97%E7%AF%B7%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="蓝色斗篷勋章(页面不存在)">蓝色斗篷勋章</a>(阿富汗)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="铁十字勋章">铁十字勋章</a>,第三级(奥匈帝国)</li> <li>大十字<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%E6%B3%A2%E5%BE%B7%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0_(%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6)" title="利奥波德勋章 (比利时)">利奥波德勋章</a>(比利时)</li> <li>圣剑绶带亚历山大大帝勋章(保加利亚)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="南十字勋章(页面不存在)">南十字勋章</a>(巴西)</li> <li>1918年勇敢十字勋章(捷克斯洛伐克)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B9%B0%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="鹰十字勋章(页面不存在)">鹰十字勋章</a>,第一级(爱沙尼亚,1930年)</li> <li>凯特斯利德之星大十字勋章、勇气勋章和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0_(%E7%88%B1%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="自由勋章 (爱沙尼亚)(页面不存在)">自由勋章</a>,第一级(爱沙尼亚)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BD%E7%8E%AB%E7%91%B0%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0" title="芬兰白玫瑰勋章">芬兰白玫瑰勋章</a>,第一级</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%A3%E8%AA%89%E5%86%9B%E5%9B%A2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="荣誉军团(页面不存在)">荣誉军团</a>大十字勋章,第25864号(持续计数)和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0_(%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="军事勋章 (法国)(页面不存在)">军事勋章</a>(法国)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%8B%87%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%98%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0_(%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="英勇作战勋章 (西班牙)(页面不存在)">英勇作战勋章</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%AD%E6%97%A5%E7%AB%A0" title="旭日章">旭日章</a>,第一级(日本)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E4%B9%94%E5%B0%94%E6%9D%B0%E4%B9%8B%E6%98%9F%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="卡拉乔尔杰之星勋章(页面不存在)">卡拉乔尔杰之星勋章</a>(南斯拉夫)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E5%A5%87%E6%99%AE%E8%8E%B1%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拉奇普莱西斯勋章(页面不存在)">拉奇普莱西斯勋章</a>,第一级(拉脱维亚)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96%E9%AA%91%E5%A3%AB%E5%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="马耳他骑士团">耶路撒冷圣约翰主权军事骑士团勋章</a>,第四级</li> <li>大十字<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%91%E4%B8%8E%E5%A1%94%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="剑与塔勋章(页面不存在)">剑与塔勋章</a>(葡萄牙)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="卡罗尔一世勋章(页面不存在)">卡罗尔一世勋章</a>第一级和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%87%E6%95%A2%E8%80%85%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="勇敢者米哈伊勋章(页面不存在)">勇敢者米哈伊勋章</a>第一级、第二级和第三级(罗马尼亚)</li> <li>大十字勇敢勋章(匈牙利)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A3%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%A3%E6%8B%89%E6%92%92%E8%B7%AF%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="圣莫里斯和圣拉撒路勋章(页面不存在)">圣莫里斯和圣拉撒路勋章</a>,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%90%A8%E4%BC%8F%E4%BC%8A%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古萨伏伊军事勋章(页面不存在)">萨伏伊军事勋章</a>第一级(意大利)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="荣誉博士学位"><span id=".E8.8D.A3.E8.AA.89.E5.8D.9A.E5.A3.AB.E5.AD.A6.E4.BD.8D"></span>荣誉博士学位</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="编辑章节:荣誉博士学位"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E7%9B%96%E9%9A%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="雅盖隆大学">雅盖隆大学</a>(1920年4月28日)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E5%BD%93%C2%B7%E5%AF%86%E8%8C%A8%E5%87%AF%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="亚当·密茨凯维奇大学(页面不存在)">亚当·密茨凯维奇大学</a>(1933年11月11日)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="华沙大学">华沙大学</a>(1921年5月2日)</li> <li>维尔纽斯<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%87%A1%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%89%98%E5%88%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="斯特凡·巴托利大学(页面不存在)">斯特凡·巴托利大学</a>(1921年9月)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="编辑章节:参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="波兰历史">波兰历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="波兰第二共和国">波兰第二共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A" title="波兰社会党">波兰社会党</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战">第一次世界大战</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="编辑章节:注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">毕苏斯基或译毕苏茨基。人们在通常情况下,会将“约瑟夫·克莱门斯·毕苏斯基”(Józef Klemens Piłsudski)的中间名“克莱门斯”舍去,即为“约瑟夫·毕苏斯基”(Józef Piłsudski)。几份英文文献会将他的名译为“约瑟夫”(Joseph),但这并非通常用法。他年轻时曾是地下组织一员,并使用各种各样的代号,例如“维克多”(Wiktor)、“梅奇斯瓦夫”(Mieczysław)和“久克”(Ziuk)(后者也是他家族的昵称)。后来他经常被亲切地称为“<i>Dziadek</i>”(“爷爷”或“老者”)和“<i>Marszałek</i>”(“元帅”)。来自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%86%9B%E5%9B%A2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="第一次世界大战波兰军团(页面不存在)">第一次世界大战波兰军团</a>的流亡士兵也称他为“<i>Komendant</i>”(“指挥官”)。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">毕苏斯基有时谈起,他是波兰化的立陶宛人。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>有关他种族和所属文化的问题并非仅有一个。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%82%E8%8E%AB%E8%A5%BF%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%86%85%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="蒂莫西·斯内德尔(页面不存在)">蒂莫西·斯内德尔</a>称他为“波裔立陶宛人”,注意毕苏斯基并没有从20世纪的民族主义和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%88%92%E5%88%86&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="种族划分(页面不存在)">种族划分</a>的方面想过此事;他认为他“既是”波兰人,“又是”立陶宛人,而他的家乡是历史上的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="波兰立陶宛联邦">波兰立陶宛联邦</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="大英百科全书">大英百科全书</a>在讨论他在立陶宛的角色后,认为他是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E5%8C%96" title="波蘭化">波兰化</a>立陶宛人; <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>但是,在他传记的导论中,它简单地称他为“波兰人”。 <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="哥倫比亞百科全書">哥伦比亚百科全书</a>和<a href="/wiki/Encarta" title="Encarta">Encarta</a>也简单地称他为“波兰人”。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="编辑章节:参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="编辑章节:引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refDavies1986">Davies 1986</a>, 第139页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refSnyder2004">Snyder 2004</a>, 第70页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-460674/Jozef-Klemens-Pilsudski">约瑟夫·克莱门斯·毕苏斯基(波兰总统)——在立陶宛的角色:波罗的海国家,立陶宛的解放</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="大英百科全书">大英百科全书</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2007年12月17日&#93;</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E9%97%A8%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%EF%BC%88%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%EF%BC%89%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%9C%A8%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%92%E8%89%B2%EF%BC%9A%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%EF%BC%8C%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Ftopic-460674%2FJozef-Klemens-Pilsudski&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9060041/Jozef-Pilsudski">约瑟夫·毕苏斯基</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="大英百科全书">大英百科全书</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2007年12月17日&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725170825/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9060041/Jozef-Pilsudski">存档</a>于2008年7月25日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9060041%2FJozef-Pilsudski&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><br /><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9375283/J%C3%B3zef-Pilsudski">约瑟夫·毕苏斯基</a>. 简明大英百科全书. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2007年12月17日&#93;</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E7%AE%80%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconcise.britannica.com%2Febc%2Farticle-9375283%2FJ%25C3%25B3zef-Pilsudski&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2018年3月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>&#93;</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Pilsudsk.html">Joseph Piłsudski</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Encyclopedia">Columbia Encyclopedia</a>, Sixth Edition. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2007&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090112205355/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Pilsudsk.html">存档</a>于2009-01-12).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Joseph+Pi%C5%82sudski&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Columbia+Encyclopedia%2C+Sixth+Edition&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1E1-Pilsudsk.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encarta-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_7-0"><sup><b>6.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_7-1"><sup><b>6.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090820115644/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761558833/Pilsudski.html">Józef Piłsudski</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encarta" title="Encarta">Encarta</a>. Microsoft. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2006年5月30日&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761558833/Pilsudski.html">原始内容</a>存档于2009年8月20日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Encarta&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761558833%2FPilsudski.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pilsudski.org/pl/">Józef Pilsudski Institute of America - Instytut Józefa Piłsudskiego w Ameryce</a>. www.pilsudski.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-06-23</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324193653/https://www.pilsudski.org/pl/">存档</a>于2022-03-24).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=J%C3%B3zef+Pilsudski+Institute+of+America+-+Instytut+J%C3%B3zefa+Pi%C5%82sudskiego+w+Ameryce&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.pilsudski.org&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pilsudski.org%2Fpl%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plach-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plach_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPlach2006">Plach 2006</a>, 第14页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pozeg9–11-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pozeg9–11_11-0"><sup><b>9.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pozeg9–11_11-1"><sup><b>9.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pozeg9–11_11-2"><sup><b>9.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pozeg9–11_11-3"><sup><b>9.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pozeg9–11_11-4"><sup><b>9.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pozeg9–11_11-5"><sup><b>9.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pozeg9–11_11-6"><sup><b>9.6</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pozeg9–11_11-7"><sup><b>9.7</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refDrozdowski1995">Drozdowski &amp; Szwankowska 1995</a>,第9–11页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refLieven1994">Lieven 1994</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=iz3NACNOpCAC&amp;pg=PA159&amp;dq=Pilsudski+Polish+independence&amp;as_brr=3&amp;ei=7cZmR9X2G6SEjAGuoZ2nAw&amp;sig=UF1oPw56pneIbaUzKQLxTtZkGb0">p. 159</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320204617/http://books.google.com/books?id=iz3NACNOpCAC&amp;pg=PA159&amp;dq=Pilsudski+Polish+independence&amp;as_brr=3&amp;ei=7cZmR9X2G6SEjAGuoZ2nAw&amp;sig=UF1oPw56pneIbaUzKQLxTtZkGb0">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HD2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HD2_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refLerski1996">Lerski 1996</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=FPxhOu_n1VYC&amp;pg=PA441&amp;vq=chief+restorer&amp;dq=Pilsudski+Polish+independence&amp;lr=&amp;as_brr=3&amp;sig=iJxuE4j82fjQgvWGYI-kkEwkYB0">p. 441</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320214302/http://books.google.com/books?id=FPxhOu_n1VYC&amp;pg=PA441&amp;vq=chief+restorer&amp;dq=Pilsudski+Polish+independence&amp;lr=&amp;as_brr=3&amp;sig=iJxuE4j82fjQgvWGYI-kkEwkYB0">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refHeld1992">Held 1992</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=5O5NkwX-NnYC&amp;pg=PA249&amp;dq=Pilsudski+Polish+independence&amp;lr=&amp;as_brr=3&amp;ei=e8hmR7D1LI7-igHz5eCdAw&amp;sig=EXRmOzUfwHMrgjxeBne9BLQj7Jk">第249页</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321021553/http://books.google.com/books?id=5O5NkwX-NnYC&amp;pg=PA249&amp;dq=Pilsudski+Polish+independence&amp;lr=&amp;as_brr=3&amp;ei=e8hmR7D1LI7-igHz5eCdAw&amp;sig=EXRmOzUfwHMrgjxeBne9BLQj7Jk">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polishnews.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=507:jozef-pilsudski-and-the-polish-independence-the-myth-of-the-commander&amp;catid=93:historiapolish">约瑟夫·毕苏斯基和波兰独立——指挥官传奇</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170203050535/http://www.polishnews.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=507:jozef-pilsudski-and-the-polish-independence-the-myth-of-the-commander&amp;catid=93:historiapolish">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>). 2009年9月16日查阅</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refRoos1966">Roos 1966</a>, 第14页; <a href="#refRothschild1990">Rothschild 1990</a>, 第45页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=fE2quB852jcC&amp;pg=PA60&amp;lpg=PA60&amp;dq=%22a+liberal+democrat+in+the+clothes+of+an+old-world+knight.%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=6dw7cSdMpC&amp;sig=SolfvnnNLLedGMq3t6njz_OGuzc&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=PvVrTPeCM4GsOJTuqZ0B&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=2&amp;ved=0CBYQ6AEwAQ">National identity and foreign policy: nationalism and leadership in Poland, Russia and Ukraine</a> Ilya Prizel,Cambridge University Press, 1998年, 第60页</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TT_NGP-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TT_NGP_18-0"><sup><b>16.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TT_NGP_18-1"><sup><b>16.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TT_NGP_18-2"><sup><b>16.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refTorbus1999">Torbus 1999</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN3886180883&amp;id=xH6iEYILvuYC&amp;pg=PA25&amp;lpg=PA25&amp;dq=Pilsudski+France+1933&amp;sig=hV7b1WHEJzrnGCt0vGkG_Bp_OtM">第25页</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20121112195951/http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN3886180883&amp;id=xH6iEYILvuYC&amp;pg=PA25&amp;lpg=PA25&amp;dq=Pilsudski+France+1933&amp;sig=hV7b1WHEJzrnGCt0vGkG_Bp_OtM">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldfarb-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldfarb_19-0"><sup><b>17.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldfarb_19-1"><sup><b>17.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refGoldfarb1992">Goldfarb 1992</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0226300986&amp;id=7aHEDQ0HbyIC&amp;pg=PA152&amp;lpg=PA152&amp;dq=Pilsudski+hero&amp;sig=HyAJCU-pvFO3L3CYoCtisFxjflc">第152页</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pozeg6-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pozeg6_20-0"><sup><b>18.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pozeg6_20-1"><sup><b>18.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refDrozdowski1995">Drozdowski &amp; Szwankowska 1995</a>, 第6页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roshwald-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roshwald_21-0"><sup><b>19.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roshwald_21-1"><sup><b>19.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refRoshwald2002">Roshwald 2002</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0521013240&amp;id=uteV3ytfmqQC&amp;pg=PA60&amp;lpg=PA60&amp;dq=Pilsudski+hero&amp;sig=pUTn7o9EK83j--_aOWyiwKGkgPQ">第60页</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poland.gov-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-0"><sup><b>20.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-1"><sup><b>20.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-2"><sup><b>20.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-3"><sup><b>20.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-4"><sup><b>20.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-5"><sup><b>20.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-6"><sup><b>20.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-7"><sup><b>20.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-8"><sup><b>20.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-9"><sup><b>20.09</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-10"><sup><b>20.10</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-11"><sup><b>20.11</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-12"><sup><b>20.12</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-13"><sup><b>20.13</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-14"><sup><b>20.14</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-15"><sup><b>20.15</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-16"><sup><b>20.16</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-17"><sup><b>20.17</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-18"><sup><b>20.18</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-19"><sup><b>20.19</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-20"><sup><b>20.20</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-21"><sup><b>20.21</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-22"><sup><b>20.22</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poland.gov_22-23"><sup><b>20.23</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060213175243/http://poland.gov.pl/Jozef,Pilsudski,(1867-1935),1972.html">Józef Piłsudski (1867–1935)</a>. Poland.gov. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2009年9月16日&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://poland.gov.pl/Jozef,Pilsudski,(1867-1935),1972.html">原始内容</a>存档于2006年2月13日) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski+%281867%E2%80%931935%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Poland.gov&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoland.gov.pl%2FJozef%2CPilsudski%2C%281867-1935%29%2C1972.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pidl-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pidl_23-0"><sup><b>21.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pidl_23-1"><sup><b>21.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pidl_23-2"><sup><b>21.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pidl_23-3"><sup><b>21.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pidl_23-4"><sup><b>21.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPidlutskyi2004">Pidlutskyi 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_13-15-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_13-15_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, 第13–15页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HD-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HD_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refLerski1996">Lerski 1996</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=S6aUBuWPqywC&amp;pg=PA439&amp;dq=pilsudski+Polish+noble&amp;ei=01QNR_SuO6jA7AKop8CuBg&amp;sig=Bldt8emkmGuNNIdY6sjE2dEWZMg">第449页</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20121112214507/http://books.google.com/books?id=S6aUBuWPqywC&amp;pg=PA439&amp;dq=pilsudski+Polish+noble&amp;ei=01QNR_SuO6jA7AKop8CuBg&amp;sig=Bldt8emkmGuNNIdY6sjE2dEWZMg">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies40-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies40_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refDavies2005">Davies 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=9Tbed6iMNLEC&amp;pg=PA41&amp;vq=Pilsudski+Polish&amp;dq=editions:ISBN0231053533&amp;sig=-_sGmCIqDuKvauBCXo8AD1oZElg#PPA40,M1">第40页</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refBideleux1998">Bideleux 1998</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=6Eh9KQTrOckC&amp;pg=PA186&amp;dq=pilsudski+lithuanian+polonized&amp;sig=4d0UM_aagBPKUskM4yxR-g4ZQ84">第186页</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aviel-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aviel_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refRoshwald2001">Roshwald 2001</a>, 第36页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Blobaum. <i>Feliks Dzierzynsky and the SDKPiL: A study of the origins of Polish Communism.</i> 1984. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780880330466" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-88033-046-6</a> 第30页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MM-208-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MM-208_30-0"><sup><b>28.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MM-208_30-1"><sup><b>28.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refMacMillan2003">MacMillan 2003</a>, 第208页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PWN-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_31-0"><sup><b>29.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_31-1"><sup><b>29.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_31-2"><sup><b>29.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_31-3"><sup><b>29.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_31-4"><sup><b>29.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_31-5"><sup><b>29.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_31-6"><sup><b>29.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_31-7"><sup><b>29.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_31-8"><sup><b>29.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_31-9"><sup><b>29.09</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_31-10"><sup><b>29.10</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_31-11"><sup><b>29.11</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_31-12"><sup><b>29.12</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_31-13"><sup><b>29.13</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_31-14"><sup><b>29.14</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_31-15"><sup><b>29.15</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_31-16"><sup><b>29.16</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_31-17"><sup><b>29.17</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_31-18"><sup><b>29.18</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_31-19"><sup><b>29.19</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_31-20"><sup><b>29.20</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_31-21"><sup><b>29.21</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_31-22"><sup><b>29.22</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_31-23"><sup><b>29.23</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_31-24"><sup><b>29.24</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_31-25"><sup><b>29.25</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_31-26"><sup><b>29.26</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Chojnowski, Andrzej. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080503141011/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3957301">Piłsudski Józef Klemens</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internetowa_encyklopedia_PWN&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Internetowa encyklopedia PWN(页面不存在)">Internetowa encyklopedia PWN</a>. PWN. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2008年1月15日&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3957301">原始内容</a>存档于2008年5月3日) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Pi%C5%82sudski+J%C3%B3zef+Klemens&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrzej&amp;rft.aulast=Chojnowski&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Internetowa+encyklopedia+PWN&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.pwn.pl%2Fhaslo.php%3Fid%3D3957301&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BronPił-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BronPił_32-0"><sup><b>30.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BronPił_32-1"><sup><b>30.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrap.org/pl/cv.html">Kalendarium wydarzeń życia Bronisława Piłsudskiego (布罗尼斯瓦夫·毕苏斯基大事记)</a>. ICRAP: wersja polska. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2007年8月2日&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070716114835/http://www.icrap.org/pl/cv.html">存档</a>于2007年7月16日) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Kalendarium+wydarze%C5%84+%C5%BCycia+Bronis%C5%82awa+Pi%C5%82sudskiego+%EF%BC%88%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8B%E8%AE%B0%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ICRAP%3A+wersja+polska&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrap.org%2Fpl%2Fcv.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_50-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Urb_50_33-0"><sup><b>31.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urb_50_33-1"><sup><b>31.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第50页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Landau, Rom; Geoffrey Dunlop. Pilsudski, Hero of Poland(《毕苏斯基,波兰英雄》) 第1版. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jarrolds&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jarrolds(页面不存在)">Jarrolds</a>. 1930年: 第30–32页.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.au=Geoffrey+Dunlop&amp;rft.aufirst=Rom&amp;rft.aulast=Landau&amp;rft.btitle=Pilsudski%2C+Hero+of+Poland%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%EF%BC%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E8%8B%B1%E9%9B%84%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1930&amp;rft.edition=%E7%AC%AC1%E7%89%88&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC30-32%E9%A1%B5&amp;rft.pub=Jarrolds&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_62–66-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Urb_62–66_35-0"><sup><b>33.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urb_62–66_35-1"><sup><b>33.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第62–66页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_68–69-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Urb_68–69_36-0"><sup><b>34.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urb_68–69_36-1"><sup><b>34.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第68–69页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_74–77-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_74–77_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第74–77页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Šimelionis, Izidorius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrytas.lt/?id=11846508871183494575&amp;view=4">Maršalas J. Pilsudskis lietuviukus kalbino lietuviškai (Marshal J. Piłsudski spoke to little Lithuanians in Lithuanian)</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lietuvos_rytas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lietuvos rytas(页面不存在)">Lietuvos rytas</a>. 2007-07-17 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2007年12月8日&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810233224/http://www.lrytas.lt/?id=11846508871183494575&amp;view=4">存档</a>于2007-08-10) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到立陶宛语网页">(立陶宛语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Mar%C5%A1alas+J.+Pilsudskis+lietuviukus+kalbino+lietuvi%C5%A1kai+%28Marshal+J.+Pi%C5%82sudski+spoke+to+little+Lithuanians+in+Lithuanian%29&amp;rft.aufirst=Izidorius&amp;rft.aulast=%C5%A0imelionis&amp;rft.date=2007-07-17&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Lietuvos+rytas&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrytas.lt%2F%3Fid%3D11846508871183494575%26view%3D4&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jedrz13-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jedrz13_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refJedrzejewicz1994">Jędrzejewicz 1994</a>, 第13页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_71-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_71_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷第71页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_88-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_88_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第88页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MM-209-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MM-209_42-0"><sup><b>40.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MM-209_42-1"><sup><b>40.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MM-209_42-2"><sup><b>40.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refMacMillan2003">MacMillan 2003</a>, 第209页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_93-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_93_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第93页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piłsudski12-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Piłsudski12_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPilsudski1989">Piłsudski 1989</a>, 第12页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alabrudzinska99-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alabrudzinska99_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refAlabrudzinska1999">Alabrudzińska 1999</a>, 第99页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garlicki63-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garlicki63_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refGarlicki1995">Garlicki 1995</a>, 第63页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pobog-Malinowski07-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pobog-Malinowski07_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPobog-Malinowski1990">Pobóg-Malinowski 1990</a>, 第7页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Piłsudski: A Life For Poland", Wacław Jędrzejewicz, Hipocremne Books, New York, 1982, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780870527470" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-87052-747-0</a>, 第27-28页</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aleksandra-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aleksandra_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genealogiapolska.pl/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1239&amp;Itemid=1">Aleksandra Piłsudska</a>. Biografie Geneaologia Polska. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2008年1月15日&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115114710/http://www.genealogiapolska.pl/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1239&amp;Itemid=1">存档</a>于2009年1月15日) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Aleksandra+Pi%C5%82sudska&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Biografie+Geneaologia+Polska&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genealogiapolska.pl%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D1239%26Itemid%3D1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_109–111-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Urb_109–111_50-0"><sup><b>48.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urb_109–111_50-1"><sup><b>48.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urb_109–111_50-2"><sup><b>48.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第 109–111页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refCharaszkiewicz2000">Charaszkiewicz 2000</a>, 第56页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zamoyski-330-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zamoyski-330_52-0"><sup><b>50.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamoyski-330_52-1"><sup><b>50.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamoyski-330_52-2"><sup><b>50.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamoyski-330_52-3"><sup><b>50.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamoyski-330_52-4"><sup><b>50.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamoyski-330_52-5"><sup><b>50.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamoyski-330_52-6"><sup><b>50.6</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamoyski-330_52-7"><sup><b>50.7</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamoyski-330_52-8"><sup><b>50.8</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refZamoyski1987">Zamoyski 1987</a>, 第330页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zamoyski-332-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zamoyski-332_53-0"><sup><b>51.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamoyski-332_53-1"><sup><b>51.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamoyski-332_53-2"><sup><b>51.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamoyski-332_53-3"><sup><b>51.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamoyski-332_53-4"><sup><b>51.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamoyski-332_53-5"><sup><b>51.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamoyski-332_53-6"><sup><b>51.6</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamoyski-332_53-7"><sup><b>51.7</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refZamoyski1987">Zamoyski 1987</a>, 第332页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_113–116-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_113–116_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第113–116页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_117–118-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_117–118_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第117–118页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb%20131-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb%2520131_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第131页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roos-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roos_57-0"><sup><b>55.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roos_57-1"><sup><b>55.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refRoos1966">Roos 1966</a>, 第14页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JR45-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JR45_58-0"><sup><b>56.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JR45_58-1"><sup><b>56.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JR45_58-2"><sup><b>56.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refRothschild1990">Rothschild 1990</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ytc-muwFT_IC&amp;pg=PA45&amp;dq=Pilsudski+anticipated+war&amp;lr=&amp;as_brr=3&amp;ei=WzB0R-_AFpjSigGyjOCIAg&amp;sig=GmHznLgdZljDVVJRjbplooWSJ0w">p. 45</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb%20121%E2%80%93122-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Urb%2520121%25E2%2580%2593122_59-0"><sup><b>57.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urb%2520121%25E2%2580%2593122_59-1"><sup><b>57.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第121–122页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_60-0"><sup><b>58.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_60-1"><sup><b>58.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_60-2"><sup><b>58.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_60-3"><sup><b>58.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-28214/Poland">Poland: The Second Republic</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="大英百科全书">大英百科全书</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2008年1月15日&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080624194834/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-28214/Poland">存档</a>于2008年6月24日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Poland%3A+The+Second+Republic&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-28214%2FPoland&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zamoyski-333-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zamoyski-333_61-0"><sup><b>59.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamoyski-333_61-1"><sup><b>59.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamoyski-333_61-2"><sup><b>59.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamoyski-333_61-3"><sup><b>59.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refZamoyski1987">Zamoyski 1987</a>, 第333页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_171–172-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_171–172_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第171–172页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PolPrzem-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PolPrzem_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polityka.pl/polityka/index.jsp?place=Lead30&amp;news_cat_id=1409&amp;news_id=193189&amp;layout=16&amp;forum_id=6303&amp;fpage=Threads&amp;page=text">Przemówienie do I kompanii kadrowej, Kraków, Oleandry, 3 sierpnia 1914</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polityka&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Polityka(页面不存在)">Polityka</a>. 2006-09-26 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2008年1月15日&#93;</span> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Przem%C3%B3wienie+do+I+kompanii+kadrowej%2C+Krak%C3%B3w%2C+Oleandry%2C+3+sierpnia+1914&amp;rft.date=2006-09-26&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Polityka&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polityka.pl%2Fpolityka%2Findex.jsp%3Fplace%3DLead30%26news_cat_id%3D1409%26news_id%3D193189%26layout%3D16%26forum_id%3D6303%26fpage%3DThreads%26page%3Dtext&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2020年7月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>&#93;</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_168-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_168_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第168页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cienciala-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala_65-0"><sup><b>63.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala_65-1"><sup><b>63.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala_65-2"><sup><b>63.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala_65-3"><sup><b>63.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala_65-4"><sup><b>63.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala_65-5"><sup><b>63.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala_65-6"><sup><b>63.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala_65-7"><sup><b>63.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala_65-8"><sup><b>63.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala_65-9"><sup><b>63.09</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala_65-10"><sup><b>63.10</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala_65-11"><sup><b>63.11</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala_65-12"><sup><b>63.12</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala_65-13"><sup><b>63.13</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_M._Cienciala&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anna M. Cienciala(页面不存在)">Cienciala, Anna M.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect11.htm">The Rebirth of Poland (lecture notes)</a>. 2002年, 2007年再版 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2006年6月2日&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515153155/http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect11.htm">存档</a>于2013年5月15日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Anna+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Cienciala&amp;rft.btitle=The+Rebirth+of+Poland+%28lecture+notes%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ku.edu%2F~eceurope%2Fhist557%2Flect11.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_174–175-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_174–175_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第174–175页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_178–179-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_178–179_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第178–179页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_170–171_and_180–182-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_170–171_and_180–182_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第170–171和180–182页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refMatuszak2006">Matuszak 2006</a>, 第12页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_251–252-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_251–252_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第251–252页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biskupski-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biskupski_71-0"><sup><b>69.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biskupski_71-1"><sup><b>69.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refBiskupski2000">Biskupski 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_253-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_253_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第253页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_256_and_277–278-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_256_and_277–278_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第256,277至278页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suleja202-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suleja202_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refSuleja2004">Suleja 2004</a>, 第202页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MM-210-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MM-210_75-0"><sup><b>73.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MM-210_75-1"><sup><b>73.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MM-210_75-2"><sup><b>73.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MM-210_75-3"><sup><b>73.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MM-210_75-4"><sup><b>73.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MM-210_75-5"><sup><b>73.5</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refMacMillan2003">MacMillan 2003</a>, 第210页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MM-213–214-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MM-213–214_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refMacMillan2003">MacMillan 2003</a>, 第213–214页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">参见87至93条,<cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080214175104/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/partiii.htm">1919年6月28日凡尔赛条约:第三部分</a>. The Avalon Project. 2008年 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2008年1月15日&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/partiii.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2008年2月14日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=1919%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%8828%E6%97%A5%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%9B%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6%EF%BC%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Avalon+Project&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Flawweb%2Favalon%2Fimt%2Fpartiii.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refGrant1999">Grant 1999</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=GAQ8vIJE8_QC&amp;pg=PA114&amp;dq=Poland+recognition+1919+versailles&amp;as_brr=3&amp;ei=ET9cR__8G6butAPi0NDvAw&amp;sig=uc8xW0mfzxTFUDYohdfCEG5t81Q">第114页</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MM-211_and_214-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MM-211_and_214_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refMacMillan2003">MacMillan 2003</a>, 第211和214页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BFG-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BFG_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refBoemeke1998">Boemeke <i>et al.</i> 1998</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0521621321&amp;id=zqj-oHp4KsgC&amp;pg=RA1-PA314&amp;lpg=RA1-PA314&amp;q=Kingdom+of+Poland&amp;vq=Kingdom+of+Poland&amp;dq=eastern+marches+poles&amp;sig=yCDNar7HfvJokGQ9LbFcG4-UGd4">第314页</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200820050151/http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0521621321&amp;id=zqj-oHp4KsgC&amp;pg=RA1-PA314&amp;lpg=RA1-PA314&amp;q=Kingdom+of+Poland&amp;vq=Kingdom+of+Poland&amp;dq=eastern+marches+poles&amp;sig=yCDNar7HfvJokGQ9LbFcG4-UGd4">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_499–501-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_499–501_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第499–501页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refJedrzejewicz1991">Jędrzejewicz 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Szymczak, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071007194853/http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/20_21_century/3038436.html?featured=y&amp;c=y">Polish-Soviet War: Battle of Warsaw</a>. TheHistoryNet. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2007年10月10日&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/20_21_century/3038436.html?featured=y&amp;c=y">原始内容</a>存档于2007年10月7日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Polish-Soviet+War%3A+Battle+of+Warsaw&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.aulast=Szymczak&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=TheHistoryNet&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fwars_conflicts%2F20_21_century%2F3038436.html%3Ffeatured%3Dy%26c%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanford-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanford_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refSanford2002">Sanford 2002</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=tOaXi0hX1RAC&amp;pg=PA6&amp;dq=democratic+government+in+poland+unworkable&amp;as_brr=3&amp;sig=eJkvVGt5pFMi3eleXtFEXWcVOWw">第5–6页</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201122025839/http://books.google.com/books?id=tOaXi0hX1RAC&amp;pg=PA6&amp;dq=democratic+government+in+poland+unworkable&amp;as_brr=3&amp;sig=eJkvVGt5pFMi3eleXtFEXWcVOWw">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHP-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AHP_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refHyde-Price2001">Hyde-Price 2001</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=M-2Obqk-VZUC&amp;pg=PA75&amp;lpg=PA75&amp;sig=DUUDt60sddDtfNR-_h3dt41z5x4">第75页</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160723035203/http://books.google.com/books?id=M-2Obqk-VZUC&amp;pg=PA75&amp;lpg=PA75&amp;sig=DUUDt60sddDtfNR-_h3dt41z5x4">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MM-211-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MM-211_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refMacMillan2003">MacMillan 2003</a>, 第211页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_281-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_281_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第281页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_90–2-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_90–2_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第2卷, 第90页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenez-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenez_89-0"><sup><b>87.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenez_89-1"><sup><b>87.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refKenez1999">Kenez 1999</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&amp;vid=ISBN0521311985&amp;id=aIY9qb6iIEcC&amp;pg=PA37&amp;lpg=PA37&amp;dq=%22Peace+of+Riga%22&amp;sig=DOZgge7R-dNB7KTNOVV_QWrE8KI">第37页</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210308213258/http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&amp;vid=ISBN0521311985&amp;id=aIY9qb6iIEcC&amp;pg=PA37&amp;lpg=PA37&amp;dq=%22Peace+of+Riga%22&amp;sig=DOZgge7R-dNB7KTNOVV_QWrE8KI">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_83–2-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_83–2_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第2卷, 第83页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_291-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_291_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第291页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_45–2-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_45–2_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第2卷, 第45页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_92–2-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_92–2_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第2卷, 第92页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies_WERS-99-103pl-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_WERS-99-103pl_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refDavies1997">Davies 1997</a>, 第99–103页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies_WERS-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_WERS_95-0"><sup><b>93.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_WERS_95-1"><sup><b>93.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_WERS_95-2"><sup><b>93.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refDavies2003">Davies 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refFiges1996">Figes 1996</a>, 第699页. “在布鲁斯洛夫发布动员令的几周中,14000名官员参军与波兰人作战,几千名平民参与战争生产,还有至少100000名逃兵重新回到西线的红军当中。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeninSpeach-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LeninSpeach_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">参见列宁的演讲,<a href="#refPipes1993">Pipes 1993</a>第181-182页有其翻译,第三段第三行被安娜·M·切恩恰拉改得缓和了一些。该文献第一次发行于一俄国历史期刊中,<cite id="CITEREF1992" class="citation">Istoricheskii Arkhiv <b>1</b> (1) (Moscow), 1992年, <b>1</b> (1)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Istoricheskii+Arkhiv&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">缺少或<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;title=</code>为空 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#citation_missing_title" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span>,而且这个引用了切恩恰拉于2002年的讲稿。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refCohen1980">Cohen 1980</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0195026977&amp;id=BUg-lWpZcsIC&amp;pg=RA1-PA101&amp;lpg=RA1-PA101&amp;q=Paris+and+London&amp;vq=Paris+and+London&amp;dq=Bukharin&amp;sig=XDCGVZcc6Gn_kyaGX0F3OJvrm3U">第101页</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawrynowicz-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lawrynowicz_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Lawrynowicz, Witold. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118065334/http://www.hetmanusa.org/engarticle1.html">Battle of Warsaw 1920</a>. Polish Militaria Collector’s Association in memory of Andrzej Zaremba. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2006年11月5日&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hetmanusa.org/engarticle1.html">原始内容</a>存档于2012年1月18日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Battle+of+Warsaw+1920&amp;rft.aufirst=Witold&amp;rft.aulast=Lawrynowicz&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Polish+Militaria+Collector%E2%80%99s+Association+in+memory+of+Andrzej+Zaremba&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hetmanusa.org%2Fengarticle1.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_341–346_and_357–358-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_341–346_and_357–358_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第341–346和第357–358页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suleja265-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suleja265_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refSuleja2004">Suleja 2004</a>, 第265页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_341–346-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Urb_341–346_102-0"><sup><b>100.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urb_341–346_102-1"><sup><b>100.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urb_341–346_102-2"><sup><b>100.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urb_341–346_102-3"><sup><b>100.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1页, 第341–346页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies_WERS229-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_WERS229_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refDavies1997">Davies 1997</a>, 第229页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eric-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eric_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refErickson2001">Erickson 2001</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0714651788&amp;id=rgkSxFpKmIsC&amp;pg=PA95&amp;lpg=PA95&amp;dq=Rozwadowski&amp;sig=su5WRVqT6chSv5mAxfGlK9reOvE">p. 95.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_105-0"><sup><b>103.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_105-1"><sup><b>103.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refLonnroth1994">Lönnroth, <i>et al.</i> 1994</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN3110135043&amp;id=uIVvQoxIHQkC&amp;pg=PA230&amp;lpg=PA230&amp;dq=Tadeusz+Rozwadowski&amp;sig=f-l2avIzG75kde4WHBxeWatjRS0">第230页</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Szczep-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Szczep_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSzczepański" class="citation">Szczepański, Janusz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071202074444/http://www.mowiawieki.pl/artykul.html?id_artykul=404">Kontrowersje Wokół Bitwy Warszawskiej 1920 Roku (Controversies surrounding the Battle of Warsaw in 1920)</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B3wi%C4%85_Wieki&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mówią Wieki(页面不存在)">Mówią Wieki</a> online, <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2008年1月15日&#93;</span>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mowiawieki.pl/artykul.html?id_artykul=404">原始内容</a>存档于2007年12月2日) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Kontrowersje+Wok%C3%B3%C5%82+Bitwy+Warszawskiej+1920+Roku+%28Controversies+surrounding+the+Battle+of+Warsaw+in+1920%29&amp;rft.aufirst=Janusz&amp;rft.aulast=Szczepa%C5%84ski&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=M%C3%B3wi%C4%85+Wieki+online&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mowiawieki.pl%2Fartykul.html%3Fid_artykul%3D404&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cisek-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cisek_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refCisek2002">Cisek 2002</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0786412402&amp;id=hNuGZOGk6UoC&amp;pg=PA140&amp;lpg=PA140&amp;q=Rozwadowski&amp;vq=Rozwadowski&amp;dq=Rozwadowski&amp;sig=Gzm5trogxhMjygu0qBKsACesExw">第140–141页</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_346–441-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Urb_346–441_108-0"><sup><b>106.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urb_346–441_108-1"><sup><b>106.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urb_346–441_108-2"><sup><b>106.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第346–441,357–358卷.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies_WERS_197-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_WERS_197_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refDavies2003">Davies 2003</a>, 第197页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Głos-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Głos_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Frątczak, Sławomir Z. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070708173639/http://www.glos.com.pl/Archiwum_nowe/Rok%202005/032/strona/Cud.html">Cud nad Wisłą</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C5%82os&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Głos(页面不存在)">Głos</a>. 2005, (32/2005) <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-06-26</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glos.com.pl/Archiwum_nowe/Rok%2B2005/032/strona/Cud.html">原始内容</a>存档于2007-07-08) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Cud+nad+Wis%C5%82%C4%85&amp;rft.aufirst=S%C5%82awomir+Z.&amp;rft.aulast=Fr%C4%85tczak&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=32%2F2005&amp;rft.jtitle=G%C5%82os&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glos.com.pl%2FArchiwum_nowe%2FRok%252B2005%2F032%2Fstrona%2FCud.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies_E-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_E_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refDavies1998">Davies 1998</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0060974680&amp;id=7zN4crdeEWoC&amp;pg=PA935&amp;lpg=PA935&amp;dq=Charles+de+Gaulle+Pilsudski&amp;sig=8MgVNDO2YBQhsudBY_UvgNWvsJE">第935页</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_484-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_484_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第484页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies_GP2-399-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_GP2-399_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refDavies1982">Davies 1982</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&amp;vid=ISBN0231053525&amp;id=DMoPXktGwiUC&amp;pg=PA399&amp;lpg=PA399&amp;dq=Riga+an+act+of+cowardice&amp;sig=i3vknEXAKsMRzbdbyuxKdq9e1XE">第399页</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201102132741/http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&amp;vid=ISBN0231053525&amp;id=DMoPXktGwiUC&amp;pg=PA399&amp;lpg=PA399&amp;dq=Riga+an+act+of+cowardice&amp;sig=i3vknEXAKsMRzbdbyuxKdq9e1XE">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_485-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_485_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, p. 485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_487-488-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_487-488_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第487–488段.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_488-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_488_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第488页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Piłsudski, Józef (Klemens). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a> <b>第9卷</b> 第15版: 第445页. 2005年.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Pi%C5%82sudski%2C+J%C3%B3zef+%28Klemens%29&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.edition=%E7%AC%AC15%E7%89%88&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC445%E9%A1%B5&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_489-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_489_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第489页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suleja300-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suleja300_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refSuleja2004">Suleja 2004</a>, 第300页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refDavies1986">Davies 1986</a>, 第140页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_489–490-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_489–490_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第489–490页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_490–491-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_490–491_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第490–491页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_490-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_490_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第490页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refWatt1979">Watt 1979</a>, 第210页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_502-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_502_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第502页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_515-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_515_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第515页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suleja343-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suleja343_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refSuleja2004">Suleja 2004</a>, 第343页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refRoszkowski1992">Roszkowski 1992</a>, 第53页, 第5.1章.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_528–529-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_528–529_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第528–529页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web">Śleszyński, Wojciech. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050325004142/http://kamunikat.net.iig.pl/www/czasopisy/bzh/20/15.htm">Aspekty prawne utworzenia obozu odosobnienia w Berezie Kartuskiej i reakcje środowisk politycznych. Wybór materiałów i dokumentów 1</a>. Białoruskie Zeszyty Historyczne nr 20. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kamunikat.net.iig.pl/www/czasopisy/bzh/20/15.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2005-03-25) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Aspekty+prawne+utworzenia+obozu+odosobnienia+w+Berezie+Kartuskiej+i+reakcje+%C5%9Brodowisk+politycznych.+Wyb%C3%B3r+materia%C5%82%C3%B3w+i+dokument%C3%B3w+1&amp;rft.aufirst=Wojciech&amp;rft.aulast=%C5%9Aleszy%C5%84ski&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Bia%C5%82oruskie+Zeszyty+Historyczne+nr+20&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkamunikat.net.iig.pl%2Fwww%2Fczasopisy%2Fbzh%2F20%2F15.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>刊发于Беларускі Гістарычны Зборнік 第20期(白俄罗斯历史期刊)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen2-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen2_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refCohen1989">Cohen 1989</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0791400182&amp;id=aN96TB0RUB8C&amp;pg=PA65&amp;lpg=PA65&amp;dq=Pilsudski+hero&amp;sig=R2BZgP-C0yJ9fPlugHuXsGYLvrU">第65页</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201107053835/http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0791400182&amp;id=aN96TB0RUB8C&amp;pg=PA65&amp;lpg=PA65&amp;dq=Pilsudski+hero&amp;sig=R2BZgP-C0yJ9fPlugHuXsGYLvrU">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130827222003/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,787573,00.html">Pilsudski Bros.</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97" class="mw-redirect" title="时代杂志">时代杂志</a>. 1930-04-07 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2008年1月15日&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,787573,00.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-08-27).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Pilsudski+Bros.&amp;rft.date=1930-04-07&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C787573%2C00.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130721132026/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,737985,00.html">Pilsudski v. Daszynski</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97" class="mw-redirect" title="时代杂志">时代杂志</a>. 1929-11-11 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2008年1月15日&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,737985,00.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-07-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Pilsudski+v.+Daszynski&amp;rft.date=1929-11-11&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C737985%2C00.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Perlez&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jane Perlez(页面不存在)">Perlez, Jane</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CEFD61430F931A2575AC0A965958260&amp;sec=&amp;spon=&amp;pagewanted=1">Visions of the Past Are Competing for Votes in Poland</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5" title="纽约时报">纽约时报</a>. 1993年9月12日 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2008&#93;</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Visions+of+the+Past+Are+Competing+for+Votes+in+Poland&amp;rft.aufirst=Jane&amp;rft.aulast=Perlez&amp;rft.date=1993-09-12&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9F0CEFD61430F931A2575AC0A965958260%26sec%3D%26spon%3D%26pagewanted%3D1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refStachura2004">Stachura 2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=BkKuir9oQYMC&amp;pg=PA79&amp;vq=%22one+in+three%22&amp;dq=ethnic+minorities+Poland&amp;sig=eK8N4FZvEBIahhqfaKXsFO8k2Sk">第79页</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia2.tfd.com/Poland">Poland</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="哥倫比亞百科全書">哥伦比亚百科全书</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2007年12月29日&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130104221741/http://encyclopedia2.tfd.com/Poland">存档</a>于2013年1月4日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Poland&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia2.tfd.com%2FPoland&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Electronicmuseum-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Electronicmuseum_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Piotrowski_%EF%BC%88%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%EF%BC%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tadeusz Piotrowski (社会学家)(页面不存在)">Piotrowski, Tadeusz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080226104808/http://www.electronicmuseum.ca/Poland-WW2/ethnic_minorities_occupation/emo_intro.html">Poland's ethnic minorities and the Nazi-Soviet occupation of Poland</a>. Poland's Holocaust. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2007年12月29日&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electronicmuseum.ca/Poland-WW2/ethnic_minorities_occupation/emo_intro.html">原始内容</a>存档于2008年2月26日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Poland%27s+ethnic+minorities+and+the+Nazi-Soviet+occupation+of+Poland&amp;rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&amp;rft.aulast=Piotrowski&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Poland%27s+Holocaust&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electronicmuseum.ca%2FPoland-WW2%2Fethnic_minorities_occupation%2Femo_intro.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snyder-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_138-0"><sup><b>136.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_138-1"><sup><b>136.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_138-2"><sup><b>136.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_138-3"><sup><b>136.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refSnyder2004">Snyder 2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN030010586X&amp;id=xSpEynLxJ1MC&amp;pg=PA144&amp;lpg=PA144&amp;dq=stanislaw+grabski&amp;sig=5kSKOnXipwsTitk7w_hotRTooPQ">第144页</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200820050114/http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN030010586X&amp;id=xSpEynLxJ1MC&amp;pg=PA144&amp;lpg=PA144&amp;dq=stanislaw+grabski&amp;sig=5kSKOnXipwsTitk7w_hotRTooPQ">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zim166-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zim166_139-0"><sup><b>137.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zim166_139-1"><sup><b>137.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joshua D. Zimmerman, <i>Poles, Jews, and the Politics of Nationality: The Bund and the Polish Socialist Party in Late Tsarist Russia, 1892-1914</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Wisconsin_Press&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Wisconsin Press(页面不存在)">University of Wisconsin Press</a>, 2004, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780299194642" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-299-19464-2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=6sbr9cZyw_4C&amp;pg=PA166&amp;dq=Pi%C5%82sudski+assimilate+Jews&amp;as_brr=3&amp;sig=ACfU3U16J8ETxYZsaglVOMIKN4o1nZ6Jkg">Google Print, 第166页</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Vital. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=XB1d1JhKoVUC&amp;pg=PA788&amp;dq=pilsudski+jews&amp;sig=ACfU3U01aaaFOLXR8bI58Ydh7i8qAqMmnw"><i>A People Apart: The Jews in Europe, 1789-1939.</i></a> Oxford University Press, 1999年.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley G. Payne, <i>A History of Fascism, 1914-1945</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Wisconsin_Press&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Wisconsin Press(页面不存在)">University of Wisconsin Press</a>, 1995年, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780299148744" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&amp;pg=PA141&amp;dq=Pi%C5%82sudski+antisemite&amp;ei=nii3SMfmAafKzAT1kOH_Bg&amp;sig=ACfU3U0F52STeEQI7DGYWqM-VBWmnwpFZA">Google Print, 第141页</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anatol Lieven, <i>The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence</i>, Yale University Press, 1993年, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780300060782" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-300-06078-2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=iz3NACNOpCAC&amp;pg=PA163&amp;dq=Pi%C5%82sudski+antisemite&amp;lr=&amp;ei=ECm3SPjmL4y4yASx4-mbAw&amp;sig=ACfU3U0TFJsLvGXn-CK8frgMRL7x_B-7SQ">Google Print, 第163页</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara Engelking-Boni, Barbara Engelking, Gunnar S. Paulsson, Emma Harris, <i>Holocaust and Memory: The Experience of the Holocaust and Its Consequences&#160;: an Investigation Based on Personal Narratives</i>, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2001年, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780718501594" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7185-0159-4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=0oystlNB7JAC&amp;pg=PA75&amp;dq=Pi%C5%82sudski+antisemite&amp;lr=&amp;ei=ECm3SPjmL4y4yASx4-mbAw&amp;sig=ACfU3U1JjHixPxrA3eC2SOtsvfwI9Jq04Q">Google Print, 第175页</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward H. Flannery, <i>The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism</i>, Paulist Press, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780809143245" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8091-4324-5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=r1ulI_N0zW8C&amp;pg=PA200&amp;dq=Pi%C5%82sudski+antisemite&amp;lr=&amp;ei=ECm3SPjmL4y4yASx4-mbAw&amp;sig=ACfU3U0__xS1-7YHZ_0dFRljVtyjOpgJJg">Google Print. 第200页</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160430213030/http://books.google.com/books?id=r1ulI_N0zW8C&amp;pg=PA200&amp;dq=Pi%C5%82sudski+antisemite&amp;lr=&amp;ei=ECm3SPjmL4y4yASx4-mbAw&amp;sig=ACfU3U0__xS1-7YHZ_0dFRljVtyjOpgJJg">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zim19-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zim19_145-0"><sup><b>143.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zim19_145-1"><sup><b>143.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joshua D. Zimmerman, <i>Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath</i>, Rutgers University Press, 2003, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780813531588" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8135-3158-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=uHJyoGiep2gC&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=Pi%C5%82sudski+antisemite&amp;ei=nii3SMfmAafKzAT1kOH_Bg&amp;sig=ACfU3U0Z7JIF0Iow8Gq92Bs4O6l9mYONLw">Google Print, 第19页</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Prizel, Ilya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=fE2quB852jcC&amp;pg=PA61&amp;dq=pilsudski+jews+foreign+body&amp;sig=ACfU3U2OGNAiwrAnCHLRh_xwEAAcF1fbEA">National Identity and Foreign Policy</a>. Cambridge University Press. 1998年.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Ilya&amp;rft.aulast=Prizel&amp;rft.btitle=National+Identity+and+Foreign+Policy&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfE2quB852jcC%26pg%3DPA61%26dq%3Dpilsudski%2Bjews%2Bforeign%2Bbody%26sig%3DACfU3U2OGNAiwrAnCHLRh_xwEAAcF1fbEA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beryl Wein. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=11f9xBbOBBEC&amp;pg=PA292&amp;lpg=PA292&amp;dq=%22foreign+body%22+pilsudski+pogrom+lwow&amp;source=web&amp;ots=wSzDpHFNEN&amp;sig=JQHbhAGEQbcFvHrs4b3v7ekFouQ&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ct=result">Triumph of Survival: The Story of the Jews in the Modern Era 1650-1990.</a> Mesorah Publications, 1990年.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cieplinski-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cieplinski_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Cieplinski, Feigue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020918204723/http://www.binghamton.edu/history/resources/bjoh/PolesAndJews.htm">Poles and Jews: The Quest For Self-Determination 1919–1934</a>. History Department at Binghamton University. 2002年 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2006年6月2日&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.binghamton.edu/history/resources/bjoh/PolesAndJews.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2002年9月18日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Poles+and+Jews%3A+The+Quest+For+Self-Determination+1919%E2%80%931934&amp;rft.aufirst=Feigue&amp;rft.aulast=Cieplinski&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History+Department+at+Binghamton+University&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.binghamton.edu%2Fhistory%2Fresources%2Fbjoh%2FPolesAndJews.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPaulsson2003">Paulsson 2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0300095465&amp;id=vjJimC--9-kC&amp;pg=PA37&amp;lpg=PA37&amp;dq=Pilsudski,+Jews&amp;sig=LiJGKRzy0dm5BA9pqohB8gmvq5U">第37页</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160505230821/http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0300095465&amp;id=vjJimC--9-kC&amp;pg=PA37&amp;lpg=PA37&amp;dq=Pilsudski,+Jews&amp;sig=LiJGKRzy0dm5BA9pqohB8gmvq5U">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=PKrjew-H0JMC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=timothy+snyder"><i>Sketches from a Secret War</i></a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201106043535/http://books.google.com/books?id=PKrjew-H0JMC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=timothy+snyder">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>) by Timothy Snyder, Yale University Press, 第66页</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies_GP2-407-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_GP2-407_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refDavies1982">Davies 1982</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0231053525&amp;id=DMoPXktGwiUC&amp;pg=PA407&amp;lpg=PA407&amp;dq=Davies+OUN+terrorism&amp;sig=n2yftCtdccp3U4rPQL8OcBtH9_8">第407页</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200820050058/http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0231053525&amp;id=DMoPXktGwiUC&amp;pg=PA407&amp;lpg=PA407&amp;dq=Davies+OUN+terrorism&amp;sig=n2yftCtdccp3U4rPQL8OcBtH9_8">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refLeslie1983">Leslie 1983</a>, 第182页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garlicki178-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garlicki178_153-0"><sup><b>151.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garlicki178_153-1"><sup><b>151.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refGarlicki1995">Garlicki 1995</a>, 第178页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_330–337-2-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_330–337-2_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第2章, 第330–337页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldstein-29-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein-29_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refGoldstein2002">Goldstein 2002</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=H5WzZoCYAjoC&amp;pg=PA29&amp;vq=%22Poland+also+fought+a+war+with+Lithuania%22+%22the+struggle+with+Czechoslovakia%22&amp;dq=Poland+Lithuania+Czechoslovakia+World+War+Pilsudski&amp;as_brr=3&amp;sig=oth2u2gZVp8EQRB0s1tHRKPL8lQ">第29页</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_538-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_538_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第538页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ilya_Prizel-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ilya_Prizel_157-0"><sup><b>155.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ilya_Prizel_157-1"><sup><b>155.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPrizel1998">Prizel 1998</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0521576970&amp;id=fE2quB852jcC&amp;pg=PA71&amp;lpg=PA71&amp;dq=Pilsudski+wealth&amp;sig=MmY_fMN0nBIs5qFavD_godqa-0Q">第71页</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_539–540-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Urb_539–540_158-0"><sup><b>156.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urb_539–540_158-1"><sup><b>156.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urb_539–540_158-2"><sup><b>156.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urb_539–540_158-3"><sup><b>156.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urb_539–540_158-4"><sup><b>156.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1页, 第539–540页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Char-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Char_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refCharaszkiewicz2000">Charaszkiewicz 2000</a>, 第56–87页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JLu-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JLu_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refLukacs2001">Lukacs 2001</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0300089155&amp;id=5wktT0vEYgkC&amp;pg=PA30&amp;lpg=PA30&amp;dq=Pilsudski+France+1933&amp;sig=Lp1a7st1SGuMJfKpvFWzLqOtm0w">第30页</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NJ-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NJ_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refJordan2002">Jordan 2002</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0521522420&amp;id=4iQQrESpA48C&amp;pg=PA23&amp;lpg=PA23&amp;dq=Pilsudski+France+1933&amp;sig=La39fTfAVC8dXNTUcbufCrapDTk">第23页</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refKipp1993">Kipp 1993</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0714645451&amp;id=__zem3Mlm8AC&amp;pg=PA95&amp;lpg=PA95&amp;dq=Pilsudski,+which+of+the+stools&amp;sig=5tsX1PsM3c8El1ttH3LM2tGvuJ8">第95页</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refHehn2005">Hehn 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=nOALhEZkYDkC&amp;pg=PA76&amp;lpg=PA76&amp;dq=pilsudski+pact+rearmament&amp;source=web&amp;ots=bQ-2N6F4eD&amp;sig=wmpce0ZjtuZRnt6Dk4y8FhUgCDc">第76页</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20121113092424/http://books.google.com/books?id=nOALhEZkYDkC&amp;pg=PA76&amp;lpg=PA76&amp;dq=pilsudski+pact+rearmament&amp;source=web&amp;ots=bQ-2N6F4eD&amp;sig=wmpce0ZjtuZRnt6Dk4y8FhUgCDc">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refKershaw2001">Kershaw 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refDavidson2004">Davidson 2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=qncE3wy3TTsC&amp;pg=PA25&amp;lpg=PA25&amp;dq=league+of+nations+pilsudski+vilna&amp;source=web&amp;ots=hOtNjtvzr2&amp;sig=vmhhugowu7JX_1Cd9LyOlytLDp4">第25页</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20121113092413/http://books.google.com/books?id=qncE3wy3TTsC&amp;pg=PA25&amp;lpg=PA25&amp;dq=league+of+nations+pilsudski+vilna&amp;source=web&amp;ots=hOtNjtvzr2&amp;sig=vmhhugowu7JX_1Cd9LyOlytLDp4">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061017125852/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=events.event_summary&amp;event_id=169084">A Cold War in Miniature: The Polish-Soviet Secret War for Ukraine, 1926-1939</a>. Woodrow Wilson Center. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2008年1月15日&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=events.event_summary&amp;event_id=169084">原始内容</a>存档于2006年10月17日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=A+Cold+War+in+Miniature%3A+The+Polish-Soviet+Secret+War+for+Ukraine%2C+1926-1939&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Woodrow+Wilson+Center&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Findex.cfm%3Ffuseaction%3Devents.event_summary%26event_id%3D169084&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_317–326-2-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_317–326-2_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第2卷, 第317–326页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GQH-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GQH_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refQuester2000">Quester 2000</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=h5ApNEq4L0IC&amp;vid=ISBN0765800225&amp;dq=Pilsudski+France+1933&amp;pg=PA27&amp;lpg=PA27&amp;sig=fM9iFIR5xh2lOBxSNayasiih6uc&amp;q=14">第27页</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20121112200002/http://books.google.com/books?id=h5ApNEq4L0IC&amp;vid=ISBN0765800225&amp;dq=Pilsudski+France+1933&amp;pg=PA27&amp;lpg=PA27&amp;sig=fM9iFIR5xh2lOBxSNayasiih6uc&amp;q=14">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>). 请注意作者提供了一个文献:<a href="#refWatt1979">Watt 1979</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_169-0"><sup><b>167.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_169-1"><sup><b>167.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_169-2"><sup><b>167.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Smogorzewski, Kazimierz Maciej. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-5721">Józef Piłsudski</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="大英百科全书">大英百科全书</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2006年6月3日&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071202044433/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-5721">存档</a>于2007年12月2日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski&amp;rft.aufirst=Kazimierz+Maciej&amp;rft.aulast=Smogorzewski&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-5721&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bel-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bel_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dariusz_Baliszewski&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dariusz Baliszewski(页面不存在)">Baliszewski, Dariusz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wprost.pl/ar/?O=70406">Ostatnia wojna marszałka</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wprost&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wprost(页面不存在)">Wprost</a> (Agencja Wydawniczo-Reklamowa "Wprost"). 2004年11月28日, (48/2004; 1148) <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2005-03-24</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160404011740/http://www.wprost.pl/ar/?o=70406">存档</a>于2016-04-04) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Ostatnia+wojna+marsza%C5%82ka&amp;rft.aufirst=Dariusz&amp;rft.aulast=Baliszewski&amp;rft.date=2004-11-28&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=48%2F2004%3B+1148&amp;rft.jtitle=Wprost&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wprost.pl%2Far%2F%3FO%3D70406&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hildebrand-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hildebrand_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refHildebrand1973">Hildebrand 1973</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0520025288&amp;id=bJWegl8wnF8C&amp;pg=PA33&amp;lpg=PA32&amp;dq=Pilsudski+France+1933&amp;sig=2AztWI0oGOImsxOscknyLP4GdJ8">第33页</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_D._Stachura&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter D. Stachura(页面不存在)">Peter D. Stachura</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Nr5uqSHsGEAC&amp;pg=PA115&amp;dq=hitler+pilsudski+admired&amp;sig=ACfU3U2K0sEy1h_9rd7Lhz8TRYT4OXg1hA">Poland, 1918-1945: An Interpretive and Documentary History of the Second Republic.</a>, Routledge, 2004年.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pozeg5-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pozeg5_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refDrozdowski1995">Drozdowski &amp; Szwankowska 1995</a>, 第5页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ṿisberg, Dov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tHjtVJssL3kC&amp;pg=PA116&amp;lpg=PA116&amp;dq=Jews+crying+Pilsudski&amp;source=web&amp;ots=Z99sBeyjAq&amp;sig=f07hsfcTuOHgAwZSEQ-62xrmGVw&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result">I Remember--</a>. Freund Publishing House Ltd. 1998年6月23日: 第116页 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2021年6月23日&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118044628/https://books.google.com/books?id=tHjtVJssL3kC&amp;pg=PA116&amp;lpg=PA116&amp;dq=Jews+crying+Pilsudski&amp;source=web&amp;ots=Z99sBeyjAq&amp;sig=f07hsfcTuOHgAwZSEQ-62xrmGVw&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result">存档</a>于2021年11月18日) &#8211;通过Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Dov&amp;rft.aulast=%E1%B9%BEisberg&amp;rft.btitle=I+Remember--&amp;rft.date=1998-06-23&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC116%E9%A1%B5&amp;rft.pub=Freund+Publishing+House+Ltd.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtHjtVJssL3kC%26pg%3DPA116%26lpg%3DPA116%26dq%3DJews%2Bcrying%2BPilsudski%26source%3Dweb%26ots%3DZ99sBeyjAq%26sig%3Df07hsfcTuOHgAwZSEQ-62xrmGVw%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://holocaust.umd.umich.edu/wiener/section001.html">Cyla Wiener - July 13, 1992 - Early Childhood</a>. holocaust.umd.umich.edu. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-09-21</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720200823/http://holocaust.umd.umich.edu/wiener/section001.html">存档</a>于2011-07-20).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Cyla+Wiener+-+July+13%2C+1992+-+Early+Childhood&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=holocaust.umd.umich.edu&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fholocaust.umd.umich.edu%2Fwiener%2Fsection001.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refHumphrey1936">Humphrey 1936</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=BNkwAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=Pi%C5%82sudski+%22funeral+train%22&amp;dq=Pi%C5%82sudski+%22funeral+train%22&amp;hl=pl&amp;pgis=1">第295页</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210424143857/http://books.google.com/books?id=BNkwAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=Pi%C5%82sudski+%22funeral+train%22&amp;dq=Pi%C5%82sudski+%22funeral+train%22&amp;hl=pl&amp;pgis=1">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refWatt1979">Watt 1979</a>, 第338页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowds_urge_Poland_to_banish_Archbishop;_Pilsudski_Legionnaires_also_Assail_Catholic_Church_on_the_Removal_of_Marshal&#39;s_Body-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crowds_urge_Poland_to_banish_Archbishop;_Pilsudski_Legionnaires_also_Assail_Catholic_Church_on_the_Removal_of_Marshal&#39;s_Body_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">To, Wireless. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10A1EFF395C177788DDAF0A94DE405B878FF1D3">Crowds urge Poland to banish Archbishop; Pilsudski Legionnaires also Assail Catholic Church on the Removal of Marshal's Body</a>. New York Times. 1937-06-26 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-12-14</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102095309/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10A1EFF395C177788DDAF0A94DE405B878FF1D3">存档</a>于2012-11-02).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Crowds+urge+Poland+to+banish+Archbishop%3B+Pilsudski+Legionnaires+also+Assail+Catholic+Church+on+the+Removal+of+Marshal%27s+Body&amp;rft.aufirst=Wireless&amp;rft.aulast=To&amp;rft.date=1937-06-26&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF10A1EFF395C177788DDAF0A94DE405B878FF1D3&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historical_dictionary_of_Poland,_966–1945-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Historical_dictionary_of_Poland,_966–1945_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jerzy Jan Lerski, Piotr Wróbel, Richard J. Kozicki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=QTUTqE2difgC&amp;pg=PA525">Historical dictionary of Poland, 966–1945</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. 1996: 525. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-313-26007-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-313-26007-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-313-26007-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.au=Jerzy+Jan+Lerski%2C+Piotr+Wr%C3%B3bel%2C+Richard+J.+Kozicki&amp;rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+Poland%2C+966%E2%80%931945&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-313-26007-0&amp;rft.pages=525&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DQTUTqE2difgC%26pg%3DPA525&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_133–141-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_133–141_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, 第1卷, 第133–141页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JabStaw13-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JabStaw13_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refJablonowski1998">Jabłonowski &amp; Stawecki 1998</a>, 第13页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JabStaw5-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JabStaw5_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refJablonowski1998">Jabłonowski &amp; Stawecki 1998</a>, 第5页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JabStaw14-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JabStaw14_183-0"><sup><b>181.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JabStaw14_183-1"><sup><b>181.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refJablonowski1998">Jabłonowski &amp; Stawecki 1998</a>, 第14页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mość-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mość_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">莫希奇茨基1935年演讲的译文,要想看波兰语原文,参见<cite class="citation web">Kobos, Piotr M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071222111243/http://www.zwoje-scrolls.com/zwoje43/text02p.htm">Skazuję Was Na Wielkość: Legenda Józefa Piłsudskiego</a>. Zwoje (The Scrolls) no. 2 (43). 1992年 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2008年1月15日&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zwoje-scrolls.com/zwoje43/text02p.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2007年12月22日) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Skazuj%C4%99+Was+Na+Wielko%C5%9B%C4%87%3A+Legenda+J%C3%B3zefa+Pi%C5%82sudskiego&amp;rft.aufirst=Piotr+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Kobos&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Zwoje+%28The+Scrolls%29+no.+2+%2843%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zwoje-scrolls.com%2Fzwoje43%2Ftext02p.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <a href="#refCharaszkiewicz2000">Charaszkiewicz 2000</a>, 第56页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nalamach-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nalamach_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refWladyka2005">Władyka 2005</a>, 第285–311页; <a href="#refZulawnik2005">Żuławnik 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sejm1995-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sejm1995_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">翻译自<i>Oświadczenie Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 12 maja 1995 r. w sprawie uczczenia 60 rocznicy śmierci Marszałka Józefa Piłsudskiego.</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monitor_Polski&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Monitor Polski(页面不存在)">M.P.</a> z dnia 24 maja 1995 r.).如要查询波兰语原文,请到 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bankier.pl/firma/narzedzia/akty-prawne/monitor-polski-1995/pozycja-0297.html">这里</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070927005408/http://www.bankier.pl/firma/narzedzia/akty-prawne/monitor-polski-1995/pozycja-0297.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refCharaszkiewicz2000">Charaszkiewicz 2000</a>, 第66–67页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PIBWL-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PIBWL_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180507193450/http://derela.republika.pl/marszal.htm">Polish Armoured Train Nr. 51 ("I Marszałek")</a>. PIBWL (Prywatny Instytut Badawczy Wojsk Lądowych). <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2006年5月30日&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://derela.republika.pl/marszal.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2018年5月7日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Polish+Armoured+Train+Nr.+51+%28%22I+Marsza%C5%82ek%22%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=PIBWL+%28Prywatny+Instytut+Badawczy+Wojsk+L%C4%85dowych%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fderela.republika.pl%2Fmarszal.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mound-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mound_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070707232437/http://www.wsp.krakow.pl/geo/krakow/kopiec_p.html">Kopiec Józefa Piłsudskiego</a>. Pedagogical University of Kraków. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2007年9月18日&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsp.krakow.pl/geo/krakow/kopiec_p.html">原始内容</a>存档于2007年7月7日) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Kopiec+J%C3%B3zefa+Pi%C5%82sudskiego&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Pedagogical+University+of+Krak%C3%B3w&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsp.krakow.pl%2Fgeo%2Fkrakow%2Fkopiec_p.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Institute-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Institute_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615113226/http://pilsudski.org/English/Institute/Welcome.htm">Józef Piłsudski Institute of America Welcome Page</a>. Józef Piłsudski Institute of America. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2006年5月26日&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pilsudski.org/English/Institute/Welcome.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2006年6月15日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski+Institute+of+America+Welcome+Page&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski+Institute+of+America&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pilsudski.org%2FEnglish%2FInstitute%2FWelcome.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MON-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MON_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050923063522/http://www.menis.gov.pl/menis_en/higher_education/f_wawa.php">Józef Piłsudski Academy of Physical Education in Warsaw</a>. Polish Ministry of Education and Science. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2006年5月30日&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.menis.gov.pl/menis_en/higher_education/f_wawa.php">原始内容</a>存档于2005年9月23日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski+Academy+of+Physical+Education+in+Warsaw&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Polish+Ministry+of+Education+and+Science&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.menis.gov.pl%2Fmenis_en%2Fhigher_education%2Ff_wawa.php&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114120837/http://alpha.bn.org.pl/search*pol/d?SEARCH=pi%B3sudski">Piłsudski (keyword)</a>. National Library Of Poland. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2008年1月15日&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alpha.bn.org.pl/search*pol/d?SEARCH=pi%B3sudski">原始内容</a>存档于2017年11月14日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Pi%C5%82sudski+%28keyword%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Library+Of+Poland&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falpha.bn.org.pl%2Fsearch%2Apol%2Fd%3FSEARCH%3Dpi%25B3sudski&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.loc.gov">Library of Congress Online Catalog</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2007年12月20日&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/69jWLdQfe?url=http://catalog.loc.gov/">存档</a>于2012年8月7日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.btitle=Library+of+Congress+Online+Catalog&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.loc.gov&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMDb-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMDb_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imdb.com/title/tt0498138/"><span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>Marszalek Pilsudski" (2001) (mini)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Movie Database">IMDb</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2006&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424143955/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0498138/">存档</a>于2021-04-24).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=%22Marszalek+Pilsudski%22+%282001%29+%28mini%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=IMDb&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0498138%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Editor: Julita Karkowska; Webmaster: Stanisław Psyk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723095525/http://www.dziennik.com/www/dziennik/kult/archiwum/01-06-06/pp-03-03-02.html"><span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>Nowy Dziennik" weekly, on-line edition, in "Droga na szczyty" by T.Lachowicz</a>. Dziennik.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2011-07-24</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dziennik.com/www/dziennik/kult/archiwum/01-06-06/pp-03-03-02.html">原始内容</a>存档于2011-07-23).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.au=Editor%3A+Julita+Karkowska%3B+Webmaster%3A+Stanis%C5%82aw+Psyk&amp;rft.btitle=%22Nowy+Dziennik%22+weekly%2C+on-line+edition%2C+in+%22Droga+na+szczyty%22+by+T.Lachowicz&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Dziennik.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dziennik.com%2Fwww%2Fdziennik%2Fkult%2Farchiwum%2F01-06-06%2Fpp-03-03-02.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>来源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="编辑章节:来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>以下译名仅供参考。 </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite id="refAlabrudzinska1999"> <cite class="citation book">Alabrudzińska, Elżbieta. Kościoły ewangelickie na Kresach Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej. 托伦: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika. 1999年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/8323110875" title="Special:网络书源/8323110875"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;8323110875</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=El%C5%BCbieta&amp;rft.aulast=Alabrudzi%C5%84ska&amp;rft.btitle=Ko%C5%9Bcio%C5%82y+ewangelickie+na+Kresach+Wschodnich+II+Rzeczypospolitej&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8323110875&amp;rft.place=%E6%89%98%E4%BC%A6&amp;rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Uniwersytetu+Miko%C5%82aja+Kopernika&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refBideleux1998"> <cite class="citation book">Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofeastern0000bide_2ed">A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change(《东欧历史:冲突与转变》)</a>. 伦敦;纽约: Routledge. 1998年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0415161118" title="Special:网络书源/0415161118"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0415161118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.au=Jeffries%2C+Ian&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.aulast=Bideleux&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Eastern+Europe%3A+Crisis+and+Change%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%9C%E6%AC%A7%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81%E4%B8%8E%E8%BD%AC%E5%8F%98%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0415161118&amp;rft.place=%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6%EF%BC%9B%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofeastern0000bide_2ed&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refBiskupski2000"> <cite class="citation book">Biskupski, Mieczysław B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=QDgaX6q9tycC">The History of Poland(《波兰历史》)</a>. 康涅狄格州西点: Greenwood Press. 2000年 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-09-18</span>&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0313305714" title="Special:网络书源/0313305714"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0313305714</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124005933/https://books.google.com/books?id=QDgaX6q9tycC">存档</a>于2021-01-24).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Mieczys%C5%82aw+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Biskupski&amp;rft.btitle=The+History+of+Poland%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0313305714&amp;rft.place=%E5%BA%B7%E6%B6%85%E7%8B%84%E6%A0%BC%E5%B7%9E%E8%A5%BF%E7%82%B9&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQDgaX6q9tycC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refBoemeke1998"> <cite class="citation book">Boemeke, Manfred F.; Feldman, Gerald D.; Glaser, Elisabeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treatyofversaill0000unse_x3u3">The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment After 75 Years(《佛塞勒斯的条约:75年后的重估》)</a>. 剑桥: Cambridge University Press. 1998年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0521621321" title="Special:网络书源/0521621321"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0521621321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.au=Feldman%2C+Gerald+D.&amp;rft.au=Glaser%2C+Elisabeth&amp;rft.aufirst=Manfred+F.&amp;rft.aulast=Boemeke&amp;rft.btitle=The+Treaty+of+Versailles%3A+A+Reassessment+After+75+Years%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E4%BD%9B%E5%A1%9E%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6%EF%BC%9A75%E5%B9%B4%E5%90%8E%E7%9A%84%E9%87%8D%E4%BC%B0%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0521621321&amp;rft.place=%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftreatyofversaill0000unse_x3u3&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refCharaszkiewicz2000"> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Charaszkiewicz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Charaszkiewicz(页面不存在)">Charaszkiewicz, Edmund</a>. Grzywacz, Andrzej; Kwiecień, Marcin; Mazur, Grzegorz (eds.) , 编. Zbiór dokumentów ppłk. Edmunda Charaszkiewicza (陆军上尉上校埃德蒙德·哈拉什凯维奇的文献收集). 克拉科夫: Fundacja Centrum Dokumentacji Czynu Niepodległościowego—Księgarnia Akademicka. 2000年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/8371884494" title="Special:网络书源/8371884494"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;8371884494</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Edmund&amp;rft.aulast=Charaszkiewicz&amp;rft.btitle=Zbi%C3%B3r+dokument%C3%B3w+pp%C5%82k.+Edmunda+Charaszkiewicza+%EF%BC%88%E9%99%86%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%8A%E5%B0%89%E4%B8%8A%E6%A0%A1%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%80%E5%87%AF%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%94%B6%E9%9B%86%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8371884494&amp;rft.place=%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB&amp;rft.pub=Fundacja+Centrum+Dokumentacji+Czynu+Niepodleg%C5%82o%C5%9Bciowego%E2%80%94Ksi%C4%99garnia+Akademicka&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refCisek2002"> <cite class="citation book">Cisek, Janusz. Kościuszko, We Are Here: American Pilots of the Kościuszko Squadron in Defense of Poland, 1919–1921(《柯斯丘什科,我们在这:保卫波兰战役中的柯斯丘什科中队美军飞行员,1919年-1921年》). 北卡罗来纳州杰斐逊.: McFarland &amp; Company. 2002年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0786412402" title="Special:网络书源/0786412402"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0786412402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Janusz&amp;rft.aulast=Cisek&amp;rft.btitle=Ko%C5%9Bciuszko%2C+We+Are+Here%3A+American+Pilots+of+the+Ko%C5%9Bciuszko+Squadron+in+Defense+of+Poland%2C+1919%E2%80%931921%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E6%9F%AF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%98%E4%BB%80%E7%A7%91%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E5%9C%A8%E8%BF%99%EF%BC%9A%E4%BF%9D%E5%8D%AB%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%9F%AF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%98%E4%BB%80%E7%A7%91%E4%B8%AD%E9%98%9F%E7%BE%8E%E5%86%9B%E9%A3%9E%E8%A1%8C%E5%91%98%EF%BC%8C1919%E5%B9%B4-1921%E5%B9%B4%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0786412402&amp;rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E5%8D%A1%E7%BD%97%E6%9D%A5%E7%BA%B3%E5%B7%9E%E6%9D%B0%E6%96%90%E9%80%8A.&amp;rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refCohen1980"> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_F._Cohen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen F. Cohen(页面不存在)">Cohen, Stephen F.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bukharinbolshevi0000cohe">Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography, 1888–1938(《布哈林和布尔什维克革命:政治传记,1888年-1938年》)</a>. 牛津: Oxford University Press. 1980年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0195026977" title="Special:网络书源/0195026977"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0195026977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen+F.&amp;rft.aulast=Cohen&amp;rft.btitle=Bukharin+and+the+Bolshevik+Revolution%3A+A+Political+Biography%2C+1888%E2%80%931938%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E6%9E%97%E5%92%8C%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%80%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%EF%BC%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E4%BC%A0%E8%AE%B0%EF%BC%8C1888%E5%B9%B4-1938%E5%B9%B4%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0195026977&amp;rft.place=%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbukharinbolshevi0000cohe&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refCohen1989"> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yohanan_Cohen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yohanan Cohen(页面不存在)">Cohen, Yohanan</a>. Small Nations in Times of Crisis and Confrontation(《对抗与冲突时代中的小国》). 阿尔巴尼: State University of New York Press. 1989年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0791400182" title="Special:网络书源/0791400182"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0791400182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Yohanan&amp;rft.aulast=Cohen&amp;rft.btitle=Small+Nations+in+Times+of+Crisis+and+Confrontation%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E5%AF%B9%E6%8A%97%E4%B8%8E%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8F%E5%9B%BD%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0791400182&amp;rft.place=%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC&amp;rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refDavies1997"> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a>. Orzeł biały, czerwona gwiazda: Wojna polsko-bolszewicka, 1919–1920 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BD%E9%B9%B0%EF%BC%8C%E7%BA%A2%E6%98%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="白鹰,红星(页面不存在)">白鹰,红星:波苏战争,1919年-1920年</a>). 克拉科夫: Wydawnictwo ZNAK. 1997年 [1972]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/8370067611" title="Special:网络书源/8370067611"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;8370067611</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Norman&amp;rft.aulast=Davies&amp;rft.btitle=Orze%C5%82+bia%C5%82y%2C+czerwona+gwiazda%3A+Wojna+polsko-bolszewicka%2C+1919%E2%80%931920+%EF%BC%88%E7%99%BD%E9%B9%B0%EF%BC%8C%E7%BA%A2%E6%98%9F%EF%BC%9A%E6%B3%A2%E8%8B%8F%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%EF%BC%8C1919%E5%B9%B4-1920%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8370067611&amp;rft.place=%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB&amp;rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+ZNAK&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refDavies2003"> <cite class="citation book">Davies, Norman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whiteeagleredsta00unse">White Eagle, Red Star: The Polish-Soviet War, 1919–1920(《白鹰,红星:波苏战争,1919年-1920年》)</a> New Pimlico. 伦敦: Pimlico. 2003年 [1972年]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0712606947" title="Special:网络书源/0712606947"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0712606947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Norman&amp;rft.aulast=Davies&amp;rft.btitle=White+Eagle%2C+Red+Star%3A+The+Polish-Soviet+War%2C+1919%E2%80%931920%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E7%99%BD%E9%B9%B0%EF%BC%8C%E7%BA%A2%E6%98%9F%EF%BC%9A%E6%B3%A2%E8%8B%8F%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%EF%BC%8C1919%E5%B9%B4-1920%E5%B9%B4%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.edition=New+Pimlico&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0712606947&amp;rft.place=%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6&amp;rft.pub=Pimlico&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhiteeagleredsta00unse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refDavies1982"> <cite class="citation book">Davies, Norman. God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D%E7%9A%84%E6%93%8D%E5%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="上帝的操场(页面不存在)">上帝的操场:波兰历史两套装</a>》, 第2套: 1795年至现在. 纽约: Columbia University Press. 1982年 [1981年]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0231053525" title="Special:网络书源/0231053525"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0231053525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Norman&amp;rft.aulast=Davies&amp;rft.btitle=God%27s+Playground%3A+A+History+of+Poland+in+Two+Volumes%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D%E7%9A%84%E6%93%8D%E5%9C%BA%EF%BC%9A%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%A4%E5%A5%97%E8%A3%85%E3%80%8B%2C+%E7%AC%AC2%E5%A5%97%3A+1795%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B3%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%A8&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0231053525&amp;rft.place=%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6&amp;rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refDavies2005"> <cite class="citation book">Davies, Norman. God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes《上帝的操场: 波兰历史两套装》, 第2套: 1795年至现在. 牛津;纽约: Oxford University Press. 2005年 [1981年]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0199253404" title="Special:网络书源/0199253404"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0199253404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Norman&amp;rft.aulast=Davies&amp;rft.btitle=God%27s+Playground%3A+A+History+of+Poland+in+Two+Volumes%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D%E7%9A%84%E6%93%8D%E5%9C%BA%EF%BC%9A+%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%A4%E5%A5%97%E8%A3%85%E3%80%8B%2C+%E7%AC%AC2%E5%A5%97%3A+1795%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B3%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%A8&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0199253404&amp;rft.place=%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%EF%BC%9B%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refDavies1986"> <cite class="citation book">Davies, Norman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heartofeuropesho00davi">Heart of Europe: A Short History of Poland《欧洲之心:波兰的简短历史》</a>. 牛津: Oxford University Press. 1986年 [1984年]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0192851527" title="Special:网络书源/0192851527"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0192851527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Norman&amp;rft.aulast=Davies&amp;rft.btitle=Heart+of+Europe%3A+A+Short+History+of+Poland%E3%80%8A%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E4%B9%8B%E5%BF%83%EF%BC%9A%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%9A%84%E7%AE%80%E7%9F%AD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0192851527&amp;rft.place=%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheartofeuropesho00davi&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refDavies1998"> <cite class="citation book">Davies, Norman. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Europe:_A_History&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Europe: A History(页面不存在)">Europe: A History</a>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%EF%BC%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="欧洲:历史(页面不存在)">欧洲:历史</a>》. 纽约: HarperCollins. 1998年 [1996]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0060974680" title="Special:网络书源/0060974680"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0060974680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Norman&amp;rft.aulast=Davies&amp;rft.btitle=Europe%3A+A+History%E3%80%8A%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%EF%BC%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0060974680&amp;rft.place=%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6&amp;rft.pub=HarperCollins&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refDavidson2004"> <cite class="citation book">Davidson, Eugene. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unmakingofadolfh0000davi_b7n7">The Unmaking of Adolf Hitler《阿道夫·希特勒的摧毁》</a>. 哥伦比亚: University of Missouri Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0826215297" title="Special:网络书源/0826215297"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0826215297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Eugene&amp;rft.aulast=Davidson&amp;rft.btitle=The+Unmaking+of+Adolf+Hitler%E3%80%8A%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92%E7%9A%84%E6%91%A7%E6%AF%81%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0826215297&amp;rft.place=%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funmakingofadolfh0000davi_b7n7&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refDrozdowski1995"> <cite class="citation book">Drozdowski, Marian Marek; Szwankowska, Hanna. Przedmowa. Pożegnanie Marszałka: Antologia tekstów historycznych i literackich. 华沙: Towarzystwo Miłośników Historii—Komisja Badań Dziejów Warszawy Instytutu Historii PAN: Oficyna Wydawnicza "Typografika". 1995年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/8386417188" title="Special:网络书源/8386417188"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;8386417188</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Przedmowa&amp;rft.au=Szwankowska%2C+Hanna&amp;rft.aufirst=Marian+Marek&amp;rft.aulast=Drozdowski&amp;rft.btitle=Po%C5%BCegnanie+Marsza%C5%82ka%3A+Antologia+tekst%C3%B3w+historycznych+i+literackich&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=8386417188&amp;rft.place=%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99&amp;rft.pub=Towarzystwo+Mi%C5%82o%C5%9Bnik%C3%B3w+Historii%E2%80%94Komisja+Bada%C5%84+Dziej%C3%B3w+Warszawy+Instytutu+Historii+PAN%3A+Oficyna+Wydawnicza+%22Typografika%22&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refErickson2001"> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Erickson%EF%BC%88%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%EF%BC%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Erickson(历史学家)(页面不存在)">Erickson, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soviethighcomman0000eric">The Soviet High Command: A Military-Political History, 1918–1941《苏军最高指挥部:军政史,1918年-1941年》</a> 第三版. 俄勒冈州波特兰: Routledge. 2001年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0714651788" title="Special:网络书源/0714651788"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0714651788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Erickson&amp;rft.btitle=The+Soviet+High+Command%3A+A+Military-Political+History%2C+1918%E2%80%931941%E3%80%8A%E8%8B%8F%E5%86%9B%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%8C%87%E6%8C%A5%E9%83%A8%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%9B%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%8C1918%E5%B9%B4-1941%E5%B9%B4%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.edition=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%89%88&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0714651788&amp;rft.place=%E4%BF%84%E5%8B%92%E5%86%88%E5%B7%9E%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoviethighcomman0000eric&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refFiges1996"> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Figes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Orlando Figes(页面不存在)">Figes, Orlando</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peoplestragedyru0000fige_a6t5">A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924《人民的灾难:俄国革命 1891年-1924年》</a>. 伦敦: Pimlico. 1996年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/071267327X" title="Special:网络书源/071267327X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;071267327X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Orlando&amp;rft.aulast=Figes&amp;rft.btitle=A+People%27s+Tragedy%3A+The+Russian+Revolution+1891%E2%80%931924%E3%80%8A%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%9A%84%E7%81%BE%E9%9A%BE%EF%BC%9A%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD+1891%E5%B9%B4-1924%E5%B9%B4%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=071267327X&amp;rft.place=%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6&amp;rft.pub=Pimlico&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeoplestragedyru0000fige_a6t5&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refGarlicki1995"> <cite class="citation book">Garlicki, Andrzej. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jozefpisudski1860000garl">Józef Piłsudski. 1867–1935 《约瑟夫·毕苏斯基 1867年-1935年》</a>. 伦敦: Scolar Press. 1995年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1859280188" title="Special:网络书源/1859280188"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;1859280188</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrzej&amp;rft.aulast=Garlicki&amp;rft.btitle=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski.+1867%E2%80%931935+%E3%80%8A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA+1867%E5%B9%B4-1935%E5%B9%B4%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1859280188&amp;rft.place=%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6&amp;rft.pub=Scolar+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjozefpisudski1860000garl&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refGoldfarb1991"> <cite class="citation book">Goldfarb, Jeffrey C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondglasnostpo0000gold">Beyond Glasnost: The Post-Totalitarian Mind《永远开放:前集权思想》</a>. 芝加哥: University of Chicago Press. 1991年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0226300986" title="Special:网络书源/0226300986"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0226300986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Goldfarb&amp;rft.btitle=Beyond+Glasnost%3A+The+Post-Totalitarian+Mind%E3%80%8A%E6%B0%B8%E8%BF%9C%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%EF%BC%9A%E5%89%8D%E9%9B%86%E6%9D%83%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0226300986&amp;rft.place=%E8%8A%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%93%A5&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeyondglasnostpo0000gold&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refGoldstein2002"> <cite class="citation book">Goldstein, Erik. The First World War Peace Settlements, 1919–1925《一战和约 1919年-1925年》. 伦敦;纽约: Longman. 2002年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0582311454" title="Special:网络书源/0582311454"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0582311454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Erik&amp;rft.aulast=Goldstein&amp;rft.btitle=The+First+World+War+Peace+Settlements%2C+1919%E2%80%931925%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%80%E6%88%98%E5%92%8C%E7%BA%A6+1919%E5%B9%B4-1925%E5%B9%B4%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0582311454&amp;rft.place=%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6%EF%BC%9B%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6&amp;rft.pub=Longman&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refGrant1999"> <cite class="citation book">Grant, Thomas D. The Recognition of States: Law and Practice in Debate and Evolution 《国家的认识:辩论与进化中的法律和实践》. 伦敦: Praeger. 1999年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0275963500" title="Special:网络书源/0275963500"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0275963500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Grant&amp;rft.btitle=The+Recognition+of+States%3A+Law+and+Practice+in+Debate+and+Evolution+%E3%80%8A%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%EF%BC%9A%E8%BE%A9%E8%AE%BA%E4%B8%8E%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0275963500&amp;rft.place=%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6&amp;rft.pub=Praeger&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refHehn2005"> <cite class="citation book">Hehn, Paul N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lowdishonestdeca0000hehn">A Low Dishonest Decade: The Great Powers, Eastern Europe, and the Economic Origins of World War II, 1930–1941《消沉而不诚实的十年:二战中的权势,东欧和经济源头 1930年-1941年》</a>. 纽约;伦敦: Continuum. 2005年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0826417612" title="Special:网络书源/0826417612"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0826417612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul+N.&amp;rft.aulast=Hehn&amp;rft.btitle=A+Low+Dishonest+Decade%3A+The+Great+Powers%2C+Eastern+Europe%2C+and+the+Economic+Origins+of+World+War+II%2C+1930%E2%80%931941%E3%80%8A%E6%B6%88%E6%B2%89%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8D%E8%AF%9A%E5%AE%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%9A%E4%BA%8C%E6%88%98%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%BF%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%9C%E6%AC%A7%E5%92%8C%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%BA%90%E5%A4%B4+1930%E5%B9%B4-1941%E5%B9%B4%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0826417612&amp;rft.place=%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%EF%BC%9B%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6&amp;rft.pub=Continuum&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flowdishonestdeca0000hehn&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refHeld1992"> <cite class="citation book">Held, Joseph. The Columbia History of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century(《哥伦比亚历史—20世纪的东欧》). 纽约: Columbia University Press. 1992年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0231076975" title="Special:网络书源/0231076975"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0231076975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph&amp;rft.aulast=Held&amp;rft.btitle=The+Columbia+History+of+Eastern+Europe+in+the+Twentieth+Century%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E2%80%9420%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%9C%E6%AC%A7%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0231076975&amp;rft.place=%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6&amp;rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refHildebrand1973"> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Hildebrand&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus Hildebrand(页面不存在)">Hildebrand, Klaus</a>. The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich(《第三帝国的外交政策》). Berkeley: University of California Press. 1973年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0520025288" title="Special:网络书源/0520025288"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0520025288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Klaus&amp;rft.aulast=Hildebrand&amp;rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+the+Third+Reich%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0520025288&amp;rft.place=Berkeley&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refHumphrey1936"> <cite class="citation book">Humphrey, Grace. Pilsudski: Builder of Poland(《毕苏斯基:波兰建造者》). 纽约: Scott and More. 1936年. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/775309"><span title="OCLC">OCLC&#160;775309</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Grace&amp;rft.aulast=Humphrey&amp;rft.btitle=Pilsudski%3A+Builder+of+Poland%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%EF%BC%9A%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%BB%BA%E9%80%A0%E8%80%85%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1936&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6&amp;rft.pub=Scott+and+More&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F775309&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refHyde-Price2001"> <cite class="citation book">Hyde-Price, Adrian. Germany and European Order(《德国和欧洲秩序》). 英国曼彻斯特: Manchester University Press. 2001年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0719054281" title="Special:网络书源/0719054281"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0719054281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Adrian&amp;rft.aulast=Hyde-Price&amp;rft.btitle=Germany+and+European+Order%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%92%8C%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%A7%A9%E5%BA%8F%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0719054281&amp;rft.place=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E6%9B%BC%E5%BD%BB%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9&amp;rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refJablonowski1998"> <cite class="citation book">Jabłonowski, Marek; Stawecki, Piotr. Następca komendanta. Edward Śmigły-Rydz. Materiały do biografii. 普乌图斯克: Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczna w Pułtusku. 1998年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/8390920808" title="Special:网络书源/8390920808"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;8390920808</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.au=Stawecki%2C+Piotr&amp;rft.aufirst=Marek&amp;rft.aulast=Jab%C5%82onowski&amp;rft.btitle=Nast%C4%99pca+komendanta.+Edward+%C5%9Amig%C5%82y-Rydz.+Materia%C5%82y+do+biografii&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8390920808&amp;rft.place=%E6%99%AE%E4%B9%8C%E5%9B%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B&amp;rft.pub=Wy%C5%BCsza+Szko%C5%82a+Humanistyczna+w+Pu%C5%82tusku&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refJedrzejewicz1991"> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wac%C5%82aw_J%C4%99drzejewicz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wacław Jędrzejewicz(页面不存在)">Jędrzejewicz, Wacław</a>. Pilsudski: A Life For Poland(《毕苏斯基:一生为波兰》). 纽约: Hippocrene Books. 1991年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0870527479" title="Special:网络书源/0870527479"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0870527479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Wac%C5%82aw&amp;rft.aulast=J%C4%99drzejewicz&amp;rft.btitle=Pilsudski%3A+A+Life+For+Poland%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%80%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%BA%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0870527479&amp;rft.place=%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6&amp;rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refJedrzejewicz1994"> <cite class="citation book">Jędrzejewicz, Wacław; Cisek, Janusz. Kalendarium Życia Józefa Piłsudskiego. 弗罗茨瓦夫: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. 1994年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/8304041146" title="Special:网络书源/8304041146"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;8304041146</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.au=Cisek%2C+Janusz&amp;rft.aufirst=Wac%C5%82aw&amp;rft.aulast=J%C4%99drzejewicz&amp;rft.btitle=Kalendarium+%C5%BBycia+J%C3%B3zefa+Pi%C5%82sudskiego&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8304041146&amp;rft.place=%E5%BC%97%E7%BD%97%E8%8C%A8%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB&amp;rft.pub=Zak%C5%82ad+Narodowy+im.+Ossoli%C5%84skich&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refJordan2002"> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicole_Jordan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicole Jordan(页面不存在)">Jordan, Nicole</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/popularfrontcent0000jord">The Popular Front and Central Europe: The Dilemmas of French Impotence 1918–1940(《流行前线和中欧:法国无能为力的左右为难 1918年-1940年》)</a>. 剑桥: Cambridge University Press. 2002年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0521522420" title="Special:网络书源/0521522420"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0521522420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicole&amp;rft.aulast=Jordan&amp;rft.btitle=The+Popular+Front+and+Central+Europe%3A+The+Dilemmas+of+French+Impotence+1918%E2%80%931940%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E5%89%8D%E7%BA%BF%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%AD%E6%AC%A7%EF%BC%9A%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%A0%E8%83%BD%E4%B8%BA%E5%8A%9B%E7%9A%84%E5%B7%A6%E5%8F%B3%E4%B8%BA%E9%9A%BE+1918%E5%B9%B4-1940%E5%B9%B4%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0521522420&amp;rft.place=%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpopularfrontcent0000jord&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refKenez1999"> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kenez&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Kenez(页面不存在)">Kenez, Peter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofsovietu00kene">A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End(《苏联由始到终的历史》)</a>. 剑桥: Cambridge University Press. 1999年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0521311985" title="Special:网络书源/0521311985"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0521311985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.aulast=Kenez&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Soviet+Union+from+the+Beginning+to+the+End%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%94%B1%E5%A7%8B%E5%88%B0%E7%BB%88%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0521311985&amp;rft.place=%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofsovietu00kene&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refKershaw2001"> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw, Ian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=B5fJYMxufVcC">Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis(《希特勒,1936年-1945年:报复》)</a>. 纽约: W. W. Norton. 2001年 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-09-18</span>&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0393322521" title="Special:网络书源/0393322521"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0393322521</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320113723/https://books.google.com/books?id=B5fJYMxufVcC">存档</a>于2017-03-20).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Ian&amp;rft.aulast=Kershaw&amp;rft.btitle=Hitler%2C+1936%E2%80%931945%3A+Nemesis%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92%EF%BC%8C1936%E5%B9%B4-1945%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%9A%E6%8A%A5%E5%A4%8D%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0393322521&amp;rft.place=%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6&amp;rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB5fJYMxufVcC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refKipp1993"> <cite class="citation book">Kipp, Jacob (ed.). Central European Security Concerns: Bridge, Buffer, Or Barrier?(《中欧社会的焦虑:桥梁,缓冲剂,或障碍?》). 俄勒冈州波特兰伦敦: F. Cass. 1993年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0714645451" title="Special:网络书源/0714645451"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0714645451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Jacob+%28ed.%29&amp;rft.aulast=Kipp&amp;rft.btitle=Central+European+Security+Concerns%3A+Bridge%2C+Buffer%2C+Or+Barrier%3F%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E6%AC%A7%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%9A%84%E7%84%A6%E8%99%91%EF%BC%9A%E6%A1%A5%E6%A2%81%EF%BC%8C%E7%BC%93%E5%86%B2%E5%89%82%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%96%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D%EF%BC%9F%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0714645451&amp;rft.place=%E4%BF%84%E5%8B%92%E5%86%88%E5%B7%9E%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6&amp;rft.pub=F.+Cass&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refLerski1996"> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerzy_Jan_Lerski&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerzy Jan Lerski(页面不存在)">Lerski, Jerzy Jan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000lers">Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945(《波兰历史词典,966年-1945年》)</a>. 康涅狄格州西点: Greenwood Press. 1996年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0313260079" title="Special:网络书源/0313260079"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0313260079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Jerzy+Jan&amp;rft.aulast=Lerski&amp;rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Poland%2C+966%E2%80%931945%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8%EF%BC%8C966%E5%B9%B4-1945%E5%B9%B4%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0313260079&amp;rft.place=%E5%BA%B7%E6%B6%85%E7%8B%84%E6%A0%BC%E5%B7%9E%E8%A5%BF%E7%82%B9&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricaldictio0000lers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refLeslie1983"> <cite class="citation book">Leslie, R. F. The History of Poland Since 1863(《自1863年起的波兰历史》). 剑桥: Cambridge University Press. 1983年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0521275016" title="Special:网络书源/0521275016"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0521275016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+F.&amp;rft.aulast=Leslie&amp;rft.btitle=The+History+of+Poland+Since+1863%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E8%87%AA1863%E5%B9%B4%E8%B5%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0521275016&amp;rft.place=%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refLieven1994"> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatol_Lieven&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatol Lieven(页面不存在)">Lieven, Anatol</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balticrevolution0000liev">The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence(《波罗的海革命:爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚、立陶宛和独立之路》)</a>. 纽黑文: Yale University Press. 1994年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0300060785" title="Special:网络书源/0300060785"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0300060785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Anatol&amp;rft.aulast=Lieven&amp;rft.btitle=The+Baltic+Revolution%3A+Estonia%2C+Latvia%2C+Lithuania+and+the+Path+to+Independence%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%EF%BC%9A%E7%88%B1%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E3%80%81%E6%8B%89%E8%84%B1%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E3%80%81%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E5%92%8C%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0300060785&amp;rft.place=%E7%BA%BD%E9%BB%91%E6%96%87&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbalticrevolution0000liev&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refLonnroth1994"> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erik_L%C3%B6nnroth&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Erik Lönnroth(页面不存在)">Lönnroth, Erik</a>; Björk, Ragnar; Molin, Karl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conceptionsofnat0000nobe">Conceptions of National History: Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 78(《国家思想史:第78次诺贝尔研讨会记录》)</a>. 柏林;纽约: Walter de Gruyter. 1994年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3110135043" title="Special:网络书源/3110135043"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;3110135043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.au=Bj%C3%B6rk%2C+Ragnar&amp;rft.au=Molin%2C+Karl&amp;rft.aufirst=Erik&amp;rft.aulast=L%C3%B6nnroth&amp;rft.btitle=Conceptions+of+National+History%3A+Proceedings+of+Nobel+Symposium+78%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%9A%E7%AC%AC78%E6%AC%A1%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3110135043&amp;rft.place=%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%EF%BC%9B%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6&amp;rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconceptionsofnat0000nobe&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refLukacs2001"> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lukacs&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Lukacs(页面不存在)">Lukacs, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lasteuropeanwar00john">The Last European War: September 1939–December 1941(《最后一次欧战:1939年9月-1941年12月》)</a> Pbk. 纽黑文: Yale University Press. 2001年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0300089155" title="Special:网络书源/0300089155"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0300089155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Lukacs&amp;rft.btitle=The+Last+European+War%3A+September+1939%E2%80%93December+1941%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E6%9C%80%E5%90%8E%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E6%AC%A7%E6%88%98%EF%BC%9A1939%E5%B9%B49%E6%9C%88-1941%E5%B9%B412%E6%9C%88%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.edition=Pbk.&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0300089155&amp;rft.place=%E7%BA%BD%E9%BB%91%E6%96%87&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flasteuropeanwar00john&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refMacMillan2003"> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_MacMillan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Margaret MacMillan(页面不存在)">MacMillan, Margaret</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paris1919sixmont0000marg">Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World(《1919年巴黎:六个月改变世界》)</a> Random House trade paperback. 纽约: Random House Trade Paperbacks. 2003年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0375760520" title="Special:网络书源/0375760520"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0375760520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Margaret&amp;rft.aulast=MacMillan&amp;rft.btitle=Paris+1919%3A+Six+Months+That+Changed+the+World%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A1919%E5%B9%B4%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%EF%BC%9A%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%AA%E6%9C%88%E6%94%B9%E5%8F%98%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.edition=Random+House+trade+paperback&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0375760520&amp;rft.place=%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6&amp;rft.pub=Random+House+Trade+Paperbacks&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparis1919sixmont0000marg&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refMatuszak2006"> <cite class="citation journal">Matuszak, Tomasz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rzeczpospolita.pl/dodatki/bitwy_060617/bitwy_a_7.html">Epilog Legionów</a>. Historia Rzeczpospolitej: Zwycięstwa oręża polskiego (Rzeczpospolita, Mówią Wieki, Muzeum Wojska Polskiego). June 17, 2006, (16/20—"Historia bitew: Bitwa pod Kostiuchnówką") <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Epilog+Legion%C3%B3w&amp;rft.aufirst=Tomasz&amp;rft.aulast=Matuszak&amp;rft.date=2006-06-17&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=16%2F20%E2%80%94%22Historia+bitew%3A+Bitwa+pod+Kostiuchn%C3%B3wk%C4%85%22&amp;rft.jtitle=Historia+Rzeczpospolitej%3A+Zwyci%C4%99stwa+or%C4%99%C5%BCa+polskiego&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rzeczpospolita.pl%2Fdodatki%2Fbitwy_060617%2Fbitwy_a_7.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2018年1月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>&#93;</span></sup></cite></li> <li><cite id="refPaulsson2003"> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunnar_S._Paulsson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunnar S. Paulsson(页面不存在)">Paulsson, Gunnar S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretcityhidden00paul">Secret City: The Hidden Jews of Warsaw, 1940–1945(《秘密之城:华沙隐藏着的犹太人》)</a>. 纽黑文: Yale University Press. 2003年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0300095465" title="Special:网络书源/0300095465"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0300095465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Gunnar+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Paulsson&amp;rft.btitle=Secret+City%3A+The+Hidden+Jews+of+Warsaw%2C+1940%E2%80%931945%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E7%A7%98%E5%AF%86%E4%B9%8B%E5%9F%8E%EF%BC%9A%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99%E9%9A%90%E8%97%8F%E7%9D%80%E7%9A%84%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0300095465&amp;rft.place=%E7%BA%BD%E9%BB%91%E6%96%87&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretcityhidden00paul&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refPidlutskyi2004"> <cite class="citation book">Pidlutskyi, Oleksa. Józef Piłsudski: The Chief who Created Himself a State(《约瑟夫·毕苏斯基:自建国之首》). Postati XX stolittia (Figures of the 20th century). 基辅: Triada-A. 2004年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9668290011" title="Special:网络书源/9668290011"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9668290011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski%3A+The+Chief+who+Created+Himself+a+State%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%EF%BC%9A%E8%87%AA%E5%BB%BA%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%8B%E9%A6%96%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.aufirst=Oleksa&amp;rft.aulast=Pidlutskyi&amp;rft.btitle=Postati+XX+stolittia+%28Figures+of+the+20th+century%29&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9668290011&amp;rft.place=%E5%9F%BA%E8%BE%85&amp;rft.pub=Triada-A&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite> (Reprinted in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zerkalo_Nedeli&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zerkalo Nedeli(页面不存在)">Zerkalo Nedeli</a></i> <i>(The Mirror Weekly)</i>, Kiev, February February 3-9 2001, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051126150005/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/329/29435/">in Russian</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051107051914/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/329/29435/">in Ukrainian</a>.)</li> <li><cite id="refPilsudski1989"> <cite id="CITEREFPiłsudski1989" class="citation">Piłsudski, Józef, Urbankowski, Bohdan , 编, Myśli, mowy i rozkazy, 华沙: Kwadryga, 1989年, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/8385082018" title="Special:网络书源/8385082018"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;8385082018</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zef&amp;rft.aulast=Pi%C5%82sudski&amp;rft.btitle=My%C5%9Bli%2C+mowy+i+rozkazy&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8385082018&amp;rft.place=%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99&amp;rft.pub=Kwadryga&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refPipes1993"> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Pipes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Pipes(页面不存在)">Pipes, Richard</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiaunderbolsh00rich">Russia under the Bolshevik Regime(《布尔什维克治下的俄罗斯》)</a>. 纽约: Knopf. 1993年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0394502426" title="Special:网络书源/0394502426"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0394502426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.aulast=Pipes&amp;rft.btitle=Russia+under+the+Bolshevik+Regime%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%80%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0394502426&amp;rft.place=%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6&amp;rft.pub=Knopf&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiaunderbolsh00rich&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refPlach2006"> <cite class="citation book">Plach, Eva. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clashofmoralnati0000plac">The Clash of Moral Nations: Cultural Politics in Pilsudski's Poland, 1926–1935(《道义上的国家的冲突:毕苏斯基波兰的政治文化,1926年-1935年》)</a>. 俄亥俄州雅典: Ohio University Press. 2006年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0821416952" title="Special:网络书源/0821416952"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0821416952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Eva&amp;rft.aulast=Plach&amp;rft.btitle=The+Clash+of+Moral+Nations%3A+Cultural+Politics+in+Pilsudski%27s+Poland%2C+1926%E2%80%931935%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E9%81%93%E4%B9%89%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%9A%84%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81%EF%BC%9A%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%EF%BC%8C1926%E5%B9%B4-1935%E5%B9%B4%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0821416952&amp;rft.place=%E4%BF%84%E4%BA%A5%E4%BF%84%E5%B7%9E%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8&amp;rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclashofmoralnati0000plac&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refPobog-Malinowski1990"> <cite class="citation book">Pobóg-Malinowski, Władysław. Najnowsza historia polityczna Polski 1864-1945. 华沙: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. 1990年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/8303031635" title="Special:网络书源/8303031635"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;8303031635</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw&amp;rft.aulast=Pob%C3%B3g-Malinowski&amp;rft.btitle=Najnowsza+historia+polityczna+Polski+1864-1945&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8303031635&amp;rft.place=%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99&amp;rft.pub=Krajowa+Agencja+Wydawnicza&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refPrizel1998"> <cite class="citation book">Prizel, Ilya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalidentity0000priz">National Identity and Foreign Policy: Nationalism and Leadership in Poland, Russia and Ukraine(《国家特性和外交政策:波兰、俄罗斯和乌克兰的国家主义和领导》)</a>. 剑桥;纽约: Cambridge University Press. 1998年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0521576970" title="Special:网络书源/0521576970"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0521576970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Ilya&amp;rft.aulast=Prizel&amp;rft.btitle=National+Identity+and+Foreign+Policy%3A+Nationalism+and+Leadership+in+Poland%2C+Russia+and+Ukraine%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7%E5%92%8C%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E3%80%81%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%92%8C%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0521576970&amp;rft.place=%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5%EF%BC%9B%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationalidentity0000priz&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refQuester2000"> <cite class="citation book">Quester, George H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nuclearmonopoly0000ques">Nuclear Monopoly(《核垄断》)</a>. 新布吕瑞克: Transaction Publishers. 2000年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0765800225" title="Special:网络书源/0765800225"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0765800225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=George+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Quester&amp;rft.btitle=Nuclear+Monopoly%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E6%A0%B8%E5%9E%84%E6%96%AD%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0765800225&amp;rft.place=%E6%96%B0%E5%B8%83%E5%90%95%E7%91%9E%E5%85%8B&amp;rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnuclearmonopoly0000ques&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refRoos1966"> <cite class="citation book">Roos, Hans. A History of Modern Poland, from the Foundation of the State in the First World War to the Present Day(《现代波兰史:从一战建国到现在》) 第1美语版. 纽约: Knopf. 1966年. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/396836"><span title="OCLC">OCLC&#160;396836</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Hans&amp;rft.aulast=Roos&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Poland%2C+from+the+Foundation+of+the+State+in+the+First+World+War+to+the+Present+Day%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%9A%E4%BB%8E%E4%B8%80%E6%88%98%E5%BB%BA%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%B0%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%A8%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft.edition=%E7%AC%AC1%E7%BE%8E%E8%AF%AD%E7%89%88&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6&amp;rft.pub=Knopf&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F396836&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite>(由J.R. Foster译自德语版<i>Geschichte der polnischen Nation, 1916–1960</i>)</li> <li><cite id="refRoshwald2001"> <cite class="citation book">Roshwald, Aviel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethnicnationalis0000rosh">Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, the Middle East and Russia, 1914–1923(《民族主义和帝国的陷落:中欧,中东和俄罗斯,1914年-1923年》)</a>. 伦敦;纽约: Routledge. 2001年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0415242290" title="Special:网络书源/0415242290"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0415242290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Aviel&amp;rft.aulast=Roshwald&amp;rft.btitle=Ethnic+Nationalism+and+the+Fall+of+Empires%3A+Central+Europe%2C+the+Middle+East+and+Russia%2C+1914%E2%80%931923%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E9%99%B7%E8%90%BD%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%AD%E6%AC%A7%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C%E5%92%8C%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%EF%BC%8C1914%E5%B9%B4-1923%E5%B9%B4%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0415242290&amp;rft.place=%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6%EF%BC%9B%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fethnicnationalis0000rosh&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refRoshwald2002"> <cite class="citation book">Roshwald, Aviel; Stites, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europeanculturei0000unse">European Culture in the Great War: The Arts, Entertainment and Propaganda, 1914–1918(《大战中的欧洲文化:艺术,娱乐与宣传》)</a>. 英国剑桥;纽约: Cambridge University Press. 2002年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0521013240" title="Special:网络书源/0521013240"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0521013240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.au=Stites%2C+Richard&amp;rft.aufirst=Aviel&amp;rft.aulast=Roshwald&amp;rft.btitle=European+Culture+in+the+Great+War%3A+The+Arts%2C+Entertainment+and+Propaganda%2C+1914%E2%80%931918%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%EF%BC%9A%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%EF%BC%8C%E5%A8%B1%E4%B9%90%E4%B8%8E%E5%AE%A3%E4%BC%A0%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0521013240&amp;rft.place=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5%EF%BC%9B%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropeanculturei0000unse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refRoszkowski1992"> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wojciech_Roszkowski&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wojciech Roszkowski(页面不存在)">Roszkowski, Wojciech</a>. Historia Polski 1914–1991. 华沙: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. 1992年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/8301110147" title="Special:网络书源/8301110147"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;8301110147</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Wojciech&amp;rft.aulast=Roszkowski&amp;rft.btitle=Historia+Polski+1914%E2%80%931991&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8301110147&amp;rft.place=%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99&amp;rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refRothschild1990"> <cite class="citation book">Rothschild, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eastcentraleurop09jose">East Central Europe Between the Two World Wars(《战间期的中东欧》)</a>. 西雅图: University of Washington Press. 1990年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0295953578" title="Special:网络书源/0295953578"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0295953578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph&amp;rft.aulast=Rothschild&amp;rft.btitle=East+Central+Europe+Between+the+Two+World+Wars%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E6%88%98%E9%97%B4%E6%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C%E6%AC%A7%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0295953578&amp;rft.place=%E8%A5%BF%E9%9B%85%E5%9B%BE&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feastcentraleurop09jose&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refSanford2002"> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Sanford_(scholar)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="George Sanford (scholar)(页面不存在)">Sanford, George</a>. Democratic Government in Poland: Constitutional Politics Since 1989(《波兰民主政府:自1989年起的宪政》). 纽约: Palgrave Macmillan. 2002年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0333774752" title="Special:网络书源/0333774752"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0333774752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=George&amp;rft.aulast=Sanford&amp;rft.btitle=Democratic+Government+in+Poland%3A+Constitutional+Politics+Since+1989%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%EF%BC%9A%E8%87%AA1989%E5%B9%B4%E8%B5%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0333774752&amp;rft.place=%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6&amp;rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refSnyder2004"> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy Snyder">Snyder, Timothy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=xSpEynLxJ1MC">The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999(《国家改建:波兰、乌克兰、立陶宛、白俄罗斯,1569年-1999年》)</a>. 康涅狄格州纽黑文;伦敦: Yale University Press. 2004年 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-09-18</span>&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/030010586X" title="Special:网络书源/030010586X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;030010586X</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820023052/https://books.google.com/books?id=xSpEynLxJ1MC">存档</a>于2020-08-20).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Timothy&amp;rft.aulast=Snyder&amp;rft.btitle=The+Reconstruction+of+Nations%3A+Poland%2C+Ukraine%2C+Lithuania%2C+Belarus%2C+1569%E2%80%931999%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%94%B9%E5%BB%BA%EF%BC%9A%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E3%80%81%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0%E3%80%81%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E3%80%81%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%EF%BC%8C1569%E5%B9%B4-1999%E5%B9%B4%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=030010586X&amp;rft.place=%E5%BA%B7%E6%B6%85%E7%8B%84%E6%A0%BC%E5%B7%9E%E7%BA%BD%E9%BB%91%E6%96%87%EF%BC%9B%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxSpEynLxJ1MC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refStachura2004"> <cite class="citation book">Stachura, Peter D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poland19181945in0000stac">Poland, 1918–1945: An Interpretive and Documentary History of the Second Republic(《波兰,1918年-1945年:第二共和国历史的解释和文件》)</a>. 伦敦;纽约: Routledge. 2004年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0415343585" title="Special:网络书源/0415343585"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0415343585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Stachura&amp;rft.btitle=Poland%2C+1918%E2%80%931945%3A+An+Interpretive+and+Documentary+History+of+the+Second+Republic%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%EF%BC%8C1918%E5%B9%B4-1945%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8A%E5%92%8C%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0415343585&amp;rft.place=%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6%EF%BC%9B%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoland19181945in0000stac&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refSuleja2004"> <cite class="citation book">Suleja, Włodzimierz. Józef Piłsudski(《约瑟夫·毕苏斯基》). 弗罗茨瓦夫: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. 2004年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/8304047063" title="Special:网络书源/8304047063"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;8304047063</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=W%C5%82odzimierz&amp;rft.aulast=Suleja&amp;rft.btitle=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8304047063&amp;rft.place=%E5%BC%97%E7%BD%97%E8%8C%A8%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB&amp;rft.pub=Zak%C5%82ad+Narodowy+im.+Ossoli%C5%84skich&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refTorbus1999"> <cite class="citation book">Torbus, Tomasz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poland0000unse_x3c3">Nelles Guide Poland(《内勒斯波兰手册》)</a>. 慕尼黑: Hunter Publishing. 1999年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3886180883" title="Special:网络书源/3886180883"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;3886180883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Tomasz&amp;rft.aulast=Torbus&amp;rft.btitle=Nelles+Guide+Poland%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E5%86%85%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3886180883&amp;rft.place=%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91&amp;rft.pub=Hunter+Publishing&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoland0000unse_x3c3&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refUrbankowski1997"> <cite id="CITEREFUrbankowski1997" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bohdan_Urbankowski&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bohdan Urbankowski(页面不存在)">Urbankowski, Bohdan</a>, Józef Piłsudski: Marzyciel i strateg(《约瑟夫·毕苏斯基:梦想家和战略家》) <b>1卷–2卷</b>, 华沙: Wydawnictwo ALFA, 1997年, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/8370019145" title="Special:网络书源/8370019145"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;8370019145</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Bohdan&amp;rft.aulast=Urbankowski&amp;rft.btitle=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski%3A+Marzyciel+i+strateg%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%EF%BC%9A%E6%A2%A6%E6%83%B3%E5%AE%B6%E5%92%8C%E6%88%98%E7%95%A5%E5%AE%B6%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8370019145&amp;rft.place=%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99&amp;rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+ALFA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refWatt1979"> <cite class="citation book">Watt, Richard M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bitterglorypolan0000watt">Bitter Glory(《苦涩的荣耀》)</a>. 纽约: Simon and Schuster. 1979年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0671226258" title="Special:网络书源/0671226258"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0671226258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Watt&amp;rft.btitle=Bitter+Glory%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E8%8B%A6%E6%B6%A9%E7%9A%84%E8%8D%A3%E8%80%80%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0671226258&amp;rft.place=%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6&amp;rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbitterglorypolan0000watt&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refWladyka2005"> <cite class="citation book">Władyka, Władysław. Z Drugą Rzeczpospolitą na plecach. Postać Józefa Piłsudskiego w prasie i propagandzie PRL do 1980 roku. Jabłonowski, Marek; Kossewska, Elżbieta (eds.) (编). Piłsudski na łamach i w opiniach prasy polskiej 1918–1989 (《波兰新闻界所见到的毕苏斯基,1918年-1989年》). 华沙: Oficyna Wydawnicza ASPRA–JR and Warsaw University. 2005年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/8389964449" title="Special:网络书源/8389964449"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;8389964449</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Z+Drug%C4%85+Rzeczpospolit%C4%85+na+plecach.+Posta%C4%87+J%C3%B3zefa+Pi%C5%82sudskiego+w+prasie+i+propagandzie+PRL+do+1980+roku&amp;rft.aufirst=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw&amp;rft.aulast=W%C5%82adyka&amp;rft.btitle=Pi%C5%82sudski+na+%C5%82amach+i+w+opiniach+prasy+polskiej+1918%E2%80%931989+%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E7%95%8C%E6%89%80%E8%A7%81%E5%88%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%EF%BC%8C1918%E5%B9%B4-1989%E5%B9%B4%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=8389964449&amp;rft.place=%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99&amp;rft.pub=Oficyna+Wydawnicza+ASPRA%E2%80%93JR+and+Warsaw+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refZamoyski1987"> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Zamoyski&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Zamoyski(页面不存在)">Zamoyski, Adam</a>. The Polish Way(《波兰之路》). 伦敦: John Murray. 1987年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0531150690" title="Special:网络书源/0531150690"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0531150690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Adam&amp;rft.aulast=Zamoyski&amp;rft.btitle=The+Polish+Way%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0531150690&amp;rft.place=%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6&amp;rft.pub=John+Murray&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="refZulawnik2005"> <cite class="citation book">Żuławnik, Małgorzata; Żuławnik Mariusz. Powrót na łamy. Józef Piłsudski w prasie oficjalnej i podziemnej 1980–1989 (Return to the Newspapers: Józef Piłsudski in the Official and Underground Press, 1980–1989. Jabłonowski, Marek; Kossewska, Elżbieta (eds.) (编). Piłsudski na łamach i w opiniach prasy polskiej 1918–1989 (《波兰新闻界所见到的毕苏斯基》). 华沙: Oficyna Wydawnicza ASPRA–JR and Warsaw University. 2005年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/8389964449" title="Special:网络书源/8389964449"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;8389964449</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Powr%C3%B3t+na+%C5%82amy.+J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski+w+prasie+oficjalnej+i+podziemnej+1980%E2%80%931989+%28Return+to+the+Newspapers%3A+J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski+in+the+Official+and+Underground+Press%2C+1980%E2%80%931989&amp;rft.au=%C5%BBu%C5%82awnik+Mariusz&amp;rft.aufirst=Ma%C5%82gorzata&amp;rft.aulast=%C5%BBu%C5%82awnik&amp;rft.btitle=Pi%C5%82sudski+na+%C5%82amach+i+w+opiniach+prasy+polskiej+1918%E2%80%931989+%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E7%95%8C%E6%89%80%E8%A7%81%E5%88%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=8389964449&amp;rft.place=%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99&amp;rft.pub=Oficyna+Wydawnicza+ASPRA%E2%80%93JR+and+Warsaw+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></cite></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="进阶阅读"><span id=".E8.BF.9B.E9.98.B6.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>进阶阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="编辑章节:进阶阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>这里仅是一小部分。参见华沙国家图书馆的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekologia.neostrada.pl/hwjpl.html">图书列表</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210411184337/http://www.ekologia.neostrada.pl/hwjpl.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)。</i></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80540462"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Czubiński, Antoni (ed.). Józef Piłsudski i jego legenda (《约瑟夫·毕苏斯基与他的传奇》). 华沙: Państowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. 1988年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/8301078197" title="Special:网络书源/8301078197"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;8301078197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Antoni+%28ed.%29&amp;rft.aulast=Czubi%C5%84ski&amp;rft.btitle=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski+i+jego+legenda+%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E4%B8%8E%E4%BB%96%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%A0%E5%A5%87%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8301078197&amp;rft.place=%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99&amp;rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stowe+Wydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a>. Heart of Europe, The Past in Poland's Present(《欧洲之心,波兰今昔》). 牛津;纽约: Oxford University Press. 2001年 [1984年]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0192801260" title="Special:网络书源/0192801260"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0192801260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Norman&amp;rft.aulast=Davies&amp;rft.btitle=Heart+of+Europe%2C+The+Past+in+Poland%27s+Present%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E4%B9%8B%E5%BF%83%EF%BC%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E4%BB%8A%E6%98%94%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0192801260&amp;rft.place=%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%EF%BC%9B%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_Kamil_Dziewanowski&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Marian Kamil Dziewanowski(页面不存在)">Dziewanowski, Marian Kamil</a>. Joseph Pilsudski: A European Federalist, 1918–1922(《约瑟夫·毕苏斯基:欧洲联邦制支持者,1918年-1922年》). 斯坦福: Stanford University Press. 1969年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0817917918" title="Special:网络书源/0817917918"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0817917918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Marian+Kamil&amp;rft.aulast=Dziewanowski&amp;rft.btitle=Joseph+Pilsudski%3A+A+European+Federalist%2C+1918%E2%80%931922%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%EF%BC%9A%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E8%80%85%EF%BC%8C1918%E5%B9%B4-1922%E5%B9%B4%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0817917918&amp;rft.place=%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E7%A6%8F&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Garlicki, Andrzej. Piłsudski, Józef Klemens. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E4%BC%A0%E8%AE%B0%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰传记词典(页面不存在)">波兰传记词典</a>(Polski Słownik Biograficzny) 第26卷. 弗罗茨瓦夫: Polska Akademia Nauk. 1981年: 311页–324页 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Pi%C5%82sudski%2C+J%C3%B3zef+Klemens&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrzej&amp;rft.aulast=Garlicki&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E4%BC%A0%E8%AE%B0%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8%EF%BC%88Polski+S%C5%82ownik+Biograficzny%EF%BC%89+%E7%AC%AC26%E5%8D%B7&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=311%E9%A1%B5-324%E9%A1%B5&amp;rft.place=%E5%BC%97%E7%BD%97%E8%8C%A8%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB&amp;rft.pub=Polska+Akademia+Nauk&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Hauser, Przemysław; Dorosz, Janina (transl.). Jozef Pilsudski's Views on the Territorial Shape of the Polish State and His Endeavours to Put them into Effect, 1918–1921(《约瑟夫·毕苏斯基在波兰领土轮廓上的观点,以及他对此的努力,1918年-1921年》). Polish Western Affairs (波兹南: Komisja Naukowa Zachodniej Agencji Prasowej). 1992年, (2): 235页–249页. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A%E8%99%9F" title="國際標準期刊號">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&amp;q=n2:0032-3039">0032-3039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Jozef+Pilsudski%27s+Views+on+the+Territorial+Shape+of+the+Polish+State+and+His+Endeavours+to+Put+them+into+Effect%2C+1918%E2%80%931921%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%A8%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F%E8%BD%AE%E5%BB%93%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%82%E7%82%B9%EF%BC%8C%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%8A%E4%BB%96%E5%AF%B9%E6%AD%A4%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%AA%E5%8A%9B%EF%BC%8C1918%E5%B9%B4-1921%E5%B9%B4%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.au=Dorosz%2C+Janina+%28transl.%29&amp;rft.aufirst=Przemys%C5%82aw&amp;rft.aulast=Hauser&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Polish+Western+Affairs&amp;rft.pages=235%E9%A1%B5-249%E9%A1%B5&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wac%C5%82aw_J%C4%99drzejewicz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wacław Jędrzejewicz(页面不存在)">Jędrzejewicz, Wacław</a>. Józef Piłsudski 1867–1935(《约瑟夫·毕苏斯基 1867年-1935年》). 弗罗茨瓦夫: Wydawnictwo LTW. 1989年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/8388736256" title="Special:网络书源/8388736256"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;8388736256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Wac%C5%82aw&amp;rft.aulast=J%C4%99drzejewicz&amp;rft.btitle=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski+1867%E2%80%931935%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA+1867%E5%B9%B4-1935%E5%B9%B4%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8388736256&amp;rft.place=%E5%BC%97%E7%BD%97%E8%8C%A8%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB&amp;rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+LTW&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandra_Pi%C5%82sudska&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksandra Piłsudska(页面不存在)">Piłsudska, Aleksandra</a>. Pilsudski: A Biography by His Wife(《毕苏斯基:他妻子所写的传记》). 纽约: Dodd, Mead. 1941年. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/65700731"><span title="OCLC">OCLC&#160;65700731</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Aleksandra&amp;rft.aulast=Pi%C5%82sudska&amp;rft.btitle=Pilsudski%3A+A+Biography+by+His+Wife%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%EF%BC%9A%E4%BB%96%E5%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%89%80%E5%86%99%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%A0%E8%AE%B0%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1941&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6&amp;rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65700731&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Piłsudski, Józef; Gillie, Darsie Rutherford. Joseph Pilsudski, the Memories of a Polish Revolutionary and Soldier(《约瑟夫·毕苏斯基,波兰革命与士兵的回忆》). Faber &amp; Faber. 1931年.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.au=Gillie%2C+Darsie+Rutherford&amp;rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zef&amp;rft.aulast=Pi%C5%82sudski&amp;rft.btitle=Joseph+Pilsudski%2C+the+Memories+of+a+Polish+Revolutionary+and+Soldier%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%EF%BC%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E4%B8%8E%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%B5%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%9E%E5%BF%86%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1931&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Piłsudski, Józef. Year 1920 and its Climax: Battle of Warsaw during the Polish-Soviet War, 1919–1920, with the Addition of Soviet Marshal Tukhachevski's March beyond the Vistula(《1920年和其巅峰:波苏战争中的华沙战役,1919年-1920年,附加苏联元帅图哈切夫斯基三月向维斯瓦河推进的资料》). 纽约: Jozef Pilsudski Institute of America. 1972年. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006EIT3A"><span title="亚马逊标准识别码">ASIN&#160;B0006EIT3A</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zef&amp;rft.aulast=Pi%C5%82sudski&amp;rft.btitle=Year+1920+and+its+Climax%3A+Battle+of+Warsaw+during+the+Polish-Soviet+War%2C+1919%E2%80%931920%2C+with+the+Addition+of+Soviet+Marshal+Tukhachevski%27s+March+beyond+the+Vistula%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A1920%E5%B9%B4%E5%92%8C%E5%85%B6%E5%B7%85%E5%B3%B0%EF%BC%9A%E6%B3%A2%E8%8B%8F%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9%EF%BC%8C1919%E5%B9%B4-1920%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8C%E9%99%84%E5%8A%A0%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%83%E5%B8%85%E5%9B%BE%E5%93%88%E5%88%87%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E4%B8%89%E6%9C%88%E5%90%91%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%8E%A8%E8%BF%9B%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6&amp;rft.pub=Jozef+Pilsudski+Institute+of+America&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Reddaway, William Fiddian. Marshal Pilsudski(《毕苏斯基元帅》). 伦敦: Routledge. 1939年. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1704492"><span title="OCLC">OCLC&#160;1704492</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=William+Fiddian&amp;rft.aulast=Reddaway&amp;rft.btitle=Marshal+Pilsudski%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%83%E5%B8%85%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1939&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1704492&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Rothschild, Joseph. Pilsudski's Coup d'Etat(《毕苏斯基的政变》). 纽约: Columbia University Press. 1967年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0231029845" title="Special:网络书源/0231029845"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0231029845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph&amp;rft.aulast=Rothschild&amp;rft.btitle=Pilsudski%27s+Coup+d%27Etat%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1967&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0231029845&amp;rft.place=%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6&amp;rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piotr_S._Wandycz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piotr S. Wandycz(页面不存在)">Wandycz, Piotr S.</a> Polish Federalism 1919–1920 and its Historical Antecedents(《1919年至1920年的波兰联邦制和它的先驱》). East European Quarterly (科罗拉多州波尔德). 1970年, <b>第4卷</b> (1): 第25–39页. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A%E8%99%9F" title="國際標準期刊號">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&amp;q=n2:0012-8449">0012-8449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Polish+Federalism+1919%E2%80%931920+and+its+Historical+Antecedents%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A1919%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31920%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%83%E7%9A%84%E5%85%88%E9%A9%B1%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.aufirst=Piotr+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Wandycz&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=East+European+Quarterly&amp;rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC25-39%E9%A1%B5&amp;rft.volume=%E7%AC%AC4%E5%8D%B7&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Wójcik, Włodzimierz. Legenda Piłsudskiego w Polskiej literaturze międzywojennej (《毕苏斯基传奇,波兰战间期文学》). 华沙: Śląsk. 1987年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/8321605338" title="Special:网络书源/8321605338"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;8321605338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.aufirst=W%C5%82odzimierz&amp;rft.aulast=W%C3%B3jcik&amp;rft.btitle=Legenda+Pi%C5%82sudskiego+w+Polskiej+literaturze+mi%C4%99dzywojennej+%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E4%BC%A0%E5%A5%87%EF%BC%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%88%98%E9%97%B4%E6%9C%9F%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=8321605338&amp;rft.place=%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99&amp;rft.pub=%C5%9Al%C4%85sk&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="编辑章节:外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>中相关的多媒体资源:<b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski?uselang=zh">约瑟夫·毕苏斯基</a></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Dole, Patryk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050213064816/http://www.polonica.net/Marshal-Jozef-Pilsudski.htm">《约瑟夫·毕苏斯基元帅,弥赛亚和中欧联邦主义者》</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">(英文)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pilsudski.org">约瑟夫·毕苏斯基美国学会</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170626134506/http://www.pilsudski.org/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">(英文)</span>/<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="波蘭語">(波兰文)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angelfire.com/scifi2/rsolecki/jozef_pilsudski.html">简明毕苏斯基传记</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210424144049/http://www.angelfire.com/scifi2/rsolecki/jozef_pilsudski.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">(英文)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423005635/http://monika.univ.gda.pl/~literat/bibula/index.htm"><i>Bibuła</i></a> – 约瑟夫·毕苏斯基写的书 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="波蘭語">(波兰文)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416231707/http://monika.univ.gda.pl/~literat/media/index.htm">历史音像资料</a>——毕苏斯基自1924年起的演讲录音 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="波蘭語">(波兰文)</span></li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box" style="width: auto; margin: 0.5em auto; font-size:95%; clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">官衔 </th></tr> <tr style="white-space:nowrap;"> <td width="30%" align="center">前任:<br /><b>无(波兰独立)<br /><small>(上一相同职务单位:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%91%84%E6%94%BF%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="摄政委员会(页面不存在)">摄政委员会</a>)</small></b> </td> <td width="40%" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="波兰总统">波兰共和国元首</a></b><br />1918年11月18日 – 1922年12月9日 </td> <td width="30%" align="center">繼任:<br /><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BA%B3%E9%B2%81%E6%89%98%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87" title="加布列尔·纳鲁托维奇">加布列尔·纳鲁托维奇</a><br /><small>波兰总统</small></b> </td></tr> <tr style="white-space:nowrap;"> <td width="30%" align="center">前任:<br /><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%A4%E6%9F%B3%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E9%82%A3%E7%93%A6-%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E5%88%87%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="尤柳什·塔尔那瓦-马尔切夫斯基(页面不存在)">尤柳什·塔尔那瓦-马尔切夫斯基</a></b> </td> <td width="40%" align="center"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰国防部长(页面不存在)">波兰共和国国防部长</a></b><br />1926年5月16日 – 1935年5月12日 </td> <td width="30%" align="center">繼任:<br /><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%BE%B7%E4%B9%8C%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E6%99%AE%E6%97%A5%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" title="塔德乌什·卡斯普日茨基">塔德乌什·卡斯普日茨基</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="white-space:nowrap;"> <td width="30%" align="center">前任:<br /><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%87%E8%B5%AB%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="斯坦尼斯瓦夫·沃伊切赫夫斯基(页面不存在)">斯坦尼斯瓦夫·沃伊切赫夫斯基</a></b> </td> <td width="40%" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="波兰总统">波兰共和国总统当选人</a><br /><small>(未任职)</small></b><br />1926年5月31日当选 </td> <td width="30%" align="center">繼任:<br /><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%B8%8C%E5%A5%87%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="伊格纳奇·莫希奇茨基">伊格纳奇·莫希奇茨基</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="white-space:nowrap;"> <td width="30%" align="center">前任:<br /><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%BD%90%E7%B1%B3%E6%97%A5%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%B0%E5%B0%94" title="卡齐米日·巴尔泰尔">卡齐米日·巴尔泰尔</a></b> </td> <td width="40%" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="波兰总理">波兰共和国总理</a></b><br />1926年10月2日 – 1928年6月27日 </td> <td width="30%" align="center">繼任:<br /><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%BD%90%E7%B1%B3%E6%97%A5%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%B0%E5%B0%94" title="卡齐米日·巴尔泰尔">卡齐米日·巴尔泰尔</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="white-space:nowrap;"> <td width="30%" align="center">前任:<br /><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%8E%B1%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E9%9F%A6%E5%85%8B" title="瓦莱雷·斯瓦韦克">瓦莱雷·斯瓦韦克</a></b> </td> <td width="40%" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="波兰总理">波兰共和国总理</a></b><br />1930年8月15日 – 1930年12月4日 </td> <td width="30%" align="center">繼任:<br /><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%8E%B1%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E9%9F%A6%E5%85%8B" title="瓦莱雷·斯瓦韦克">瓦莱雷·斯瓦韦克</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">军职 </th></tr> <tr style="white-space:nowrap;"> <td width="30%" align="center">前任:<br /><b>无</b> </td> <td width="40%" align="center"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%86%9B%E5%9B%A2%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%97%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰军团第一旅(页面不存在)">波兰军团第一旅</a>旅长</b><br />1914年 – 1916年 </td> <td width="30%" align="center">繼任:<br /><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E7%83%AD%E6%A0%BC%E5%A1%94-%E4%BA%9A%E5%8A%AA%E6%B2%99%E4%BC%8A%E6%8F%90%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="马里安·热格塔-亚努沙伊提斯(页面不存在)">马里安·热格塔-亚努沙伊提斯</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="white-space:nowrap;"> <td width="30%" align="center">前任:<br /><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="瓦迪斯瓦夫·西科尔斯基">瓦迪斯瓦夫·西科尔斯基</a></b> </td> <td width="40%" align="center"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F%E6%80%BB%E5%8F%82%E8%B0%8B%E9%83%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰军队总参谋部(页面不存在)">波兰军队总司令</a></b><br />1922年11月17日 – 1923年6月9日 </td> <td width="30%" align="center">繼任:<br /><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%8B%92%E5%B0%94&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="斯坦尼斯瓦夫·哈勒尔(页面不存在)">斯坦尼斯瓦夫·哈勒尔</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="white-space:nowrap;"> <td width="30%" align="center">前任:<br /><b>无</b> </td> <td width="40%" align="center"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F%E6%80%BB%E6%A3%80%E9%98%85%E5%AE%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="军队总检阅官(页面不存在)">军队总检阅官</a></b><br />1926年8月27日 – 1935年5月12日 </td> <td width="30%" align="center">繼任:<br /><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E5%85%B9-%E5%B8%8C%E7%B1%B3%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%B4" title="爱德华·雷兹-希米格维">爱德华·雷兹-希米格维</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="font-weight:bold;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jozef_Pilsudski1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jozef_Pilsudski1.jpg/70px-Jozef_Pilsudski1.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jozef_Pilsudski1.jpg/105px-Jozef_Pilsudski1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jozef_Pilsudski1.jpg/140px-Jozef_Pilsudski1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="831" /></a></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Foch.jpg/70px-Foch.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Foch.jpg/105px-Foch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Foch.jpg/140px-Foch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1122" /></a></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshal_Rydz-Smigly_LOC_hec_27123.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Marshal_Rydz-Smigly_LOC_hec_27123.jpg/70px-Marshal_Rydz-Smigly_LOC_hec_27123.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Marshal_Rydz-Smigly_LOC_hec_27123.jpg/105px-Marshal_Rydz-Smigly_LOC_hec_27123.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Marshal_Rydz-Smigly_LOC_hec_27123.jpg/140px-Marshal_Rydz-Smigly_LOC_hec_27123.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2761" data-file-height="3917" /></a></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rola-%C5%BBymierski_Micha%C5%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rola-%C5%BBymierski_Micha%C5%82.jpg/70px-Rola-%C5%BBymierski_Micha%C5%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rola-%C5%BBymierski_Micha%C5%82.jpg/105px-Rola-%C5%BBymierski_Micha%C5%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rola-%C5%BBymierski_Micha%C5%82.jpg/140px-Rola-%C5%BBymierski_Micha%C5%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="3500" /></a></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Konstanty_Rokossowski_w_polskim_mundurze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Konstanty_Rokossowski_w_polskim_mundurze.jpg/70px-Konstanty_Rokossowski_w_polskim_mundurze.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Konstanty_Rokossowski_w_polskim_mundurze.jpg/105px-Konstanty_Rokossowski_w_polskim_mundurze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Konstanty_Rokossowski_w_polskim_mundurze.jpg/140px-Konstanty_Rokossowski_w_polskim_mundurze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2820" /></a></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marian_Spychalski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Marian_Spychalski.jpg/70px-Marian_Spychalski.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Marian_Spychalski.jpg/105px-Marian_Spychalski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Marian_Spychalski.jpg/140px-Marian_Spychalski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="581" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">约瑟夫·毕苏斯基</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E7%85%A6" title="費迪南·福煦">費迪南·福煦</a><span style="padding-left:0.2em;"><sup>註1</sup></span> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E5%85%B9-%E5%B8%8C%E7%B1%B3%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%B4" title="爱德华·雷兹-希米格维">爱德华·雷兹-希米格维</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E4%B9%8C%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E6%8B%89-%E6%97%A5%E6%A2%85%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="米哈乌·罗拉-日梅尔斯基">米哈乌·罗拉-日梅尔斯基</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="康斯坦丁·罗科索夫斯基">康斯坦丁·罗科索夫斯基</a><span style="padding-left:0.2em;"><sup>註2</sup></span> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%BD%BC%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="马里安·斯彼哈尔斯基">马里安·斯彼哈尔斯基</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Army-POL-OF-10.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="波蘭元帥肩章"><img alt="波蘭元帥肩章" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Army-POL-OF-10.svg/50px-Army-POL-OF-10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Army-POL-OF-10.svg/75px-Army-POL-OF-10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Army-POL-OF-10.svg/100px-Army-POL-OF-10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1860" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="4"><div> <dl><dt>註1</dt> <dd>同時兼任<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%83%E5%B8%85" title="法国元帅">法国元帅</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%86%E5%86%9B%E5%85%83%E5%B8%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="英国陆军元帅列表">英國陸軍元帥</a></dd> <dt>註2</dt> <dd>同時兼任<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%83%E5%B8%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="苏联元帅列表">蘇聯元帥</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="波蘭政府首腦" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%A6%96%E8%85%A6" title="Template:波蘭政府首腦"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%A6%96%E8%85%A6" title="Template talk:波蘭政府首腦"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%A6%96%E8%85%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:波蘭政府首腦"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="波蘭政府首腦" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="波兰总理">波蘭政府首腦</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波蘭政府首腦列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of prime ministers of Poland"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%A6%96%E8%85%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波蘭政府首腦列表(页面不存在)">波蘭政府首腦列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Poland" class="extiw" title="en:List of prime ministers of Poland"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of prime ministers of Poland</span></a></span>)</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E6%B2%99%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="華沙公國">華沙公國</a><br />(1806年—1813年)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="史坦尼斯瓦夫·馬瓦霍夫斯基" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stanisław Małachowski"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B2%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E7%93%A6%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="史坦尼斯瓦夫·馬瓦霍夫斯基(页面不存在)">史坦尼斯瓦夫·馬瓦霍夫斯基</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ma%C5%82achowski" class="extiw" title="en:Stanisław Małachowski"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stanisław Małachowski</span></a></span>)</span></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="路德維克·西蒙·古塔科夫斯基" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ludwik Szymon Gutakowski"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E5%A1%94%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="路德維克·西蒙·古塔科夫斯基(页面不存在)">路德維克·西蒙·古塔科夫斯基</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Szymon_Gutakowski" class="extiw" title="en:Ludwik Szymon Gutakowski"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ludwik Szymon Gutakowski</span></a></span>)</span></span></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%89%98%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="约瑟夫·波尼亚托夫斯基">约瑟夫·波尼亚托夫斯基</a><small>(代理)</small></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="史坦尼斯瓦夫·科斯特卡·波托茨基" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stanisław Kostka Potocki"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B2%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%A1%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%89%98%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="史坦尼斯瓦夫·科斯特卡·波托茨基(页面不存在)">史坦尼斯瓦夫·科斯特卡·波托茨基</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kostka_Potocki" class="extiw" title="en:Stanisław Kostka Potocki"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stanisław Kostka Potocki</span></a></span>)</span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD_(1916%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941918%E5%B9%B4)" title="波兰王国 (1916年—1918年)">波蘭王國</a><br />(1917年—1918年)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="扬·库哈热夫斯基" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jan Kucharzewski"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%AC%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E5%93%88%E7%83%AD%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="扬·库哈热夫斯基(页面不存在)">扬·库哈热夫斯基</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Kucharzewski" class="extiw" title="en:Jan Kucharzewski"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jan Kucharzewski</span></a></span>)</span></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安東尼·波尼科夫斯基" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Antoni Ponikowski"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="安東尼·波尼科夫斯基(页面不存在)">安東尼·波尼科夫斯基</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Ponikowski" class="extiw" title="en:Antoni Ponikowski"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Antoni Ponikowski</span></a></span>)</span></span></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="揚·坎蒂·史泰奇科夫斯基" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jan Kanty Steczkowski"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%9A%C2%B7%E5%9D%8E%E8%92%82%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%B3%B0%E5%A5%87%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="揚·坎蒂·史泰奇科夫斯基(页面不存在)">揚·坎蒂·史泰奇科夫斯基</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Kanty_Steczkowski" class="extiw" title="en:Jan Kanty Steczkowski"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jan Kanty Steczkowski</span></a></span>)</span></span></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%BB%B4%E4%BB%BB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="约瑟夫·希维任斯基">约瑟夫·希维任斯基</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="瓦迪斯瓦夫·弗鲁布莱夫斯基" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Władysław Wróblewski"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%B2%81%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦迪斯瓦夫·弗鲁布莱夫斯基(页面不存在)">瓦迪斯瓦夫·弗鲁布莱夫斯基</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Wr%C3%B3blewski" class="extiw" title="en:Władysław Wróblewski"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Władysław Wróblewski</span></a></span>)</span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="波兰第二共和国">波蘭共和國</a><br />(1918年—1939年)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3%E9%BD%90%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E7%94%B3%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="伊格纳齐·达申斯基">伊格纳齐·达申斯基</a> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E6%9D%B0%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%88%87%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="延杰伊·莫拉切夫斯基">延杰伊·莫拉切夫斯基</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3%E9%BD%90%C2%B7%E6%89%AC%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E5%BE%B7%E9%9B%B7%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="伊格纳齐·扬·帕德雷夫斯基">伊格纳齐·扬·帕德雷夫斯基</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雷歐波·史庫斯基" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Leopold Skulski"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%B7%E6%AD%90%E6%B3%A2%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%BA%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="雷歐波·史庫斯基(页面不存在)">雷歐波·史庫斯基</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Skulski" class="extiw" title="en:Leopold Skulski"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Leopold Skulski</span></a></span>)</span></span></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="瓦迪斯瓦夫·格拉布斯基">瓦迪斯瓦夫·格拉布斯基</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%B2%91%E8%92%82%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF" title="文岑蒂·维托斯">文岑蒂·维托斯</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安東尼·波尼科夫斯基" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Antoni Ponikowski"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="安東尼·波尼科夫斯基(页面不存在)">安東尼·波尼科夫斯基</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Ponikowski" class="extiw" title="en:Antoni Ponikowski"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Antoni Ponikowski</span></a></span>)</span></span></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿爾圖·希利溫斯基" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Artur Śliwiński"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%9C%96%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%88%A9%E6%BA%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="阿爾圖·希利溫斯基(页面不存在)">阿爾圖·希利溫斯基</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_%C5%9Aliwi%C5%84ski" class="extiw" title="en:Artur Śliwiński"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Artur Śliwiński</span></a></span>)</span></span></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尤利安·諾瓦克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Julian Nowak"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E8%AB%BE%E7%93%A6%E5%85%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="尤利安·諾瓦克(页面不存在)">尤利安·諾瓦克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Nowak" class="extiw" title="en:Julian Nowak"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Julian Nowak</span></a></span>)</span></span></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="瓦迪斯瓦夫·西科尔斯基">瓦迪斯瓦夫·西科尔斯基</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%B2%91%E8%92%82%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF" title="文岑蒂·维托斯">文岑蒂·维托斯</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="瓦迪斯瓦夫·格拉布斯基">瓦迪斯瓦夫·格拉布斯基</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E4%BB%BB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="亚历山大·斯克任斯基">亚历山大·斯克任斯基</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%B2%91%E8%92%82%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF" title="文岑蒂·维托斯">文岑蒂·维托斯</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%BD%90%E7%B1%B3%E6%97%A5%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%B0%E5%B0%94" title="卡齐米日·巴尔泰尔">卡齐米日·巴尔泰尔</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a class="mw-selflink selflink">约瑟夫·毕苏斯基</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%BD%90%E7%B1%B3%E6%97%A5%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%B0%E5%B0%94" title="卡齐米日·巴尔泰尔">卡齐米日·巴尔泰尔</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡齊米日·希維塔爾斯基" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kazimierz Świtalski"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%BD%90%E7%B1%B3%E6%97%A5%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%BB%B4%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="卡齐米日·希维塔尔斯基">卡齊米日·希維塔爾斯基</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_%C5%9Awitalski" class="extiw" title="en:Kazimierz Świtalski"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kazimierz Świtalski</span></a></span>)</span></span></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%BD%90%E7%B1%B3%E6%97%A5%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%B0%E5%B0%94" title="卡齐米日·巴尔泰尔">卡齐米日·巴尔泰尔</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%8E%B1%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E9%9F%A6%E5%85%8B" title="瓦莱雷·斯瓦韦克">瓦莱雷·斯瓦韦克</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a class="mw-selflink selflink">约瑟夫·毕苏斯基</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%8E%B1%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E9%9F%A6%E5%85%8B" title="瓦莱雷·斯瓦韦克">瓦莱雷·斯瓦韦克</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%B0%94" title="亚历山大·普里斯托尔">亚历山大·普雷斯托尔</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8A%AA%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E5%BB%B6%E6%9D%B0%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87" title="亚努什·延杰耶维奇">亚努什·延杰耶维奇</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%85%B9%E6%B2%83%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="莱昂·科兹沃夫斯基">莱昂·科兹沃夫斯基</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%8E%B1%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E9%9F%A6%E5%85%8B" title="瓦莱雷·斯瓦韦克">瓦莱雷·斯瓦韦克</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马里安·曾德拉姆-科希恰乌科夫斯基" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E6%9B%BE%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86-%E7%A7%91%E5%B8%8C%E6%81%B0%E4%B9%8C%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="马里安·曾德拉姆-科希恰乌科夫斯基(页面不存在)">马里安·曾德拉姆-科希恰乌科夫斯基</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Zyndram-Ko%C5%9Bcia%C5%82kowski" class="extiw" title="en:Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski</span></a></span>)</span></span></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%88%A9%E9%BD%90%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E6%B2%83%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E7%93%A6%E5%BE%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="费利齐安·斯瓦沃伊·斯克瓦德科夫斯基">费利齐安·斯瓦沃伊·斯克瓦德科夫斯基</a> </span></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="流亡政府(1939年—1990年)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="波蘭流亡政府">流亡政府</a><br />(1939年—1990年)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="瓦迪斯瓦夫·西科尔斯基">瓦迪斯瓦夫·西科尔斯基</a> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E7%A7%91%E7%93%A6%E4%BC%8A%E5%A5%87%E5%85%8B" title="斯坦尼斯瓦夫·米科瓦伊奇克">斯坦尼斯瓦夫·米科瓦伊奇克</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="托马什·阿齐谢夫斯基" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tomasz Arciszewski"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%BD%90%E8%B0%A2%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="托马什·阿齐谢夫斯基(页面不存在)">托马什·阿齐谢夫斯基</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz_Arciszewski" class="extiw" title="en:Tomasz Arciszewski"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tomasz Arciszewski</span></a></span>)</span></span></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%BE%B7%E4%B9%8C%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E8%8E%AB%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="塔德乌什·科莫罗夫斯基">塔德乌什·科莫罗夫斯基</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="塔德乌什·托马谢夫斯基" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tadeusz Tomaszewski (Prime Minister)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E5%BE%B7%E4%B9%8C%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E8%B0%A2%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="塔德乌什·托马谢夫斯基(页面不存在)">塔德乌什·托马谢夫斯基</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Tomaszewski_(Prime_Minister)" class="extiw" title="en:Tadeusz Tomaszewski (Prime Minister)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tadeusz Tomaszewski (Prime Minister)</span></a></span>)</span></span></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅曼·歐傑任斯基" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman Odzierzyński"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E6%AD%90%E5%82%91%E4%BB%BB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅曼·歐傑任斯基(页面不存在)">羅曼·歐傑任斯基</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Odzierzy%C5%84ski" class="extiw" title="en:Roman Odzierzyński"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman Odzierzyński</span></a></span>)</span></span></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="耶日·赫里涅夫斯基" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jerzy Hryniewski"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%B6%E6%97%A5%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E9%87%8C%E6%B6%85%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="耶日·赫里涅夫斯基(页面不存在)">耶日·赫里涅夫斯基</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Hryniewski" class="extiw" title="en:Jerzy Hryniewski"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jerzy Hryniewski</span></a></span>)</span></span></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斯坦尼斯瓦夫·马茨凯维奇" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stanisław Mackiewicz"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E8%8C%A8%E5%87%AF%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="斯坦尼斯瓦夫·马茨凯维奇(页面不存在)">斯坦尼斯瓦夫·马茨凯维奇</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Mackiewicz" class="extiw" title="en:Stanisław Mackiewicz"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stanisław Mackiewicz</span></a></span>)</span></span></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="胡贡·汉克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hugon Hanke"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%A1%E8%B4%A1%C2%B7%E6%B1%89%E5%85%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="胡贡·汉克(页面不存在)">胡贡·汉克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugon_Hanke" class="extiw" title="en:Hugon Hanke"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hugon Hanke</span></a></span>)</span></span></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安東尼·帕揚克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Antoni Pająk"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E6%8F%9A%E5%85%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="安東尼·帕揚克(页面不存在)">安東尼·帕揚克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Paj%C4%85k" class="extiw" title="en:Antoni Pająk"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Antoni Pająk</span></a></span>)</span></span></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亞歷山大·薩維沙" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aleksander Zawisza"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E8%96%A9%E7%B6%AD%E6%B2%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="亞歷山大·薩維沙(页面不存在)">亞歷山大·薩維沙</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Zawisza" class="extiw" title="en:Aleksander Zawisza"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aleksander Zawisza</span></a></span>)</span></span></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="齊格蒙特·穆赫涅夫斯基" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Zygmunt Muchniewski"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BD%8A%E6%A0%BC%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E8%B5%AB%E6%B6%85%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="齊格蒙特·穆赫涅夫斯基(页面不存在)">齊格蒙特·穆赫涅夫斯基</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_Muchniewski" class="extiw" title="en:Zygmunt Muchniewski"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Zygmunt Muchniewski</span></a></span>)</span></span></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿爾弗雷德·烏爾班斯基" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alfred Urbański"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E7%8F%AD%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="阿爾弗雷德·烏爾班斯基(页面不存在)">阿爾弗雷德·烏爾班斯基</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Urba%C5%84ski" class="extiw" title="en:Alfred Urbański"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alfred Urbański</span></a></span>)</span></span></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡齊米日·薩巴特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kazimierz Sabbat"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%BD%90%E7%B1%B3%E6%97%A5%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9" title="卡齐米日·萨巴特">卡齊米日·薩巴特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Sabbat" class="extiw" title="en:Kazimierz Sabbat"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kazimierz Sabbat</span></a></span>)</span></span></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="愛德華·什切帕尼克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Edward Szczepanik"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E4%BB%80%E5%88%87%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="愛德華·什切帕尼克(页面不存在)">愛德華·什切帕尼克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Szczepanik" class="extiw" title="en:Edward Szczepanik"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Edward Szczepanik</span></a></span>)</span></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nowrap">波蘭共和國/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="波兰人民共和国">波兰人民共和国</a></span><br />(1944年—1989年)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="爱德华·奥苏布卡-莫拉夫斯基" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Edward Osóbka-Morawski"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E8%8B%8F%E5%B8%83%E5%8D%A1-%E8%8E%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="爱德华·奥苏布卡-莫拉夫斯基(页面不存在)">爱德华·奥苏布卡-莫拉夫斯基</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Os%C3%B3bka-Morawski" class="extiw" title="en:Edward Osóbka-Morawski"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Edward Osóbka-Morawski</span></a></span>)</span></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%A6%E5%87%AF%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%B9" title="约瑟夫·西伦凯维兹">约瑟夫·西伦凯维兹</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E9%B2%81%E7%89%B9" title="博莱斯瓦夫·贝鲁特">博莱斯瓦夫·贝鲁特</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%A6%E5%87%AF%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%B9" title="约瑟夫·西伦凯维兹">约瑟夫·西伦凯维兹</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E7%BD%97%E8%B0%A2%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87" title="彼得·雅罗谢维奇">彼得·雅罗谢维奇</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%B9%8C%E8%B5%AB" title="爱德华·巴比乌赫">爱德华·巴比乌赫</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B9%B3%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="约瑟夫·平科夫斯基">约瑟夫·平科夫斯基</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%87%E8%B5%AB%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E9%B2%81%E6%B3%BD%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="沃伊切赫·雅鲁泽尔斯基">沃伊切赫·雅鲁泽尔斯基</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B9%E6%AF%94%E6%A0%BC%E6%B6%85%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E6%96%AF%E5%86%85%E5%B0%94" title="兹比格涅夫·梅斯内尔">兹比格涅夫·梅斯内尔</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%A5%87%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="米奇斯瓦夫·拉科夫斯基">米奇斯瓦夫·拉科夫斯基</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E4%BB%80%E6%81%B0%E5%85%8B" title="切斯瓦夫·基什恰克">切斯瓦夫·基什恰克</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%BE%B7%E4%B9%8C%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E4%BD%90%E7%BB%B4%E8%80%B6%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" title="塔德乌什·马佐维耶茨基">塔德乌什·马佐维耶茨基</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波蘭共和國</a><br />(1989年—)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%BE%B7%E4%B9%8C%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E4%BD%90%E7%BB%B4%E8%80%B6%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" title="塔德乌什·马佐维耶茨基">塔德乌什·马佐维耶茨基</a> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%89%AC%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%97%A5%E4%BB%80%E6%89%98%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%88%AB%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" title="扬·克日什托夫·别莱茨基">扬·克日什托夫·别莱茨基</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="扬·奥尔谢夫斯基" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jan Olszewski"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%AC%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E8%B0%A2%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="扬·奥尔谢夫斯基(页面不存在)">扬·奥尔谢夫斯基</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Olszewski" class="extiw" title="en:Jan Olszewski"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jan Olszewski</span></a></span>)</span></span></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E9%A9%AC%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="瓦尔德马·帕夫拉克">瓦尔德马·帕夫拉克</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%A8%9C%C2%B7%E8%8B%8F%E9%9C%8D%E8%8C%A8%E5%8D%A1" title="汉娜·苏霍茨卡">汉娜·苏霍茨卡</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E9%A9%AC%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="瓦尔德马·帕夫拉克">瓦尔德马·帕夫拉克</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="約瑟夫·歐雷克西" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Józef Oleksy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AD%90%E9%9B%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="約瑟夫·歐雷克西(页面不存在)">約瑟夫·歐雷克西</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Oleksy" class="extiw" title="en:Józef Oleksy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Józef Oleksy</span></a></span>)</span></span></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="沃齊米日·齊莫謝維奇" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%83%E9%BD%8A%E7%B1%B3%E6%97%A5%C2%B7%E9%BD%8A%E8%8E%AB%E8%AC%9D%E7%B6%AD%E5%A5%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="沃齊米日·齊莫謝維奇(页面不存在)">沃齊米日·齊莫謝維奇</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Cimoszewicz" class="extiw" title="en:Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz</span></a></span>)</span></span></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E6%97%A5%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%BE%A4%E5%85%8B" title="耶日·布澤克">耶日·布澤克</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E8%B0%A2%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E8%8E%B1%E5%B0%94" title="莱谢克·米莱尔">莱谢克·米莱尔</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%9B%B7%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%A1" title="马雷克·贝尔卡">马雷克·贝尔卡</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%BD%90%E7%B1%B3%E6%97%A5%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E9%92%A6%E5%87%AF%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87" title="卡齐米日·马尔钦凯维奇">卡齐米日·马尔钦凯维奇</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E9%92%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="雅罗斯瓦夫·卡钦斯基">雅罗斯瓦夫·卡钦斯基</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E7%B4%8D%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%9C%96%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B" title="唐納德·圖斯克">唐納德·圖斯克</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A8%83%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%B8%95%E5%A5%87" title="埃娃·科帕奇">埃娃·科帕奇</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E5%A9%AD%E5%A1%94%C2%B7%E5%B8%AD%E5%A4%9A" title="貝婭塔·席多">貝婭塔·席多</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%B3%B0%E7%83%8F%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E6%8B%89%E7%B6%AD%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" title="馬泰烏什·莫拉維茨基">馬泰烏什·莫拉維茨基</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E7%B4%8D%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%9C%96%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B" title="唐納德·圖斯克">唐納德·圖斯克</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjCVPywjgXcY3d4cC7PwC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90247846">挪威</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&amp;authority_id=XX1196333">西班牙</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120671599">法国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120671599">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058519205006706">加泰罗尼亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118742574">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007305854505171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50011072">美国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz13t1546pr0mt">瑞典</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&amp;local_base=lnc10&amp;doc_number=000087428&amp;P_CON_LNG=ENG">拉脱维亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=jo20010091949&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35423409">澳大利亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070290385">荷兰</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810592045005606">波兰</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&amp;find_code=SYS&amp;adjacent=Y&amp;local_base=RSL11&amp;request=000054880&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">俄罗斯</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&amp;url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&amp;id=495/190040">梵蒂冈</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01629253?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118742574.html?language=en">德意志传记</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/947442">Trove</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div 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