CINXE.COM
Currency Research Papers - Academia.edu
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>Currency Research Papers - Academia.edu</title> <!-- _ _ _ | | (_) | | __ _ ___ __ _ __| | ___ _ __ ___ _ __ _ ___ __| |_ _ / _` |/ __/ _` |/ _` |/ _ \ '_ ` _ \| |/ _` | / _ \/ _` | | | | | (_| | (_| (_| | (_| | __/ | | | | | | (_| || __/ (_| | |_| | \__,_|\___\__,_|\__,_|\___|_| |_| |_|_|\__,_(_)___|\__,_|\__,_| We're hiring! See https://www.academia.edu/hiring --> <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "by_tag", 'action': "show_one", 'controller_action': 'by_tag#show_one', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="4JgRU1bHGyAraa7sysewg//w6ktC7l/8yhg2K3Hjt6cQE3ltDdYkWZM0CJEyacUkJpX7e1NePo6FEq7EzPUf6A==" /> <link href="/Documents/in/Currency?after=50%2C1540305" rel="next" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-10fa40af19d25203774df2d4a03b9b5771b45109c2304968038e88a81d1215c5.css" /> <meta name="description" content="View Currency Research Papers on Academia.edu for free." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'by_tag'; var $action_name = "show_one"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '08c611e06efd956c8cb6c100cf9e757ee1b93f16'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":15265,"monthly_visitors":"113 million","monthly_visitor_count":113485689,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":113,"user_count":277892293,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1733200119000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1733200119000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/html5shiv/3.7.2/html5shiv.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-bdb9e8c097f01e611f2fc5e2f1a9dc599beede975e2ae5629983543a1726e947.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-bad3fa1257b860f4633ff1db966aa3ae7dfe1980708675f3e2488742c1a0d941.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-34a3460a4873b743570e35df99c7839e3ddd9a3d06ef96c9fe38311a96a8a24e.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency" /> </head> <!--[if gte IE 9 ]> <body class='ie ie9 c-by_tag a-show_one logged_out u-bgColorWhite'> <![endif]--> <!--[if !(IE) ]><!--> <body class='c-by_tag a-show_one logged_out u-bgColorWhite'> <!--<![endif]--> <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <!-- Event listeners for analytics --> <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav no-sm no-md"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more <span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/@academia">Blog</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less <span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <div class="DesignSystem" style="margin-top:-40px"><div class="PageHeader"><div class="container"><div class="row"><style type="text/css">.sor-abstract { display: -webkit-box; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Currency</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">19,708 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Currency</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Currency">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24436288" data-work_id="24436288" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24436288/Improving_food_security_in_Arab_countries">Improving food security in Arab countries</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24436288" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7fac0961ea38836aeb5ac39b1ab8d029" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44765464,"asset_id":24436288,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44765464/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="47104168" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JulianLampietti">Julian Lampietti</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="47104168" type="text/json">{"id":47104168,"first_name":"Julian","last_name":"Lampietti","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JulianLampietti","display_name":"Julian Lampietti","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JulianLampietti?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24436288 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24436288"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24436288, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24436288", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_24436288 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24436288; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_24436288"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_24436288 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="24436288"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24436288; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24436288]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_24436288").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_24436288").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="24436288"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">52</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing">Marketing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="39" type="text/json">{"id":39,"name":"Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1512" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change">Climate Change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1512" type="text/json">{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1907" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition">Nutrition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1907" type="text/json">{"id":1907,"name":"Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2216" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Resources">Natural Resources</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2216" type="text/json">{"id":2216,"name":"Natural Resources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Resources?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24436288]'), work: {"id":24436288,"title":"Improving food security in Arab countries","created_at":"2016-04-15T08:25:19.418-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/24436288/Improving_food_security_in_Arab_countries?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_24436288","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44765464,"asset_id":24436288,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":47104168,"first_name":"Julian","last_name":"Lampietti","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JulianLampietti","display_name":"Julian Lampietti","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JulianLampietti?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":39,"name":"Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":1907,"name":"Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":2216,"name":"Natural Resources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Resources?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":2819,"name":"Rural","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural?f_ri=271890"},{"id":3724,"name":"Irrigation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irrigation?f_ri=271890"},{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=271890"},{"id":9815,"name":"Developing Countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Countries?f_ri=271890"},{"id":10222,"name":"Food Production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Production?f_ri=271890"},{"id":10225,"name":"Agriculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture?f_ri=271890"},{"id":12061,"name":"Risk Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Management?f_ri=271890"},{"id":14663,"name":"Retail","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retail?f_ri=271890"},{"id":21310,"name":"Urbanization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanization?f_ri=271890"},{"id":24699,"name":"Supply Chain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supply_Chain?f_ri=271890"},{"id":33069,"name":"Probability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Probability?f_ri=271890"},{"id":49185,"name":"Technological change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technological_change?f_ri=271890"},{"id":55505,"name":"Recession","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recession?f_ri=271890"},{"id":62928,"name":"Consumer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consumer?f_ri=271890"},{"id":69817,"name":"Investing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Investing?f_ri=271890"},{"id":87401,"name":"Rice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rice?f_ri=271890"},{"id":111757,"name":"Futures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Futures?f_ri=271890"},{"id":112134,"name":"Financial Instruments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Instruments?f_ri=271890"},{"id":113317,"name":"Inflation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflation?f_ri=271890"},{"id":122360,"name":"Agricultural Productivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agricultural_Productivity?f_ri=271890"},{"id":167145,"name":"Agricultural Production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agricultural_Production?f_ri=271890"},{"id":167483,"name":"Income","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income?f_ri=271890"},{"id":186306,"name":"Interest Rates","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interest_Rates?f_ri=271890"},{"id":197231,"name":"Rural Areas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Areas?f_ri=271890"},{"id":222437,"name":"Exposure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exposure?f_ri=271890"},{"id":226324,"name":"Liquidity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liquidity?f_ri=271890"},{"id":235753,"name":"Debt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Debt?f_ri=271890"},{"id":256177,"name":"Smart Card","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Smart_Card?f_ri=271890"},{"id":265570,"name":"Stocks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stocks?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271702,"name":"Demographic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Demographic?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":340031,"name":"Foreign Investment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Investment?f_ri=271890"},{"id":437279,"name":"Self Sufficiency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Self_Sufficiency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":460526,"name":"Demand Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Demand_Management?f_ri=271890"},{"id":528077,"name":"Energy Subsidies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Subsidies?f_ri=271890"},{"id":543705,"name":"Substitution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Substitution?f_ri=271890"},{"id":555492,"name":"Natural Resource","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Resource?f_ri=271890"},{"id":611231,"name":"Surplus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surplus?f_ri=271890"},{"id":674040,"name":"Political Risks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Risks?f_ri=271890"},{"id":764552,"name":"Arbitrage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arbitrage?f_ri=271890"},{"id":843705,"name":"Gross Domestic Product (GDP)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gross_Domestic_Product_GDP_?f_ri=271890"},{"id":869927,"name":"Sugar Substitutes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sugar_Substitutes?f_ri=271890"},{"id":869959,"name":"Crop Yield","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crop_Yield?f_ri=271890"},{"id":888071,"name":"Consumer Price Index","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consumer_Price_Index?f_ri=271890"},{"id":896356,"name":"Commodity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Commodity?f_ri=271890"},{"id":992373,"name":"Economic Downturn","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Downturn?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1028340,"name":"Incomes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Incomes?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1851131,"name":"Global Climate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Climate?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_50052914" data-work_id="50052914" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50052914/Brazil_Divida_publica_a_experiencia_brasileira">Brazil - Divida publica : a experiencia brasileira</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/50052914" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="aaefaec12219e33b4809aa0cec5d25d2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":68180413,"asset_id":50052914,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68180413/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10016815" href="https://brasilia.academia.edu/OtaviodeMedeiros">Otavio de Medeiros</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10016815" type="text/json">{"id":10016815,"first_name":"Otavio","last_name":"de Medeiros","domain_name":"brasilia","page_name":"OtaviodeMedeiros","display_name":"Otavio de Medeiros","profile_url":"https://brasilia.academia.edu/OtaviodeMedeiros?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10016815/3097496/3645358/s65_otavio.de_medeiros.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_50052914 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="50052914"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50052914, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_50052914", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_50052914 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50052914; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_50052914"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_50052914 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50052914"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50052914; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50052914]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_50052914").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_50052914").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="50052914"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5405" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emerging_Economies">Emerging Economies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5405" type="text/json">{"id":5405,"name":"Emerging Economies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emerging_Economies?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6910" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capital_Markets">Capital Markets</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6910" type="text/json">{"id":6910,"name":"Capital Markets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capital_Markets?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9815" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Countries">Developing Countries</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9815" type="text/json">{"id":9815,"name":"Developing Countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Countries?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25112" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Markets">Financial Markets</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25112" type="text/json">{"id":25112,"name":"Financial Markets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Markets?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=50052914]'), work: {"id":50052914,"title":"Brazil - Divida publica : a experiencia brasileira","created_at":"2021-07-18T12:16:12.911-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/50052914/Brazil_Divida_publica_a_experiencia_brasileira?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_50052914","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68180413,"asset_id":50052914,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10016815,"first_name":"Otavio","last_name":"de Medeiros","domain_name":"brasilia","page_name":"OtaviodeMedeiros","display_name":"Otavio de Medeiros","profile_url":"https://brasilia.academia.edu/OtaviodeMedeiros?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10016815/3097496/3645358/s65_otavio.de_medeiros.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5405,"name":"Emerging Economies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emerging_Economies?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":6910,"name":"Capital Markets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capital_Markets?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":9815,"name":"Developing Countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Countries?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":25112,"name":"Financial Markets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Markets?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":63444,"name":"Financial System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_System?f_ri=271890"},{"id":70649,"name":"External Debt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/External_Debt?f_ri=271890"},{"id":112134,"name":"Financial Instruments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Instruments?f_ri=271890"},{"id":224616,"name":"Amortization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amortization?f_ri=271890"},{"id":270673,"name":"Financial Market","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Market?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":567636,"name":"Balance of Payment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Balance_of_Payment?f_ri=271890"},{"id":980870,"name":"Debts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Debts?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1115462,"name":"Fixed Assets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fixed_Assets?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1240789,"name":"Capital Market","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capital_Market?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1285686,"name":"Balance Sheets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Balance_Sheets?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1551025,"name":"Domestic market","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Domestic_market?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1895901,"name":"Balance Sheet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Balance_Sheet?f_ri=271890"},{"id":2642965,"name":"creditors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/creditors?f_ri=271890"},{"id":3036538,"name":"Debt Service","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Debt_Service?f_ri=271890"},{"id":3227517,"name":"Gross Domestic Product","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gross_Domestic_Product?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_77494332" data-work_id="77494332" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77494332/Gaining_currency_the_rise_of_the_renminbi">Gaining currency: the rise of the renminbi</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/77494332" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="70d4a222359a1e5cfa15ecb644b8fc50" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":84843087,"asset_id":77494332,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84843087/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="687197" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/MahaKamel">Maha Kamel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="687197" type="text/json">{"id":687197,"first_name":"Maha","last_name":"Kamel","domain_name":"cambridge","page_name":"MahaKamel","display_name":"Maha Kamel","profile_url":"https://cambridge.academia.edu/MahaKamel?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/687197/2736266/3187547/s65_maha.kamel.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_77494332 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="77494332"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 77494332, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_77494332", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_77494332 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 77494332; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_77494332"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_77494332 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="77494332"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 77494332; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=77494332]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_77494332").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_77494332").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="77494332"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="132341" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affairs">Affairs</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="132341" type="text/json">{"id":132341,"name":"Affairs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affairs?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="157676" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Renminbi">Renminbi</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="157676" type="text/json">{"id":157676,"name":"Renminbi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Renminbi?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=77494332]'), work: {"id":77494332,"title":"Gaining currency: the rise of the renminbi","created_at":"2022-04-24T16:08:46.670-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/77494332/Gaining_currency_the_rise_of_the_renminbi?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_77494332","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":84843087,"asset_id":77494332,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":687197,"first_name":"Maha","last_name":"Kamel","domain_name":"cambridge","page_name":"MahaKamel","display_name":"Maha Kamel","profile_url":"https://cambridge.academia.edu/MahaKamel?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/687197/2736266/3187547/s65_maha.kamel.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":132341,"name":"Affairs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affairs?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":157676,"name":"Renminbi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Renminbi?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":216095,"name":"Cato","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cato?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":380315,"name":"Public Administration and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Administration_and_Policy?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_64075876" data-work_id="64075876" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64075876/Cointegration_Analysis_of_Selected_Currency_Pairs_Traded_in_Indian_Foreign_Exchange_Market">Cointegration Analysis of Selected Currency Pairs Traded in Indian Foreign Exchange Market</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The main purpose of this research paper is to explore and understand the nature of association and the possible existence of a short run and long run relationship between US Dollar, EURO, British Pound and Japanese Yen. To find out the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_64075876" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The main purpose of this research paper is to explore and understand the nature of association and the possible existence of a short run and long run relationship between US Dollar, EURO, British Pound and Japanese Yen. To find out the relationship among currencies USD/INR, EUR/INR, GBP/INR and JPY/INR pairs are considered. The main idea is to know how these selected indicators are related to each other. The daily basis 2781 observations for all four variables from year 2007 to 2018 are taken into consideration. Data are collected from website of Reserve Bank of India. The stationarity of time series is checked and differentiated as per requirement. Johansen co-integration test to know the long run relationship between variables is used. The result shows that there is no co-integration equation among the variables. The short run relationship is examined with help of Vector Auto-regression (VAR) model and the short run relationship within different lags of variables has been identifi...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/64075876" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d2381ab45f78b676b491134da96d2548" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":109888174,"asset_id":64075876,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109888174/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15722557" href="https://charusat.academia.edu/RajeshSadhwani">Rajesh Sadhwani</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15722557" type="text/json">{"id":15722557,"first_name":"Rajesh","last_name":"Sadhwani","domain_name":"charusat","page_name":"RajeshSadhwani","display_name":"Rajesh Sadhwani","profile_url":"https://charusat.academia.edu/RajeshSadhwani?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15722557/130312140/119719886/s65_rajesh.sadhwani.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_64075876 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="64075876"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 64075876, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_64075876", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_64075876 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64075876; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_64075876"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_64075876 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64075876"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64075876; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64075876]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_64075876").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_64075876").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="64075876"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Management">Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="38" type="text/json">{"id":38,"name":"Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Management?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finance">Finance</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47" type="text/json">{"id":47,"name":"Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finance?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="747" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Econometrics">Econometrics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="747" type="text/json">{"id":747,"name":"Econometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Econometrics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="764" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="764" type="text/json">{"id":764,"name":"Macroeconomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macroeconomics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=64075876]'), work: {"id":64075876,"title":"Cointegration Analysis of Selected Currency Pairs Traded in Indian Foreign Exchange Market","created_at":"2021-12-14T06:25:20.122-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/64075876/Cointegration_Analysis_of_Selected_Currency_Pairs_Traded_in_Indian_Foreign_Exchange_Market?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_64075876","summary":"The main purpose of this research paper is to explore and understand the nature of association and the possible existence of a short run and long run relationship between US Dollar, EURO, British Pound and Japanese Yen. To find out the relationship among currencies USD/INR, EUR/INR, GBP/INR and JPY/INR pairs are considered. The main idea is to know how these selected indicators are related to each other. The daily basis 2781 observations for all four variables from year 2007 to 2018 are taken into consideration. Data are collected from website of Reserve Bank of India. The stationarity of time series is checked and differentiated as per requirement. Johansen co-integration test to know the long run relationship between variables is used. The result shows that there is no co-integration equation among the variables. The short run relationship is examined with help of Vector Auto-regression (VAR) model and the short run relationship within different lags of variables has been identifi...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":109888174,"asset_id":64075876,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":15722557,"first_name":"Rajesh","last_name":"Sadhwani","domain_name":"charusat","page_name":"RajeshSadhwani","display_name":"Rajesh Sadhwani","profile_url":"https://charusat.academia.edu/RajeshSadhwani?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15722557/130312140/119719886/s65_rajesh.sadhwani.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":38,"name":"Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Management?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":47,"name":"Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finance?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":747,"name":"Econometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Econometrics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":764,"name":"Macroeconomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macroeconomics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":8270,"name":"Forecasting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forecasting?f_ri=271890"},{"id":9961,"name":"Time series Econometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_series_Econometrics?f_ri=271890"},{"id":25116,"name":"International Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Finance?f_ri=271890"},{"id":30485,"name":"Time series analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_series_analysis?f_ri=271890"},{"id":55840,"name":"Business Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Management?f_ri=271890"},{"id":81504,"name":"Correlation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Correlation?f_ri=271890"},{"id":176461,"name":"Cointegration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cointegration?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_50120534" data-work_id="50120534" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50120534/Economic_reforms_growth_and_governance_The_political_economy_aspects_of_Bangladeshs_development_surprise">Economic reforms, growth, and governance: The political economy aspects of Bangladesh's development surprise</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">CHAPTER 8 Economic Reforms, Growth, and Governance: The Political Economy Aspects of Bangladesh&#x27;s Development Surprise Wahiduddin Mahmud, Sadiq Ahmed, and Sandeep Mahajan Bangladesh emerged from its war of independence desperately... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_50120534" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">CHAPTER 8 Economic Reforms, Growth, and Governance: The Political Economy Aspects of Bangladesh&#x27;s Development Surprise Wahiduddin Mahmud, Sadiq Ahmed, and Sandeep Mahajan Bangladesh emerged from its war of independence desperately poor, overpopulated, and ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/50120534" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="698ab1ca6e8ffe462ba635da676c3ebf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":68224802,"asset_id":50120534,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68224802/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36492902" href="https://univdhaka.academia.edu/WahiduddinMahmud">Wahiduddin Mahmud</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36492902" type="text/json">{"id":36492902,"first_name":"Wahiduddin","last_name":"Mahmud","domain_name":"univdhaka","page_name":"WahiduddinMahmud","display_name":"Wahiduddin Mahmud","profile_url":"https://univdhaka.academia.edu/WahiduddinMahmud?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/36492902/18567324/18534863/s65_wahiduddin.mahmud.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_50120534 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="50120534"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50120534, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_50120534", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_50120534 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50120534; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_50120534"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_50120534 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50120534"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50120534; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50120534]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_50120534").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_50120534").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="50120534"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="727" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics">Development Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="727" type="text/json">{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9815" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Countries">Developing Countries</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9815" type="text/json">{"id":9815,"name":"Developing Countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Countries?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10225" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture">Agriculture</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10225" type="text/json">{"id":10225,"name":"Agriculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11395" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development">Economic Development</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="11395" type="text/json">{"id":11395,"name":"Economic Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=50120534]'), work: {"id":50120534,"title":"Economic reforms, growth, and governance: The political economy aspects of Bangladesh's development surprise","created_at":"2021-07-20T22:50:48.337-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/50120534/Economic_reforms_growth_and_governance_The_political_economy_aspects_of_Bangladeshs_development_surprise?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_50120534","summary":"CHAPTER 8 Economic Reforms, Growth, and Governance: The Political Economy Aspects of Bangladesh\u0026#x27;s Development Surprise Wahiduddin Mahmud, Sadiq Ahmed, and Sandeep Mahajan Bangladesh emerged from its war of independence desperately poor, overpopulated, and ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68224802,"asset_id":50120534,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36492902,"first_name":"Wahiduddin","last_name":"Mahmud","domain_name":"univdhaka","page_name":"WahiduddinMahmud","display_name":"Wahiduddin Mahmud","profile_url":"https://univdhaka.academia.edu/WahiduddinMahmud?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/36492902/18567324/18534863/s65_wahiduddin.mahmud.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":9815,"name":"Developing Countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Countries?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":10225,"name":"Agriculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":11395,"name":"Economic Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":55695,"name":"Consumer Goods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consumer_Goods?f_ri=271890"},{"id":73699,"name":"Corruption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corruption?f_ri=271890"},{"id":78388,"name":"Bureaucracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bureaucracy?f_ri=271890"},{"id":224616,"name":"Amortization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amortization?f_ri=271890"},{"id":235753,"name":"Debt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Debt?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":298798,"name":"Business Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Cycle?f_ri=271890"},{"id":309524,"name":"Deregulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Deregulation?f_ri=271890"},{"id":398270,"name":"Current Account Deficit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Current_Account_Deficit?f_ri=271890"},{"id":518674,"name":"Budget Deficit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Budget_Deficit?f_ri=271890"},{"id":888071,"name":"Consumer Price Index","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consumer_Price_Index?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1031550,"name":"Devaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Devaluation?f_ri=271890"},{"id":2561026,"name":"direct investment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/direct_investment?f_ri=271890"},{"id":2601211,"name":"Adverse effect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adverse_effect?f_ri=271890"},{"id":3347431,"name":"Beneficiaries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Beneficiaries?f_ri=271890"},{"id":3482784,"name":"beneficiary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/beneficiary?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42190034" data-work_id="42190034" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42190034/Influences_of_Devaluation_in_foreign_currencies_on_the_performance_of_local_businesses_in_Afghanistan_with_reference_to_Pakistans_currency_Rupee_An_empirical_study_of_Jalalabad_city">Influences of Devaluation in foreign currencies on the performance of local businesses in Afghanistan with reference to Pakistan's currency (Rupee) -An empirical study of Jalalabad city</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The currency of Pakistan (Rupee) has been in circulation in the eastern and southeastern markets of Afghanistan. after the civil war intensified in Afghanistan in late 1992 and onwards, the Taliban militants took over control of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42190034" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The currency of Pakistan (Rupee) has been in circulation in the eastern and southeastern markets of Afghanistan. after the civil war intensified in Afghanistan in late 1992 and onwards, the Taliban militants took over control of the country's agencies and eventually the whole government, as a result they laid off the contract with Russian firms to put out printing the Afghani notes they claimed were worthless. Besides, macro factors (e.g. political instability and foreign interference) have caused the country's economy to steep, therefore the Afghani lost its value both in the regional and international markets. different Warlords in Afghanistan used to print their own introduced currencies without any formal approval and standard procedure of the state's central bank (i.e. Da Afghanistan Bank). Therefore, people who were living across the Durand line were forced to start their daily transactions using Rupee which has caused Afghanistan to be financially, economically and politically relied on Pakistan. Ever since Rupee has dominated the Afghani in the eastern and southeastern markets of Afghanistan. A survey was carried out to collect the required data in the city of Jalalabad using both primary and secondary sources, the secondary data was collected through already Published articles using google scholars as search engine. Findings of the research indicate that the financial performance/profit making of the local businesses has been negatively affected by the devaluation in the rate of Rupee, vendors have had two alternatives; (1) retention of customers and (2) increasing the profitability of the business, given the inflation caused by Rupee devaluation, the vendors have chosen to adopt customer retention which is indeed a lucrative strategy, therefore the financial performance of the local businesses in terms of enhancing profitability have deteriorated. As Pakistan's current account deficit has faced downslides and having been estimated to bear further crises, which will lower the value of Rupee, and ultimately will affect both the rate of Afghani and the performance of the local businesses in Afghanistan. The research; based on the results drawn from the findings and analysis suggests some corrective measures required to be taken to intercept the risks caused by the currency devaluation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42190034" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="30cce228d8bf05c68417725bc0ee0c0e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62333548,"asset_id":42190034,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62333548/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="105322501" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HamayunKhan786">Hamayun Khan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="105322501" type="text/json">{"id":105322501,"first_name":"Hamayun","last_name":"Khan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HamayunKhan786","display_name":"Hamayun Khan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HamayunKhan786?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/105322501/38416329/32150281/s65_hamayun.khan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42190034 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42190034"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42190034, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42190034", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_42190034 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42190034; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_42190034"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_42190034 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42190034"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42190034; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42190034]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42190034").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42190034").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42190034"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business">Business</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26" type="text/json">{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25116" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Finance">International Finance</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25116" type="text/json">{"id":25116,"name":"International Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Finance?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="271890" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency">Currency</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="271890" type="text/json">{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42190034]'), work: {"id":42190034,"title":"Influences of Devaluation in foreign currencies on the performance of local businesses in Afghanistan with reference to Pakistan's currency (Rupee) -An empirical study of Jalalabad city","created_at":"2020-03-10T22:09:48.378-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42190034/Influences_of_Devaluation_in_foreign_currencies_on_the_performance_of_local_businesses_in_Afghanistan_with_reference_to_Pakistans_currency_Rupee_An_empirical_study_of_Jalalabad_city?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_42190034","summary":"The currency of Pakistan (Rupee) has been in circulation in the eastern and southeastern markets of Afghanistan. after the civil war intensified in Afghanistan in late 1992 and onwards, the Taliban militants took over control of the country's agencies and eventually the whole government, as a result they laid off the contract with Russian firms to put out printing the Afghani notes they claimed were worthless. Besides, macro factors (e.g. political instability and foreign interference) have caused the country's economy to steep, therefore the Afghani lost its value both in the regional and international markets. different Warlords in Afghanistan used to print their own introduced currencies without any formal approval and standard procedure of the state's central bank (i.e. Da Afghanistan Bank). Therefore, people who were living across the Durand line were forced to start their daily transactions using Rupee which has caused Afghanistan to be financially, economically and politically relied on Pakistan. Ever since Rupee has dominated the Afghani in the eastern and southeastern markets of Afghanistan. A survey was carried out to collect the required data in the city of Jalalabad using both primary and secondary sources, the secondary data was collected through already Published articles using google scholars as search engine. Findings of the research indicate that the financial performance/profit making of the local businesses has been negatively affected by the devaluation in the rate of Rupee, vendors have had two alternatives; (1) retention of customers and (2) increasing the profitability of the business, given the inflation caused by Rupee devaluation, the vendors have chosen to adopt customer retention which is indeed a lucrative strategy, therefore the financial performance of the local businesses in terms of enhancing profitability have deteriorated. As Pakistan's current account deficit has faced downslides and having been estimated to bear further crises, which will lower the value of Rupee, and ultimately will affect both the rate of Afghani and the performance of the local businesses in Afghanistan. The research; based on the results drawn from the findings and analysis suggests some corrective measures required to be taken to intercept the risks caused by the currency devaluation.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62333548,"asset_id":42190034,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":105322501,"first_name":"Hamayun","last_name":"Khan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HamayunKhan786","display_name":"Hamayun Khan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HamayunKhan786?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/105322501/38416329/32150281/s65_hamayun.khan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":25116,"name":"International Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Finance?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_63903056" data-work_id="63903056" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/63903056/Russia_1998_Revisited_Lessons_for_Financial_Globalization">Russia 1998 Revisited: Lessons for Financial Globalization</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/63903056" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9dba15f536de764da5f71fa73bde07cc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":76171970,"asset_id":63903056,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76171970/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="56848601" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BrianPinto3">Brian Pinto</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="56848601" type="text/json">{"id":56848601,"first_name":"Brian","last_name":"Pinto","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BrianPinto3","display_name":"Brian Pinto","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrianPinto3?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_63903056 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="63903056"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 63903056, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_63903056", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_63903056 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 63903056; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_63903056"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_63903056 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="63903056"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 63903056; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=63903056]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_63903056").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_63903056").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="63903056"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1439" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization">Globalization</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1439" type="text/json">{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="56429" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crisis">Crisis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="56429" type="text/json">{"id":56429,"name":"Crisis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crisis?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="58276" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Savings">Savings</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="58276" type="text/json">{"id":58276,"name":"Savings","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Savings?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="62944" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emerging_Market">Emerging Market</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="62944" type="text/json">{"id":62944,"name":"Emerging Market","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emerging_Market?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=63903056]'), work: {"id":63903056,"title":"Russia 1998 Revisited: Lessons for Financial Globalization","created_at":"2021-12-12T05:36:49.364-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/63903056/Russia_1998_Revisited_Lessons_for_Financial_Globalization?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_63903056","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":76171970,"asset_id":63903056,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":56848601,"first_name":"Brian","last_name":"Pinto","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BrianPinto3","display_name":"Brian Pinto","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrianPinto3?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":56429,"name":"Crisis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crisis?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":58276,"name":"Savings","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Savings?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":62944,"name":"Emerging Market","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emerging_Market?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":113317,"name":"Inflation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflation?f_ri=271890"},{"id":221736,"name":"Russian Federation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Federation?f_ri=271890"},{"id":270673,"name":"Financial Market","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Market?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":339262,"name":"Lessons Learned","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lessons_Learned?f_ri=271890"},{"id":959756,"name":"Financial Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Globalization?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_79944548" data-work_id="79944548" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79944548/Armenia_Power_sector_tariff_study">Armenia - Power sector tariff study</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/79944548" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="02ffb1ac28510775f2c494230e65e60f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86490569,"asset_id":79944548,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86490569/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="41658533" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CaterinaLaderchi">Caterina Ruggeri Laderchi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="41658533" type="text/json">{"id":41658533,"first_name":"Caterina","last_name":"Ruggeri Laderchi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CaterinaLaderchi","display_name":"Caterina Ruggeri Laderchi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CaterinaLaderchi?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_79944548 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="79944548"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 79944548, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_79944548", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_79944548 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79944548; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_79944548"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_79944548 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="79944548"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79944548; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79944548]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_79944548").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_79944548").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="79944548"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3490" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accounting">Accounting</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3490" type="text/json">{"id":3490,"name":"Accounting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accounting?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5411" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomass">Biomass</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5411" type="text/json">{"id":5411,"name":"Biomass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomass?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22622" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alternative_Energy">Alternative Energy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22622" type="text/json">{"id":22622,"name":"Alternative Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alternative_Energy?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="82507" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Approach">Approach</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="82507" type="text/json">{"id":82507,"name":"Approach","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Approach?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=79944548]'), work: {"id":79944548,"title":"Armenia - Power sector tariff study","created_at":"2022-05-26T00:19:16.795-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/79944548/Armenia_Power_sector_tariff_study?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_79944548","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86490569,"asset_id":79944548,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":41658533,"first_name":"Caterina","last_name":"Ruggeri Laderchi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CaterinaLaderchi","display_name":"Caterina Ruggeri Laderchi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CaterinaLaderchi?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3490,"name":"Accounting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accounting?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":5411,"name":"Biomass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomass?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":22622,"name":"Alternative Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alternative_Energy?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":82507,"name":"Approach","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Approach?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":144248,"name":"Balance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Balance?f_ri=271890"},{"id":160116,"name":"Cost of Capital","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cost_of_Capital?f_ri=271890"},{"id":222739,"name":"Consumers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consumers?f_ri=271890"},{"id":235753,"name":"Debt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Debt?f_ri=271890"},{"id":238827,"name":"Carbon Emissions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carbon_Emissions?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":352333,"name":"Cost of Electricity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cost_of_Electricity?f_ri=271890"},{"id":502839,"name":"Accounting standards","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accounting_standards?f_ri=271890"},{"id":507981,"name":"Availability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Availability?f_ri=271890"},{"id":698433,"name":"Economic Efficiency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Efficiency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":888071,"name":"Consumer Price Index","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consumer_Price_Index?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1226754,"name":"Capital Expenditure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capital_Expenditure?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1551025,"name":"Domestic market","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Domestic_market?f_ri=271890"},{"id":3036538,"name":"Debt Service","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Debt_Service?f_ri=271890"},{"id":3076813,"name":"Capital Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capital_Costs?f_ri=271890"},{"id":3347431,"name":"Beneficiaries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Beneficiaries?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_47528085" data-work_id="47528085" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47528085/New_Zealand_Macro_fiscal_context_and_health_financing_factsheet">New Zealand - Macro-fiscal context and health financing factsheet</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/47528085" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="edeaf006a7ac7dfef5066b07c132cd89" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66574305,"asset_id":47528085,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66574305/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="45208718" href="https://mci.academia.edu/ArminFidler">Armin Fidler</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="45208718" type="text/json">{"id":45208718,"first_name":"Armin","last_name":"Fidler","domain_name":"mci","page_name":"ArminFidler","display_name":"Armin Fidler","profile_url":"https://mci.academia.edu/ArminFidler?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_47528085 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="47528085"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 47528085, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_47528085", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_47528085 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47528085; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_47528085"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_47528085 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="47528085"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47528085; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=47528085]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_47528085").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_47528085").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="47528085"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1907" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition">Nutrition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1907" type="text/json">{"id":1907,"name":"Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3180" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Trade">International Trade</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3180" type="text/json">{"id":3180,"name":"International Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Trade?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53418" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Derivatives">Derivatives</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="53418" type="text/json">{"id":53418,"name":"Derivatives","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Derivatives?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="113317" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflation">Inflation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="113317" type="text/json">{"id":113317,"name":"Inflation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflation?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=47528085]'), work: {"id":47528085,"title":"New Zealand - Macro-fiscal context and health financing factsheet","created_at":"2021-04-22T20:46:17.364-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/47528085/New_Zealand_Macro_fiscal_context_and_health_financing_factsheet?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_47528085","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66574305,"asset_id":47528085,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":45208718,"first_name":"Armin","last_name":"Fidler","domain_name":"mci","page_name":"ArminFidler","display_name":"Armin Fidler","profile_url":"https://mci.academia.edu/ArminFidler?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1907,"name":"Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":3180,"name":"International Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Trade?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":53418,"name":"Derivatives","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Derivatives?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":113317,"name":"Inflation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflation?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":167483,"name":"Income","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income?f_ri=271890"},{"id":235753,"name":"Debt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Debt?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":294066,"name":"GDP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/GDP?f_ri=271890"},{"id":321994,"name":"Benchmark","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Benchmark?f_ri=271890"},{"id":368126,"name":"Income Tax","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Tax?f_ri=271890"},{"id":936588,"name":"Health Indicators","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Indicators?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1420695,"name":"Investment Fund","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Investment_Fund?f_ri=271890"},{"id":2010851,"name":"Capital Spending","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capital_Spending?f_ri=271890"},{"id":3262203,"name":"National Income","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/National_Income?f_ri=271890"},{"id":3852838,"name":"Deficit spending","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Deficit_spending?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31084434" data-work_id="31084434" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31084434/The_ASEAN_Bitcoin_Cryptocurrencies_as_an_Alternative_to_Monetary_Unions">The ASEAN Bitcoin: Cryptocurrencies as an Alternative to Monetary Unions</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Doubt surrounding the viability of monetary unions stems from the current problems of the Eurozone. The absence of national monetary policies across the currency union has left a growing disparity in the effectiveness of the European... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31084434" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Doubt surrounding the viability of monetary unions stems from the current problems of the Eurozone. The absence of national monetary policies across the currency union has left a growing disparity in the effectiveness of the European Central Bank's policy in individual countries as well as a growing political rift between 'have' and 'have not' countries. Such problems make it less likely that regional trade groups will adopt such a model. This paper explores of the feasibility of cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin as an alternative to monetary unions and posits that electronic currency could be adopted by a regional group while still allowing individual members control over their national monetary policy. To answer this question, this research uses data from government forays into cryptocurrency as well as an analysis of Bitcoin and related government policies. The author concludes that a cryptocurrency could be used as a viable alternative to monetary unions.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31084434" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a686a5724ce1b0f7822c3fbffe7651a8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51518907,"asset_id":31084434,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51518907/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3783196" href="https://independentresearcher.academia.edu/GusSwanda">Gus Swanda</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3783196" type="text/json">{"id":3783196,"first_name":"Gus","last_name":"Swanda","domain_name":"independentresearcher","page_name":"GusSwanda","display_name":"Gus Swanda","profile_url":"https://independentresearcher.academia.edu/GusSwanda?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3783196/3827781/16102745/s65_gus.swanda.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31084434 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31084434"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31084434, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31084434", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_31084434 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31084434; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_31084434"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_31084434 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31084434"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31084434; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31084434]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31084434").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31084434").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31084434"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48047" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trade_unions">Trade unions</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48047" type="text/json">{"id":48047,"name":"Trade unions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trade_unions?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="52066" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency_Union">Currency Union</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="52066" type="text/json">{"id":52066,"name":"Currency Union","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency_Union?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="271890" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency">Currency</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="271890" type="text/json">{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="671430" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Currency">Digital Currency</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="671430" type="text/json">{"id":671430,"name":"Digital Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31084434]'), work: {"id":31084434,"title":"The ASEAN Bitcoin: Cryptocurrencies as an Alternative to Monetary Unions","created_at":"2017-01-26T07:56:03.894-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31084434/The_ASEAN_Bitcoin_Cryptocurrencies_as_an_Alternative_to_Monetary_Unions?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_31084434","summary":"Doubt surrounding the viability of monetary unions stems from the current problems of the Eurozone. The absence of national monetary policies across the currency union has left a growing disparity in the effectiveness of the European Central Bank's policy in individual countries as well as a growing political rift between 'have' and 'have not' countries. Such problems make it less likely that regional trade groups will adopt such a model. This paper explores of the feasibility of cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin as an alternative to monetary unions and posits that electronic currency could be adopted by a regional group while still allowing individual members control over their national monetary policy. To answer this question, this research uses data from government forays into cryptocurrency as well as an analysis of Bitcoin and related government policies. The author concludes that a cryptocurrency could be used as a viable alternative to monetary unions.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51518907,"asset_id":31084434,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3783196,"first_name":"Gus","last_name":"Swanda","domain_name":"independentresearcher","page_name":"GusSwanda","display_name":"Gus Swanda","profile_url":"https://independentresearcher.academia.edu/GusSwanda?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3783196/3827781/16102745/s65_gus.swanda.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48047,"name":"Trade unions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trade_unions?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":52066,"name":"Currency Union","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency_Union?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":671430,"name":"Digital Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":740091,"name":"Cryptocurrency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cryptocurrency?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_79388179" data-work_id="79388179" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79388179/Modeling_of_waiting_times_and_price_changes_in_currency_exchange_data">Modeling of waiting times and price changes in currency exchange data</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/79388179" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="00a26c0aaad65ffdf51bb760f8c0d365" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86120216,"asset_id":79388179,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86120216/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="184195526" href="https://tcd.academia.edu/PRichmond">Peter Richmond</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="184195526" type="text/json">{"id":184195526,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Richmond","domain_name":"tcd","page_name":"PRichmond","display_name":"Peter Richmond","profile_url":"https://tcd.academia.edu/PRichmond?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/184195526/74145056/62637083/s65_peter.richmond.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_79388179 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="79388179"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 79388179, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_79388179", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_79388179 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79388179; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_79388179"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_79388179 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="79388179"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79388179; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79388179]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_79388179").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_79388179").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="79388179"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="300" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="300" type="text/json">{"id":300,"name":"Mathematics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="318" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Physics">Mathematical Physics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="318" type="text/json">{"id":318,"name":"Mathematical Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Physics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="347" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stochastic_Process">Stochastic Process</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="347" type="text/json">{"id":347,"name":"Stochastic Process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stochastic_Process?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="498" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="498" type="text/json">{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=79388179]'), work: {"id":79388179,"title":"Modeling of waiting times and price changes in currency exchange data","created_at":"2022-05-18T08:20:04.674-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/79388179/Modeling_of_waiting_times_and_price_changes_in_currency_exchange_data?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_79388179","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86120216,"asset_id":79388179,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":184195526,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Richmond","domain_name":"tcd","page_name":"PRichmond","display_name":"Peter Richmond","profile_url":"https://tcd.academia.edu/PRichmond?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/184195526/74145056/62637083/s65_peter.richmond.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":300,"name":"Mathematics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":318,"name":"Mathematical Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Physics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":347,"name":"Stochastic Process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stochastic_Process?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":518,"name":"Quantum Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Physics?f_ri=271890"},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=271890"},{"id":27708,"name":"Econophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Econophysics?f_ri=271890"},{"id":30372,"name":"Low Frequency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_Frequency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":43131,"name":"Stochastic processes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stochastic_processes?f_ri=271890"},{"id":48458,"name":"High Frequency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Frequency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":228986,"name":"Exchange rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exchange_rate?f_ri=271890"},{"id":254570,"name":"Interpolation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interpolation?f_ri=271890"},{"id":270673,"name":"Financial Market","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Market?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":663624,"name":"Statistical Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statistical_Finance?f_ri=271890"},{"id":728244,"name":"Curve fitting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Curve_fitting?f_ri=271890"},{"id":753505,"name":"Chi Square Test","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chi_Square_Test?f_ri=271890"},{"id":898529,"name":"Stable Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stable_Distribution?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1158716,"name":"Waiting Time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Waiting_Time?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1396588,"name":"Contingency Table","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contingency_Table?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8934145" data-work_id="8934145" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8934145/upLUG_Bitcoin_Workshop_2014">upLUG Bitcoin Workshop 2014</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Technical introduction to Bitcoin - a peer to peer cryptocurrency.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8934145" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="54c2a5230021202d820de0fedc2c9952" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35256114,"asset_id":8934145,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35256114/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4091729" href="https://uni-potsdam.academia.edu/schoedon">A. Schoedon</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4091729" type="text/json">{"id":4091729,"first_name":"A.","last_name":"Schoedon","domain_name":"uni-potsdam","page_name":"schoedon","display_name":"A. Schoedon","profile_url":"https://uni-potsdam.academia.edu/schoedon?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4091729/19498926/19407920/s65_a..schoedon.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8934145 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8934145"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8934145, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8934145", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_8934145 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8934145; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_8934145"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_8934145 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8934145"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8934145; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8934145]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8934145").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8934145").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8934145"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16542" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cryptography">Cryptography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16542" type="text/json">{"id":16542,"name":"Cryptography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cryptography?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17058" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peer-to-Peer">Peer-to-Peer</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17058" type="text/json">{"id":17058,"name":"Peer-to-Peer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peer-to-Peer?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23286" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/P2p_peer-2-Peer_Networks">P2p(peer-2-Peer) Networks</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="23286" type="text/json">{"id":23286,"name":"P2p(peer-2-Peer) Networks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/P2p_peer-2-Peer_Networks?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="183631" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coins">Coins</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="183631" type="text/json">{"id":183631,"name":"Coins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coins?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8934145]'), work: {"id":8934145,"title":"upLUG Bitcoin Workshop 2014","created_at":"2014-10-23T18:51:52.481-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8934145/upLUG_Bitcoin_Workshop_2014?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_8934145","summary":"Technical introduction to Bitcoin - a peer to peer cryptocurrency.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35256114,"asset_id":8934145,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4091729,"first_name":"A.","last_name":"Schoedon","domain_name":"uni-potsdam","page_name":"schoedon","display_name":"A. Schoedon","profile_url":"https://uni-potsdam.academia.edu/schoedon?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4091729/19498926/19407920/s65_a..schoedon.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":16542,"name":"Cryptography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cryptography?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":17058,"name":"Peer-to-Peer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peer-to-Peer?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":23286,"name":"P2p(peer-2-Peer) Networks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/P2p_peer-2-Peer_Networks?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":183631,"name":"Coins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coins?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":281112,"name":"Bitcoin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bitcoin?f_ri=271890"},{"id":740091,"name":"Cryptocurrency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cryptocurrency?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24526341" data-work_id="24526341" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24526341/DICE_An_Intelligent_And_Innovative_Concept_For_The_Banknote_Of_The_Future">DICE - An Intelligent And Innovative Concept For The Banknote Of The Future</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Originally published in the Keesing Journal of Documents & Identity Issue #49. Since time immemorial, cash has determined our social and economic life, with all its related risks and problems, such as enabling crime. Apart from the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_24526341" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Originally published in the Keesing Journal of Documents & Identity Issue #49. <br /><br />Since time immemorial, cash has determined our social and economic life, with all its related risks and problems, such as enabling crime. Apart from the perpetual counterfeiting of money, which concerns nearly every country and currency system nowadays, bank robberies and other money<br />thefts are another problem which we still haven’t been able to solve. The innovation that represents a security system based on artificial intelligence (AI) was developed in order to not only circumvent all security-relevant complications of contemporary cash, but to systematically solve them.<br /><br />© EDAQS Research<br />© Keesing Reference Systems B.V.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24526341" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2a47418ea71f98b457206a736c67e492" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44856232,"asset_id":24526341,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44856232/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34882245" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DaryldeJor%C3%AD">Daryl de Jorí</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34882245" type="text/json">{"id":34882245,"first_name":"Daryl","last_name":"de Jorí","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DaryldeJorí","display_name":"Daryl de Jorí","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DaryldeJor%C3%AD?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34882245/10164531/11342564/s65_daryl.de_jor_.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24526341 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24526341"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24526341, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24526341", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_24526341 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24526341; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_24526341"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_24526341 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="24526341"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24526341; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24526341]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_24526341").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_24526341").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="24526341"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="465" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artificial_Intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="465" type="text/json">{"id":465,"name":"Artificial Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artificial_Intelligence?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4370" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security">Security</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4370" type="text/json">{"id":4370,"name":"Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10977" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intelligent_Systems">Intelligent Systems</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10977" type="text/json">{"id":10977,"name":"Intelligent Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intelligent_Systems?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12620" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_Methods">Quantitative Methods</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12620" type="text/json">{"id":12620,"name":"Quantitative Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_Methods?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24526341]'), work: {"id":24526341,"title":"DICE - An Intelligent And Innovative Concept For The Banknote Of The Future","created_at":"2016-04-18T07:49:22.587-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/24526341/DICE_An_Intelligent_And_Innovative_Concept_For_The_Banknote_Of_The_Future?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_24526341","summary":"Originally published in the Keesing Journal of Documents \u0026 Identity Issue #49. \n\nSince time immemorial, cash has determined our social and economic life, with all its related risks and problems, such as enabling crime. Apart from the perpetual counterfeiting of money, which concerns nearly every country and currency system nowadays, bank robberies and other money\nthefts are another problem which we still haven’t been able to solve. The innovation that represents a security system based on artificial intelligence (AI) was developed in order to not only circumvent all security-relevant complications of contemporary cash, but to systematically solve them.\n\n© EDAQS Research\n© Keesing Reference Systems B.V.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44856232,"asset_id":24526341,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34882245,"first_name":"Daryl","last_name":"de Jorí","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DaryldeJorí","display_name":"Daryl de Jorí","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DaryldeJor%C3%AD?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34882245/10164531/11342564/s65_daryl.de_jor_.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":465,"name":"Artificial Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artificial_Intelligence?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":4370,"name":"Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":10977,"name":"Intelligent Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intelligent_Systems?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":12620,"name":"Quantitative Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_Methods?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":27305,"name":"Computational Mathematics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Mathematics?f_ri=271890"},{"id":181723,"name":"Cashless Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cashless_Society?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":671430,"name":"Digital Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":740091,"name":"Cryptocurrency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cryptocurrency?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_68193394" data-work_id="68193394" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68193394/The_World_Bank_research_observer_21_2_">The World Bank research observer 21 (2)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/68193394" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cbe07a93f646816e9ede9f26c0b387a7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78757479,"asset_id":68193394,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78757479/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38561700" href="https://vanderbilt.academia.edu/KamalSaggi">Kamal Saggi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38561700" type="text/json">{"id":38561700,"first_name":"Kamal","last_name":"Saggi","domain_name":"vanderbilt","page_name":"KamalSaggi","display_name":"Kamal Saggi","profile_url":"https://vanderbilt.academia.edu/KamalSaggi?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38561700/10711087/11957213/s65_kamal.saggi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_68193394 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="68193394"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 68193394, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_68193394", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_68193394 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 68193394; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_68193394"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_68193394 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="68193394"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 68193394; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=68193394]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_68193394").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_68193394").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="68193394"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3490" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accounting">Accounting</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3490" type="text/json">{"id":3490,"name":"Accounting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accounting?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="160127" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asymmetric_Information">Asymmetric Information</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="160127" type="text/json">{"id":160127,"name":"Asymmetric Information","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asymmetric_Information?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="271890" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency">Currency</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="271890" type="text/json">{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="298391" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bond">Bond</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="298391" type="text/json">{"id":298391,"name":"Bond","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bond?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=68193394]'), work: {"id":68193394,"title":"The World Bank research observer 21 (2)","created_at":"2022-01-14T19:24:08.696-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/68193394/The_World_Bank_research_observer_21_2_?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_68193394","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78757479,"asset_id":68193394,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38561700,"first_name":"Kamal","last_name":"Saggi","domain_name":"vanderbilt","page_name":"KamalSaggi","display_name":"Kamal Saggi","profile_url":"https://vanderbilt.academia.edu/KamalSaggi?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38561700/10711087/11957213/s65_kamal.saggi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3490,"name":"Accounting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accounting?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":160127,"name":"Asymmetric Information","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asymmetric_Information?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":298391,"name":"Bond","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bond?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":298798,"name":"Business Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Cycle?f_ri=271890"},{"id":314233,"name":"Capital Formation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capital_Formation?f_ri=271890"},{"id":398270,"name":"Current Account Deficit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Current_Account_Deficit?f_ri=271890"},{"id":418494,"name":"Currency risk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency_risk?f_ri=271890"},{"id":502839,"name":"Accounting standards","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accounting_standards?f_ri=271890"},{"id":579555,"name":"Contingent Liabilities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contingent_Liabilities?f_ri=271890"},{"id":722995,"name":"Debt Ratio","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Debt_Ratio?f_ri=271890"},{"id":903298,"name":"Budget Constraint","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Budget_Constraint?f_ri=271890"},{"id":911508,"name":"Balance of Payments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Balance_of_Payments?f_ri=271890"},{"id":981649,"name":"Creditor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Creditor?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1285686,"name":"Balance Sheets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Balance_Sheets?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1895901,"name":"Balance Sheet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Balance_Sheet?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1903131,"name":"Capital Requirements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capital_Requirements?f_ri=271890"},{"id":2042164,"name":"Budget Constraints","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Budget_Constraints?f_ri=271890"},{"id":2642965,"name":"creditors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/creditors?f_ri=271890"},{"id":3203034,"name":"Bond Index","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bond_Index?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_16838220 coauthored" data-work_id="16838220" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16838220/Les_%C3%A9conomistes_face_au_monopole_de_la_monnaie">Les économistes face au monopole de la monnaie</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Signataires du manifeste des Economistes Atterrés en 2010, nous ne nous retrouvons absolument pas dans l’un des articles postés sur le site de l’association et portant sur le monopole bancaire de création monétaire. Ce n’est pas... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_16838220" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Signataires du manifeste des Economistes Atterrés en 2010, nous ne nous retrouvons absolument pas dans l’un des articles postés sur le site de l’association et portant sur le monopole bancaire de création monétaire. Ce n’est pas l’existence de dissensus qui pose problème, mais ici la mobilisation d’arguments d’autorité et largement biaisés pour répondre à une question profane (mais informée). Cet article appelle trois types de remarques : en terme théorique, en terme empirique, et en terme de posture ; et c’est l’occasion de faire avancer le débat en sortant d’une vision dogmatique de la monnaie et de la banque.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16838220" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f9417f070e1d5b26be038f1228ea4826" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40914824,"asset_id":16838220,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40914824/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6245064" href="https://dauphine.academia.edu/BrunoTh%C3%A9ret">Bruno Théret</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6245064" type="text/json">{"id":6245064,"first_name":"Bruno","last_name":"Théret","domain_name":"dauphine","page_name":"BrunoThéret","display_name":"Bruno Théret","profile_url":"https://dauphine.academia.edu/BrunoTh%C3%A9ret?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6245064/2850093/11125051/s65_bruno.th_ret.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-16838220">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-16838220"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://sciencespo-lyon.academia.edu/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4meBlanc">Jérôme Blanc</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-16838220'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-16838220').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_16838220 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="16838220"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 16838220, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_16838220", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_16838220 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16838220; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_16838220"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_16838220 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="16838220"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16838220; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=16838220]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_16838220").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_16838220").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="16838220"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="125504" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Complementary_Currencies">Complementary Currencies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="125504" type="text/json">{"id":125504,"name":"Complementary Currencies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Complementary_Currencies?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="194071" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alternative_Currencies">Alternative Currencies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="194071" type="text/json">{"id":194071,"name":"Alternative Currencies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alternative_Currencies?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="265103" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monedas_Complementarias">Monedas Complementarias</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="265103" type="text/json">{"id":265103,"name":"Monedas Complementarias","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monedas_Complementarias?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="271890" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency">Currency</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="271890" type="text/json">{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=16838220]'), work: {"id":16838220,"title":"Les économistes face au monopole de la monnaie","created_at":"2015-10-15T10:01:20.144-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/16838220/Les_%C3%A9conomistes_face_au_monopole_de_la_monnaie?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_16838220","summary":"Signataires du manifeste des Economistes Atterrés en 2010, nous ne nous retrouvons absolument pas dans l’un des articles postés sur le site de l’association et portant sur le monopole bancaire de création monétaire. Ce n’est pas l’existence de dissensus qui pose problème, mais ici la mobilisation d’arguments d’autorité et largement biaisés pour répondre à une question profane (mais informée). Cet article appelle trois types de remarques : en terme théorique, en terme empirique, et en terme de posture ; et c’est l’occasion de faire avancer le débat en sortant d’une vision dogmatique de la monnaie et de la banque.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40914824,"asset_id":16838220,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6245064,"first_name":"Bruno","last_name":"Théret","domain_name":"dauphine","page_name":"BrunoThéret","display_name":"Bruno Théret","profile_url":"https://dauphine.academia.edu/BrunoTh%C3%A9ret?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6245064/2850093/11125051/s65_bruno.th_ret.jpg"},{"id":273875,"first_name":"Jérôme","last_name":"Blanc","domain_name":"sciencespo-lyon","page_name":"JérômeBlanc","display_name":"Jérôme Blanc","profile_url":"https://sciencespo-lyon.academia.edu/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4meBlanc?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":125504,"name":"Complementary Currencies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Complementary_Currencies?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":194071,"name":"Alternative Currencies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alternative_Currencies?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":265103,"name":"Monedas Complementarias","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monedas_Complementarias?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":281925,"name":"Monnaies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monnaies?f_ri=271890"},{"id":480230,"name":"Local Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Local_Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":2181703,"name":"Monnaies locales","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monnaies_locales?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35456653" data-work_id="35456653" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35456653/Understanding_the_liquidity_structure_in_Forex">Understanding the liquidity structure in Forex</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">There are a lot of people in this market who are trading their money in Forex. We know that this market is the biggest investment market in the world. If you look at the size of the Forex market, you will see that there are many stock... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35456653" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">There are a lot of people in this market who are trading their money in Forex. We know that this market is the biggest investment market in the world. If you look at the size of the Forex market, you will see that there are many stock markets which are nothing to Forex. When the stock exchanges of the world like Tokyo and Shanghai exchanges are trading billions of dollars, this market is selling and buying trillions of dollars every day. This popularity of Forex has also made it in one of the biggest liquid markets of the world. The liquidity of Forex market is very high and if you do not know what liquidity is, it is the volume of buying and selling in Forex market at any time. When most of the stock exchanges are making the billion-dollar transaction, this one market is making trillions of dollars transaction This liquidity of this market has made it one of the most accepted markets over the world and many people are coming to Forex because the volume of trades happening is high. This article will tell you if you can take any advantage of this liquidity in Forex.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35456653" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f86749c56f64e7bb4d6843f5886d6bed" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55318426,"asset_id":35456653,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55318426/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51835735" href="https://forexzig.academia.edu/DwayneBuzzell">Dwayne Buzzell</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51835735" type="text/json">{"id":51835735,"first_name":"Dwayne","last_name":"Buzzell","domain_name":"forexzig","page_name":"DwayneBuzzell","display_name":"Dwayne Buzzell","profile_url":"https://forexzig.academia.edu/DwayneBuzzell?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51835735/13719871/14842564/s65_dwayne.buzzell.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35456653 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35456653"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35456653, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35456653", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35456653 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35456653; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35456653"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35456653 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35456653"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35456653; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35456653]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35456653").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35456653").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35456653"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="69817" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Investing">Investing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="69817" type="text/json">{"id":69817,"name":"Investing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Investing?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="271890" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency">Currency</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="271890" type="text/json">{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35456653]'), work: {"id":35456653,"title":"Understanding the liquidity structure in Forex","created_at":"2017-12-18T04:51:43.587-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35456653/Understanding_the_liquidity_structure_in_Forex?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_35456653","summary":"There are a lot of people in this market who are trading their money in Forex. We know that this market is the biggest investment market in the world. If you look at the size of the Forex market, you will see that there are many stock markets which are nothing to Forex. When the stock exchanges of the world like Tokyo and Shanghai exchanges are trading billions of dollars, this market is selling and buying trillions of dollars every day. This popularity of Forex has also made it in one of the biggest liquid markets of the world. The liquidity of Forex market is very high and if you do not know what liquidity is, it is the volume of buying and selling in Forex market at any time. When most of the stock exchanges are making the billion-dollar transaction, this one market is making trillions of dollars transaction This liquidity of this market has made it one of the most accepted markets over the world and many people are coming to Forex because the volume of trades happening is high. This article will tell you if you can take any advantage of this liquidity in Forex.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55318426,"asset_id":35456653,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":51835735,"first_name":"Dwayne","last_name":"Buzzell","domain_name":"forexzig","page_name":"DwayneBuzzell","display_name":"Dwayne Buzzell","profile_url":"https://forexzig.academia.edu/DwayneBuzzell?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51835735/13719871/14842564/s65_dwayne.buzzell.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":69817,"name":"Investing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Investing?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9646711" data-work_id="9646711" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9646711/Money_as_a_Medium_of_the_Imagination_Art_and_the_Currencies_of_Cooperation">Money as a Medium of the Imagination: Art and the Currencies of Cooperation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This chapter explores the work of artists who use various forms of money as media of creative expression and contestation. It advances the idea that we understand money as a medium of imagination: a means to comprehend and act within the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9646711" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This chapter explores the work of artists who use various forms of money as media of creative expression and contestation. It advances the idea that we understand money as a medium of imagination: a means to comprehend and act within the webs of cooperation that make up the world. However, today's particular forms of financialized, capitalist money allow us to do so only within a strict set of constraints that orient the imagination and social action towards the reproduction of capital(ism). This helps explain the sorts of tensions and opportunities for money-art, but also the dangers and pitfalls. Without accompanying material transformations, symbolic and aesthetic strategies fall short.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9646711" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="18b053c09ddb25034ce3287682a88d5f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37214183,"asset_id":9646711,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37214183/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1304297" href="https://lakeheadu.academia.edu/MaxHaiven">Max Haiven</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1304297" type="text/json">{"id":1304297,"first_name":"Max","last_name":"Haiven","domain_name":"lakeheadu","page_name":"MaxHaiven","display_name":"Max Haiven","profile_url":"https://lakeheadu.academia.edu/MaxHaiven?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1304297/482836/42244930/s65_max.haiven.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9646711 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9646711"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9646711, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9646711", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9646711 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9646711; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9646711"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9646711 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9646711"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9646711; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9646711]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9646711").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9646711").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9646711"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1236" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art">Art</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1236" type="text/json">{"id":1236,"name":"Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10806" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxist_theory">Marxist theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10806" type="text/json">{"id":10806,"name":"Marxist theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxist_theory?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12420" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12420" type="text/json">{"id":12420,"name":"Neoliberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalism?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15838" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Imagination">Imagination</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15838" type="text/json">{"id":15838,"name":"Imagination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Imagination?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9646711]'), work: {"id":9646711,"title":"Money as a Medium of the Imagination: Art and the Currencies of Cooperation","created_at":"2014-12-06T05:55:26.903-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9646711/Money_as_a_Medium_of_the_Imagination_Art_and_the_Currencies_of_Cooperation?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_9646711","summary":"This chapter explores the work of artists who use various forms of money as media of creative expression and contestation. It advances the idea that we understand money as a medium of imagination: a means to comprehend and act within the webs of cooperation that make up the world. However, today's particular forms of financialized, capitalist money allow us to do so only within a strict set of constraints that orient the imagination and social action towards the reproduction of capital(ism). This helps explain the sorts of tensions and opportunities for money-art, but also the dangers and pitfalls. Without accompanying material transformations, symbolic and aesthetic strategies fall short. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37214183,"asset_id":9646711,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1304297,"first_name":"Max","last_name":"Haiven","domain_name":"lakeheadu","page_name":"MaxHaiven","display_name":"Max Haiven","profile_url":"https://lakeheadu.academia.edu/MaxHaiven?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1304297/482836/42244930/s65_max.haiven.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1236,"name":"Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":10806,"name":"Marxist theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxist_theory?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":12420,"name":"Neoliberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalism?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":15838,"name":"Imagination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Imagination?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":18707,"name":"Political Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Art?f_ri=271890"},{"id":25115,"name":"Financialization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financialization?f_ri=271890"},{"id":26558,"name":"Visual Arts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Arts?f_ri=271890"},{"id":28583,"name":"Money","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Money?f_ri=271890"},{"id":33795,"name":"Theories of Money","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theories_of_Money?f_ri=271890"},{"id":73768,"name":"Relational aesthetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Relational_aesthetics?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_74886899" data-work_id="74886899" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74886899/The_World_Bank_economic_review_22_2_">The World Bank economic review 22 (2)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/74886899" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="450460e924f7ef5c48f9e3c16a5fcd27" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82878385,"asset_id":74886899,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82878385/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36883593" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BradfordBarham">Bradford Barham</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36883593" type="text/json">{"id":36883593,"first_name":"Bradford","last_name":"Barham","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BradfordBarham","display_name":"Bradford Barham","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BradfordBarham?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_74886899 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="74886899"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 74886899, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_74886899", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_74886899 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 74886899; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_74886899"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_74886899 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="74886899"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 74886899; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=74886899]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_74886899").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_74886899").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="74886899"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="727" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics">Development Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="727" type="text/json">{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7099" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Studies">Case Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7099" type="text/json">{"id":7099,"name":"Case Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Studies?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9815" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Countries">Developing Countries</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9815" type="text/json">{"id":9815,"name":"Developing Countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Countries?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11395" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development">Economic Development</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="11395" type="text/json">{"id":11395,"name":"Economic Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=74886899]'), work: {"id":74886899,"title":"The World Bank economic review 22 (2)","created_at":"2022-03-29T07:36:48.040-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/74886899/The_World_Bank_economic_review_22_2_?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_74886899","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82878385,"asset_id":74886899,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36883593,"first_name":"Bradford","last_name":"Barham","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BradfordBarham","display_name":"Bradford Barham","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BradfordBarham?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":7099,"name":"Case Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Studies?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":9815,"name":"Developing Countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Countries?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":11395,"name":"Economic Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":32213,"name":"Emerging Markets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emerging_Markets?f_ri=271890"},{"id":35399,"name":"Control system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Control_system?f_ri=271890"},{"id":78073,"name":"Dummy Variables","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dummy_Variables?f_ri=271890"},{"id":131744,"name":"Coin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coin?f_ri=271890"},{"id":222437,"name":"Exposure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exposure?f_ri=271890"},{"id":235753,"name":"Debt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Debt?f_ri=271890"},{"id":270673,"name":"Financial Market","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Market?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":309524,"name":"Deregulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Deregulation?f_ri=271890"},{"id":398270,"name":"Current Account Deficit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Current_Account_Deficit?f_ri=271890"},{"id":556673,"name":"Capital Accumulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capital_Accumulation?f_ri=271890"},{"id":578759,"name":"Economic systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_systems?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1031550,"name":"Devaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Devaluation?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1240789,"name":"Capital Market","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capital_Market?f_ri=271890"},{"id":2776860,"name":"Current Account","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Current_Account?f_ri=271890"},{"id":4055516,"name":"dependent variable","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/dependent_variable?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_21612298 coauthored" data-work_id="21612298" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21612298/The_ICP_Bulletin_Vol_5_No_1_">The ICP Bulletin Vol. 5 (No. 1)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21612298" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="df9bffc1f0a2306c2effeeaba47a45b4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42191992,"asset_id":21612298,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42191992/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42752716" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DennisTrewin">Dennis Trewin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42752716" type="text/json">{"id":42752716,"first_name":"Dennis","last_name":"Trewin","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DennisTrewin","display_name":"Dennis Trewin","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DennisTrewin?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-21612298">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-21612298"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/DavidFenwick3">David Fenwick</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-21612298'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-21612298').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_21612298 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="21612298"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21612298, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_21612298", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_21612298 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21612298; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_21612298"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_21612298 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21612298"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21612298; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21612298]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_21612298").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_21612298").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="21612298"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">40</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="802" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy">Political Economy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="802" type="text/json">{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1139" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Publishing">Publishing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1139" type="text/json">{"id":1139,"name":"Publishing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Publishing?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2277" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Project_Management">Project Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2277" type="text/json">{"id":2277,"name":"Project Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Project_Management?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8968" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Productivity">Productivity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8968" type="text/json">{"id":8968,"name":"Productivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Productivity?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=21612298]'), work: {"id":21612298,"title":"The ICP Bulletin Vol. 5 (No. 1)","created_at":"2016-02-05T22:47:51.780-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/21612298/The_ICP_Bulletin_Vol_5_No_1_?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_21612298","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42191992,"asset_id":21612298,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42752716,"first_name":"Dennis","last_name":"Trewin","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DennisTrewin","display_name":"Dennis Trewin","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DennisTrewin?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":42761716,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Fenwick","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DavidFenwick3","display_name":"David Fenwick","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DavidFenwick3?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":1139,"name":"Publishing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Publishing?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":2277,"name":"Project Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Project_Management?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":8968,"name":"Productivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Productivity?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":9471,"name":"Reading","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reading?f_ri=271890"},{"id":9815,"name":"Developing Countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Countries?f_ri=271890"},{"id":11395,"name":"Economic Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development?f_ri=271890"},{"id":13958,"name":"Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media?f_ri=271890"},{"id":15759,"name":"Computer Hardware","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Hardware?f_ri=271890"},{"id":19291,"name":"Best Practices","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Best_Practices?f_ri=271890"},{"id":35570,"name":"Brand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brand?f_ri=271890"},{"id":41041,"name":"Image","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Image?f_ri=271890"},{"id":42502,"name":"Institution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institution?f_ri=271890"},{"id":43492,"name":"Standardization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Standardization?f_ri=271890"},{"id":43739,"name":"Volatility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Volatility?f_ri=271890"},{"id":59249,"name":"Computers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computers?f_ri=271890"},{"id":62372,"name":"Capability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capability?f_ri=271890"},{"id":72142,"name":"Innovations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Innovations?f_ri=271890"},{"id":106145,"name":"Classification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classification?f_ri=271890"},{"id":113317,"name":"Inflation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflation?f_ri=271890"},{"id":117397,"name":"Verification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Verification?f_ri=271890"},{"id":153168,"name":"Data Collection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Collection?f_ri=271890"},{"id":167483,"name":"Income","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income?f_ri=271890"},{"id":196193,"name":"Confidentiality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Confidentiality?f_ri=271890"},{"id":222397,"name":"Environmental Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Analysis?f_ri=271890"},{"id":236530,"name":"Data Access","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Access?f_ri=271890"},{"id":265570,"name":"Stocks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stocks?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271702,"name":"Demographic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Demographic?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":286615,"name":"Domain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Domain?f_ri=271890"},{"id":321994,"name":"Benchmark","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Benchmark?f_ri=271890"},{"id":442735,"name":"Description","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Description?f_ri=271890"},{"id":471353,"name":"Purchasing Power Parity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Purchasing_Power_Parity?f_ri=271890"},{"id":749364,"name":"Software System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Software_System?f_ri=271890"},{"id":843705,"name":"Gross Domestic Product (GDP)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gross_Domestic_Product_GDP_?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1012495,"name":"Output","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Output?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1027311,"name":"Spread","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spread?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1028340,"name":"Incomes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Incomes?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1197942,"name":"Social Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Science?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1307607,"name":"Database System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Database_System?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30560744" data-work_id="30560744" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30560744/ARGUMENT_IN_SUPPORT_OF_DUAL_CURRENCY_FOR_THE_LIBERIAN_ECONOMY_ARGUMENT_IN_SUPPORT_OF_DUAL_CURRENCY_FOR_THE_LIBERIAN_ECONOMY">ARGUMENT IN SUPPORT OF DUAL CURRENCY FOR THE LIBERIAN ECONOMY ARGUMENT IN SUPPORT OF DUAL CURRENCY FOR THE LIBERIAN ECONOMY</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">My view on why it is necessary that Liberia adopt a Dual-currency System.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30560744" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8e9c8101bfdf33e33d8290c5e2886ba6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51002607,"asset_id":30560744,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51002607/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5181453" href="https://univerityofliberia.academia.edu/PreciousKermeGayan">Precious Kerme Gayan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5181453" type="text/json">{"id":5181453,"first_name":"Precious Kerme","last_name":"Gayan","domain_name":"univerityofliberia","page_name":"PreciousKermeGayan","display_name":"Precious Kerme Gayan","profile_url":"https://univerityofliberia.academia.edu/PreciousKermeGayan?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5181453/2282079/9139650/s65_precious_kerme.gayan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30560744 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30560744"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30560744, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30560744", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_30560744 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30560744; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_30560744"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_30560744 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30560744"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30560744; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30560744]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30560744").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30560744").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30560744"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2789" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Government">Government</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2789" type="text/json">{"id":2789,"name":"Government","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Government?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4527" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Africa">Africa</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4527" type="text/json">{"id":4527,"name":"Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Africa?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21198" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fiscal_policy">Fiscal policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21198" type="text/json">{"id":21198,"name":"Fiscal policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fiscal_policy?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21633" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liberia">Liberia</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="21633" type="text/json">{"id":21633,"name":"Liberia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liberia?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30560744]'), work: {"id":30560744,"title":"ARGUMENT IN SUPPORT OF DUAL CURRENCY FOR THE LIBERIAN ECONOMY ARGUMENT IN SUPPORT OF DUAL CURRENCY FOR THE LIBERIAN ECONOMY","created_at":"2016-12-21T09:06:52.665-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30560744/ARGUMENT_IN_SUPPORT_OF_DUAL_CURRENCY_FOR_THE_LIBERIAN_ECONOMY_ARGUMENT_IN_SUPPORT_OF_DUAL_CURRENCY_FOR_THE_LIBERIAN_ECONOMY?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_30560744","summary":"My view on why it is necessary that Liberia adopt a Dual-currency System.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51002607,"asset_id":30560744,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5181453,"first_name":"Precious Kerme","last_name":"Gayan","domain_name":"univerityofliberia","page_name":"PreciousKermeGayan","display_name":"Precious Kerme Gayan","profile_url":"https://univerityofliberia.academia.edu/PreciousKermeGayan?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5181453/2282079/9139650/s65_precious_kerme.gayan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2789,"name":"Government","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Government?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":4527,"name":"Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Africa?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":21198,"name":"Fiscal policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fiscal_policy?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":21633,"name":"Liberia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liberia?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":28439,"name":"Fiscal Policy and debt Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fiscal_Policy_and_debt_Management?f_ri=271890"},{"id":28583,"name":"Money","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Money?f_ri=271890"},{"id":270280,"name":"Monetary economics, money and banking, alternative and complementary currencies.","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monetary_economics_money_and_banking_alternative_and_complementary_currencies?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1930125,"name":"Liberian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liberian_Studies?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24667995" data-work_id="24667995" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24667995/_Currency_Competition_Today_with_Benjamin_J_Cohen">“Currency Competition Today” with Benjamin J. Cohen</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">“Currency Competition Today,” (2015) with Benjamin J. Cohen in Currency Power: Understanding Monetary Rivalry, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24667995" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1b075192df4b84f9922e78842189f871" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44995967,"asset_id":24667995,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44995967/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2825191" href="https://utah.academia.edu/TabithaBenney">Tabitha Benney</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2825191" type="text/json">{"id":2825191,"first_name":"Tabitha","last_name":"Benney","domain_name":"utah","page_name":"TabithaBenney","display_name":"Tabitha Benney","profile_url":"https://utah.academia.edu/TabithaBenney?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2825191/924047/66551453/s65_tabitha.benney.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24667995 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24667995"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24667995, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24667995", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_24667995 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24667995; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_24667995"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_24667995 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="24667995"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24667995; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24667995]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_24667995").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_24667995").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="24667995"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6276" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy">International Political Economy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6276" type="text/json">{"id":6276,"name":"International Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25116" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Finance">International Finance</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25116" type="text/json">{"id":25116,"name":"International Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Finance?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="271890" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency">Currency</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="271890" type="text/json">{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1022015" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Currency">International Currency</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1022015" type="text/json">{"id":1022015,"name":"International Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24667995]'), work: {"id":24667995,"title":"“Currency Competition Today” with Benjamin J. Cohen","created_at":"2016-04-22T13:19:56.937-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/24667995/_Currency_Competition_Today_with_Benjamin_J_Cohen?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_24667995","summary":"“Currency Competition Today,” (2015) with Benjamin J. Cohen in Currency Power: Understanding Monetary Rivalry, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44995967,"asset_id":24667995,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2825191,"first_name":"Tabitha","last_name":"Benney","domain_name":"utah","page_name":"TabithaBenney","display_name":"Tabitha Benney","profile_url":"https://utah.academia.edu/TabithaBenney?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2825191/924047/66551453/s65_tabitha.benney.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6276,"name":"International Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":25116,"name":"International Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Finance?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":1022015,"name":"International Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_62406831" data-work_id="62406831" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62406831/Theorizing_the_Financial_Statecraft_of_Emerging_Powers">Theorizing the Financial Statecraft of Emerging Powers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/62406831" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2ee739fa030f83f6442c3bd03dc78a90" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":75182988,"asset_id":62406831,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/75182988/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="45682258" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArmijoLeslie">Leslie Armijo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="45682258" type="text/json">{"id":45682258,"first_name":"Leslie","last_name":"Armijo","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ArmijoLeslie","display_name":"Leslie Armijo","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ArmijoLeslie?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_62406831 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="62406831"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 62406831, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_62406831", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_62406831 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 62406831; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_62406831"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_62406831 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="62406831"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 62406831; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=62406831]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_62406831").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_62406831").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="62406831"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5405" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emerging_Economies">Emerging Economies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5405" type="text/json">{"id":5405,"name":"Emerging Economies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emerging_Economies?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6208" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Theory">Economic Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6208" type="text/json">{"id":6208,"name":"Economic Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Theory?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="271890" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency">Currency</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="271890" type="text/json">{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=62406831]'), work: {"id":62406831,"title":"Theorizing the Financial Statecraft of Emerging Powers","created_at":"2021-11-25T18:57:58.060-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/62406831/Theorizing_the_Financial_Statecraft_of_Emerging_Powers?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_62406831","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":75182988,"asset_id":62406831,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":45682258,"first_name":"Leslie","last_name":"Armijo","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ArmijoLeslie","display_name":"Leslie Armijo","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ArmijoLeslie?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":5405,"name":"Emerging Economies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emerging_Economies?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":6208,"name":"Economic Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Theory?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":327371,"name":"International Debt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Debt?f_ri=271890"},{"id":380315,"name":"Public Administration and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Administration_and_Policy?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1656051,"name":"New Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Political_Economy?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38011650" data-work_id="38011650" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38011650/NORA_E_MATASSI_La_pol%C3%ADtica_cultural_de_los_Borbones_en_Casa_de_Moneda_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n_Le_Antichit%C3%A0_di_Ercolano_Esposte_San_Francisco_2018_Recensi%C3%B3n_">NORA E. MATASSI, La política cultural de los Borbones en Casa de Moneda de la Nación. Le Antichità di Ercolano Esposte, San Francisco, 2018 (Recensión)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Recensiones ISSN 2386-8643 <a href="http://www.revista-hecate.org-195-NORA" rel="nofollow">www.revista-hecate.org-195-NORA</a> E. MATASSI, La política cultural de los Borbones en Casa de Moneda de la Nación. Le Antichità di Ercolano Esposte, San Francisco, 2018. Edita: Fondo Editorial «Emilio Paoletti»... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38011650" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Recensiones ISSN 2386-8643 <a href="http://www.revista-hecate.org-195-NORA" rel="nofollow">www.revista-hecate.org-195-NORA</a> E. MATASSI, La política cultural de los Borbones en Casa de Moneda de la Nación. Le Antichità di Ercolano Esposte, San Francisco, 2018. Edita: Fondo Editorial «Emilio Paoletti» (120 pp.; 24,5 x 17,5 cm.; blanco y negro, con algunas ilustraciones a color). o primero que diremos de este breve, pero novedoso trabajo de la Lic. Nora Matassi es que se trata de una obra difícil de encuadrar en alguna rama o materia específica de las ciencias sociales, pues su contenido versa sobre numismática (específicamente sobre notafilia), pero a la vez, no deja de ser un libro de historia del arte, al cual también, sin duda alguna, acudirán historiadores, encontrándose los mismos (podemos decirlo sin tapujos), plenamente enriquecidos con su lectura. El título, a primera vista, se revela como desconcertante, incluso, anacrónico. No obstante, podemos asegurarle al lector que, tras la lectura de este libro, comprenderá la exactitud del mismo, entendiendo entonces que su elección fue excelente y acertada, pues en sus páginas se materializa de forma perfecta la frase que acompaña al título de esta obra: «de la excavación al libro, del libro a las especies valoradas». Para decirlo en otras palabras: en sus páginas se observa, con minuciosidad de detalles como, mediante el grabado por talla dulce, distintos artistas fueron replicando, como testimonio, las obras rescatadas durante las excavaciones realizadas en Herculano, trabajo que quedó muy bien documentado en Le Antichità…, que a su vez, fue la obra de referencia utilizada como modelo e inspiración por los grabadores de la Escuela Italiana que trabajaron en Casa de Moneda en los años '40 y '50. Por ende, con el estudio del trabajo de Matassi, se obtendrá una visión histórica global a la hora de analizar los diseños iconográficos de las especies valoradas emitidas por Casa de Moneda a mediados del siglo XX. Hasta el momento, dicho análisis histórico no se había hecho, y desde ya, entendemos que esta obra contribuye enormemente al estudio académico de dichas emisiones, ya que las dotan de un marco histórico, cuyas raíces, pueden ser rastreadas hasta las mismas obras artísticas de Herculano, una de las dos importantes villas romanas sepultadas bajo densas capas de material volcánico tras la violenta erupción del Vesubio en el año 79 d.C. 1 La obra de Matassi se divide en cinco capítulos bien estructurados, a través de los cuáles se cuenta desde una somera descripción de Pompeya y Herculano bajo los romanos; el descubrimiento y excavaciones realizadas en esta última ciudad; la política cultural emprendida por Carlos III en torno a estos hallazgos y, finalmente, sobre le Antichità di Ercolano Esposte y su llegada a la Casa de Moneda de la Nación. 1 Tradicionalmente, se ha considerado que este desastre natural acaeció el 24 de agosto de ese año. Sin embargo, la reciente evidencia arqueológica ha confirmado que la erupción volcánica (tal como se suponía en base a ciertos indicios, entre ellos numismáticos), se produjo un poco después, quizás en septiembre u octubre. L</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38011650" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2a78934e0b4ef4d414866b2fc3480ff9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58031912,"asset_id":38011650,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58031912/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3217981" href="https://colegiosanjose.academia.edu/SantiagoBlanco">Santiago Blanco</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3217981" type="text/json">{"id":3217981,"first_name":"Santiago","last_name":"Blanco","domain_name":"colegiosanjose","page_name":"SantiagoBlanco","display_name":"Santiago Blanco","profile_url":"https://colegiosanjose.academia.edu/SantiagoBlanco?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3217981/1058299/30157862/s65_santiago.blanco.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38011650 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38011650"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38011650, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38011650", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38011650 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38011650; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38011650"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38011650 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38011650"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38011650; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38011650]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38011650").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38011650").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38011650"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7282" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Numismatics">Numismatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7282" type="text/json">{"id":7282,"name":"Numismatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Numismatics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="66936" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historia_Argentina">Historia Argentina</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="66936" type="text/json">{"id":66936,"name":"Historia Argentina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historia_Argentina?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="79037" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historia_del_Arte">Historia del Arte</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="79037" type="text/json">{"id":79037,"name":"Historia del Arte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historia_del_Arte?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="183631" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coins">Coins</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="183631" type="text/json">{"id":183631,"name":"Coins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coins?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38011650]'), work: {"id":38011650,"title":"NORA E. MATASSI, La política cultural de los Borbones en Casa de Moneda de la Nación. Le Antichità di Ercolano Esposte, San Francisco, 2018 (Recensión)","created_at":"2018-12-19T14:37:40.139-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38011650/NORA_E_MATASSI_La_pol%C3%ADtica_cultural_de_los_Borbones_en_Casa_de_Moneda_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n_Le_Antichit%C3%A0_di_Ercolano_Esposte_San_Francisco_2018_Recensi%C3%B3n_?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_38011650","summary":"Recensiones ISSN 2386-8643 www.revista-hecate.org-195-NORA E. MATASSI, La política cultural de los Borbones en Casa de Moneda de la Nación. Le Antichità di Ercolano Esposte, San Francisco, 2018. Edita: Fondo Editorial «Emilio Paoletti» (120 pp.; 24,5 x 17,5 cm.; blanco y negro, con algunas ilustraciones a color). o primero que diremos de este breve, pero novedoso trabajo de la Lic. Nora Matassi es que se trata de una obra difícil de encuadrar en alguna rama o materia específica de las ciencias sociales, pues su contenido versa sobre numismática (específicamente sobre notafilia), pero a la vez, no deja de ser un libro de historia del arte, al cual también, sin duda alguna, acudirán historiadores, encontrándose los mismos (podemos decirlo sin tapujos), plenamente enriquecidos con su lectura. El título, a primera vista, se revela como desconcertante, incluso, anacrónico. No obstante, podemos asegurarle al lector que, tras la lectura de este libro, comprenderá la exactitud del mismo, entendiendo entonces que su elección fue excelente y acertada, pues en sus páginas se materializa de forma perfecta la frase que acompaña al título de esta obra: «de la excavación al libro, del libro a las especies valoradas». Para decirlo en otras palabras: en sus páginas se observa, con minuciosidad de detalles como, mediante el grabado por talla dulce, distintos artistas fueron replicando, como testimonio, las obras rescatadas durante las excavaciones realizadas en Herculano, trabajo que quedó muy bien documentado en Le Antichità…, que a su vez, fue la obra de referencia utilizada como modelo e inspiración por los grabadores de la Escuela Italiana que trabajaron en Casa de Moneda en los años '40 y '50. Por ende, con el estudio del trabajo de Matassi, se obtendrá una visión histórica global a la hora de analizar los diseños iconográficos de las especies valoradas emitidas por Casa de Moneda a mediados del siglo XX. Hasta el momento, dicho análisis histórico no se había hecho, y desde ya, entendemos que esta obra contribuye enormemente al estudio académico de dichas emisiones, ya que las dotan de un marco histórico, cuyas raíces, pueden ser rastreadas hasta las mismas obras artísticas de Herculano, una de las dos importantes villas romanas sepultadas bajo densas capas de material volcánico tras la violenta erupción del Vesubio en el año 79 d.C. 1 La obra de Matassi se divide en cinco capítulos bien estructurados, a través de los cuáles se cuenta desde una somera descripción de Pompeya y Herculano bajo los romanos; el descubrimiento y excavaciones realizadas en esta última ciudad; la política cultural emprendida por Carlos III en torno a estos hallazgos y, finalmente, sobre le Antichità di Ercolano Esposte y su llegada a la Casa de Moneda de la Nación. 1 Tradicionalmente, se ha considerado que este desastre natural acaeció el 24 de agosto de ese año. Sin embargo, la reciente evidencia arqueológica ha confirmado que la erupción volcánica (tal como se suponía en base a ciertos indicios, entre ellos numismáticos), se produjo un poco después, quizás en septiembre u octubre. L","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58031912,"asset_id":38011650,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3217981,"first_name":"Santiago","last_name":"Blanco","domain_name":"colegiosanjose","page_name":"SantiagoBlanco","display_name":"Santiago Blanco","profile_url":"https://colegiosanjose.academia.edu/SantiagoBlanco?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3217981/1058299/30157862/s65_santiago.blanco.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7282,"name":"Numismatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Numismatics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":66936,"name":"Historia Argentina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historia_Argentina?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":79037,"name":"Historia del Arte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historia_del_Arte?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":183631,"name":"Coins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coins?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":205669,"name":"Peronismo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peronismo?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9976553" data-work_id="9976553" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9976553/International_Islamic_Money_Market_Presentation_">International Islamic Money Market (Presentation)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9976553" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f5f1c540e9db5bf482f8d89ff18cf22a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36120638,"asset_id":9976553,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36120638/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5332004" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FahadQureshi3">Mufti Fahad Ahmed Qureshi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5332004" type="text/json">{"id":5332004,"first_name":"Mufti Fahad Ahmed","last_name":"Qureshi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FahadQureshi3","display_name":"Mufti Fahad Ahmed Qureshi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FahadQureshi3?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5332004/2342337/18516477/s65_mufti_fahad_ahmed.qureshi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9976553 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9976553"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9976553, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9976553", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9976553 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9976553; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9976553"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9976553 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9976553"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9976553; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9976553]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9976553").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9976553").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9976553"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing">Marketing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="39" type="text/json">{"id":39,"name":"Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finance">Finance</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47" type="text/json">{"id":47,"name":"Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finance?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="130" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History">Ancient History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="130" type="text/json">{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9976553]'), work: {"id":9976553,"title":"International Islamic Money Market (Presentation)","created_at":"2015-01-02T01:28:34.551-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9976553/International_Islamic_Money_Market_Presentation_?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_9976553","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36120638,"asset_id":9976553,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5332004,"first_name":"Mufti Fahad Ahmed","last_name":"Qureshi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FahadQureshi3","display_name":"Mufti Fahad Ahmed Qureshi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FahadQureshi3?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5332004/2342337/18516477/s65_mufti_fahad_ahmed.qureshi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":39,"name":"Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":47,"name":"Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finance?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=271890"},{"id":748,"name":"Financial Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Economics?f_ri=271890"},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=271890"},{"id":3723,"name":"History of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science?f_ri=271890"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=271890"},{"id":11684,"name":"Money and Banking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Money_and_Banking?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7777378" data-work_id="7777378" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7777378/Bitcoin_to_Business_Implementation_Connecting_the_Community_to_the_Blockchain">Bitcoin to Business Implementation: Connecting the Community to the Blockchain</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7777378" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="aab4d9118e5f0d72d54c1c38b986a936" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34288578,"asset_id":7777378,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34288578/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5214143" href="https://ballstate.academia.edu/GregNeedham">Greg Needham</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5214143" type="text/json">{"id":5214143,"first_name":"Greg","last_name":"Needham","domain_name":"ballstate","page_name":"GregNeedham","display_name":"Greg Needham","profile_url":"https://ballstate.academia.edu/GregNeedham?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5214143/2409736/4581808/s65_greg.needham.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7777378 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7777378"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7777378, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7777378", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7777378 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7777378; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7777378"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7777378 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7777378"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7777378; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7777378]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7777378").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7777378").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7777378"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business">Business</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26" type="text/json">{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="111155" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Technology">Business Technology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="111155" type="text/json">{"id":111155,"name":"Business Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Technology?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="238655" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Implementation">Implementation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="238655" type="text/json">{"id":238655,"name":"Implementation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Implementation?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="271890" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency">Currency</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="271890" type="text/json">{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7777378]'), work: {"id":7777378,"title":"Bitcoin to Business Implementation: Connecting the Community to the Blockchain","created_at":"2014-07-25T01:29:36.643-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7777378/Bitcoin_to_Business_Implementation_Connecting_the_Community_to_the_Blockchain?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_7777378","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34288578,"asset_id":7777378,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5214143,"first_name":"Greg","last_name":"Needham","domain_name":"ballstate","page_name":"GregNeedham","display_name":"Greg Needham","profile_url":"https://ballstate.academia.edu/GregNeedham?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5214143/2409736/4581808/s65_greg.needham.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":111155,"name":"Business Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Technology?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":238655,"name":"Implementation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Implementation?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":281112,"name":"Bitcoin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bitcoin?f_ri=271890"},{"id":671430,"name":"Digital Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":740091,"name":"Cryptocurrency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cryptocurrency?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_77300460" data-work_id="77300460" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77300460/Factors_Influencing_Currency_Convertibility_in_Economic_Community_of_West_African_States_ECOWAS_">Factors Influencing Currency Convertibility in Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This purpose of this study is to examine factors influencing currency convertibility in West Africa. The study used panel co-integration method to analyze the data from 1982 to 2008. Co-integration relationships are observed between the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_77300460" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This purpose of this study is to examine factors influencing currency convertibility in West Africa. The study used panel co-integration method to analyze the data from 1982 to 2008. Co-integration relationships are observed between the macroeconomic fundamentals. The findings are: First, the countries are homogeneous enough to form a monetary union. Secondly, the findings show that misalignments within the band are usually allowed, even though the tests for convergence indicate that there is conditional convergence in the exchange rates. The study recommends that for effective currency convertibility in the region the frequent government intervention in exchange rates should be reduced.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/77300460" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5650724f7db39026e2530c44e4fa8b32" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":84697486,"asset_id":77300460,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84697486/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="221596169" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MohammedMusa152">Mohammed Musa</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="221596169" type="text/json">{"id":221596169,"first_name":"Mohammed","last_name":"Musa","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MohammedMusa152","display_name":"Mohammed Musa","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MohammedMusa152?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/221596169/115565598/104853092/s65_mohammed.musa.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_77300460 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="77300460"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 77300460, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_77300460", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_77300460 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 77300460; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_77300460"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_77300460 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="77300460"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 77300460; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=77300460]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_77300460").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_77300460").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="77300460"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="271890" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency">Currency</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="271890" type="text/json">{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=77300460]'), work: {"id":77300460,"title":"Factors Influencing Currency Convertibility in Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)","created_at":"2022-04-22T13:43:05.299-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/77300460/Factors_Influencing_Currency_Convertibility_in_Economic_Community_of_West_African_States_ECOWAS_?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_77300460","summary":"This purpose of this study is to examine factors influencing currency convertibility in West Africa. The study used panel co-integration method to analyze the data from 1982 to 2008. Co-integration relationships are observed between the macroeconomic fundamentals. The findings are: First, the countries are homogeneous enough to form a monetary union. Secondly, the findings show that misalignments within the band are usually allowed, even though the tests for convergence indicate that there is conditional convergence in the exchange rates. The study recommends that for effective currency convertibility in the region the frequent government intervention in exchange rates should be reduced.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":84697486,"asset_id":77300460,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":221596169,"first_name":"Mohammed","last_name":"Musa","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MohammedMusa152","display_name":"Mohammed Musa","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MohammedMusa152?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/221596169/115565598/104853092/s65_mohammed.musa.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_62320193" data-work_id="62320193" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62320193/The_Big_Mac_hamburger_is_it_used_to_communicate_a_distorted_media_message">The Big Mac hamburger: is it used to communicate a distorted media message?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/62320193" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="aa4af9736fc575051c7aaa7a4d49cac9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":75126783,"asset_id":62320193,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/75126783/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="53750146" href="https://independent.academia.edu/YolandaJordaan">Yolanda Jordaan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="53750146" type="text/json">{"id":53750146,"first_name":"Yolanda","last_name":"Jordaan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"YolandaJordaan","display_name":"Yolanda Jordaan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/YolandaJordaan?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_62320193 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="62320193"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 62320193, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_62320193", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_62320193 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 62320193; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_62320193"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_62320193 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="62320193"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 62320193; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=62320193]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_62320193").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_62320193").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="62320193"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="859" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication">Communication</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="859" type="text/json">{"id":859,"name":"Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48904" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Elasticity">Elasticity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="48904" type="text/json">{"id":48904,"name":"Elasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Elasticity?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=62320193]'), work: {"id":62320193,"title":"The Big Mac hamburger: is it used to communicate a distorted media message?","created_at":"2021-11-24T23:09:58.831-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/62320193/The_Big_Mac_hamburger_is_it_used_to_communicate_a_distorted_media_message?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_62320193","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":75126783,"asset_id":62320193,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":53750146,"first_name":"Yolanda","last_name":"Jordaan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"YolandaJordaan","display_name":"Yolanda Jordaan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/YolandaJordaan?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":859,"name":"Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":48904,"name":"Elasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Elasticity?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":61866,"name":"South Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Africa?f_ri=271890"},{"id":113317,"name":"Inflation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflation?f_ri=271890"},{"id":228986,"name":"Exchange rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exchange_rate?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":395704,"name":"Communication and media Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication_and_media_Studies?f_ri=271890"},{"id":471353,"name":"Purchasing Power Parity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Purchasing_Power_Parity?f_ri=271890"},{"id":749302,"name":"Indexation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indexation?f_ri=271890"},{"id":807719,"name":"Labor Union","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labor_Union?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44748347" data-work_id="44748347" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44748347/FROM_RESERVE_CURRENCIES_TO_RESERVES_OF_CRITICAL_GOODS_DESIGNING_A_NEW_BRICS_INTERNATIONAL_CURRENCY">FROM RESERVE CURRENCIES TO RESERVES OF CRITICAL GOODS: DESIGNING A NEW BRICS INTERNATIONAL CURRENCY</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Currently, there is a need for reform of global monetary circulation and credit, which in a sense has stalled. The key is to restore the connection between monetary circulation and real production. In the first part of this study, I... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44748347" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Currently, there is a need for reform of global monetary circulation and credit, which in a sense has stalled. The key is to restore the connection between monetary circulation and real production. In the first part of this study, I provide a brief analysis of the catastrophic consequences that the current design of reserve currencies has led to for the world economy. At the same time, the transition from the dollar to other reserve currencies operating on the same principles, the ethos of which is now being actively promoted in the West, will not improve the situation. In the second part, I demonstrate the efforts being made to de-dollarize settlements by both the BRICS, the EU, and the EAEU countries. The third part shows the successful historical experience of the transferable ruble as an international currency that functioned in 1960-1980 on non-discriminatory principles within the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA). In the fourth part, the international currencies already functioning in the world are described, as well as some existing proposals for the introduction of new international currencies. I argue that reliable physical access to reserves in basic food and medicines in controlled warehouses is becoming a matter of great importance. The transition is necessary from the ideology of reserve currencies to the ideology of reserves of critical goods. Such an incentive of a new BRICS currency on the demand side will be food and healthcare security. On the supply side, for all states that have established a currency, there should be a clear vision of how they can develop their exports using this currency. In order to secure currency, such goods must be pledged to international BRICS warehouses that correspond to the main export directions of the project countries and/or are critical for their import. These are basic foods such as grains, then medicines, fuel and energy resources, and metals.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44748347" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="19f2a826b912ad41e493b90a156de3af" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65235772,"asset_id":44748347,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65235772/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="178881536" href="https://scopus.academia.edu/KyryloMolodyko">Kyrylo Molodyko</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="178881536" type="text/json">{"id":178881536,"first_name":"Kyrylo","last_name":"Molodyko","domain_name":"scopus","page_name":"KyryloMolodyko","display_name":"Kyrylo Molodyko","profile_url":"https://scopus.academia.edu/KyryloMolodyko?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/178881536/49636138/37617983/s65_kyrylo.molodyko.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44748347 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44748347"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44748347, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44748347", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44748347 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44748347; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44748347"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44748347 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44748347"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44748347; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44748347]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44748347").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44748347").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44748347"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3541" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Security_and_Insecurity">Food Security and Insecurity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3541" type="text/json">{"id":3541,"name":"Food Security and Insecurity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Security_and_Insecurity?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36354" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optimum_Currency_Areas">Optimum Currency Areas</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="36354" type="text/json">{"id":36354,"name":"Optimum Currency Areas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optimum_Currency_Areas?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38360" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Security">Food Security</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="38360" type="text/json">{"id":38360,"name":"Food Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Security?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="81278" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Security_and_Social_Justice">Food Security and Social Justice</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="81278" type="text/json">{"id":81278,"name":"Food Security and Social Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Security_and_Social_Justice?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44748347]'), work: {"id":44748347,"title":"FROM RESERVE CURRENCIES TO RESERVES OF CRITICAL GOODS: DESIGNING A NEW BRICS INTERNATIONAL CURRENCY","created_at":"2020-12-21T04:53:42.900-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44748347/FROM_RESERVE_CURRENCIES_TO_RESERVES_OF_CRITICAL_GOODS_DESIGNING_A_NEW_BRICS_INTERNATIONAL_CURRENCY?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_44748347","summary":"Currently, there is a need for reform of global monetary circulation and credit, which in a sense has stalled. The key is to restore the connection between monetary circulation and real production. In the first part of this study, I provide a brief analysis of the catastrophic consequences that the current design of reserve currencies has led to for the world economy. At the same time, the transition from the dollar to other reserve currencies operating on the same principles, the ethos of which is now being actively promoted in the West, will not improve the situation. In the second part, I demonstrate the efforts being made to de-dollarize settlements by both the BRICS, the EU, and the EAEU countries. The third part shows the successful historical experience of the transferable ruble as an international currency that functioned in 1960-1980 on non-discriminatory principles within the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA). In the fourth part, the international currencies already functioning in the world are described, as well as some existing proposals for the introduction of new international currencies. I argue that reliable physical access to reserves in basic food and medicines in controlled warehouses is becoming a matter of great importance. The transition is necessary from the ideology of reserve currencies to the ideology of reserves of critical goods. Such an incentive of a new BRICS currency on the demand side will be food and healthcare security. On the supply side, for all states that have established a currency, there should be a clear vision of how they can develop their exports using this currency. In order to secure currency, such goods must be pledged to international BRICS warehouses that correspond to the main export directions of the project countries and/or are critical for their import. These are basic foods such as grains, then medicines, fuel and energy resources, and metals.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65235772,"asset_id":44748347,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":178881536,"first_name":"Kyrylo","last_name":"Molodyko","domain_name":"scopus","page_name":"KyryloMolodyko","display_name":"Kyrylo Molodyko","profile_url":"https://scopus.academia.edu/KyryloMolodyko?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/178881536/49636138/37617983/s65_kyrylo.molodyko.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3541,"name":"Food Security and Insecurity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Security_and_Insecurity?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":36354,"name":"Optimum Currency Areas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optimum_Currency_Areas?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":38360,"name":"Food Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Security?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":81278,"name":"Food Security and Social Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Security_and_Social_Justice?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":103932,"name":"BRICS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/BRICS?f_ri=271890"},{"id":203492,"name":"Currency Exchange Rates","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency_Exchange_Rates?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":305855,"name":"Emerging powers of Global South: Rising BRICS Countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emerging_powers_of_Global_South_Rising_BRICS_Countries?f_ri=271890"},{"id":475768,"name":"Foreign Exchange Reserves, Exchange Rate, Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Exchange_Reserves_Exchange_Rate_Intervention?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1006475,"name":"Reserve Bank of India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reserve_Bank_of_India?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_58206629" data-work_id="58206629" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58206629/Fungibility_of_donor_assistance_to_Liberia_focusing_on_aid_to_the_health_sector_a_case_study">Fungibility of donor assistance to Liberia : focusing on aid to the health sector, a case study</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/58206629" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f35b72c3cb20a6835aa62e74ab8fed84" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":72730601,"asset_id":58206629,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72730601/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="40783006" href="https://bu.academia.edu/AlanFairbank">Alan Fairbank</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="40783006" type="text/json">{"id":40783006,"first_name":"Alan","last_name":"Fairbank","domain_name":"bu","page_name":"AlanFairbank","display_name":"Alan Fairbank","profile_url":"https://bu.academia.edu/AlanFairbank?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_58206629 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="58206629"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 58206629, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_58206629", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_58206629 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 58206629; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_58206629"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_58206629 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="58206629"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 58206629; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=58206629]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_58206629").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_58206629").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="58206629"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4441" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Care">Health Care</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4441" type="text/json">{"id":4441,"name":"Health Care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Care?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4484" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth">Economic Growth</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4484" type="text/json">{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7466" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Development">Human Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7466" type="text/json">{"id":7466,"name":"Human Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Development?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8759" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Direct_Investment">Foreign Direct Investment</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8759" type="text/json">{"id":8759,"name":"Foreign Direct Investment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Direct_Investment?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=58206629]'), work: {"id":58206629,"title":"Fungibility of donor assistance to Liberia : focusing on aid to the health sector, a case study","created_at":"2021-10-15T12:49:40.385-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/58206629/Fungibility_of_donor_assistance_to_Liberia_focusing_on_aid_to_the_health_sector_a_case_study?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_58206629","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":72730601,"asset_id":58206629,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":40783006,"first_name":"Alan","last_name":"Fairbank","domain_name":"bu","page_name":"AlanFairbank","display_name":"Alan Fairbank","profile_url":"https://bu.academia.edu/AlanFairbank?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4441,"name":"Health Care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Care?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":7466,"name":"Human Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Development?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":8759,"name":"Foreign Direct Investment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Direct_Investment?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":9815,"name":"Developing Countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Countries?f_ri=271890"},{"id":10220,"name":"Economic policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_policy?f_ri=271890"},{"id":11395,"name":"Economic Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development?f_ri=271890"},{"id":17969,"name":"Health Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Policy?f_ri=271890"},{"id":33426,"name":"Decentralization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decentralization?f_ri=271890"},{"id":70854,"name":"Developing Country","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Country?f_ri=271890"},{"id":79337,"name":"Health Policies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Policies?f_ri=271890"},{"id":165683,"name":"Finances","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finances?f_ri=271890"},{"id":235753,"name":"Debt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Debt?f_ri=271890"},{"id":239277,"name":"Government Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Government_Policy?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":444088,"name":"Government Revenue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Government_Revenue?f_ri=271890"},{"id":480926,"name":"Capital Expenditures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capital_Expenditures?f_ri=271890"},{"id":903298,"name":"Budget Constraint","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Budget_Constraint?f_ri=271890"},{"id":981649,"name":"Creditor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Creditor?f_ri=271890"},{"id":3036538,"name":"Debt Service","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Debt_Service?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36187511" data-work_id="36187511" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36187511/BITCOIN_MONNAIE_%C3%89TRANG%C3%88RE_ET_INDEXATION_QUELLE_%C3%89QUATION_">BITCOIN, MONNAIE ÉTRANGÈRE ET INDEXATION : QUELLE ÉQUATION ?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36187511" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4f4e545be4a036f8e9ef231fdae6d196" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56087848,"asset_id":36187511,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56087848/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="41691849" href="https://univ-paris5.academia.edu/CarolineKleiner">Caroline Kleiner</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="41691849" type="text/json">{"id":41691849,"first_name":"Caroline","last_name":"Kleiner","domain_name":"univ-paris5","page_name":"CarolineKleiner","display_name":"Caroline Kleiner","profile_url":"https://univ-paris5.academia.edu/CarolineKleiner?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/41691849/14311804/34284391/s65_caroline.kleiner.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36187511 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36187511"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36187511, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36187511", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36187511 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36187511; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36187511"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36187511 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36187511"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36187511; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36187511]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36187511").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36187511").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36187511"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="271890" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency">Currency</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="271890" type="text/json">{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="281112" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="281112" type="text/json">{"id":281112,"name":"Bitcoin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bitcoin?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="635379" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monetary_Law">Monetary Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="635379" type="text/json">{"id":635379,"name":"Monetary Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monetary_Law?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="660800" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Monetary_Law">International Monetary Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="660800" type="text/json">{"id":660800,"name":"International Monetary Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Monetary_Law?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36187511]'), work: {"id":36187511,"title":"BITCOIN, MONNAIE ÉTRANGÈRE ET INDEXATION : QUELLE ÉQUATION ?","created_at":"2018-03-17T14:52:58.628-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36187511/BITCOIN_MONNAIE_%C3%89TRANG%C3%88RE_ET_INDEXATION_QUELLE_%C3%89QUATION_?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_36187511","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56087848,"asset_id":36187511,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":41691849,"first_name":"Caroline","last_name":"Kleiner","domain_name":"univ-paris5","page_name":"CarolineKleiner","display_name":"Caroline Kleiner","profile_url":"https://univ-paris5.academia.edu/CarolineKleiner?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/41691849/14311804/34284391/s65_caroline.kleiner.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":281112,"name":"Bitcoin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bitcoin?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":635379,"name":"Monetary Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monetary_Law?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":660800,"name":"International Monetary Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Monetary_Law?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":683721,"name":"Int'l Financial and Monetary Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intl_Financial_and_Monetary_Law?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22671618" data-work_id="22671618" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22671618/Timko_Export_Management_Company">Timko Export Management Company</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The story of Timko Export Management Co offers a number of lessons to international entrepreneurs. First, economic risk is a reality that can have an enormous impact on a small to medium-sized business. Secondly, payment structures... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22671618" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The story of Timko Export Management Co offers a number of lessons to international entrepreneurs. First, economic risk is a reality that can have an enormous impact on a small to medium-sized business. Secondly, payment structures involving cash transactions need to be placed into proper context. Timko should have required a deposit equivalent to the cost of the motorcycles.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22671618" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4bd08b57be25c4bbf174d20aa7a43fc1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48479909,"asset_id":22671618,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48479909/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="30621627" href="https://gonzaga.academia.edu/TODDFINKLE">TODD A FINKLE</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="30621627" type="text/json">{"id":30621627,"first_name":"TODD","last_name":"FINKLE","domain_name":"gonzaga","page_name":"TODDFINKLE","display_name":"TODD A FINKLE","profile_url":"https://gonzaga.academia.edu/TODDFINKLE?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/30621627/8910281/114597676/s65_todd.finkle.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22671618 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22671618"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22671618, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22671618", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_22671618 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22671618; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_22671618"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_22671618 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22671618"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22671618; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22671618]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22671618").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22671618").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22671618"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27" type="text/json">{"id":27,"name":"Entrepreneurship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entrepreneurship?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8032" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Cultural_Studies">Cross-Cultural Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8032" type="text/json">{"id":8032,"name":"Cross-Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Cultural_Studies?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12061" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Management">Risk Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12061" type="text/json">{"id":12061,"name":"Risk Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Management?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="74398" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Entrepreneurship">International Entrepreneurship</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="74398" type="text/json">{"id":74398,"name":"International Entrepreneurship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Entrepreneurship?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22671618]'), work: {"id":22671618,"title":"Timko Export Management Company","created_at":"2016-03-01T22:16:55.533-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22671618/Timko_Export_Management_Company?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_22671618","summary":"The story of Timko Export Management Co offers a number of lessons to international entrepreneurs. First, economic risk is a reality that can have an enormous impact on a small to medium-sized business. Secondly, payment structures involving cash transactions need to be placed into proper context. Timko should have required a deposit equivalent to the cost of the motorcycles.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48479909,"asset_id":22671618,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":30621627,"first_name":"TODD","last_name":"FINKLE","domain_name":"gonzaga","page_name":"TODDFINKLE","display_name":"TODD A FINKLE","profile_url":"https://gonzaga.academia.edu/TODDFINKLE?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/30621627/8910281/114597676/s65_todd.finkle.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":27,"name":"Entrepreneurship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entrepreneurship?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":8032,"name":"Cross-Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Cultural_Studies?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":12061,"name":"Risk Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Management?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":74398,"name":"International Entrepreneurship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Entrepreneurship?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40766454" data-work_id="40766454" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40766454/China_Nigeria_Bilateral_Currency_Swap_Agreement_A_Cost_Benefit_Analysis_of_the_Policy">China Nigeria Bilateral Currency Swap Agreement A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Policy.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This study probes the effects of the currency swap agreement between the Nigerian government through the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and the Chinese government through the People's Bank of China (PBC). The objectives of this paper are... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40766454" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study probes the effects of the currency swap agreement between the Nigerian government through the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and the Chinese government through the People's Bank of China (PBC). The objectives of this paper are to define the concepts of currency swap, review relevant literature, and analyze its policy implication on the Nigerian economy. The Bilateral Currency Swap Agreement (BLCSA) between the CBN and the PBC, aims to achieve foreign exchange stability and hedge the naira from volatility both in the short and long run of each business cycle. The literature reviewed suggests the BLCSA would eliminate the unnecessary rigors involved in trade between Nigeria and China businesses and reduce the demand of the United States (US) dollar. Although a step in the right direction, this solution is a temporary fix when a permanent solution is needed. The study's recommendations will elicit the necessary responses from the CBN, PBC, stakeholders, China, and Nigeria government on the benefits of the BLCSA *</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40766454" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b175bea781ab9829bc5167c1e42cc6e5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61046664,"asset_id":40766454,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61046664/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="92740891" href="https://aneosiobe.academia.edu/EjiroOsiobe">Ejiro U . Osiobe</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="92740891" type="text/json">{"id":92740891,"first_name":"Ejiro","last_name":"Osiobe","domain_name":"aneosiobe","page_name":"EjiroOsiobe","display_name":"Ejiro U . Osiobe","profile_url":"https://aneosiobe.academia.edu/EjiroOsiobe?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/92740891/35014451/56986744/s65_ejiro.osiobe.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40766454 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40766454"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40766454, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40766454", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_40766454 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40766454; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_40766454"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_40766454 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40766454"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40766454; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40766454]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40766454").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40766454").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40766454"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12108" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China">China</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12108" type="text/json">{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="20602" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China_studies">China studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="20602" type="text/json">{"id":20602,"name":"China studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China_studies?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21318" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21318" type="text/json">{"id":21318,"name":"Nigeria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nigeria?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25005" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cost-Benefit_Analysis">Cost-Benefit Analysis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25005" type="text/json">{"id":25005,"name":"Cost-Benefit Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cost-Benefit_Analysis?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40766454]'), work: {"id":40766454,"title":"China Nigeria Bilateral Currency Swap Agreement A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Policy.","created_at":"2019-10-28T08:44:11.358-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40766454/China_Nigeria_Bilateral_Currency_Swap_Agreement_A_Cost_Benefit_Analysis_of_the_Policy?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_40766454","summary":"This study probes the effects of the currency swap agreement between the Nigerian government through the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and the Chinese government through the People's Bank of China (PBC). The objectives of this paper are to define the concepts of currency swap, review relevant literature, and analyze its policy implication on the Nigerian economy. The Bilateral Currency Swap Agreement (BLCSA) between the CBN and the PBC, aims to achieve foreign exchange stability and hedge the naira from volatility both in the short and long run of each business cycle. The literature reviewed suggests the BLCSA would eliminate the unnecessary rigors involved in trade between Nigeria and China businesses and reduce the demand of the United States (US) dollar. Although a step in the right direction, this solution is a temporary fix when a permanent solution is needed. The study's recommendations will elicit the necessary responses from the CBN, PBC, stakeholders, China, and Nigeria government on the benefits of the BLCSA *","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61046664,"asset_id":40766454,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":92740891,"first_name":"Ejiro","last_name":"Osiobe","domain_name":"aneosiobe","page_name":"EjiroOsiobe","display_name":"Ejiro U . Osiobe","profile_url":"https://aneosiobe.academia.edu/EjiroOsiobe?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/92740891/35014451/56986744/s65_ejiro.osiobe.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":20602,"name":"China studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China_studies?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":21318,"name":"Nigeria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nigeria?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":25005,"name":"Cost-Benefit Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cost-Benefit_Analysis?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":38204,"name":"China's foreign policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinas_foreign_policy?f_ri=271890"},{"id":84239,"name":"Nigerian economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nigerian_economy?f_ri=271890"},{"id":97103,"name":"Free trade agreements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_trade_agreements?f_ri=271890"},{"id":203492,"name":"Currency Exchange Rates","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency_Exchange_Rates?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":415181,"name":"China's economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinas_economy?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5840394" data-work_id="5840394" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5840394/BitCoin_Secret_Trading_www_br_0pensecret_com_"> BitCoin Secret Trading (www.br.0pensecret.com)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5840394" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="256ab738483a6834d591109e0155b0ce" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":32843921,"asset_id":5840394,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32843921/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8595671" href="https://open.academia.edu/MasterKis">Master Kis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8595671" type="text/json">{"id":8595671,"first_name":"Master","last_name":"Kis","domain_name":"open","page_name":"MasterKis","display_name":"Master Kis","profile_url":"https://open.academia.edu/MasterKis?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8595671/2870335/3352847/s65_master.kis.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5840394 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5840394"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5840394, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5840394", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_5840394 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5840394; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_5840394"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_5840394 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="5840394"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5840394; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5840394]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_5840394").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_5840394").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5840394"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="77" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Robotics">Robotics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="77" type="text/json">{"id":77,"name":"Robotics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Robotics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6662" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secrecy">Secrecy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6662" type="text/json">{"id":6662,"name":"Secrecy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secrecy?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="59546" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Technology">New Technology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="59546" type="text/json">{"id":59546,"name":"New Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Technology?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="271890" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency">Currency</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="271890" type="text/json">{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5840394]'), work: {"id":5840394,"title":" BitCoin Secret Trading (www.br.0pensecret.com)","created_at":"2014-01-25T20:52:39.118-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5840394/BitCoin_Secret_Trading_www_br_0pensecret_com_?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_5840394","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32843921,"asset_id":5840394,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8595671,"first_name":"Master","last_name":"Kis","domain_name":"open","page_name":"MasterKis","display_name":"Master Kis","profile_url":"https://open.academia.edu/MasterKis?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8595671/2870335/3352847/s65_master.kis.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":77,"name":"Robotics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Robotics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":6662,"name":"Secrecy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secrecy?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":59546,"name":"New Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Technology?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":281112,"name":"Bitcoin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bitcoin?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_52905769" data-work_id="52905769" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52905769/Gestion_actif_passif_pour_les_institutions_de_microfinance_collectrices_de_depots">Gestion actif-passif pour les institutions de microfinance collectrices de depots</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/52905769" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5d5b83f38689dd940d40dc9e54b3c6cf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":69941868,"asset_id":52905769,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69941868/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="40546263" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KarlaBrom">Karla Brom</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="40546263" type="text/json">{"id":40546263,"first_name":"Karla","last_name":"Brom","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KarlaBrom","display_name":"Karla Brom","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KarlaBrom?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_52905769 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="52905769"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 52905769, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_52905769", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_52905769 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 52905769; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_52905769"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_52905769 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="52905769"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 52905769; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=52905769]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_52905769").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_52905769").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="52905769"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4167" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Governance">Corporate Governance</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4167" type="text/json">{"id":4167,"name":"Corporate Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Governance?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28013" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capital_Structure">Capital Structure</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28013" type="text/json">{"id":28013,"name":"Capital Structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capital_Structure?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="85998" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Credit_Risk">Credit Risk</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="85998" type="text/json">{"id":85998,"name":"Credit Risk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Credit_Risk?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="206881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contingency">Contingency</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="206881" type="text/json">{"id":206881,"name":"Contingency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contingency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=52905769]'), work: {"id":52905769,"title":"Gestion actif-passif pour les institutions de microfinance collectrices de depots","created_at":"2021-09-19T16:56:19.638-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/52905769/Gestion_actif_passif_pour_les_institutions_de_microfinance_collectrices_de_depots?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_52905769","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":69941868,"asset_id":52905769,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":40546263,"first_name":"Karla","last_name":"Brom","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KarlaBrom","display_name":"Karla Brom","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KarlaBrom?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4167,"name":"Corporate Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Governance?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":28013,"name":"Capital Structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capital_Structure?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":85998,"name":"Credit Risk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Credit_Risk?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":206881,"name":"Contingency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contingency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":224616,"name":"Amortization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amortization?f_ri=271890"},{"id":235753,"name":"Debt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Debt?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":298391,"name":"Bond","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bond?f_ri=271890"},{"id":319633,"name":"Bonds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bonds?f_ri=271890"},{"id":362444,"name":"Depreciation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Depreciation?f_ri=271890"},{"id":659771,"name":"Cash Flow","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cash_Flow?f_ri=271890"},{"id":792901,"name":"Calculation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calculation?f_ri=271890"},{"id":896356,"name":"Commodity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Commodity?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1031550,"name":"Devaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Devaluation?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1285686,"name":"Balance Sheets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Balance_Sheets?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1460526,"name":"Accounts Receivable","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accounts_Receivable?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1861921,"name":"Cash Flows","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cash_Flows?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1895901,"name":"Balance Sheet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Balance_Sheet?f_ri=271890"},{"id":2585418,"name":"Credit History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Credit_History?f_ri=271890"},{"id":2642965,"name":"creditors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/creditors?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34407170" data-work_id="34407170" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34407170/The_international_political_economy_of_money_macro_money_theories_and_methods">The international political economy of money, macro-money theories and methods</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34407170" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="533b3689a2d816955df1f773a8e9ccee" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54288135,"asset_id":34407170,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54288135/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11381092" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/CarlaNorrlof">Carla Norrlof</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11381092" type="text/json">{"id":11381092,"first_name":"Carla","last_name":"Norrlof","domain_name":"utoronto","page_name":"CarlaNorrlof","display_name":"Carla Norrlof","profile_url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/CarlaNorrlof?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11381092/18331017/22176079/s65_carla.norrlof.gif"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34407170 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34407170"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34407170, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34407170", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34407170 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34407170; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34407170"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34407170 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34407170"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34407170; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34407170]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34407170").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34407170").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34407170"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6276" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy">International Political Economy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6276" type="text/json">{"id":6276,"name":"International Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24879" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hegemony">Hegemony</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="24879" type="text/json">{"id":24879,"name":"Hegemony","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hegemony?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28583" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Money">Money</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="28583" type="text/json">{"id":28583,"name":"Money","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Money?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34407170]'), work: {"id":34407170,"title":"The international political economy of money, macro-money theories and methods","created_at":"2017-08-30T01:27:22.322-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34407170/The_international_political_economy_of_money_macro_money_theories_and_methods?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_34407170","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54288135,"asset_id":34407170,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":11381092,"first_name":"Carla","last_name":"Norrlof","domain_name":"utoronto","page_name":"CarlaNorrlof","display_name":"Carla Norrlof","profile_url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/CarlaNorrlof?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11381092/18331017/22176079/s65_carla.norrlof.gif"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":6276,"name":"International Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":24879,"name":"Hegemony","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hegemony?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":28583,"name":"Money","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Money?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":50679,"name":"Financial Crisis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Crisis?f_ri=271890"},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=271890"},{"id":120393,"name":"World currency system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_currency_system?f_ri=271890"},{"id":133519,"name":"Politics of Global Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_of_Global_Finance?f_ri=271890"},{"id":145641,"name":"Economic Interdependence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Interdependence?f_ri=271890"},{"id":156238,"name":"Global Imbalances","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Imbalances?f_ri=271890"},{"id":157678,"name":"Dollar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dollar?f_ri=271890"},{"id":157680,"name":"US Dollar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/US_Dollar?f_ri=271890"},{"id":186729,"name":"Open Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Open_Economy?f_ri=271890"},{"id":231171,"name":"International monetary system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_monetary_system?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":540588,"name":"Macroeconomic Imbalances","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macroeconomic_Imbalances?f_ri=271890"},{"id":911508,"name":"Balance of Payments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Balance_of_Payments?f_ri=271890"},{"id":952016,"name":"Dollar Hegemony","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dollar_Hegemony?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1352486,"name":"Bretton Wood System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bretton_Wood_System?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31848083" data-work_id="31848083" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31848083/M198_G_Depeyrot_Le_num%C3%A9raire_carolingien_corpus_des_monnaies_4e_%C3%A9dition_Collection_Moneta_198_Wetteren_2017_706_p_ISBN_978_94_91384_66_0">M198, G. Depeyrot, Le numéraire carolingien, corpus des monnaies, 4e édition, Collection Moneta, 198, Wetteren, 2017, 706 p. ISBN 978-94-91384-66-0</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31848083" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4858c69e9dfd41682040fc5104c544bc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63022313,"asset_id":31848083,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63022313/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="270613" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/GeorgesDepeyrot">Georges Depeyrot</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="270613" type="text/json">{"id":270613,"first_name":"Georges","last_name":"Depeyrot","domain_name":"cnrs","page_name":"GeorgesDepeyrot","display_name":"Georges Depeyrot","profile_url":"https://cnrs.academia.edu/GeorgesDepeyrot?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/270613/56319/108744394/s65_georges.depeyrot.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31848083 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31848083"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31848083, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31848083", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_31848083 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31848083; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_31848083"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_31848083 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31848083"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31848083; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31848083]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31848083").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31848083").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31848083"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="392" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology">Archaeology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="392" type="text/json">{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1446" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_History">Medieval History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1446" type="text/json">{"id":1446,"name":"Medieval History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_History?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31848083]'), work: {"id":31848083,"title":"M198, G. Depeyrot, Le numéraire carolingien, corpus des monnaies, 4e édition, Collection Moneta, 198, Wetteren, 2017, 706 p. ISBN 978-94-91384-66-0","created_at":"2017-03-13T11:39:39.785-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31848083/M198_G_Depeyrot_Le_num%C3%A9raire_carolingien_corpus_des_monnaies_4e_%C3%A9dition_Collection_Moneta_198_Wetteren_2017_706_p_ISBN_978_94_91384_66_0?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_31848083","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63022313,"asset_id":31848083,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":270613,"first_name":"Georges","last_name":"Depeyrot","domain_name":"cnrs","page_name":"GeorgesDepeyrot","display_name":"Georges Depeyrot","profile_url":"https://cnrs.academia.edu/GeorgesDepeyrot?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/270613/56319/108744394/s65_georges.depeyrot.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":1446,"name":"Medieval History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_History?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":7282,"name":"Numismatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Numismatics?f_ri=271890"},{"id":17987,"name":"Ancient numismatics (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_numismatics_Archaeology_?f_ri=271890"},{"id":49837,"name":"Historia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historia?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":951143,"name":"Archeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archeology?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6823219" data-work_id="6823219" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6823219/Seditious_Symbolism_in_a_Skirt_Nationalist_Propaganda_in_the_Czech_Posters_of_Alphonse_Mucha">Seditious Symbolism in a Skirt: Nationalist Propaganda in the Czech Posters of Alphonse Mucha </a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6823219" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6f9179c38908f0d7bdadfdf54367d974" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33520094,"asset_id":6823219,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33520094/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11351728" href="https://gsu.academia.edu/ErinDusza">Erin Dusza</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11351728" type="text/json">{"id":11351728,"first_name":"Erin","last_name":"Dusza","domain_name":"gsu","page_name":"ErinDusza","display_name":"Erin Dusza","profile_url":"https://gsu.academia.edu/ErinDusza?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11351728/3320258/3907120/s65_erin.dusza.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6823219 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6823219"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6823219, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6823219", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_6823219 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6823219; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_6823219"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_6823219 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6823219"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6823219; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6823219]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6823219").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6823219").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6823219"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="915" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History">Art History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="915" type="text/json">{"id":915,"name":"Art History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1138" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Womens_Studies">Women's Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1138" type="text/json">{"id":1138,"name":"Women's Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Womens_Studies?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1236" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art">Art</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1236" type="text/json">{"id":1236,"name":"Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6823219]'), work: {"id":6823219,"title":"Seditious Symbolism in a Skirt: Nationalist Propaganda in the Czech Posters of Alphonse Mucha ","created_at":"2014-04-21T11:23:48.390-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6823219/Seditious_Symbolism_in_a_Skirt_Nationalist_Propaganda_in_the_Czech_Posters_of_Alphonse_Mucha?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_6823219","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33520094,"asset_id":6823219,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":11351728,"first_name":"Erin","last_name":"Dusza","domain_name":"gsu","page_name":"ErinDusza","display_name":"Erin Dusza","profile_url":"https://gsu.academia.edu/ErinDusza?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11351728/3320258/3907120/s65_erin.dusza.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":915,"name":"Art History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":1138,"name":"Women's Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Womens_Studies?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":1236,"name":"Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":1730,"name":"Czech History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Czech_History?f_ri=271890"},{"id":5082,"name":"Poster Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poster_Design?f_ri=271890"},{"id":7370,"name":"Symbolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Symbolism?f_ri=271890"},{"id":9941,"name":"Czech \u0026 Slovak Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Czech_and_Slovak_Studies?f_ri=271890"},{"id":18049,"name":"Czech Literature/Czech Culture/Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Czech_Literature_Czech_Culture_Language?f_ri=271890"},{"id":30726,"name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_Nouveau?f_ri=271890"},{"id":33595,"name":"The Divine Feminine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Divine_Feminine?f_ri=271890"},{"id":103980,"name":"History of Czechoslovakia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Czechoslovakia?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":375433,"name":"Alphonse Mucha","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alphonse_Mucha?f_ri=271890"},{"id":495020,"name":"Slavian Mitology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Slavian_Mitology?f_ri=271890"},{"id":724792,"name":"Alfons Maria Mucha","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alfons_Maria_Mucha?f_ri=271890"},{"id":902159,"name":"Slavia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Slavia?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28006557" data-work_id="28006557" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28006557/Managing_food_price_inflation_in_South_Asia">Managing food price inflation in South Asia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28006557" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f8273714acfa00b2ec81d58b3f498c13" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48313169,"asset_id":28006557,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48313169/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15093753" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SadiqAhmed2">Sadiq Ahmed</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15093753" type="text/json">{"id":15093753,"first_name":"Sadiq","last_name":"Ahmed","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SadiqAhmed2","display_name":"Sadiq Ahmed","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SadiqAhmed2?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28006557 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28006557"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28006557, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28006557", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28006557 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28006557; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28006557"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28006557 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28006557"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28006557; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28006557]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28006557").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28006557").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28006557"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">42</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="802" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy">Political Economy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="802" type="text/json">{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4484" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth">Economic Growth</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4484" type="text/json">{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8968" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Productivity">Productivity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8968" type="text/json">{"id":8968,"name":"Productivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Productivity?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9815" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Countries">Developing Countries</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9815" type="text/json">{"id":9815,"name":"Developing Countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Countries?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28006557]'), work: {"id":28006557,"title":"Managing food price inflation in South Asia","created_at":"2016-08-25T11:52:28.868-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28006557/Managing_food_price_inflation_in_South_Asia?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_28006557","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48313169,"asset_id":28006557,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":15093753,"first_name":"Sadiq","last_name":"Ahmed","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SadiqAhmed2","display_name":"Sadiq Ahmed","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SadiqAhmed2?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":8968,"name":"Productivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Productivity?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":9815,"name":"Developing Countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Countries?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":10222,"name":"Food Production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Production?f_ri=271890"},{"id":10225,"name":"Agriculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture?f_ri=271890"},{"id":14663,"name":"Retail","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retail?f_ri=271890"},{"id":32213,"name":"Emerging Markets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emerging_Markets?f_ri=271890"},{"id":42234,"name":"Natural Disasters","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Disasters?f_ri=271890"},{"id":48904,"name":"Elasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Elasticity?f_ri=271890"},{"id":48971,"name":"Monetary Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monetary_Policy?f_ri=271890"},{"id":82413,"name":"Trade Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trade_Policy?f_ri=271890"},{"id":87401,"name":"Rice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rice?f_ri=271890"},{"id":106793,"name":"Sale","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sale?f_ri=271890"},{"id":136152,"name":"Rent Seeking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rent_Seeking?f_ri=271890"},{"id":145748,"name":"Sales","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sales?f_ri=271890"},{"id":158722,"name":"Natural disaster","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_disaster?f_ri=271890"},{"id":159450,"name":"Comparative Advantage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Advantage?f_ri=271890"},{"id":167483,"name":"Income","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income?f_ri=271890"},{"id":170398,"name":"Basic Needs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Basic_Needs?f_ri=271890"},{"id":213795,"name":"Trade Balance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trade_Balance?f_ri=271890"},{"id":222739,"name":"Consumers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consumers?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":294066,"name":"GDP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/GDP?f_ri=271890"},{"id":345869,"name":"real GDP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/real_GDP?f_ri=271890"},{"id":402052,"name":"Risk Reduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Reduction?f_ri=271890"},{"id":422735,"name":"Technical Barriers to Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technical_Barriers_to_Trade?f_ri=271890"},{"id":460526,"name":"Demand Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Demand_Management?f_ri=271890"},{"id":473216,"name":"Hedge Fund","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hedge_Fund?f_ri=271890"},{"id":479122,"name":"Trade Policies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trade_Policies?f_ri=271890"},{"id":497117,"name":"Stock management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stock_management?f_ri=271890"},{"id":594515,"name":"Value added","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Value_added?f_ri=271890"},{"id":611231,"name":"Surplus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surplus?f_ri=271890"},{"id":698433,"name":"Economic Efficiency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Efficiency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":840673,"name":"Productivity Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Productivity_Growth?f_ri=271890"},{"id":852445,"name":"Government Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Government_Intervention?f_ri=271890"},{"id":896356,"name":"Commodity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Commodity?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1012495,"name":"Output","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Output?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1028340,"name":"Incomes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Incomes?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1551025,"name":"Domestic market","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Domestic_market?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1938454,"name":"Adverse effects","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adverse_effects?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35697221" data-work_id="35697221" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35697221/FOREIGN_EXCHANGE_MANAGEMENT_AND_INTERNATIONAL_FINANCE">FOREIGN EXCHANGE MANAGEMENT AND INTERNATIONAL FINANCE</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The book deals comprehensively with all aspects of foreign exchange and international finance. It delves into the age-old practices and current scenarios in forex market, foreign exchange market trading. The balance of payment, its... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35697221" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The book deals comprehensively with all aspects of foreign exchange and international finance. It delves into the age-old practices and current scenarios in forex market, foreign exchange market trading. The balance of payment, its effects on the economy, and the calculation is also dealt with in detail. Various approaches and trends in balance of payment are also dealt with in detail. The book throws light on the factors affecting the capital and current account, the factors affecting currency movement along with the intervention of central bank institutions. We have also covered in detail the various financial institutions including the EXIM bank, with special emphasis on international flow of capital. A detailed analysis of the international trade including various methods, modes of settlement, payments, documentation, procedure and various foreign exchange products are discussed. Foreign exchange risk management along with various hedging tools are discussed in detail. A detailed analysis of FDI, forex crises, their management and the financial centres are also discussed. Vivek Viswan V., working as manager in the South Indian Bank Limited for more than nine years, has extensive experience on various aspects of banking. He has extensive experience in dealing with trade finance, foreign exchange management and microfinance. He is a faculty member of foreign exchange in the SIBTC He has also presented papers on foreign exchange management in national and international seminars. His areas of interest include currency analysis, foreign exchange management, trade finance, leverage of IT in business and microfinance.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35697221" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a5bbab8dbe9fcf5939b4adee10e2e7c2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55568607,"asset_id":35697221,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55568607/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15886054" href="https://independent.academia.edu/vviswan">vivek viswan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15886054" type="text/json">{"id":15886054,"first_name":"vivek","last_name":"viswan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"vviswan","display_name":"vivek viswan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/vviswan?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15886054/4293339/4991603/s65_vivek.viswan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35697221 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35697221"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35697221, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35697221", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35697221 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35697221; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35697221"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35697221 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35697221"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35697221; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35697221]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35697221").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35697221").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35697221"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="814" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics">Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="814" type="text/json">{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2990" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2990" type="text/json">{"id":2990,"name":"Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3180" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Trade">International Trade</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3180" type="text/json">{"id":3180,"name":"International Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Trade?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5756" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microfinance">Microfinance</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5756" type="text/json">{"id":5756,"name":"Microfinance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microfinance?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35697221]'), work: {"id":35697221,"title":"FOREIGN EXCHANGE MANAGEMENT AND INTERNATIONAL FINANCE","created_at":"2018-01-17T18:50:53.230-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35697221/FOREIGN_EXCHANGE_MANAGEMENT_AND_INTERNATIONAL_FINANCE?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_35697221","summary":"The book deals comprehensively with all aspects of foreign exchange and international finance. It delves into the age-old practices and current scenarios in forex market, foreign exchange market trading. The balance of payment, its effects on the economy, and the calculation is also dealt with in detail. Various approaches and trends in balance of payment are also dealt with in detail. The book throws light on the factors affecting the capital and current account, the factors affecting currency movement along with the intervention of central bank institutions. We have also covered in detail the various financial institutions including the EXIM bank, with special emphasis on international flow of capital. A detailed analysis of the international trade including various methods, modes of settlement, payments, documentation, procedure and various foreign exchange products are discussed. Foreign exchange risk management along with various hedging tools are discussed in detail. A detailed analysis of FDI, forex crises, their management and the financial centres are also discussed. Vivek Viswan V., working as manager in the South Indian Bank Limited for more than nine years, has extensive experience on various aspects of banking. He has extensive experience in dealing with trade finance, foreign exchange management and microfinance. He is a faculty member of foreign exchange in the SIBTC He has also presented papers on foreign exchange management in national and international seminars. His areas of interest include currency analysis, foreign exchange management, trade finance, leverage of IT in business and microfinance.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55568607,"asset_id":35697221,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":15886054,"first_name":"vivek","last_name":"viswan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"vviswan","display_name":"vivek viswan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/vviswan?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15886054/4293339/4991603/s65_vivek.viswan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":2990,"name":"Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":3180,"name":"International Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Trade?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":5756,"name":"Microfinance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microfinance?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1108863" data-work_id="1108863" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1108863/The_Origin_of_Money_4000_B_C_1700_A_D">The Origin of Money – 4000 B.C. – 1700 A.D.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Forerunners of man lived upon the planet several million years ago. But the unique social order of man – civilization – emerged only four to five thousand years ago. Historical and archaeological evidence suggests that the institution of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1108863" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Forerunners of man lived upon the planet several million years ago. But the unique social order of man – civilization – emerged only four to five thousand years ago. Historical and archaeological evidence suggests that the institution of money evolved coterminously with civilization among all the institutions of life on earth; therefore, civilization and money are but young and fragile reeds. Their growth and development occurred only recently and today their very existence is threatened with extinction.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1108863" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="32c52e4fc2e5d5c6972a3e515d43a93a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":6815543,"asset_id":1108863,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/6815543/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="970770" href="https://yale.academia.edu/LewisELehrman">Lewis E. Lehrman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="970770" type="text/json">{"id":970770,"first_name":"Lewis E.","last_name":"Lehrman","domain_name":"yale","page_name":"LewisELehrman","display_name":"Lewis E. Lehrman","profile_url":"https://yale.academia.edu/LewisELehrman?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/970770/355274/426536/s65_lewis_e..lehrman.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1108863 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1108863"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1108863, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1108863", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1108863 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1108863; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1108863"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1108863 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1108863"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1108863; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1108863]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1108863").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1108863").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1108863"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="271890" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency">Currency</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="271890" type="text/json">{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="313350" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lewis_E._Lehrman">Lewis E. Lehrman</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="313350" type="text/json">{"id":313350,"name":"Lewis E. Lehrman","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lewis_E._Lehrman?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="313752" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gold_Standard">Gold Standard</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="313752" type="text/json">{"id":313752,"name":"Gold Standard","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gold_Standard?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1108863]'), work: {"id":1108863,"title":"The Origin of Money – 4000 B.C. – 1700 A.D.","created_at":"2011-11-22T04:08:35.055-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1108863/The_Origin_of_Money_4000_B_C_1700_A_D?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_1108863","summary":"Forerunners of man lived upon the planet several million years ago. But the unique social order of man – civilization – emerged only four to five thousand years ago. Historical and archaeological evidence suggests that the institution of money evolved coterminously with civilization among all the institutions of life on earth; therefore, civilization and money are but young and fragile reeds. Their growth and development occurred only recently and today their very existence is threatened with extinction.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":6815543,"asset_id":1108863,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":970770,"first_name":"Lewis E.","last_name":"Lehrman","domain_name":"yale","page_name":"LewisELehrman","display_name":"Lewis E. Lehrman","profile_url":"https://yale.academia.edu/LewisELehrman?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/970770/355274/426536/s65_lewis_e..lehrman.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":313350,"name":"Lewis E. Lehrman","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lewis_E._Lehrman?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":313752,"name":"Gold Standard","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gold_Standard?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30805509 coauthored" data-work_id="30805509" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30805509/A_Theoretic_Approach_to_History_of_Brand_and_Brand_Strategies">A Theoretic Approach to History of Brand and Brand Strategies</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Trademark, in today's conditions where competitive environment is getting harder and harder, is not only a name; but also, as product's ID, a tool for business which is constituted in the mind of customer and guides the customer in the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30805509" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Trademark, in today's conditions where competitive environment is getting harder and harder, is not only a name; but also, as product's ID, a tool for business which is constituted in the mind of customer and guides the customer in the process of buying. Today, trademark does not seem to be a tool for trading as different from goods and service, and is categorized in the long-term asset. " Trademark Strategies'' are really important for business firms that have large product range in the issue of sustainable competitive advantage pushed up by the trademark. In this respect, in this study firstly information about trademark and sproperties of trademark were given; and then the types of trademark and trademark strategies were handled.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30805509" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0e68ecda41b64ac6389740e5296e8406" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51238087,"asset_id":30805509,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51238087/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7423332" href="https://khas.academia.edu/ZaferKILIC">Zafer KILIC</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7423332" type="text/json">{"id":7423332,"first_name":"Zafer","last_name":"KILIC","domain_name":"khas","page_name":"ZaferKILIC","display_name":"Zafer KILIC","profile_url":"https://khas.academia.edu/ZaferKILIC?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7423332/2720473/29491190/s65_zafer.kilic.jpeg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-30805509">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-30805509"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://hku-tr.academia.edu/AssistProfYakupDURMAZ">Doç. Dr. Yakup DURMAZ</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-30805509'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-30805509').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30805509 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30805509"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30805509, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30805509", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_30805509 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30805509; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_30805509"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_30805509 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30805509"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30805509; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30805509]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30805509").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30805509").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30805509"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3180" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Trade">International Trade</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3180" type="text/json">{"id":3180,"name":"International Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Trade?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7683" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trademarks">Trademarks</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7683" type="text/json">{"id":7683,"name":"Trademarks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trademarks?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21168" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy_Business_">Strategy (Business)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="21168" type="text/json">{"id":21168,"name":"Strategy (Business)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy_Business_?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30805509]'), work: {"id":30805509,"title":"A Theoretic Approach to History of Brand and Brand Strategies","created_at":"2017-01-07T11:53:39.854-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30805509/A_Theoretic_Approach_to_History_of_Brand_and_Brand_Strategies?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_30805509","summary":"Trademark, in today's conditions where competitive environment is getting harder and harder, is not only a name; but also, as product's ID, a tool for business which is constituted in the mind of customer and guides the customer in the process of buying. Today, trademark does not seem to be a tool for trading as different from goods and service, and is categorized in the long-term asset. \" Trademark Strategies'' are really important for business firms that have large product range in the issue of sustainable competitive advantage pushed up by the trademark. In this respect, in this study firstly information about trademark and sproperties of trademark were given; and then the types of trademark and trademark strategies were handled.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51238087,"asset_id":30805509,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7423332,"first_name":"Zafer","last_name":"KILIC","domain_name":"khas","page_name":"ZaferKILIC","display_name":"Zafer KILIC","profile_url":"https://khas.academia.edu/ZaferKILIC?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7423332/2720473/29491190/s65_zafer.kilic.jpeg"},{"id":36299,"first_name":"Doç. Dr. Yakup","last_name":"DURMAZ","domain_name":"hku-tr","page_name":"AssistProfYakupDURMAZ","display_name":"Doç. Dr. Yakup DURMAZ","profile_url":"https://hku-tr.academia.edu/AssistProfYakupDURMAZ?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/36299/2042417/11280384/s65_assist.prof._yakup.durmaz.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":3180,"name":"International Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Trade?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":7683,"name":"Trademarks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trademarks?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":21168,"name":"Strategy (Business)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy_Business_?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":77488,"name":"Label","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Label?f_ri=271890"},{"id":126300,"name":"Big Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Big_Data?f_ri=271890"},{"id":198911,"name":"Naming","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naming?f_ri=271890"},{"id":221071,"name":"Labelling Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labelling_Theory?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43692136" data-work_id="43692136" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43692136/Ancient_Money_in_Southeast_Asia_Part_1_BY_FOO_SHU_TIENG_NSC_RESEARCH_OFFICER_8">Ancient Money in Southeast Asia -Part 1 -BY FOO SHU TIENG (NSC RESEARCH OFFICER) 8</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Ancient Money in Southeast Asia -Part 1 -BY FOO SHU TIENG (NSC RESEARCH OFFICER) 8</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43692136" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="074132681c6658b20dfbba71ab7f7f30" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63995808,"asset_id":43692136,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63995808/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="152118118" href="https://independent.academia.edu/THUYTR%C3%82M2">THUY TRÂM</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="152118118" type="text/json">{"id":152118118,"first_name":"THUY","last_name":"TRÂM","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"THUYTRÂM2","display_name":"THUY TRÂM","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/THUYTR%C3%82M2?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43692136 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43692136"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43692136, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43692136", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43692136 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43692136; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43692136"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43692136 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43692136"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43692136; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43692136]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43692136").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43692136").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43692136"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="130" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History">Ancient History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="130" type="text/json">{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="392" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology">Archaeology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="392" type="text/json">{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43692136]'), work: {"id":43692136,"title":"Ancient Money in Southeast Asia -Part 1 -BY FOO SHU TIENG (NSC RESEARCH OFFICER) 8","created_at":"2020-07-22T19:47:01.918-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43692136/Ancient_Money_in_Southeast_Asia_Part_1_BY_FOO_SHU_TIENG_NSC_RESEARCH_OFFICER_8?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_43692136","summary":"Ancient Money in Southeast Asia -Part 1 -BY FOO SHU TIENG (NSC RESEARCH OFFICER) 8","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63995808,"asset_id":43692136,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":152118118,"first_name":"THUY","last_name":"TRÂM","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"THUYTRÂM2","display_name":"THUY TRÂM","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/THUYTR%C3%82M2?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33600406" data-work_id="33600406" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33600406/O_BITCOIN_COMO_MOEDA_PARALELA_UMA_VIS%C3%83O_ECON%C3%94MICA_E_A_MULTIPLICIDADE_DE_DESDOBRAMENTOS_JUR%C3%8DDICOS">O BITCOIN COMO MOEDA PARALELA – UMA VISÃO ECONÔMICA E A MULTIPLICIDADE DE DESDOBRAMENTOS JURÍDICOS</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33600406" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2fa74f5445a9cc163c3465a984bfefbf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53768323,"asset_id":33600406,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53768323/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11606752" href="https://univ-montp3.academia.edu/NicoleFobe">Nicole Fobe</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11606752" type="text/json">{"id":11606752,"first_name":"Nicole","last_name":"Fobe","domain_name":"univ-montp3","page_name":"NicoleFobe","display_name":"Nicole Fobe","profile_url":"https://univ-montp3.academia.edu/NicoleFobe?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11606752/9819051/31700490/s65_nicole.fobe.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33600406 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33600406"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33600406, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33600406", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_33600406 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33600406; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_33600406"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_33600406 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33600406"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33600406; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33600406]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33600406").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33600406").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33600406"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11035" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regulation">Regulation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11035" type="text/json">{"id":11035,"name":"Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regulation?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="271890" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency">Currency</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="271890" type="text/json">{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="281112" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="281112" type="text/json">{"id":281112,"name":"Bitcoin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bitcoin?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1006978" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virtual_Currency">Virtual Currency</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1006978" type="text/json">{"id":1006978,"name":"Virtual Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virtual_Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33600406]'), work: {"id":33600406,"title":"O BITCOIN COMO MOEDA PARALELA – UMA VISÃO ECONÔMICA E A MULTIPLICIDADE DE DESDOBRAMENTOS JURÍDICOS","created_at":"2017-06-21T23:58:30.652-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33600406/O_BITCOIN_COMO_MOEDA_PARALELA_UMA_VIS%C3%83O_ECON%C3%94MICA_E_A_MULTIPLICIDADE_DE_DESDOBRAMENTOS_JUR%C3%8DDICOS?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_33600406","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53768323,"asset_id":33600406,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":11606752,"first_name":"Nicole","last_name":"Fobe","domain_name":"univ-montp3","page_name":"NicoleFobe","display_name":"Nicole Fobe","profile_url":"https://univ-montp3.academia.edu/NicoleFobe?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11606752/9819051/31700490/s65_nicole.fobe.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":11035,"name":"Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regulation?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":281112,"name":"Bitcoin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bitcoin?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":1006978,"name":"Virtual Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virtual_Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38006316" data-work_id="38006316" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38006316/CRYPTOCURRENCY_SCOPE_IN_INDIA">CRYPTOCURRENCY-SCOPE IN INDIA</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">ABSTACT This paper talks about strengths, weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats of Cryptocurrency and its scope in India. Cryptocurrencies are considered to be profitable investment in long run. Because of its various advantages: Easy... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38006316" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">ABSTACT This paper talks about strengths, weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats of Cryptocurrency and its scope in India. Cryptocurrencies are considered to be profitable investment in long run. Because of its various advantages: Easy availability, No involvement of any mediator, Fast payments, Low transaction fees and Information privacy. However, Cryptocurrencies also suffer from some weaknesses. Security of data and cryptocurrency has been major concern. Interestingly, though there is lack of clarity about legal status of cryptocurrency in India, the country may levy Goods and Services Tax on cryptocurrency trading. Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs has proposed to levy 18% GST on dealing of cryptocurrency.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38006316" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d001f0d665de12e4a3d34f505b4925f3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58026118,"asset_id":38006316,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58026118/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8518670" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IRJMSH">International Res Jour Managt Socio Human</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8518670" type="text/json">{"id":8518670,"first_name":"International Res Jour","last_name":"Managt Socio Human","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IRJMSH","display_name":"International Res Jour Managt Socio Human","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IRJMSH?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38006316 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38006316"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38006316, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38006316", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38006316 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38006316; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38006316"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38006316 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38006316"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38006316; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38006316]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38006316").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38006316").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38006316"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="271890" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency">Currency</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="271890" type="text/json">{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="740091" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cryptocurrency">Cryptocurrency</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="740091" type="text/json">{"id":740091,"name":"Cryptocurrency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cryptocurrency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1022015" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Currency">International Currency</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1022015" type="text/json">{"id":1022015,"name":"International Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38006316]'), work: {"id":38006316,"title":"CRYPTOCURRENCY-SCOPE IN INDIA","created_at":"2018-12-18T22:52:34.236-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38006316/CRYPTOCURRENCY_SCOPE_IN_INDIA?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_38006316","summary":"ABSTACT This paper talks about strengths, weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats of Cryptocurrency and its scope in India. Cryptocurrencies are considered to be profitable investment in long run. Because of its various advantages: Easy availability, No involvement of any mediator, Fast payments, Low transaction fees and Information privacy. However, Cryptocurrencies also suffer from some weaknesses. Security of data and cryptocurrency has been major concern. Interestingly, though there is lack of clarity about legal status of cryptocurrency in India, the country may levy Goods and Services Tax on cryptocurrency trading. Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs has proposed to levy 18% GST on dealing of cryptocurrency.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58026118,"asset_id":38006316,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8518670,"first_name":"International Res Jour","last_name":"Managt Socio Human","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IRJMSH","display_name":"International Res Jour Managt Socio Human","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IRJMSH?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":740091,"name":"Cryptocurrency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cryptocurrency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":1022015,"name":"International Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41465043" data-work_id="41465043" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41465043/Aristotle_and_Aquinas_on_the_Virtue_of_Money_as_a_Preservative_of_Justice_in_Business_Affairs_and_States_by_Peter_A_Redpath_">Aristotle and Aquinas on the Virtue of Money as a Preservative of Justice in Business Affairs and States (by Peter A. Redpath)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">While Aristotle’s and St. Thomas’s teachings about economics are often ridiculed today, this article argues that actually what they had to say about this issue, especially about the nature of sound currency, backed up by force of law, is... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41465043" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">While Aristotle’s and St. Thomas’s teachings about economics are often ridiculed today, this article argues that actually what they had to say about this issue, especially about the nature of sound currency, backed up by force of law, is quite profound. According to both of them, sound money plays an essential role in the preserving commutative justice within States. By so doing, it preserves communication between talented people who make qualitatively unequal contributions to a State’s continued existence and welfare.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41465043" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="078250d659d13f9c6c2e84c19cfdd267" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61639001,"asset_id":41465043,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61639001/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="77862876" href="https://independent.academia.edu/StudiaGilsoniana">Studia Gilsoniana</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="77862876" type="text/json">{"id":77862876,"first_name":"Studia","last_name":"Gilsoniana","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"StudiaGilsoniana","display_name":"Studia Gilsoniana","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StudiaGilsoniana?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/77862876/19193057/19137763/s65_studia.gilsoniana.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41465043 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41465043"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41465043, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41465043", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_41465043 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41465043; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_41465043"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_41465043 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41465043"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41465043; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41465043]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41465043").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41465043").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41465043"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="859" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication">Communication</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="859" type="text/json">{"id":859,"name":"Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10191" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Justice">Justice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10191" type="text/json">{"id":10191,"name":"Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Justice?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10957" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conventions">Conventions</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10957" type="text/json">{"id":10957,"name":"Conventions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conventions?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28583" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Money">Money</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="28583" type="text/json">{"id":28583,"name":"Money","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Money?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41465043]'), work: {"id":41465043,"title":"Aristotle and Aquinas on the Virtue of Money as a Preservative of Justice in Business Affairs and States (by Peter A. Redpath)","created_at":"2019-12-30T07:34:25.943-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41465043/Aristotle_and_Aquinas_on_the_Virtue_of_Money_as_a_Preservative_of_Justice_in_Business_Affairs_and_States_by_Peter_A_Redpath_?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_41465043","summary":"While Aristotle’s and St. Thomas’s teachings about economics are often ridiculed today, this article argues that actually what they had to say about this issue, especially about the nature of sound currency, backed up by force of law, is quite profound. According to both of them, sound money plays an essential role in the preserving commutative justice within States. By so doing, it preserves communication between talented people who make qualitatively unequal contributions to a State’s continued existence and welfare.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61639001,"asset_id":41465043,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":77862876,"first_name":"Studia","last_name":"Gilsoniana","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"StudiaGilsoniana","display_name":"Studia Gilsoniana","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StudiaGilsoniana?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/77862876/19193057/19137763/s65_studia.gilsoniana.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":859,"name":"Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":10191,"name":"Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Justice?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":10957,"name":"Conventions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conventions?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":28583,"name":"Money","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Money?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":82123,"name":"Virtue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virtue?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36274382" data-work_id="36274382" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36274382/Chinas_New_Petro_Yuan_and_Its_Impact_on_the_Dollar">China's New Petro Yuan and Its Impact on the Dollar</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The petro yuan is meant to provide an alternative to the petro dollar. In its loosest terms, petro dollar can refer to oil revenue denoted in dollars. Since the 1970s, oil has been priced in US dollars. Commodities in general are usually... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36274382" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The petro yuan is meant to provide an alternative to the petro dollar. In its loosest terms, petro dollar can refer to oil revenue denoted in dollars. Since the 1970s, oil has been priced in US dollars. Commodities in general are usually priced in US dollars so that prices can remain stable and both buyers and sellers can be protected from exchange rate risk associated with pricing in one country’s domestic currency and paying in another country’s domestic currency.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36274382" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5afd1476c1460c146c6ff15f43082da8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56179250,"asset_id":36274382,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56179250/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6223835" href="https://letu.academia.edu/AntonioGraceffo">Antonio Graceffo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6223835" type="text/json">{"id":6223835,"first_name":"Antonio","last_name":"Graceffo","domain_name":"letu","page_name":"AntonioGraceffo","display_name":"Antonio Graceffo","profile_url":"https://letu.academia.edu/AntonioGraceffo?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6223835/11249391/39257082/s65_antonio.graceffo.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36274382 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36274382"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36274382, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36274382", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36274382 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36274382; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36274382"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36274382 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36274382"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36274382; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36274382]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36274382").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36274382").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36274382"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="157680" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/US_Dollar">US Dollar</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="157680" type="text/json">{"id":157680,"name":"US Dollar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/US_Dollar?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="271890" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency">Currency</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="271890" type="text/json">{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="801691" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_currency">Chinese currency</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="801691" type="text/json">{"id":801691,"name":"Chinese currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="978817" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Petro_dollar">Petro dollar</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="978817" type="text/json">{"id":978817,"name":"Petro dollar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Petro_dollar?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36274382]'), work: {"id":36274382,"title":"China's New Petro Yuan and Its Impact on the Dollar","created_at":"2018-03-28T00:35:53.092-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36274382/Chinas_New_Petro_Yuan_and_Its_Impact_on_the_Dollar?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_36274382","summary":"The petro yuan is meant to provide an alternative to the petro dollar. In its loosest terms, petro dollar can refer to oil revenue denoted in dollars. Since the 1970s, oil has been priced in US dollars. Commodities in general are usually priced in US dollars so that prices can remain stable and both buyers and sellers can be protected from exchange rate risk associated with pricing in one country’s domestic currency and paying in another country’s domestic currency.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56179250,"asset_id":36274382,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6223835,"first_name":"Antonio","last_name":"Graceffo","domain_name":"letu","page_name":"AntonioGraceffo","display_name":"Antonio Graceffo","profile_url":"https://letu.academia.edu/AntonioGraceffo?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6223835/11249391/39257082/s65_antonio.graceffo.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":157680,"name":"US Dollar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/US_Dollar?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":801691,"name":"Chinese currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":978817,"name":"Petro dollar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Petro_dollar?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":1448220,"name":"Crude Oil Futures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crude_Oil_Futures?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41035170" data-work_id="41035170" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41035170/Markov_Regime_Switching_Model_Application_to_FX_Trading">Markov Regime Switching Model: Application to FX Trading</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41035170" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="58980d19a6dd0578cd164ddc516e4c90" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61311171,"asset_id":41035170,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61311171/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="40437045" href="https://independent.academia.edu/YohanTh%C3%A9atre">Yohan Théatre</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="40437045" type="text/json">{"id":40437045,"first_name":"Yohan","last_name":"Théatre","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"YohanThéatre","display_name":"Yohan Théatre","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/YohanTh%C3%A9atre?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41035170 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41035170"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41035170, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41035170", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_41035170 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41035170; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_41035170"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_41035170 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41035170"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41035170; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41035170]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41035170").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41035170").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41035170"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7293" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Market_Microstructure">Market Microstructure</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7293" type="text/json">{"id":7293,"name":"Market Microstructure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Market_Microstructure?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9961" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_series_Econometrics">Time series Econometrics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9961" type="text/json">{"id":9961,"name":"Time series Econometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_series_Econometrics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="30485" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_series_analysis">Time series analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="30485" type="text/json">{"id":30485,"name":"Time series analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_series_analysis?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="85352" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heteroskedasticity">Heteroskedasticity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="85352" type="text/json">{"id":85352,"name":"Heteroskedasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heteroskedasticity?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41035170]'), work: {"id":41035170,"title":"Markov Regime Switching Model: Application to FX Trading","created_at":"2019-11-23T09:48:00.881-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41035170/Markov_Regime_Switching_Model_Application_to_FX_Trading?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_41035170","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61311171,"asset_id":41035170,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":40437045,"first_name":"Yohan","last_name":"Théatre","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"YohanThéatre","display_name":"Yohan Théatre","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/YohanTh%C3%A9atre?f_ri=271890","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7293,"name":"Market Microstructure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Market_Microstructure?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":9961,"name":"Time series Econometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_series_Econometrics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":30485,"name":"Time series analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_series_analysis?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":85352,"name":"Heteroskedasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heteroskedasticity?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":88241,"name":"GARCH","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/GARCH?f_ri=271890"},{"id":176461,"name":"Cointegration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cointegration?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":648721,"name":"Markov switching models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Markov_switching_models?f_ri=271890"},{"id":990609,"name":"Multicollinearity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multicollinearity?f_ri=271890"},{"id":2573546,"name":"Volatility Clustering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Volatility_Clustering?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44485606" data-work_id="44485606" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44485606/Tavaszi_szel_2020_absztrakt_kotet">Tavaszi_szel_2020_absztrakt_kotet</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44485606" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="66d3cdcd126afdc62052a68d86b15b07" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64917449,"asset_id":44485606,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64917449/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4864985" href="https://szie.academia.edu/OrsolyaP%C3%B3csik">Orsolya Pócsik</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4864985" type="text/json">{"id":4864985,"first_name":"Orsolya","last_name":"Pócsik","domain_name":"szie","page_name":"OrsolyaPócsik","display_name":"Orsolya Pócsik","profile_url":"https://szie.academia.edu/OrsolyaP%C3%B3csik?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4864985/11284406/38462197/s65_orsolya.p_csik.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44485606 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44485606"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44485606, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44485606", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44485606 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44485606; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44485606"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44485606 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44485606"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44485606; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44485606]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44485606").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44485606").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44485606"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38251" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economics">Political Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="38251" type="text/json">{"id":38251,"name":"Political Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="120396" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Goverment">Goverment</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="120396" type="text/json">{"id":120396,"name":"Goverment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Goverment?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="271890" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency">Currency</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="271890" type="text/json">{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44485606]'), work: {"id":44485606,"title":"Tavaszi_szel_2020_absztrakt_kotet","created_at":"2020-11-12T06:51:20.093-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44485606/Tavaszi_szel_2020_absztrakt_kotet?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_44485606","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64917449,"asset_id":44485606,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4864985,"first_name":"Orsolya","last_name":"Pócsik","domain_name":"szie","page_name":"OrsolyaPócsik","display_name":"Orsolya Pócsik","profile_url":"https://szie.academia.edu/OrsolyaP%C3%B3csik?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4864985/11284406/38462197/s65_orsolya.p_csik.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":38251,"name":"Political Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economics?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":120396,"name":"Goverment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Goverment?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24313674" data-work_id="24313674" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24313674/Fichtes_Monetary_History_Interpretative_Essay_of_Fichte_Closed_Commercial_State_">Fichte's Monetary History (Interpretative Essay of Fichte' Closed Commercial State)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">An interpretive essay on Fichte's Closed Commercial State, included in the translation published by SUNY Press.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24313674" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="629943951b9b57ab5ba3026b712051f3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50410315,"asset_id":24313674,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50410315/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="209097" href="https://yonsei.academia.edu/AnthonyCurtisAdler">Anthony Curtis Adler</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="209097" type="text/json">{"id":209097,"first_name":"Anthony Curtis","last_name":"Adler","domain_name":"yonsei","page_name":"AnthonyCurtisAdler","display_name":"Anthony Curtis Adler","profile_url":"https://yonsei.academia.edu/AnthonyCurtisAdler?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/209097/354204/423943/s65_anthony_curtis.adler.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24313674 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24313674"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24313674, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24313674", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_24313674 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24313674; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_24313674"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_24313674 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="24313674"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24313674; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24313674]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_24313674").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_24313674").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="24313674"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="384" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/German_Studies">German Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="384" type="text/json">{"id":384,"name":"German Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/German_Studies?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1696" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory">Political Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1696" type="text/json">{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1735" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Economic_Thought">History of Economic Thought</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1735" type="text/json">{"id":1735,"name":"History of Economic Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Economic_Thought?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5960" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continental_Philosophy">Continental Philosophy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5960" type="text/json">{"id":5960,"name":"Continental Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continental_Philosophy?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24313674]'), work: {"id":24313674,"title":"Fichte's Monetary History (Interpretative Essay of Fichte' Closed Commercial State)","created_at":"2016-04-12T01:58:04.953-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/24313674/Fichtes_Monetary_History_Interpretative_Essay_of_Fichte_Closed_Commercial_State_?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_24313674","summary":"An interpretive essay on Fichte's Closed Commercial State, included in the translation published by SUNY Press. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50410315,"asset_id":24313674,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":209097,"first_name":"Anthony Curtis","last_name":"Adler","domain_name":"yonsei","page_name":"AnthonyCurtisAdler","display_name":"Anthony Curtis Adler","profile_url":"https://yonsei.academia.edu/AnthonyCurtisAdler?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/209097/354204/423943/s65_anthony_curtis.adler.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":384,"name":"German Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/German_Studies?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":1735,"name":"History of Economic Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Economic_Thought?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":5960,"name":"Continental Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continental_Philosophy?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":6202,"name":"German Idealism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/German_Idealism?f_ri=271890"},{"id":6208,"name":"Economic Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Theory?f_ri=271890"},{"id":8477,"name":"Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling?f_ri=271890"},{"id":9465,"name":"Philosophy of History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_History?f_ri=271890"},{"id":10270,"name":"Johann Gottlieb Fichte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte?f_ri=271890"},{"id":11684,"name":"Money and Banking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Money_and_Banking?f_ri=271890"},{"id":16889,"name":"Heterodox Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heterodox_Economics?f_ri=271890"},{"id":26994,"name":"Schelling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Schelling?f_ri=271890"},{"id":31667,"name":"Fichte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fichte?f_ri=271890"},{"id":31670,"name":"Friedrich Hölderlin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin?f_ri=271890"},{"id":137079,"name":"Hölderlin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/H%C3%B6lderlin?f_ri=271890"},{"id":167228,"name":"Economic Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Nationalism?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":285165,"name":"Nationalism Fichte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism_Fichte?f_ri=271890"},{"id":300289,"name":"FICHTE AND HIS PHILOSOPHY SYSTEM","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/FICHTE_AND_HIS_PHILOSOPHY_SYSTEM?f_ri=271890"},{"id":638559,"name":"J.F. Fichte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/J.F._Fichte?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1540305" data-work_id="1540305" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1540305/William_Marshal_Perception_and_Past">William Marshal: Perception and Past</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper analyzes secondary and primary source literature written about William Marshal - a comparatively famous 12th century knight - in order to determine what influences his reputation has had on authors, as well as what... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1540305" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper analyzes secondary and primary source literature written about William Marshal - a comparatively famous 12th century knight - in order to determine what influences his reputation has had on authors, as well as what consequential perceptions there are of him due to that distortion.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1540305" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="291cc44bdfdac728e11fdb7f74272748" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":12917942,"asset_id":1540305,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/12917942/download_file?st=MTczMzIwMDExOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="806897" href="https://nevada-reno.academia.edu/DavidHarrell">David Harrell</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="806897" type="text/json">{"id":806897,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Harrell","domain_name":"nevada-reno","page_name":"DavidHarrell","display_name":"David Harrell","profile_url":"https://nevada-reno.academia.edu/DavidHarrell?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/806897/753292/936262/s65_david.harrell.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1540305 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1540305"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1540305, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1540305", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1540305 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1540305; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1540305"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1540305 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1540305"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1540305; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1540305]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1540305").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1540305").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1540305"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1446" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_History">Medieval History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1446" type="text/json">{"id":1446,"name":"Medieval History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_History?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12142" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bias">Bias</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12142" type="text/json">{"id":12142,"name":"Bias","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bias?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36481" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/12th_century_England">12th century England</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="36481" type="text/json">{"id":36481,"name":"12th century England","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/12th_century_England?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128803" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distortion">Distortion</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="128803" type="text/json">{"id":128803,"name":"Distortion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distortion?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1540305]'), work: {"id":1540305,"title":"William Marshal: Perception and Past","created_at":"2012-05-07T14:07:16.205-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1540305/William_Marshal_Perception_and_Past?f_ri=271890","dom_id":"work_1540305","summary":"This paper analyzes secondary and primary source literature written about William Marshal - a comparatively famous 12th century knight - in order to determine what influences his reputation has had on authors, as well as what consequential perceptions there are of him due to that distortion.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":12917942,"asset_id":1540305,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":806897,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Harrell","domain_name":"nevada-reno","page_name":"DavidHarrell","display_name":"David Harrell","profile_url":"https://nevada-reno.academia.edu/DavidHarrell?f_ri=271890","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/806897/753292/936262/s65_david.harrell.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1446,"name":"Medieval History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_History?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":12142,"name":"Bias","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bias?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":36481,"name":"12th century England","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/12th_century_England?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":128803,"name":"Distortion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distortion?f_ri=271890","nofollow":false},{"id":135992,"name":"Utility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Utility?f_ri=271890"},{"id":149166,"name":"Impact","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Impact?f_ri=271890"},{"id":197259,"name":"William Marshal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/William_Marshal?f_ri=271890"},{"id":232871,"name":"Magna Carta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magna_Carta?f_ri=271890"},{"id":271890,"name":"Currency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":310370,"name":"Error","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Error?f_ri=271890"},{"id":767912,"name":"Latency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latency?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1000219,"name":"Measuring Knowledge validity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Measuring_Knowledge_validity?f_ri=271890"},{"id":1000224,"name":"Pertinance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pertinance?f_ri=271890"},{"id":2280053,"name":"Etcetera","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Etcetera-1?f_ri=271890"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"><li class="next_page"><a href="/Documents/in/Currency?after=50%2C1540305" rel="next">Next</a></li><li class="last next"><a href="/Documents/in/Currency?page=last">Last »</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="u-pl6x"><div style="width: 300px;"><div class="panel panel-flat u-mt7x"><div class="panel-heading u-p5x"><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-taCenter u-fw700 u-textUppercase">Related Topics</div></div><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exchange_Rates">Exchange Rates</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="236035">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="236035">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latency">Latency</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="767912">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="767912">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pertinance">Pertinance</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="1000224">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="1000224">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Error">Error</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="310370">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="310370">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bias">Bias</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="12142">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="12142">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency_Exchange_Rates">Currency Exchange Rates</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="203492">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="203492">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distortion">Distortion</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="128803">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="128803">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Utility">Utility</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="135992">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="135992">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Impact">Impact</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="149166">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="149166">Following</a></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// MIT License // Copyright © 2011 Sebastian Tschan, https://blueimp.net // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of // this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in // the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to // use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of // the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, // subject to the following conditions: // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all // copies or substantial portions of the Software. // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR // IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS // FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR // COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER // IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN // CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. !function(n){"use strict";function d(n,t){var r=(65535&n)+(65535&t);return(n>>16)+(t>>16)+(r>>16)<<16|65535&r}function f(n,t,r,e,o,u){return d((c=d(d(t,n),d(e,u)))<<(f=o)|c>>>32-f,r);var c,f}function l(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&r|~t&e,n,t,o,u,c)}function v(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&e|r&~e,n,t,o,u,c)}function g(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t^r^e,n,t,o,u,c)}function m(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(r^(t|~e),n,t,o,u,c)}function i(n,t){var r,e,o,u;n[t>>5]|=128<<t%32,n[14+(t+64>>>9<<4)]=t;for(var c=1732584193,f=-271733879,i=-1732584194,a=271733878,h=0;h<n.length;h+=16)c=l(r=c,e=f,o=i,u=a,n[h],7,-680876936),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+1],12,-389564586),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],17,606105819),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+3],22,-1044525330),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],7,-176418897),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+5],12,1200080426),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],17,-1473231341),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+7],22,-45705983),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],7,1770035416),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+9],12,-1958414417),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],17,-42063),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+11],22,-1990404162),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],7,1804603682),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+13],12,-40341101),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],17,-1502002290),c=v(c,f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+15],22,1236535329),i,a,n[h+1],5,-165796510),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+6],9,-1069501632),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],14,643717713),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h],20,-373897302),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+5],5,-701558691),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+10],9,38016083),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],14,-660478335),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+4],20,-405537848),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],5,568446438),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+14],9,-1019803690),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],14,-187363961),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+8],20,1163531501),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],5,-1444681467),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+2],9,-51403784),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],14,1735328473),c=g(c,f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+12],20,-1926607734),i,a,n[h+5],4,-378558),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+8],11,-2022574463),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],16,1839030562),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+14],23,-35309556),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+1],4,-1530992060),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+4],11,1272893353),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],16,-155497632),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+10],23,-1094730640),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],4,681279174),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h],11,-358537222),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],16,-722521979),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+6],23,76029189),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],4,-640364487),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+12],11,-421815835),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],16,530742520),c=m(c,f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+2],23,-995338651),i,a,n[h],6,-198630844),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+7],10,1126891415),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],15,-1416354905),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+5],21,-57434055),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],6,1700485571),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+3],10,-1894986606),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],15,-1051523),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+1],21,-2054922799),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],6,1873313359),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+15],10,-30611744),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],15,-1560198380),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+13],21,1309151649),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],6,-145523070),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+11],10,-1120210379),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],15,718787259),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+9],21,-343485551),c=d(c,r),f=d(f,e),i=d(i,o),a=d(a,u);return[c,f,i,a]}function a(n){for(var t="",r=32*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t+=String.fromCharCode(n[e>>5]>>>e%32&255);return t}function h(n){var t=[];for(t[(n.length>>2)-1]=void 0,e=0;e<t.length;e+=1)t[e]=0;for(var r=8*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t[e>>5]|=(255&n.charCodeAt(e/8))<<e%32;return t}function e(n){for(var t,r="0123456789abcdef",e="",o=0;o<n.length;o+=1)t=n.charCodeAt(o),e+=r.charAt(t>>>4&15)+r.charAt(15&t);return e}function r(n){return unescape(encodeURIComponent(n))}function o(n){return a(i(h(t=r(n)),8*t.length));var t}function u(n,t){return function(n,t){var r,e,o=h(n),u=[],c=[];for(u[15]=c[15]=void 0,16<o.length&&(o=i(o,8*n.length)),r=0;r<16;r+=1)u[r]=909522486^o[r],c[r]=1549556828^o[r];return e=i(u.concat(h(t)),512+8*t.length),a(i(c.concat(e),640))}(r(n),r(t))}function t(n,t,r){return t?r?u(t,n):e(u(t,n)):r?o(n):e(o(n))}"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(function(){return t}):"object"==typeof module&&module.exports?module.exports=t:n.md5=t}(this);</script><script>window.AbTest = (function() { return { 'ab_test': (uniqueId, test_name, buckets) => { let override = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get(`ab_test[${test_name}]`); if ( override ) { return override; } const bucketNames = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? bucket : Object.keys(bucket)[0]; }); const weights = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? 1 : Object.values(bucket)[0]; }); const total = weights.reduce((sum, weight) => sum + weight); const hash = md5(`${uniqueId}${test_name}`); const hashNum = parseInt(hash.slice(-12), 16); let bucketPoint = total * (hashNum % 100000) / 100000; const bucket = bucketNames.find((_, i) => { if (weights[i] > bucketPoint) { return true; } bucketPoint -= weights[i]; return false; }); return bucket; } }; })();</script><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><script>function onGoogleOneTapEvent(event) { var momentType = event.getMomentType(); var momentReason = null; if (event.isNotDisplayed()) { momentReason = event.getNotDisplayedReason(); } else if (event.isSkippedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getSkippedReason(); } else if (event.isDismissedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getDismissedReason(); } Aedu.arbitraryEvents.write('GoogleOneTapEvent', { moment_type: momentType, moment_reason: momentReason, }); }</script><script>(function() { var auvid = unescape( document.cookie .split(/; ?/) .find((s) => s.startsWith('auvid')) .substring(6)); var bucket = AbTest.ab_test(auvid, 'lo_ri_one_tap_google_sign_on', ['control', 'one_tap_google_sign_on']); if (bucket === 'control') return; var oneTapTag = document.createElement('script') oneTapTag.async = true oneTapTag.defer = true oneTapTag.src = 'https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client' document.body.appendChild(oneTapTag) })();</script></div></div></div> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "69f459a9867bad71473a63edacdd19e0334bff2a871408be8949e0c59346bdb0", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="+N/PrAmpmR8nIgAnZQn2hcJSaMmU0csibcpjt+x9c+IIVKeSUrimZp9/plqdp4MiGzd5+YVhqlAiwPtYUWvbrQ==" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Currency" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="APAya9gC81dFUiGo82V9H2qoClueMKq2UMAK6hCNM0Xwe1pVgxPMLv0Ph9ULywi4s80ba4+Ay8QfypIFrZubCg==" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/academia">Blog</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2024</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>