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<span>Methyl oxidase deficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methyl_oxidase_deficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enzymatic_inhibition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enzymatic_inhibition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Enzymatic inhibition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enzymatic_inhibition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aldosterone synthase</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="CYP11B2" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosterona_sintasa" title="Aldosterona sintasa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aldosterona sintasa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosterone_sintasi" title="Aldosterone sintasi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aldosterone sintasi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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style="width:26.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">CYP11B2</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aldosteronecomplexdeoxycorticosterone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aldosteronecomplexdeoxycorticosterone.jpg/250px-Aldosteronecomplexdeoxycorticosterone.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aldosteronecomplexdeoxycorticosterone.jpg/375px-Aldosteronecomplexdeoxycorticosterone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Aldosteronecomplexdeoxycorticosterone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Available structures</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#c3fdb8;width:43px"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee">Human UniProt search: <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/searchResults.html?display=both&term=P19099">PDBe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_name:UniProt%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_accession:P19099">RCSB</a> </span></td></tr><tr><td><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr style="background-color:#ddd;text-align:center"><th colspan="2">List of PDB id codes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4DVQ">4DVQ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4FDH">4FDH</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4ZGX">4ZGX</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Gene_nomenclature" title="Gene nomenclature">Aliases</a></span></th><td colspan="3" style="background:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/2592">CYP11B2</a></span>, ALDOS, CPN2, CYP11B, CYP11BL, CYPXIB2, P-450C18, P450C18, P450aldo, cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily B member 2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">External IDs</th><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/124080">124080</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mouse_Genome_Informatics" title="Mouse Genome Informatics">MGI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:88583">88583</a>; <a href="/wiki/HomoloGene" title="HomoloGene">HomoloGene</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=106948">106948</a>; <a href="/wiki/GeneCards" title="GeneCards">GeneCards</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=CYP11B2">CYP11B2</a>; <a href="/wiki/Orthologous_MAtrix" title="Orthologous MAtrix">OMA</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000179142">CYP11B2 - orthologs</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC number</a></th><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?enzyme+1.14.15.4">1.14.15.4</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_human_chromosome_8.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 8 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 8 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ideogram_human_chromosome_8.svg/300px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ideogram_human_chromosome_8.svg/450px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ideogram_human_chromosome_8.svg/600px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="189" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_8_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 8 (human)">Chromosome 8 (human)</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_chromosome_8_ideogram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 8 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 8 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Human_chromosome_8_ideogram.svg/300px-Human_chromosome_8_ideogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Human_chromosome_8_ideogram.svg/450px-Human_chromosome_8_ideogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Human_chromosome_8_ideogram.svg/600px-Human_chromosome_8_ideogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 284.22523297775px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for CYP11B2"><img alt="Genomic location for CYP11B2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 290.2px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for CYP11B2"><img alt="Genomic location for CYP11B2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">8q24.3</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">142,910,559 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">142,917,843 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_15.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 15 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 15 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_15.svg/260px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_15.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_15.svg/390px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_15.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_15.svg/520px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_15.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">Chromosome 15 (mouse)<sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_15.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 15 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 15 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_15.svg/300px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_15.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_15.svg/450px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_15.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_15.svg/600px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_15.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="231" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 205.80563769378px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for CYP11B2"><img alt="Genomic location for CYP11B2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 211.8px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for CYP11B2"><img alt="Genomic location for CYP11B2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">15 D3|15 34.29 cM</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">74,705,974 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">74,713,492 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">RNA expression</a> pattern</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/">Bgee</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th><b><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a></b></th><th><b><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a> (ortholog)</b></th></tr><tr><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000179142">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">right adrenal cortex</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">left adrenal gland</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">left adrenal cortex</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">testicle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">fundus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">connective tissue</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">adipose tissue</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">heart</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">atrium</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">right atrium</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000075604">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">adrenal gland</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">gastrula</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">decidua</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">umbilical cord</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">spinal ganglia</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">extraocular muscle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">upper arm</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">triceps brachii muscle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">ureter</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">testicle</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000179142">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/">BioGPS</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PBB_GE_CYP11B2_214630_at_fs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PBB_GE_CYP11B2_214630_at_fs.png/250px-PBB_GE_CYP11B2_214630_at_fs.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PBB_GE_CYP11B2_214630_at_fs.png/375px-PBB_GE_CYP11B2_214630_at_fs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PBB_GE_CYP11B2_214630_at_fs.png/500px-PBB_GE_CYP11B2_214630_at_fs.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/gene/1585/">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene ontology">Gene ontology</a></th></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Molecular function</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005506">iron ion binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0047783">corticosterone 18-monooxygenase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0046872">metal ion binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004497">monooxygenase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0020037">heme binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016705">oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016491">oxidoreductase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004507">steroid 11-beta-monooxygenase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008395">steroid hydroxylase activity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Cellular component</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031966">mitochondrial membranes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016020">membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005739">mitochondrion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005743">mitochondrial inner membrane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Biological process</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006629">lipid metabolism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032342">aldosterone biosynthetic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0034651">cortisol biosynthetic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006700">C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032870">cellular response to hormone stimulus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0055075">potassium ion homeostasis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006705">mineralocorticoid biosynthetic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002017">regulation of blood volume by renal aldosterone</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003091">renal water homeostasis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016125">sterol metabolic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0055078">sodium ion homeostasis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0035865">cellular response to potassium ion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006694">steroid biosynthetic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008202">steroid metabolic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006704">glucocorticoid biosynthetic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008203">cholesterol metabolic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0071375">cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0034650">cortisol metabolic process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center">Sources:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/">Amigo</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/">QuickGO</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Orthologs" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthologs">Orthologs</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Species</th><td><b>Human</b></td><td><b>Mouse</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=1585&rn=1">1585</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=110115&rn=1">110115</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000179142;db=core">ENSG00000179142</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000075604;db=core">ENSMUSG00000075604</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P19099">P19099</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks">n/a</p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (mRNA)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_000498">NM_000498</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001033229">NM_001033229</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (protein)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_000489">NP_000489</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks">n/a</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Location (UCSC)</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr8:142910559-142917843">Chr 8: 142.91 – 142.92 Mb</a></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr15:74705974-74713492">Chr 15: 74.71 – 74.71 Mb</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> search</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14904983" class="extiw" title="d:Q14904983">View/Edit Human</a></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14904984" class="extiw" title="d:Q14904984">View/Edit Mouse</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Aldosterone synthase</b>, also called <b>steroid 18-hydroxylase</b>, <b>corticosterone 18-monooxygenase</b> or <b>P450C18</b>, is a steroid <a href="/wiki/Hydroxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxylase">hydroxylase</a> <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450</a> enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the mineralocorticoid <a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">aldosterone</a> and other steroids. The enzyme catalyzes sequential hydroxylations of the steroid angular methyl group at C18 after initial 11β-hydroxylation (the enzyme has steroid 18-hydroxylase activity as well as steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase activity). It is encoded by the <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CYP11B2">CYP11B2</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> in humans. </p><p>Aldosterone synthase is a protein which is only expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Zona_glomerulosa" title="Zona glomerulosa">zona glomerulosa</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bassett_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassett-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_cortex" title="Adrenal cortex">adrenal cortex</a> and is primarily regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">renin–angiotensin system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_M_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_M-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the sole enzyme capable of synthesizing aldosterone in humans and plays an important role in <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a> balance and <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Structural_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Structural-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldosterone_synthase&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aldosterone synthase is encoded on <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_8" title="Chromosome 8">chromosome 8q</a>22<sup id="cite_ref-Bassett_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassett-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the <i>CYP11B2</i> gene.<sup id="cite_ref-Bassett_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassett-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gene contains 9 exons and spans roughly 7000 base pairs of DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-Bassett_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassett-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>CYP11B2</i> is closely related with <i><a href="/wiki/CYP11B1" class="mw-redirect" title="CYP11B1">CYP11B1</a></i>. The two genes show 93% <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homology</a> to each other and are both encoded on the same chromosome.<sup id="cite_ref-Mornet_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mornet-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has shown that calcium ions activate <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription factors">transcription factors</a> at <i>CYP11B2</i> through well defined interactions at the 5'-flanking region of <i>CYP11B2</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bassett_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassett-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aldosterone synthase is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cytochrome P450 proteins are <a href="/wiki/Monooxygenase" title="Monooxygenase">monooxygenases</a> that catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroids">steroids</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Lipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipids">lipids</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldosterone_synthase&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aldosterone synthase is the enzyme that has steroid 18-hydroxylase activity as well as steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase activity. The 18-hydroxylase activity consists in catalyzing sequential hydroxylations of the steroid angular methyl group at C18. </p><p>Whereas <a href="/wiki/Steroid_11%CE%B2-hydroxylase" title="Steroid 11β-hydroxylase">steroid 11β-hydroxylase</a> (encoded by <i>CYP11B1</i> gene) only catalyzes hydroxylation at position 11 beta (mainly of 11-deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol), aldosterone synthase (encoded by <i>CYP11B2</i> gene) catalyzes the synthesis of aldosterone from deoxycorticosterone, a process that successively requires hydroxylation at positions 11 beta and 18 and oxidation at position 18.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">Adrenocorticotropic hormone</a> is assumed to play a role in the regulation of aldosterone synthase likely through stimulating the synthesis of <a href="/wiki/11-deoxycorticosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="11-deoxycorticosterone">11-deoxycorticosterone</a> which is the initial substrate of the enzymatic action in aldosterone synthase.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone_system.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone_system.svg/700px-Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone_system.svg.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone_system.svg/1050px-Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone_system.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone_system.svg/1400px-Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone_system.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Renin–angiotensin system schematic showing aldosterone activity on the right</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldosterone_synthase&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ALDOSTERONESynthesis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/ALDOSTERONESynthesis.svg/400px-ALDOSTERONESynthesis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="498" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/ALDOSTERONESynthesis.svg/600px-ALDOSTERONESynthesis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/ALDOSTERONESynthesis.svg/800px-ALDOSTERONESynthesis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>Biosynthetic pathway of aldosterone starting with progesterone</figcaption></figure> <p>Aldosterone synthase converts <a href="/wiki/11-deoxycorticosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="11-deoxycorticosterone">11-deoxycorticosterone</a> to <a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">corticosterone</a>, to <a href="/wiki/18-hydroxycorticosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="18-hydroxycorticosterone">18-hydroxycorticosterone</a>, and finally to <a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">aldosterone</a>: </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:11-Deoxycorticosterone.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="11-deoxycorticosterone"><img alt="11-deoxycorticosterone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/11-Deoxycorticosterone.svg/120px-11-Deoxycorticosterone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/11-Deoxycorticosterone.svg/180px-11-Deoxycorticosterone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/11-Deoxycorticosterone.svg/240px-11-Deoxycorticosterone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/11-deoxycorticosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="11-deoxycorticosterone">11-deoxycorticosterone</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Corticosterone-2D-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Corticosterone"><img alt="Corticosterone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Corticosterone-2D-skeletal.svg/120px-Corticosterone-2D-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Corticosterone-2D-skeletal.svg/180px-Corticosterone-2D-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Corticosterone-2D-skeletal.svg/240px-Corticosterone-2D-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="358" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">Corticosterone</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:18-hydroxycorticosterone.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="18-hydroxycorticosterone"><img alt="18-hydroxycorticosterone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/18-hydroxycorticosterone.PNG/120px-18-hydroxycorticosterone.PNG" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/18-hydroxycorticosterone.PNG/180px-18-hydroxycorticosterone.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/18-hydroxycorticosterone.PNG/240px-18-hydroxycorticosterone.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/18-hydroxycorticosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="18-hydroxycorticosterone">18-hydroxycorticosterone</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aldosterone-2D-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aldosterone"><img alt="Aldosterone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Aldosterone-2D-skeletal.svg/120px-Aldosterone-2D-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Aldosterone-2D-skeletal.svg/180px-Aldosterone-2D-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Aldosterone-2D-skeletal.svg/240px-Aldosterone-2D-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="358" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">Aldosterone</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>In human metabolism the biosynthesis of aldosterone largely depends on the metabolism of <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a> is metabolized in what is known as the early pathway of aldosterone synthesis<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is hydroxylated becoming (20R,22R)-dihydroxycholesterol which is then metabolized as a direct precursor to <a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">pregnenolone</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">Pregnenolone</a> can then followed one of two pathways which involve the metabolism of <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a> biosynthesis. Aldosterone is synthesized by following the metabolism of <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a>. </p><p>In the potential case where aldosterone synthase is not metabolically active the body accumulates <a href="/wiki/11-deoxycorticosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="11-deoxycorticosterone">11-deoxycorticosterone</a>. This increases salt retention leading to increased <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USMED_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USMED-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Substrates">Substrates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldosterone_synthase&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Substrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aldosterone synthase shows different catalytic activity during metabolism of its substrates.<sup id="cite_ref-Structural_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Structural-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here are some of the substrates, grouped by catalytic activity of the enzyme: </p> <ul><li>strong:<sup id="cite_ref-Structural_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Structural-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid29277707_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29277707-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11-deoxycorticosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="11-deoxycorticosterone">11-deoxycorticosterone</a> to <a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">corticosterone</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15134803_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15134803-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">aldosterone</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29277707_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29277707-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>medium:<sup id="cite_ref-Structural_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Structural-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid29277707_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29277707-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11-deoxycortisol" class="mw-redirect" title="11-deoxycortisol">11-deoxycortisol</a> to <a href="/w/index.php?title=18-hydroxycortisol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="18-hydroxycortisol (page does not exist)">18-hydroxycortisol</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29277707_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29277707-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>weak:<sup id="cite_ref-Structural_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Structural-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid29277707_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29277707-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a> to <a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-hydroxyprogesterone" class="mw-redirect" title="11β-hydroxyprogesterone">11β-hydroxyprogesterone</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29277707_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29277707-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> to <a href="/w/index.php?title=18-hydroxytestosterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="18-hydroxytestosterone (page does not exist)">18-hydroxytestosterone</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxytestosterone" title="11β-Hydroxytestosterone">11β-Hydroxytestosterone</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29277707_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29277707-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstendione" class="mw-redirect" title="Androstendione">androstendione</a> (to <a href="/w/index.php?title=11%CE%B2-Hydroxyandrostendione&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11β-Hydroxyandrostendione (page does not exist)">11β-Hydroxyandrostendione</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid29277707_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29277707-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=18-hydroxyandrostendione&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="18-hydroxyandrostendione (page does not exist)">18-hydroxyandrostendione</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (September 2020)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>);</li></ul></li> <li>very weak:<sup id="cite_ref-Structural_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Structural-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">corticosterone</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a> to <a href="/w/index.php?title=18-hydroxycortisol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="18-hydroxycortisol (page does not exist)">18-hydroxycortisol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27853054_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27853054-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone" title="18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone">18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/21-hydroxypregnenolone" class="mw-redirect" title="21-hydroxypregnenolone">21-hydroxypregnenolone</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methyl_oxidase_deficiency">Methyl oxidase deficiency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldosterone_synthase&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Methyl oxidase deficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lack of metabolically active aldosterone synthase leads to corticosterone methyl oxidase deficiency type I and II. The deficiency is characterized clinically by salt-wasting, failure to thrive, and growth retardation.<sup id="cite_ref-Defective_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defective-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The in-active proteins are caused by the autosomal recessive inheritance of defective <i>CYP11B2</i> genes in which genetic mutations destroy the enzymatic activity of aldosterone synthase.<sup id="cite_ref-Defective_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defective-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deficient aldosterone synthase activity results in impaired biosynthesis of <a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">aldosterone</a> while <a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">corticosterone</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Zona_glomerulosa" title="Zona glomerulosa">zona glomerulosa</a> is excessively produced in both corticosterone methyl oxidase deficiency type I and II. The corticosterone methyl oxidase deficiencies both share this effect however type I causes an overall deficiency of 18-hydroxycorticosterone while type II overproduces it.<sup id="cite_ref-Defective_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defective-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enzymatic_inhibition">Enzymatic inhibition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldosterone_synthase&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Enzymatic inhibition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inhibition of aldosterone synthase is currently being investigated as a medical treatment for <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Renal_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal disorder">renal disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Inhibition_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inhibition-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deactivation of enzymatic activity reduces aldosterone concentrations in plasma and tissues which decreases <a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_receptor" title="Mineralocorticoid receptor">mineralocorticoid receptor</a>-dependent and independent effects in cardiac vascular and renal target organs.<sup id="cite_ref-Inhibition_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inhibition-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inhibition has shown to decrease plasma and urinary aldosterone concentrations by 70 - 80%, rapid <a href="/wiki/Hypokalaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypokalaemia">hypokalaemia</a> correction, moderate decrease of blood pressure, and an increase plasma <a href="/wiki/Renin" title="Renin">renin</a> activity in patients who are on a low-sodium diet.<sup id="cite_ref-Inhibition_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inhibition-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ongoing medical research is focusing on the synthesis of second-generation aldosterone synthase inhibitors to create an ideally selective inhibitor as the current, orally delivered, LCl699 has shown to be non-specific to aldosterone synthase.<sup id="cite_ref-Inhibition_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inhibition-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldosterone_synthase&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steroidogenic_enzyme" title="Steroidogenic enzyme">Steroidogenic enzyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoaldosteronism" title="Hypoaldosteronism">Hypoaldosteronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_remediable_aldosteronism" title="Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism">Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldosterone_synthase&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hormone+Research&rft.atitle=Disorders+of+the+aldosterone+synthase+and+steroid+11beta-hydroxylase+deficiencies&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=211-22&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24182379%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10559665&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000023374&rft.aulast=Peter&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Dubuis%2C+JM&rft.au=Sippell%2C+WG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldosterone+synthase" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Structural-7"><span 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href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4307594">4307594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Biosynthesis+of+18-hydroxytestosterone+in+the+human+foetal+liver&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=402-5&rft.date=1969-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.1969.tb00622.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4307594&rft.aulast=Lisboa&rft.aufirst=BP&rft.au=Gustafsson%2C+JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1432-1033.1969.tb00622.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldosterone+synthase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27853054-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid27853054_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamuraYamazakiTezukaSatoh2016" class="citation journal cs1">Nakamura Y, Yamazaki Y, Tezuka 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tohoku+Journal+of+Experimental+Medicine&rft.atitle=Expression+of+CYP11B2+in+Aldosterone-Producing+Adrenocortical+Adenoma%3A+Regulatory+Mechanisms+and+Clinical+Significance&rft.volume=240&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=183-190&rft.date=2016-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1620%2Ftjem.240.183&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27853054&rft.aulast=Nakamura&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Yamazaki%2C+Y&rft.au=Tezuka%2C+Y&rft.au=Satoh%2C+F&rft.au=Sasano%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1620%252Ftjem.240.183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldosterone+synthase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Defective-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Defective_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Defective_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Defective_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link 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title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23874859">23874859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Endocrinology+and+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Hereditary+defect+in+biosynthesis+of+aldosterone%3A+aldosterone+synthase+deficiency+1964-1997&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=3525-8&rft.date=1997-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23874859%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9360501&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fjcem.82.11.4399&rft.aulast=Peter&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Fawaz%2C+L&rft.au=Drop%2C+SL&rft.au=Visser%2C+HK&rft.au=Sippell%2C+WG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1210%252Fjcem.82.11.4399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldosterone+synthase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inhibition-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Inhibition_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inhibition_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inhibition_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inhibition_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAziziAmarMenard2013" class="citation journal cs1">Azizi M, Amar L, Menard J (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fndt%2Fgfs388">"Aldosterone synthase inhibition in humans"</a>. <i>Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 36–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fndt%2Fgfs388">10.1093/ndt/gfs388</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23045428">23045428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nephrology%2C+Dialysis%2C+Transplantation&rft.atitle=Aldosterone+synthase+inhibition+in+humans&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-43&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fndt%2Fgfs388&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23045428&rft.aulast=Azizi&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Amar%2C+L&rft.au=Menard%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fndt%252Fgfs388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldosterone+synthase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldosterone_synthase&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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(December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem.81.12.8954040">"Genetic variation in P450c11AS in Chilean patients with low renin hypertension"</a>. <i>The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism</i>. <b>81</b> (12): 4347–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem.81.12.8954040">10.1210/jcem.81.12.8954040</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8954040">8954040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Endocrinology+and+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Genetic+variation+in+P450c11AS+in+Chilean+patients+with+low+renin+hypertension&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=4347-51&rft.date=1996-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fjcem.81.12.8954040&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8954040&rft.aulast=Fardella&rft.aufirst=CE&rft.au=Rodriguez%2C+H&rft.au=Montero%2C+J&rft.au=Zhang%2C+G&rft.au=Vignolo%2C+P&rft.au=Rojas%2C+A&rft.au=Villarroel%2C+L&rft.au=Miller%2C+WL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1210%252Fjcem.81.12.8954040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldosterone+synthase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNomotoMassaMitaniIshimura1997" class="citation journal cs1">Nomoto S, Massa G, Mitani F, Ishimura Y, Miyahara K, Toda K, et al. (May 1997). "CMO I deficiency caused by a point mutation in exon 8 of the human CYP11B2 gene encoding steroid 18-hydroxylase (P450C18)". <i>Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications</i>. <b>234</b> (2): 382–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fbbrc.1997.6651">10.1006/bbrc.1997.6651</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9177280">9177280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochemical+and+Biophysical+Research+Communications&rft.atitle=CMO+I+deficiency+caused+by+a+point+mutation+in+exon+8+of+the+human+CYP11B2+gene+encoding+steroid+18-hydroxylase+%28P450C18%29&rft.volume=234&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=382-5&rft.date=1997-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fbbrc.1997.6651&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9177280&rft.aulast=Nomoto&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Massa%2C+G&rft.au=Mitani%2C+F&rft.au=Ishimura%2C+Y&rft.au=Miyahara%2C+K&rft.au=Toda%2C+K&rft.au=Nagano%2C+I&rft.au=Yamashiro%2C+T&rft.au=Ogoshi%2C+S&rft.au=Fukata%2C+J&rft.au=Onishi%2C+S&rft.au=Hashimoto%2C+K&rft.au=Doi%2C+Y&rft.au=Imura%2C+H&rft.au=Shizuta%2C+Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldosterone+synthase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaymansPackPakTorpy1998" class="citation journal cs1">Taymans SE, Pack S, Pak E, Torpy DJ, Zhuang Z, Stratakis CA (March 1998). "Human CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) maps to chromosome 8q24.3". <i>The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism</i>. <b>83</b> (3): 1033–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjc.83.3.1033">10.1210/jc.83.3.1033</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9506770">9506770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Endocrinology+and+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Human+CYP11B2+%28aldosterone+synthase%29+maps+to+chromosome+8q24.3&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1033-6&rft.date=1998-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fjc.83.3.1033&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9506770&rft.aulast=Taymans&rft.aufirst=SE&rft.au=Pack%2C+S&rft.au=Pak%2C+E&rft.au=Torpy%2C+DJ&rft.au=Zhuang%2C+Z&rft.au=Stratakis%2C+CA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldosterone+synthase" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldosterone_synthase&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Aldosterone+synthase">Aldosterone+synthase</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li> <li>Human <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=hg38&singleSearch=knownCanonical&position=CPN2"><i>CPN2</i></a> genome location and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgGene?db=hg38&hgg_type=knownGene&hgg_gene=CPN2"><i>CPN2</i></a> gene details page in the <a href="/wiki/UCSC_Genome_Browser" title="UCSC Genome Browser">UCSC Genome Browser</a>.</li> <li>Human <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=hg38&singleSearch=knownCanonical&position=CYP11B2"><i>CYP11B2</i></a> genome location and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgGene?db=hg38&hgg_type=knownGene&hgg_gene=CYP11B2"><i>CYP11B2</i></a> gene details page in the <a href="/wiki/UCSC_Genome_Browser" title="UCSC Genome Browser">UCSC Genome Browser</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oxidoreductases:_dioxygenases,_including_steroid_hydroxylases_(EC_1.14)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oxidoreductase" title="Oxidoreductase">Oxidoreductases</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxygenase" title="Oxygenase">dioxygenases</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Steroid_hydroxylases" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroid hydroxylases">steroid hydroxylases</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC</a> 1.14)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.14.11_With_2-oxoglutarate_as_one_donor.2C_and_incorporation_of_one_atom_each_of_oxygen_into_both_donors" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">1.14.11</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ketoglutaric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid">2-oxoglutarate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prolyl_hydroxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolyl hydroxylase">Prolyl hydroxylase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIF_prolyl-hydroxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="HIF prolyl-hydroxylase">HIF prolyl-hydroxylase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EGLN1" title="EGLN1">EGLN1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGLN2" title="EGLN2">EGLN2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGLN3" title="EGLN3">EGLN3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P4HTM" title="P4HTM">P4HTM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysyl_hydroxylase" title="Lysyl hydroxylase">Lysyl hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlkB" title="AlkB">AlkB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkb_homolog_1,_histone_h2a_dioxygenase" title="Alkb homolog 1, histone h2a dioxygenase">ALKBH1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTO_gene" title="FTO gene">FTO</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.14.13_With_NADH_or_NADPH_as_one_donor.2C_and_incorporation_of_one_atom_of_oxygen" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">1.14.13</a>: <a href="/wiki/NADH" class="mw-redirect" title="NADH">NADH</a> or <a href="/wiki/NADPH" class="mw-redirect" title="NADPH">NADPH</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavin-containing_monooxygenase" title="Flavin-containing monooxygenase">Flavin-containing monooxygenase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FMO1" class="mw-redirect" title="FMO1">FMO1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FMO2" title="FMO2">FMO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavin-containing_monooxygenase_3" title="Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3">FMO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FMO4" title="FMO4">FMO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FMO5" title="FMO5">FMO5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide_synthase" title="Nitric oxide synthase">Nitric oxide synthase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NOS1" title="NOS1">NOS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide_synthase_2_(inducible)" title="Nitric oxide synthase 2 (inducible)">NOS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothelial_NOS" title="Endothelial NOS">NOS3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_7_alpha-hydroxylase" title="Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase">Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane_monooxygenase" title="Methane monooxygenase">Methane monooxygenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">3A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14%CE%B1-demethylase" class="mw-redirect" title="14α-demethylase">14α-demethylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hydroxycholesterol_7alpha-hydroxylase" title="24-hydroxycholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase">24-hydroxycholesterol 7α-hydroxylase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.14.14_With_reduced_flavin_or_flavoprotein_as_one_donor.2C_and_incorporation_of_one_atom_of_oxygen" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">1.14.14</a>: reduced <a href="/wiki/Flavin_group" title="Flavin group">flavin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flavoprotein" title="Flavoprotein">flavoprotein</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromatase" title="Aromatase">19A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">2D6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2E1" title="CYP2E1">2E1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.14.15_With_reduced_iron–sulfur_protein_as_one_donor.2C_and_incorporation_of_one_atom_of_oxygen" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">1.14.15</a>: reduced <a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_protein" title="Iron–sulfur protein">iron–sulfur protein</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steroid_11-beta-hydroxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase">11B1</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">11B2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_side-chain_cleavage_enzyme" title="Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme">11A1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.14.16_With_reduced_pteridine_as_one_donor.2C_and_incorporation_of_one_atom_of_oxygen" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">1.14.16</a>: reduced <a href="/wiki/Pteridine" title="Pteridine">pteridine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrobiopterin" title="Tetrahydrobiopterin">BH4 dependent</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine_hydroxylase" title="Phenylalanine hydroxylase">Phenylalanine hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_hydroxylase" title="Tyrosine hydroxylase">Tyrosine hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan_hydroxylase" title="Tryptophan hydroxylase">Tryptophan hydroxylase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.14.17_With_reduced_ascorbate_as_one_donor.2C_and_incorporation_of_one_atom_of_oxygen" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">1.14.17</a>: reduced <a href="/wiki/Ascorbate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbate">ascorbate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_beta-hydroxylase" title="Dopamine beta-hydroxylase">Dopamine beta-hydroxylase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.14.18_With_another_compound_as_one_donor.2C_and_incorporation_of_one_atom_of_oxygen" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">1.14.18</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.14.19_With_oxidation_of_a_pair_of_donors_resulting_in_the_reduction_of_molecular_oxygen_to_two_molecules_of_water" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">19</a>: other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosinase" title="Tyrosinase">Tyrosinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stearoyl-CoA_desaturase-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1">Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.14.99_Miscellaneous" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">1.14.99</a> - miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclooxygenase" title="Cyclooxygenase">Cyclooxygenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heme_oxygenase" title="Heme oxygenase">Heme oxygenase</a> (<a href="/wiki/HMOX1" title="HMOX1">HMOX1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squalene_monooxygenase" title="Squalene monooxygenase">Squalene monooxygenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP17A1" title="CYP17A1">17A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21-Hydroxylase" title="21-Hydroxylase">21A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecdysone_20-monooxygenase" title="Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase">Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyhypusine_monooxygenase" title="Deoxyhypusine monooxygenase">Deoxyhypusine monooxygenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metabolism:_lipid_metabolism_–_ketones/cholesterol_synthesis_enzymes/steroid_metabolism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cholesterol_and_steroid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template:Cholesterol and steroid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cholesterol_and_steroid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template talk:Cholesterol and steroid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cholesterol_and_steroid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cholesterol and steroid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabolism:_lipid_metabolism_–_ketones/cholesterol_synthesis_enzymes/steroid_metabolism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lipid_metabolism" title="Lipid metabolism">lipid metabolism</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">ketones</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> synthesis <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steroid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroid metabolism">steroid metabolism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Mevalonate_pathway" title="Mevalonate pathway">Mevalonate pathway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/HMG-CoA" title="HMG-CoA">HMG-CoA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiolase" title="Thiolase">Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMG-CoA_synthase" class="mw-redirect" title="HMG-CoA synthase">HMG-CoA synthase</a> (regulated step)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Ketogenesis" title="Ketogenesis">Ketogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA_lyase" class="mw-redirect" title="3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase">HMG-CoA lyase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-hydroxybutyrate_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase">3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiophorase" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiophorase">Thiophorase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Mevalonic_acid" title="Mevalonic acid">Mevalonic acid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMG-CoA_reductase" title="HMG-CoA reductase">HMG-CoA reductase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Dimethylallyl_pyrophosphate" title="Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate">DMAPP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mevalonate_kinase" title="Mevalonate kinase">Mevalonate kinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphomevalonate_kinase" title="Phosphomevalonate kinase">Phosphomevalonate kinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrophosphomevalonate_decarboxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase">Pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopentenyl-diphosphate_delta_isomerase" title="Isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase">Isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Geranyl-</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylallyltranstransferase" title="Dimethylallyltranstransferase">Dimethylallyltranstransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geranyl_pyrophosphate" title="Geranyl pyrophosphate">Geranyl pyrophosphate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Lanosterol" title="Lanosterol">lanosterol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farnesyl-diphosphate_farnesyltransferase" title="Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase">Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squalene_monooxygenase" title="Squalene monooxygenase">Squalene monooxygenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanosterol_synthase" title="Lanosterol synthase">Lanosterol synthase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/7-Dehydrocholesterol" title="7-Dehydrocholesterol">7-Dehydrocholesterol</a> path</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanosterol_14%CE%B1-demethylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanosterol 14α-demethylase">Lanosterol 14α-demethylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterol-C5-desaturase-like" title="Sterol-C5-desaturase-like">Sterol-C5-desaturase-like</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Dehydrocholesterol_reductase" title="7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase">7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Desmosterol" title="Desmosterol">Desmosterol</a> path</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24-Dehydrocholesterol_reductase" title="24-Dehydrocholesterol reductase">24-Dehydrocholesterol reductase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Bile_acid" title="Bile acid">Bile acids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_7%CE%B1-hydroxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase">Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP27A1" title="CYP27A1">Sterol 27-hydroxylase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Steroidogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroidogenesis">Steroidogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">pregnenolone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_side-chain_cleavage_enzyme" title="Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme">Cholesterol side-chain cleavage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">aldosterone</a>:</i> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">18-Hydroxylase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">cortisone</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/CYP17A1" title="CYP17A1">17α-Hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase" title="11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">11β-<abbr title="Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">HSD</abbr></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase_type_1" title="11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>both:</i> <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase" title="3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">3β-<abbr title="Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">HSD</abbr></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HSD3B1" title="HSD3B1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSD3B2" title="HSD3B2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21-Hydroxylase" title="21-Hydroxylase">21-Hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="11β-Hydroxylase">11β-Hydroxylase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone" title="Sex hormone">sex hormones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CYP17A1" title="CYP17A1">17α-Hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP17A1" title="CYP17A1">17,20-Lyase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase" title="3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">3β-<abbr title="Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">HSD</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B2-Hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase" title="17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">17β-<abbr title="Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">HSD</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-alpha_reductase" class="mw-redirect" title="5-alpha reductase">5α-Reductase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SRD5A1" title="SRD5A1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRD5A2" title="SRD5A2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromatase" title="Aromatase">Aromatase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B2-Hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase" title="17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">17β-<abbr title="Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">HSD</abbr></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other/ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steroid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroid metabolism">Steroid metabolism</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Sulfatase" title="Sulfatase">sulfatase</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steroid_sulfatase" title="Steroid sulfatase">Steroid sulfatase</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sulfotransferase" title="Sulfotransferase">sulfotransferase</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SULT1A1" title="SULT1A1">SULT1A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SULT2A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SULT2A1">SULT2A1</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steroidogenic_acute_regulatory_protein" title="Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein">Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_total_synthesis" title="Cholesterol total synthesis">Cholesterol total synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_cholesterol_transport" title="Reverse cholesterol transport">Reverse cholesterol transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cytochromes,_oxygenases:_cytochrome_P450_(Most_belong_to_EC_1.14)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cytochrome_P450" title="Template:Cytochrome P450"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cytochrome_P450" title="Template talk:Cytochrome P450"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cytochrome_P450" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cytochrome P450"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cytochromes,_oxygenases:_cytochrome_P450_(Most_belong_to_EC_1.14)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome" title="Cytochrome">Cytochromes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygenase" title="Oxygenase">oxygenases</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450</a> (Most belong to <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC</a> 1.14)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">CYP1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CYP1A1" title="CYP1A1">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP1A2" title="CYP1A2">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CYP1A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CYP1A5 (page does not exist)">A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP1B1" title="CYP1B1">B1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">CYP2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CYP2A6" title="CYP2A6">A6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2A7" title="CYP2A7">A7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2A13" title="CYP2A13">A13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2B6" title="CYP2B6">B6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2C8" title="CYP2C8">C8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2C9" title="CYP2C9">C9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2C18" title="CYP2C18">C18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2C19" title="CYP2C19">C19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">D6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2E1" title="CYP2E1">E1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2F1" title="CYP2F1">F1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2J2" title="CYP2J2">J2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2R1" title="CYP2R1">R1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2S1" title="CYP2S1">S1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2U1" title="CYP2U1">U1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2W1" title="CYP2W1">W1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">CYP3 (<a href="/wiki/CYP3A" title="CYP3A">CYP3A</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP3A5" title="CYP3A5">A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP3A7" title="CYP3A7">A7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CYP3A37&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CYP3A37 (page does not exist)">A37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP3A43" title="CYP3A43">A43</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">CYP4</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CYP4A11" title="CYP4A11">A11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP4A22" title="CYP4A22">A22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP4B1" title="CYP4B1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP4F2" title="CYP4F2">F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP4F3" title="CYP4F3">F3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP4F8" title="CYP4F8">F8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP4F11" title="CYP4F11">F11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP4F12" title="CYP4F12">F12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP4F22" title="CYP4F22">F22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP4V2" title="CYP4V2">V2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP4X1" title="CYP4X1">X1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP4Z1" title="CYP4Z1">Z1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">CYP5-20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>CYP5</i> (<a href="/wiki/Thromboxane-A_synthase" title="Thromboxane-A synthase">A1</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP6_family" title="CYP6 family">CYP6</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/CYP6G1" title="CYP6G1">G1</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP6M2" title="CYP6M2">M2</a>)</li> <li><i>CYP7</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_7_alpha-hydroxylase" title="Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase">A1</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP7B1" title="CYP7B1">B1</a>)</li> <li><i>CYP8</i> (<a href="/wiki/CYP8A1" class="mw-redirect" title="CYP8A1">A1</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP8B1" title="CYP8B1">B1</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP9_family" title="CYP9 family">CYP9</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP10_family" title="CYP10 family">CYP10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP11_family" title="CYP11 family">CYP11</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_side-chain_cleavage_enzyme" title="Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme">A1</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP11A2" title="CYP11A2">A2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steroid_11-beta-hydroxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase">B1</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">B2</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP11B3" title="CYP11B3">B3</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP11C1" title="CYP11C1">C1</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP12_family" title="CYP12 family">CYP12</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP13_family" title="CYP13 family">CYP13</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP14_family" title="CYP14 family">CYP14</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP15_family" title="CYP15 family">CYP15</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP16_family" title="CYP16 family">CYP16</a></i></li> <li><i>CYP17</i> (<a href="/wiki/CYP17A1" title="CYP17A1">A1</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP18_family" title="CYP18 family">CYP18</a></i></li> <li><i>CYP19</i> (<a href="/wiki/Aromatase" title="Aromatase">A1</a>)</li> <li><i>CYP20</i> (<a href="/wiki/CYP20A1" title="CYP20A1">A1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">CYP21-49</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>CYP21</i> (<a href="/wiki/21-Hydroxylase" title="21-Hydroxylase">A2</a>)</li> <li><i>CYP22</i> (<a href="/wiki/Daf-9" title="Daf-9">A1</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP23_family" title="CYP23 family">CYP23</a></i></li> <li><i>CYP24</i> (<a href="/wiki/CYP24A1" title="CYP24A1">A1</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP25_family" title="CYP25 family">CYP25</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP26_family" title="CYP26 family">CYP26</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/CYP26A1" title="CYP26A1">A1</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP26B1" title="CYP26B1">B1</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP26C1" title="CYP26C1">C1</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP27_family" title="CYP27 family">CYP27</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/CYP27A1" title="CYP27A1">A1</a>, <a href="/wiki/25-Hydroxyvitamin_D3_1-alpha-hydroxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-hydroxylase">B1</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP27C1" title="CYP27C1">C1</a>)</li> <li><i>CYP28</i> (<a href="/wiki/CYP28A1" title="CYP28A1">A1</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=CYP29_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CYP29 family (page does not exist)">CYP29</a></i></li> <li><i>CYP35</i> (<a href="/wiki/CYP35B1" title="CYP35B1">B1</a>)</li> <li><i>CYP39</i> (<a href="/wiki/CYP39A1" title="CYP39A1">A1</a>)</li> <li><i>CYP46</i> (<a href="/wiki/CYP46A1" class="mw-redirect" title="CYP46A1">A1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">CYP51-69</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sterol_14-demethylase" title="Sterol 14-demethylase">CYP51</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Lanosterol_14_alpha-demethylase" title="Lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase">A1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ERG11" title="ERG11">F1</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP52_family" title="CYP52 family">CYP52</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP53_family" title="CYP53 family">CYP53</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoate_4-monooxygenase" title="Benzoate 4-monooxygenase">A1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP55_family" title="CYP55 family">CYP55</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide_reductase_(NAD(P),_nitrous_oxide-forming)" title="Nitric oxide reductase (NAD(P), nitrous oxide-forming)">A1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>CYP56</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CYP56A1" title="CYP56A1">A1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ERG5" title="ERG5">CYP61</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">CYP71-99</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>CYP71</i> (<a href="/wiki/3-hydroxyindolin-2-one_monooxygenase" title="3-hydroxyindolin-2-one monooxygenase">C1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indolin-2-one_monooxygenase" title="Indolin-2-one monooxygenase">C2</a>, <a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one_monooxygenase" title="2-Hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one monooxygenase">C3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indole-2-monooxygenase" title="Indole-2-monooxygenase">C4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ent-isokaurene_C2-hydroxylase" title="Ent-isokaurene C2-hydroxylase">Z6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelicin_synthase" title="Angelicin synthase">AJ4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amorpha-4,11-diene_12-monooxygenase" title="Amorpha-4,11-diene 12-monooxygenase">AV1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha-humulene_10-hydroxylase" title="Alpha-humulene 10-hydroxylase">BA1</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Secologanin_synthase" title="Secologanin synthase">CYP72A1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trans-cinnamate_4-monooxygenase" title="Trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase">CYP73A1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP74_family" title="CYP74 family">CYP74</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Colneleate_synthase" title="Colneleate synthase">D1</a>)</li> <li><i>CYP75</i> (<a href="/wiki/Flavonoid_3%27,5%27-hydroxylase" title="Flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase">A1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavonoid_3%27-monooxygenase" title="Flavonoid 3'-monooxygenase">B1</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP76_family" title="CYP76 family">CYP76</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Geraniol_8-hydroxylase" title="Geraniol 8-hydroxylase">B6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ent-cassa-12,15-diene_11-hydroxylase" title="Ent-cassa-12,15-diene 11-hydroxylase">M7</a>)</li> <li><i>CYP79</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_N-monooxygenase" title="Tyrosine N-monooxygenase">A1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine_N-monooxygenase" title="Phenylalanine N-monooxygenase">A2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tryptophan_N-monooxygenase" title="Tryptophan N-monooxygenase">B1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tryptophan_N-monooxygenase" title="Tryptophan N-monooxygenase">B2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tryptophan_N-monooxygenase" title="Tryptophan N-monooxygenase">B3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valine_N-monooxygenase" title="Valine N-monooxygenase">D1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valine_N-monooxygenase" title="Valine N-monooxygenase">D2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isoleucine_N-monooxygenase" title="Isoleucine N-monooxygenase">D3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isoleucine_N-monooxygenase" title="Isoleucine N-monooxygenase">D4</a>)</li> <li><i>CYP80</i> (<a href="/wiki/Berbamunine_synthase" title="Berbamunine synthase">A1</a>, <a href="/wiki/N-methylcoclaurine_3%27-monooxygenase" title="N-methylcoclaurine 3'-monooxygenase">B1</a>, <a href="/wiki/(S)-corytuberine_synthase" title="(S)-corytuberine synthase">G2</a>)</li> <li><i>CYP81</i> (<a href="/wiki/Isoflavone_2%27-hydroxylase" title="Isoflavone 2'-hydroxylase">E1</a>, <a href="/wiki/4%27-methoxyisoflavone_2%27-hydroxylase" title="4'-methoxyisoflavone 2'-hydroxylase">E3</a>, <a href="/wiki/4%27-methoxyisoflavone_2%27-hydroxylase" title="4'-methoxyisoflavone 2'-hydroxylase">E7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isoflavone_3%27-hydroxylase" title="Isoflavone 3'-hydroxylase">E9</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beta-amyrin_11-oxidase" title="Beta-amyrin 11-oxidase">CYP88D6</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/3-Epi-6-deoxocathasterone_23-monooxygenase" title="3-Epi-6-deoxocathasterone 23-monooxygenase">CYP90C1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beta-amyrin_24-hydroxylase" title="Beta-amyrin 24-hydroxylase">CYP93E1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carotene_epsilon-monooxygenase" title="Carotene epsilon-monooxygenase">CYP97C1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/9beta-pimara-7,15-diene_oxidase" title="9beta-pimara-7,15-diene oxidase">CYP99A3</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">CYP101-281</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camphor_5-monooxygenase" title="Camphor 5-monooxygenase">CYP101A1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450_BM3" title="Cytochrome P450 BM3">CYP102A1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP105_family" title="CYP105 family">CYP105</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D3_dihydroxylase" title="Vitamin D3 dihydroxylase">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentalenic_acid_synthase" title="Pentalenic acid synthase">D7</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Steroid_15beta-monooxygenase" title="Steroid 15beta-monooxygenase">CYP106A2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP107_family" title="CYP107 family">CYP107</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450_eryF" title="Cytochrome P450 eryF">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP107G1" title="CYP107G1">G1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP109_family" title="CYP109 family">CYP109</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CYP109B1" title="CYP109B1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP109E1" title="CYP109E1">E1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linalool_8-monooxygenase" title="Linalool 8-monooxygenase">CYP111</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erythromycin_12_hydroxylase" title="Erythromycin 12 hydroxylase">CYP113A1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP119A1" title="CYP119A1">CYP119A1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP123_family" title="CYP123 family">CYP123</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cholest-4-en-3-one_26-monooxygenase" title="Cholest-4-en-3-one 26-monooxygenase">CYP125A1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP139_family" title="CYP139 family">CYP139</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP147_family" title="CYP147 family">CYP147</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fatty-acid_peroxygenase" title="Fatty-acid peroxygenase">CYP152</a></i> <ul><li>A1</li> <li>B1</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP154C3" title="CYP154C3">CYP154C3</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biflaviolin_synthase" title="Biflaviolin synthase">CYP158A</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentalenolactone_synthase" title="Pentalenolactone synthase">CYP161C</a></i></li> <li><i>CYP170</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Epi-isozizaene_5-monooxygenase" title="Epi-isozizaene 5-monooxygenase">A1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP170B1" title="CYP170B1">B1</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1,8-Cineole_2-endo-monooxygenase" title="1,8-Cineole 2-endo-monooxygenase">CYP176A1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentalenene_oxygenase" title="Pentalenene oxygenase">CYP183A</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP197_family" title="CYP197 family">CYP197</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/4-methoxybenzoate_monooxygenase_(O-demethylating)" title="4-methoxybenzoate monooxygenase (O-demethylating)">CYP199A2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450_aromatic_O-demethylase" title="Cytochrome P450 aromatic O-demethylase">CYP255A</a> </i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">CYP301-499</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP303A1" title="CYP303A1">CYP303A1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP305_family" title="CYP305 family">CYP305</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CYP305M2" title="CYP305M2">M2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloween_genes" title="Halloween genes">Halloween genes</a> ( <i>CYP302A1</i>, <i>CYP306A1</i>, <i>CYP307A1</i>, <i>CYP307A2</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ecdysone_20-monooxygenase" title="Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase">CYP314A1</a></i>, <i>CYP315A1</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP318A1" title="CYP318A1">CYP318A1</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">CYP501-699</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ent-kaurene_oxidase" title="Ent-kaurene oxidase">CYP503</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/3-hydroxyphenylacetate_6-hydroxylase" title="3-hydroxyphenylacetate 6-hydroxylase">CYP504B1</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">CYP701-999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP704B22" class="mw-redirect" title="CYP704B22">CYP704B22</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CYP710_family" title="CYP710 family">CYP710</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abietadienol_hydroxylase" title="Abietadienol hydroxylase">CYP720A1</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mitochondrial_proteins" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mitochondrial_proteins" title="Template:Mitochondrial proteins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mitochondrial_proteins" title="Template talk:Mitochondrial proteins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mitochondrial_proteins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mitochondrial proteins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mitochondrial_proteins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">Mitochondrial</a> proteins</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outer_mitochondrial_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer mitochondrial membrane">Outer membrane</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_degradation" title="Fatty acid degradation">fatty acid degradation</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnitine_palmitoyltransferase_I" title="Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I">Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-chain-fatty-acid%E2%80%94CoA_ligase" title="Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase">Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">tryptophan</a> metabolism</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kynureninase" title="Kynureninase">Kynureninase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_neurotransmitter" title="Monoamine neurotransmitter">monoamine neurotransmitter</a><br /> metabolism</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase" title="Monoamine oxidase">Monoamine oxidase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_intermembrane_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondrial intermembrane space">Intermembrane space</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenylate_kinase" title="Adenylate kinase">Adenylate kinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creatine_kinase" title="Creatine kinase">Creatine kinase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inner_mitochondrial_membrane" title="Inner mitochondrial membrane">Inner membrane</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation">oxidative phosphorylation</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coenzyme_Q_%E2%80%93_cytochrome_c_reductase" title="Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase">Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_c" title="Cytochrome c">Cytochrome c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NADH_dehydrogenase" title="NADH dehydrogenase">NADH dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succinate_dehydrogenase" title="Succinate dehydrogenase">Succinate dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine_metabolism" title="Pyrimidine metabolism">pyrimidine metabolism</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroorotate_dehydrogenase" title="Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase">Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_shuttle" title="Mitochondrial shuttle">mitochondrial shuttle</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malate-aspartate_shuttle" class="mw-redirect" title="Malate-aspartate shuttle">Malate-aspartate shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycerol_phosphate_shuttle" title="Glycerol phosphate shuttle">Glycerol phosphate shuttle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Steroidogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroidogenesis">steroidogenesis</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_side-chain_cleavage_enzyme" title="Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme">Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steroid_11-beta-hydroxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase">Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aldosterone synthase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>other</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_aspartate_transporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate aspartate transporter">Glutamate aspartate transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycerol-3-phosphate_dehydrogenase" title="Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase">Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_synthase" title="ATP synthase">ATP synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnitine_palmitoyltransferase_II" title="Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II">Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncoupling_protein" title="Uncoupling protein">Uncoupling protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_matrix" title="Mitochondrial matrix">Matrix</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">citric acid cycle</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrate_synthase" title="Citrate synthase">Citrate synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aconitase" title="Aconitase">Aconitase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocitrate_dehydrogenase" title="Isocitrate dehydrogenase">Isocitrate dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxoglutarate_dehydrogenase_complex" title="Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex">Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succinyl_coenzyme_A_synthetase" title="Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase">Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumarase" title="Fumarase">Fumarase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malate_dehydrogenase" title="Malate dehydrogenase">Malate dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Anaplerotic_reactions" title="Anaplerotic reactions">anaplerotic reactions</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspartate_transaminase" title="Aspartate transaminase">Aspartate transaminase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_dehydrogenase" title="Glutamate dehydrogenase">Glutamate dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_complex" title="Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex">Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle">urea cycle</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbamoyl_phosphate_synthetase_I" title="Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I">Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithine_transcarbamylase" title="Ornithine transcarbamylase">Ornithine transcarbamylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Acetylglutamate_synthase" title="N-Acetylglutamate synthase">N-Acetylglutamate synthase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>alcohol metabolism</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALDH2" title="ALDH2">ALDH2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PMPCB" title="PMPCB">PMPCB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other/to be sorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frataxin" title="Frataxin">Frataxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_membrane_transport_protein" title="Mitochondrial membrane transport protein">Mitochondrial membrane transport protein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_permeability_transition_pore" title="Mitochondrial permeability transition pore">Mitochondrial permeability transition pore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_carrier" title="Mitochondrial carrier">Mitochondrial carrier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translocator_protein" title="Translocator protein">Translocator protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">Mitochondrial DNA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/NADH_dehydrogenase" title="NADH dehydrogenase">Complex I</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MT-ND1" title="MT-ND1">MT-ND1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-ND2" title="MT-ND2">MT-ND2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-ND3" title="MT-ND3">MT-ND3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-ND4" title="MT-ND4">MT-ND4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-ND4L" title="MT-ND4L">MT-ND4L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-ND5" title="MT-ND5">MT-ND5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-ND6" title="MT-ND6">MT-ND6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Coenzyme_Q_%E2%80%93_cytochrome_c_reductase" title="Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase">Complex III</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MT-CYB" title="MT-CYB">MT-CYB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidase" title="Cytochrome c oxidase">Complex IV</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidase_subunit_I" title="Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I">MT-CO1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidase_subunit_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II">MT-CO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidase_subunit_III" title="Cytochrome c oxidase subunit III">MT-CO3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/ATP_synthase" title="ATP synthase">ATP synthase</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MT-ATP6" title="MT-ATP6">MT-ATP6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-ATP8" title="MT-ATP8">MT-ATP8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Transfer_RNA" title="Transfer RNA">tRNA</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MT-TA" title="MT-TA">MT-TA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TC" title="MT-TC">MT-TC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TD" title="MT-TD">MT-TD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TE" title="MT-TE">MT-TE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TF" title="MT-TF">MT-TF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TG" title="MT-TG">MT-TG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TH" title="MT-TH">MT-TH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TI" title="MT-TI">MT-TI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TK" title="MT-TK">MT-TK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TL1" title="MT-TL1">MT-TL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TL2" title="MT-TL2">MT-TL2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TM" title="MT-TM">MT-TM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TN" title="MT-TN">MT-TN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TP" title="MT-TP">MT-TP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TQ" title="MT-TQ">MT-TQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TR" title="MT-TR">MT-TR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TS1" title="MT-TS1">MT-TS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TS2" title="MT-TS2">MT-TS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TT" title="MT-TT">MT-TT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TV_(mitochondrial)" title="MT-TV (mitochondrial)">MT-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TW" title="MT-TW">MT-TW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-TY" title="MT-TY">MT-TY</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0;"><div><i>see also <a href="/wiki/Template:Mitochondrial_diseases" title="Template:Mitochondrial diseases">mitochondrial diseases</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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