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law">Exhaustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_infringement_under_United_States_law" title="Patent infringement under United States law">Infringement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_misuse" title="Patent misuse">Misuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_racism" title="Patent racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_of_patent_in_the_United_States" title="Term of patent in the United States">Term of patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_of_Patent_Examining_Procedure" title="Manual of Patent Examining Procedure">Manual of Patent Examining Procedure</a> (MPEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_patent_law" title="History of United States patent law">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_patents_in_the_United_States" title="Biological patents in the United States">Biological patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patents_under_United_States_patent_law" title="Software patents under United States patent law">Software patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_patent_law_cases" title="List of United States patent law cases">List of patent law cases</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_patent_law" title="Template:United States patent law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_patent_law" title="Template talk:United States patent law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_patent_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States patent law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Patent Trial and Appeal Board</b> (<b>PTAB</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Article_I_and_Article_III_tribunals" class="mw-redirect" title="Article I and Article III tribunals">administrative law body</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a> (USPTO) which decides issues of <a href="/wiki/Patentability" title="Patentability">patentability</a>. It was formed on September 16, 2012, as one part of the <a href="/wiki/America_Invents_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="America Invents Act">America Invents Act</a>. Prior to its formation, the main judicial body in the USPTO was the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Patent_Appeals_and_Interferences" title="Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences">Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences</a> (BPAI). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent_Trial_and_Appeal_Board&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PTAB is primarily made up of an Appeals Division and a Trial Division. The Appeals Division, with over 100 <a href="/wiki/Administrative_law_judge" title="Administrative law judge">Administrative Patent Judges</a>, handles appeals of <a href="/wiki/Patent_examiner" title="Patent examiner">patent examiner</a> rejections, with sections adjudicating different technology areas.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Trial Division, handles contested cases such as <a href="/wiki/Inter_Partes_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter Partes Review">Inter Partes Review</a>, Post Grant Review, Transitional Program for Covered Business Method Patents, and Derivation Proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PTAB is headed by a Chief Administrative Patent Judge, currently Scott R. Boalick.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedures">Procedures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent_Trial_and_Appeal_Board&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An applicant can <a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">appeal</a> the examiner's decision to the PTAB. The appeal procedure is described in section 1200 of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Manual_of_Patent_Examining_Procedure" title="Manual of Patent Examining Procedure">Manual of Patent Examining Procedure</a> (MPEP).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typically, appeals to the PTAB are conducted <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte" title="Ex parte">ex parte</a></i>. Decisions of the PTAB are typically rendered as an <a href="/wiki/Legal_opinion" title="Legal opinion">opinion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appeals">Appeals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent_Trial_and_Appeal_Board&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Appeals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Decisions of the PTAB can be further appealed to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit</a> (CAFC) under <a href="/wiki/Title_35_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 35 of the United States Code">35 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/35/141(a)">搂 141(a)</a>. The decisions of the CAFC may also be reviewed on a <a href="/wiki/Procedures_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States">discretionary basis</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> as was firmly established in 1996 in <a href="/wiki/Brenner_v._Manson" title="Brenner v. Manson">Brenner v. Manson</a>. Under United States v. Arthrex, Inc., the USPTO Director also has authority to review decisions of the Board and even issue decisions in its name. </p><p>An alternative path is a civil action against the <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Commerce_for_Intellectual_Property" title="Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property">Director of the United States Patent and Trademark Office</a> in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia">U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Title_35_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 35 of the United States Code">35 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/35/145">搂 145</a>. Any appeal arising from such a case would then be directed to the CAFC under <a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 28 of the United States Code">28 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1295">搂 1295</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, however, can change the patent laws, and thus override a precedential decision of the Supreme Court, but only for future cases and not retrospectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitutionality">Constitutionality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent_Trial_and_Appeal_Board&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Constitutionality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Duffy" title="John F. Duffy">Professor John F. Duffy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Patent_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent law">law</a> professor, argued that, since 2000, the process of appointing judges to the BPAI (the PTAB's predecessor court) has been unconstitutional, because the judges were appointed by the Director of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office rather than by the Secretary of Commerce (a "Head of Department" under the Appointments clause of the Constitution).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This problem has since been rectified and current Administrative Patent Judges are appointed by the Secretary of Commerce. </p><p>Starting in 2014, parties challenged the constitutionality of the PTAB to review and cancel patent claims under the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">Seventh Amendment</a> and separation of powers doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-Law360_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law360-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court decided in the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Oil_States_Energy_Services,_LLC_v._Greene%E2%80%99s_Energy_Group,_LLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil States Energy Services, LLC v. Greene鈥檚 Energy Group, LLC">Oil States case</a> that this function of the PTAB was constitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Supreme_Court_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Supreme_Court-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Claim_construction_standards">Claim construction standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent_Trial_and_Appeal_Board&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Claim construction standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2016, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a challenge to the legitimacy of the patent standards used in the Patent Trial and Appeal Board during inter partes review.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case, Petitioner Cuozzo Speed Technologies, LLC, argued that the PTAB's use of the "Broadest Reasonable Construction" (BRI) claim construction standard exceeded their authority, and that Congress had legislated that they follow the "Phillips" claim construction standard used in other U.S. Courts. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 20, 2016, the Supreme Court issued their opinion, upholding the PTAB's BRI claim construction standard.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, in May 2018, the USPTO proposed adopting the Phillips claim construction.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principal_Officers_versus_Inferior_Officers">Principal Officers versus Inferior Officers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent_Trial_and_Appeal_Board&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Principal Officers versus Inferior Officers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Arthrex,_Inc." title="United States v. Arthrex, Inc.">United States v. Arthrex, Inc.</a></div> <p>On October 31, 2019, a three judge panel of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit</a> held that the administrative patent judges (APJs) were Principal <a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_United_States" title="Officer of the United States">Officers of the United States</a> due to the construction of the statute creating their offices. The panel further held that the members of the Board were unconstitutionally appointed under the <a href="/wiki/Appointments_Clause" title="Appointments Clause">Appointments Clause</a>, which would require appointment through the President and confirmation by the Senate. They rectified the situation by severing the portion of the statute that restricted removal of the members of the Board, thus rendering them Inferior Officers of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon appeal, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> issued its decision on June 21, 2021, that affirmed that APJs were considered principal officers with "unreviewable authority", and thus had been appointed unconstitutionally. However, to remedy the matter, the Court made it so that all decisions made by the PATB were subject to review by the Director of the Patent Office, who was an appointed position.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent_Trial_and_Appeal_Board&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_procedure_before_the_European_Patent_Office" title="Appeal procedure before the European Patent Office">Appeal procedure before the European Patent Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_Trial_and_Appeal_Board" title="Trademark Trial and Appeal Board">Trademark Trial and Appeal Board</a> (TTAB)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent_Trial_and_Appeal_Board&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uspto.gov/ip/boards/bpai/ptab_appeals.jsp">"Appeals (Patent Trial and Appeal Board)"</a>. <i>United States Patent and Trademark Office</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office&rft.atitle=Appeals+%28Patent+Trial+and+Appeal+Board%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fip%2Fboards%2Fbpai%2Fptab_appeals.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent+Trial+and+Appeal+Board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uspto.gov/ip/boards/bpai/ptab_trials.jsp">"Trials (Patent Trial and Appeal Board)"</a>. <i>United States Patent and Trademark Office</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office&rft.atitle=Trials+%28Patent+Trial+and+Appeal+Board%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fip%2Fboards%2Fbpai%2Fptab_trials.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent+Trial+and+Appeal+Board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/dcom/bpai/index.html">Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">USPTO, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/mpep_e8r3_1200.pdf"><i>Chapter 1200 Appeal</i></a>, Manual of Patent Examining Procedure.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John F. Duffy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patentlyo.com/lawjournal/2007/07/are-administrat.html"><i>Are Administrative Patent Judges Unconstitutional?</i></a>, 2007, Patently-O Patent L.J. 21, or Duffy, John F., "Are Administrative Patent Judges Unconstitutional?" . Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=1128311">ssrn.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Law360-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Law360_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law360.com/articles/942800/the-road-to-oil-states-how-aia-reviews-got-to-the-justices">"The Road To Oil States: How AIA Reviews Got To The Justices"</a>. <i>Law360</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Law360&rft.atitle=The+Road+To+Oil+States%3A+How+AIA+Reviews+Got+To+The+Justices&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law360.com%2Farticles%2F942800%2Fthe-road-to-oil-states-how-aia-reviews-got-to-the-justices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent+Trial+and+Appeal+Board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_Supreme_Court-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US_Supreme_Court_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/17pdf/16-712_87ad.pdf">"OIL STATES ENERGY SERVICES, LLC, PETITIONER v. GREENE'S ENERGY GROUP, LLC, ET AL"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>supremecourt.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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