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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pontiac's War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pontiac's_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Final years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%83_(%D8%B2%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9)" title="بونتياك (زعيم قبيلة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بونتياك (زعيم قبيلة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiak_(hindu)" title="Pontiak (hindu) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pontiak (hindu)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BA_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80)" title="Пантыяк (правадыр) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пантыяк (правадыр)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4)" title="Понтиак (вожд) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Понтиак (вожд)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac" title="Pontiac – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pontiac" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_(n%C3%A1%C4%8Deln%C3%ADk)" title="Pontiac (náčelník) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pontiac (náčelník)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_(H%C3%A4uptling)" title="Pontiac (Häuptling) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pontiac (Häuptling)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefe_Pontiac" title="Jefe Pontiac – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jefe Pontiac" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="رئیس پونتیاک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رئیس پونتیاک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_(Outaouais)" title="Pontiac (Outaouais) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pontiac (Outaouais)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%B8%8C%EC%99%84%EB%94%94%EC%95%BC%EA%B7%B8" title="오브완디야그 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오브완디야그" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_(poglavica)" title="Pontiac (poglavica) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pontiac (poglavica)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capo_Pontiac" title="Capo Pontiac – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Capo Pontiac" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiaks" title="Pontiaks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pontiaks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiakas" title="Pontiakas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pontiakas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="പോണ്ടിയാക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോണ്ടിയാക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="پونتیاک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پونتیاک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Pontiac" title="Chief Pontiac – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chief Pontiac" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%96%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A4%E3%82%B0" title="オブワンディヤグ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オブワンディヤグ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_(h%C3%B8vding)" title="Pontiac (høvding) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pontiac (høvding)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac" title="Pontiac – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pontiac" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_(w%C3%B3dz)" title="Pontiac (wódz) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pontiac (wódz)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chefe_Pontiac" title="Chefe Pontiac – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chefe Pontiac" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%8C)" title="Понтиак (вождь) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Понтиак (вождь)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_(Ottawa_leader)" title="Pontiac (Ottawa leader) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pontiac (Ottawa leader)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%92%D0%B0)" title="Понтијак (вођа) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Понтијак (вођа)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_(intiaanip%C3%A4%C3%A4llikk%C3%B6)" title="Pontiac (intiaanipäällikkö) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pontiac (intiaanipäällikkö)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_(h%C3%B6vding)" title="Pontiac (hövding) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pontiac (hövding)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_(%C5%9Fef)" title="Pontiac (şef) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pontiac (şef)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%8C)" title="Понтіак (вождь) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Понтіак (вождь)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BE%90%E8%92%82%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%8B_(%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA)" title="龐蒂亞克 (渥太華人) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="龐蒂亞克 (渥太華人)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_Pontiac&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Pontiac">Chief Pontiac</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">18th century Native American war chief</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Pontiac</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontiac-chief-artist-impression-414px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pontiac-chief-artist-impression-414px.jpg/250px-Pontiac-chief-artist-impression-414px.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pontiac-chief-artist-impression-414px.jpg/375px-Pontiac-chief-artist-impression-414px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Pontiac-chief-artist-impression-414px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="510" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">No authentic visual depictions of Pontiac are known to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowd20026_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowd20026-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This interpretation was painted by <a href="/wiki/John_Mix_Stanley" title="John Mix Stanley">John Mix Stanley</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1714/20<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 20, 1769 (aged 48–55)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">near <a href="/wiki/Cahokia,_Illinois" title="Cahokia, Illinois">Cahokia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data">Assassination</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Regional speaker, <a href="/wiki/Chieftain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chieftain">Chieftain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pontiac</b> or <b>Obwaandi'eyaag</b> (c. 1714/20 – April 20, 1769) was an <a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a> war chief known for his role in <a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">the war named for him</a>, from 1763 to 1766 leading <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> in an armed struggle against the British in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a> due to, among other reasons, dissatisfaction with British policies. It followed the British victory in the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, the American front of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. Pontiac's importance in the war that bears his name has been debated. Historical accounts from the 19th century portrayed him as the mastermind and leader of the revolt, but some subsequent scholars argued that his role had been exaggerated. Historians today generally view him as an important local leader who influenced a wider movement that he did not command. </p><p>The war began in May 1763 when Pontiac and 300 followers attempted to take <a href="/wiki/Fort_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Detroit">Fort Detroit</a> by surprise. His plan foiled, Pontiac laid <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Detroit" title="Siege of Fort Detroit">siege to the fort</a>, where he was eventually joined by more than 900 warriors from a half-dozen tribes. Meanwhile, messengers spread the word of Pontiac's actions, and the war expanded far beyond Detroit. In July 1763, Pontiac defeated a British detachment at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bloody_Run" title="Battle of Bloody Run">Battle of Bloody Run</a>, but he was unable to capture the fort. In October, he lifted the siege and withdrew to the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a>. Pontiac's actions contributed to the British Crown's issuance of the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_1763" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a>, which prohibited any settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains to preserve an area for Native Americans. </p><p>Pontiac's influence declined around Detroit because of the siege but he gained stature as he continued to encourage the various tribal leaders to fight against the British. Seeking to end the war, British officials made him the focus of their diplomatic efforts. In July 1766, he made peace with British Superintendent of Indian Affairs Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Johnson,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="William Johnson, 1st Baronet">William Johnson</a>. The British attention to Pontiac aroused resentment among other tribal leaders, as the war effort was decentralized. Pontiac claimed greater authority than he possessed. He was increasingly ostracized and in 1769 he was <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassinated</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Peoria_people" title="Peoria people">Peoria</a> warrior. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontiac_(Odawa_leader)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contemporaneous documents reveal little about Pontiac before 1763. He was probably born between 1712 and 1725, perhaps at an Odawa village on the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_River" title="Detroit River">Detroit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Maumee_River" title="Maumee River">Maumee River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources state that he may have been born in <a href="/wiki/Defiance,_Ohio" title="Defiance, Ohio">Defiance, Ohio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pontiac_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pontiac-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A park at the confluence of the Maumee and Auglaise rivers in Defiance is named Pontiac Park and identified as his birthplace. </p><p>Historians are uncertain about the tribal affiliation of his parents. According to an 18th-century Odawa tradition, Pontiac's mother was a Chippewa and his father an Odawa, although some sources claim that one of his parents was a <a href="/wiki/Miami_people" title="Miami people">Miami</a>. Some sources also state that he may have been born a <a href="/wiki/Catawba_people" title="Catawba people">Catawba</a> and taken as prisoner, then adopted as Odawa.<sup id="cite_ref-pontiac_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pontiac-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pontiac was always identified as Odawa by people who knew him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeckham194715–16_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeckham194715–16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1723 he had also lived in close proximity to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Detroit">Fort Detroit</a> (which he later besieged). Pontiac was married to a woman named Kantuckee Gun in 1716 and they had 2 children both sons. They also had a daughter, Marie Manon who is described as a Salteuse or <a href="/wiki/Saulteaux" title="Saulteaux">Saulteaux</a> Indian. She is buried in Assumption Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor, Ontario</a>. </p><p>By 1747, Pontiac had become a war leader among the Odawa, when he allied with <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> against a resistance movement led by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Orontony" title="Nicholas Orontony">Nicholas Orontony</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Huron</a> leader. Nicolas had also allowed the English to build a trading post, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sandusky" title="Fort Sandusky">Fort Sandusky</a>, in 1745 near Sandusky Bay in Ohio country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1999_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pontiac continued to support the French during the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754–1763) against British colonists and their allied Native Americans. He may have taken part in the famous French and Indian victory over the <a href="/wiki/Braddock_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Braddock expedition">Braddock expedition</a> on July 9, 1755, although there is no direct evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeckham194743–44_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeckham194743–44-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one of the earliest accounts of Pontiac, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rogers_(soldier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Rogers (soldier)">Robert Rogers</a>, a noted British frontier soldier, claimed to have met with the warrior chief in 1760, although many details in Rogers' story are unreliable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeckham194759_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeckham194759-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowd200256_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowd200256-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1999_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rogers wrote a play about Pontiac called <i>Ponteach: or the Savages of America</i> (1765), which helped to make the Odawa leader famous and began the process of mythologizing about him.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian Richard White, the play made Pontiac "the most famous Indian of the eighteenth century".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1996_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1996-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pontiac's_War"><span id="Pontiac.27s_War"></span>Pontiac's War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontiac_(Odawa_leader)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pontiac's War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Detroit" title="Siege of Fort Detroit">Siege of Fort Detroit</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontiac_conspiracy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pontiac_conspiracy.jpg/220px-Pontiac_conspiracy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pontiac_conspiracy.jpg/330px-Pontiac_conspiracy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pontiac_conspiracy.jpg/440px-Pontiac_conspiracy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Pontiac's council</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_American" class="mw-redirect" title="North American">North American</a> theater of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, effectively ended in 1760 with the British conquest of Quebec, which marked the defeat of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>. Indian allies of the defeated French soon became dissatisfied with the trading practices of the victorious British. In addition, although by treaty the British said they would not build any forts in Ohio Country, General <a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Jeffery Amherst</a>, the architect of British Indian policy, ordered one built on the south shore of <a href="/wiki/Sandusky_Bay" title="Sandusky Bay">Sandusky Bay</a> in 1761. It was known as <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sandusky" title="Fort Sandusky">Fort Sandusky</a>. Amherst also changed policies toward Native Americans, cutting back on the practice of gifts, which the French had customarily given to the Indians, but he considered to be bribes. He also restricted the distribution of gunpowder and ammunition, supplies that the Indians needed for hunting and that had previously been traded to them by the French. Some Indian people believed that the British intended to subjugate or destroy them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1999_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the war, British <a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">colonists</a> started entering areas formerly colonized by the <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a>. By 1761, <a href="/wiki/Tribal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal">tribal</a> leaders began calling for Indians to join, drive the British out of the region, and revive the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Indian_alliance" title="Franco-Indian alliance">French and Indian alliance</a>. The French government recognized that the region of the Great Lakes was now in British control. Pontiac's desire to see the French return was so great that he refused to believe that the French would not return, believing it to be a ploy by the British. Contributing to the anti-British sentiment was a religious revival inspired by a <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a> prophet named <a href="/wiki/Neolin" title="Neolin">Neolin</a>, who called for Indians to reject European cultural influences and return to traditional ways.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1999_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pontiac may have been involved in a 1762 conference on the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_River" title="Detroit River">Detroit River</a> in which leaders had apparently issued a call to arms to various Indian tribes. According to historian John Sugden, Pontiac "probably thought himself part of a resistance movement already under way".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1999_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 27, 1763, Pontiac held a large council about 10 miles below <a href="/wiki/Fort_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Detroit">Fort Detroit</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Council_Point_Park" title="Council Point Park">Council Point Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Park,_Michigan" title="Lincoln Park, Michigan">Lincoln Park, Michigan</a>). Pontiac urged the listeners to join him in a surprise attack on Fort Detroit. On May 1, Pontiac visited the fort with 50 Odawa in order to assess the strength of the garrison.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon2005108_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2005108-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeckham1947116_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeckham1947116-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a French chronicler, Pontiac proclaimed in a second council: </p> <blockquote><p>It is important for us, my brothers, that we exterminate from our lands this nation which seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I that we can no longer supply our needs, as we have done from our brothers, the French.... Therefore, my brothers, we must all swear their destruction and wait no longer. Nothing prevents us; they are few in numbers, and we can accomplish it. The French are all subdued, But who are in their Stead become our Lords? A proud, imperious, churlish, haughty Band. The French familiarized themselves with us, Studied our Tongue, and Manners, wore our Dress, Married our Daughters, and our Sons their Maids, Dealt honestly, and well supplied our Wants, Used no one ill, and treated with Respect Our Kings, our Captains, and our aged Men; Call’d us their Friends, nay, what is more, their Children. And seem’d like Fathers anxious for our Welfare<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeckham1947119–120_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeckham1947119–120-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon2005109_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2005109-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:History_of_Tazewell_county,_Illinois;_together_with_sketches_of_its_cities,_villages_and_townships,_educational,_religious,_civil,_military,_and_political_history;_portraits_of_prominent_persons_and_(14761760396).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/History_of_Tazewell_county%2C_Illinois%3B_together_with_sketches_of_its_cities%2C_villages_and_townships%2C_educational%2C_religious%2C_civil%2C_military%2C_and_political_history%3B_portraits_of_prominent_persons_and_%2814761760396%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="389" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/History_of_Tazewell_county%2C_Illinois%3B_together_with_sketches_of_its_cities%2C_villages_and_townships%2C_educational%2C_religious%2C_civil%2C_military%2C_and_political_history%3B_portraits_of_prominent_persons_and_%2814761760396%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/History_of_Tazewell_county%2C_Illinois%3B_together_with_sketches_of_its_cities%2C_villages_and_townships%2C_educational%2C_religious%2C_civil%2C_military%2C_and_political_history%3B_portraits_of_prominent_persons_and_%2814761760396%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1444" data-file-height="2554" /></a><figcaption>Pontiac, as depicted in an 1879 history of Illinois</figcaption></figure><p>Pontiac's War began on May 7, 1763, when Pontiac and 300 followers attempted to take <a href="/wiki/Fort_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Detroit">Fort Detroit</a> by surprise. His plan was foiled because Major <a href="/wiki/Henry_Gladwin" title="Henry Gladwin">Henry Gladwin</a>, the fort's commander, had been warned by an informer and had prepared his defense. Pontiac withdrew and looked for other opportunities to capture the fort, to no avail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1999_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 9, he laid <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Detroit" title="Siege of Fort Detroit">siege to the fort</a>, and was eventually joined by more than 900 <a href="/wiki/Warriors" class="mw-redirect" title="Warriors">warriors</a> from a half-dozen tribes. While Pontiac was besieging Fort Detroit, messengers spread word of his actions. Indians made widespread attacks against British forts and Anglo-American (but not French) settlements, and at one point controlled nine of eleven British forts in the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Valley">Ohio Valley</a>. They destroyed Fort Sandusky. In July 1763, Pontiac defeated a British detachment at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bloody_Run" title="Battle of Bloody Run">Battle of Bloody Run</a>, but he was unable to capture the fort. In October, he lifted the <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a> and withdrew to the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a>, where he had relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1996_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1996-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pontiac continued to encourage militant resistance to British occupation among the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederation" title="Illinois Confederation">Illinois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wabash_Confederacy" title="Wabash Confederacy">Wabash</a> tribes, and to recruit French colonists as allies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1991296_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1991296-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian Richard White, it was during this time that Pontiac exerted his greatest influence, developing from a local war leader into an important regional spokesman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1991295–296_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1991295–296-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the failure of the siege of Fort Detroit, the British initially thought that Pontiac was defeated and would trouble them no longer, but his influence continued to grow. The British had successfully pacified the uprising in the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a>, but British military dominance was tenuous. They decided to negotiate with the Odawa leader. The British further increased his stature by making Pontiac the focus of their diplomacy and not understanding the decentralized Indian approach to war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1991295–297_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1991295–297-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pontiac met with Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Johnson,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="William Johnson, 1st Baronet">William Johnson</a>, the British Superintendent of Indian Affairs, on July 25, 1766, at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ontario" title="Fort Ontario">Fort Ontario</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oswego,_New_York" title="Oswego, New York">Oswego, New York</a>, and formally ended hostilities when he signed a peace treaty stopping the rebellions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1999_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To prevent a similar uprising, the British increased their frontier presence in the years following Pontiac's War. In this way, the rebellion's result was the opposite of Pontiac's original intentions. Perhaps most importantly, these were the final major Indian rebellions against British control in the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a> before the creation of the United States guaranteed a permanent white presence in the North American interior. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_years">Final years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontiac_(Odawa_leader)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Final years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pontiac's final years are sparsely documented.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowd2002249_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowd2002249-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was summoned to Detroit in August 1767 to testify in the investigation of the murder of Elizabeth "Betty" Fisher, a seven-year-old English colonist. In 1763 during the siege of Detroit, an Odawa war party had attacked the Fisher farm, killing Betty's parents and taking the girl captive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowd2002255_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowd2002255-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeckham1947135_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeckham1947135-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, while Betty was still captive at Pontiac's village, she tried to warm herself at Pontiac's fire. The girl was sick with <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>, and Pontiac became angry when she soiled some of his clothes. According to court testimony, Pontiac picked up the naked child, threw her into the Maumee River, and called upon a French-speaking ally to wade into the river and drown her. This was done. The French colonist who drowned Fisher was later arrested by the British, but he had escaped by the time that Pontiac came to testify.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeckham1947301–303_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeckham1947301–303-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pontiac neither confirmed nor denied his role in the murder, and the investigation was eventually dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowd2002257–258_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowd2002257–258-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The attention paid to Pontiac by the British Crown encouraged him to assert more power among the Indians of the region than he possessed by traditional rights. "By 1766 he was acting arrogantly and imperiously," wrote historian Richard White, "assuming powers no western Indian leader possessed."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1996_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1996-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1768, he was forced to leave his Odawa village on the Maumee River and relocate near <a href="/wiki/Ouiatenon" title="Ouiatenon">Ouiatenon</a> on the Wabash River.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowd2002259_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowd2002259-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 10, 1768, he dictated a letter to British officials in which he explained that he was no longer recognized as a chief by the people of his village on the Maumee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowd2002249,_259_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowd2002249,_259-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pontiac was assassinated on April 20, 1769, near the French town of <a href="/wiki/Cahokia,_Illinois" title="Cahokia, Illinois">Cahokia</a>. Most accounts place his murder in Cahokia, but historian Gregory Dowd wrote that the killing probably happened in a nearby Indian village.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowd2002260–261_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowd2002260–261-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The killer was a <a href="/wiki/Peoria_people" title="Peoria people">Peoria</a> warrior whose name has not been preserved. He was apparently avenging his uncle, a Peoria chief named Makachinga (Black Dog), whom Pontiac had stabbed and badly wounded in 1766. A Peoria band council had authorized Pontiac's execution. The Peoria warrior came behind Pontiac, stunned him by clubbing him, and stabbed him to death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowd2002249,_261_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowd2002249,_261-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various rumors quickly spread about the circumstances of Pontiac's death, including one that the British had hired his killer. Benjamin Drake, writing in 1848, records that the Michigamie, along with the other bands in the Illinois Confederation, had been attacked by a general confederation of the Sauk, Fox, Kickapoo, Sioux, Chippewa, Odawa, and Potawatomi, along with the Cherokee and Choctawa from the south. The war continued for a great many years until the Illinois Confederation was destroyed. Drake records that by 1826, only about 500 members of the Confederation remained. Lieutenant Pike, in his travels to the sources of the Mississippi, remarked, "By killing the celebrated Sauk chief, Pontiac, the Illinois, Cahokias, Kaskaskias, and Peorias kindled a war with the allied nations of the Sauks and Reynards, which has been the cause of the almost entire destruction of the former nations."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrake184827_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrake184827-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a story recorded by historian <a href="/wiki/Francis_Parkman" title="Francis Parkman">Francis Parkman</a> in <i>The Conspiracy of Pontiac</i> (1851), a terrible war of retaliation against the Peoria resulted from Pontiac's murder. This legend is still sometimes repeated, but there is no evidence that there were any Indian reprisals for Pontiac's murder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeckham1947316_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeckham1947316-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon2005269_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2005269-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowd2002260_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowd2002260-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pontiac's burial place is unknown, and may have been at Cahokia. But evidence and tradition suggest that his body was taken across the river and buried in St. Louis, recently founded by French colonists from New Orleans and the Illinois Country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeckham1947312–314_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeckham1947312–314-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1900, the <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a> placed a commemorative plaque at the southeast corner of Walnut and South Broadway in St. Louis, which was said to be near Pontiac's burial place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausz2011118_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausz2011118-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honors">Legacy and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontiac_(Odawa_leader)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontiac_IL_Livingston_County_Courthouse2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pontiac_IL_Livingston_County_Courthouse2.JPG/170px-Pontiac_IL_Livingston_County_Courthouse2.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pontiac_IL_Livingston_County_Courthouse2.JPG/255px-Pontiac_IL_Livingston_County_Courthouse2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pontiac_IL_Livingston_County_Courthouse2.JPG/340px-Pontiac_IL_Livingston_County_Courthouse2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Pontiac Memorial at Livingston County Courthouse in Pontiac, Illinois</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontiac_logo_1926.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pontiac_logo_1926.svg/170px-Pontiac_logo_1926.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pontiac_logo_1926.svg/255px-Pontiac_logo_1926.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pontiac_logo_1926.svg/340px-Pontiac_logo_1926.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="2144" /></a><figcaption>The image of Pontiac was used in the first logo of the American car brand <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_(automobile)" title="Pontiac (automobile)">Pontiac</a>, released by <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Historians have differed in their assessments of Pontiac's importance. Older accounts of the war portrayed him as a ruthless but brilliant mastermind behind a massive "conspiracy" which was planned in advance. For example, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Barton_Wood" title="Norman Barton Wood">Norman Barton Wood</a> dubbed him the "Red Napoleon".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians today generally agree that Pontiac's actions at Detroit were the spark that instigated the widespread uprising, and that he helped to spread the resistance by sending emissaries urging other leaders to join it, but he did not command the various tribal war leaders as a whole. They operated in a highly decentralized way. </p><p>In addition, tribal leaders around <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pitt_(Pennsylvania)" title="Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)">Fort Pitt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Niagara" title="Fort Niagara">Fort Niagara</a>, for example, had long been calling for a declaration of war against the British; they were not led by Pontiac. According to historian John Sugden, Pontiac "was neither the originator nor the strategist of the rebellion, but he kindled it by daring to act, and his early successes, ambition, and determination won him a temporary prominence not enjoyed by any of the other Indian leaders".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1999_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British assumed that chiefs were able to hold more authority than they usually did, and failed to recognize the decentralized nature of the Indian bands and tribes. </p><p>Places named for Pontiac include the cities of <a href="/wiki/Pontiac,_Michigan" title="Pontiac, Michigan">Pontiac</a> in <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pontiac,_Illinois" title="Pontiac, Illinois">Illinois</a> in the United States; <a href="/wiki/Pontiac,_Quebec" title="Pontiac, Quebec">Pontiac, Quebec</a>, in Canada; and the <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Regional_County_Municipality" title="Pontiac Regional County Municipality">Pontiac Regional County Municipality</a> in Quebec. <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_(automobile)" title="Pontiac (automobile)">Pontiac</a> was also the name of a popular automobile brand of <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>, developed and originally based in Detroit, which was discontinued in 2010. A Belgian watch company was also named after him, reportedly because he was able to tell the time by the stars. Various streets and buildings throughout the US are named after Pontiac. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontiac_(Odawa_leader)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowd20026-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowd20026_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowd2002">Dowd 2002</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chevrette says that Pontiac's birth was "sometime between 1712 and 1725"; Sugden says that Pontiac was "probably" born "about 1714" along the Detroit River ("Pontiac", 659); White ("Pontiac", 496), and Peckham (<i>Indian Uprising</i>, 18) gives an estimate of around 1720.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pontiac-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pontiac_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pontiac_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historydetroit.com/people/pontiac.php">"Pontiac"</a>, History of Detroit</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeckham194715–16-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeckham194715–16_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeckham1947">Peckham 1947</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden1999-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1999_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1999_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1999_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1999_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1999_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1999_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1999_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1999_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSugden1999">Sugden 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeckham194743–44-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeckham194743–44_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeckham1947">Peckham 1947</a>, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeckham194759-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeckham194759_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeckham1947">Peckham 1947</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowd200256-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowd200256_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowd2002">Dowd 2002</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPotter2010" class="citation book cs1">Potter, Tiffany, ed. (2010). <i>Ponteach, or the Savages of America: A Tragedy</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9597-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9597-8"><bdi>978-0-8020-9597-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ponteach%2C+or+the+Savages+of+America%3A+A+Tragedy&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9597-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontiac+%28Odawa+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1996-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1996_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1996_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1996_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1996">White 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2005108-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon2005108_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDixon2005">Dixon 2005</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeckham1947116-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeckham1947116_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeckham1947">Peckham 1947</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeckham1947119–120-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeckham1947119–120_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeckham1947">Peckham 1947</a>, pp. 119–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2005109-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon2005109_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDixon2005">Dixon 2005</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1991296-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1991296_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1991">White 1991</a>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1991295–296-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1991295–296_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1991">White 1991</a>, pp. 295–296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1991295–297-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1991295–297_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1991">White 1991</a>, pp. 295–297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowd2002249-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowd2002249_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowd2002">Dowd 2002</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowd2002255-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowd2002255_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowd2002">Dowd 2002</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeckham1947135-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeckham1947135_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeckham1947">Peckham 1947</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeckham1947301–303-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeckham1947301–303_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeckham1947">Peckham 1947</a>, pp. 301–303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowd2002257–258-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowd2002257–258_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowd2002">Dowd 2002</a>, pp. 257–258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowd2002259-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowd2002259_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowd2002">Dowd 2002</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowd2002249,_259-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowd2002249,_259_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowd2002">Dowd 2002</a>, pp. 249, 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowd2002260–261-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowd2002260–261_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowd2002">Dowd 2002</a>, pp. 260–261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowd2002249,_261-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowd2002249,_261_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowd2002">Dowd 2002</a>, pp. 249, 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrake184827-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrake184827_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrake1848">Drake 1848</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeckham1947316-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeckham1947316_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeckham1947">Peckham 1947</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2005269-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon2005269_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDixon2005">Dixon 2005</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowd2002260-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowd2002260_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowd2002">Dowd 2002</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeckham1947312–314-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeckham1947312–314_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeckham1947">Peckham 1947</a>, pp. 312–314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausz2011118-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausz2011118_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFausz2011">Fausz 2011</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Missouri Historical Review</i>, April 1957, p. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1906" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Norman B. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesoffamousind00bowk"><i>Lives of Famous Indian Chiefs</i></a>. Aurora, Illinois: American Indian Historical Publishing Company. p. 121<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+Famous+Indian+Chiefs&rft.place=Aurora%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=American+Indian+Historical+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Norman+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesoffamousind00bowk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontiac+%28Odawa+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontiac_(Odawa_leader)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chief_Pontiac" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chief Pontiac"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Chief Pontiac</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChevrette19974" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Chevrette, Louis (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/pontiac_3E.html">"Pontiac"</a>. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. III (1741–1770) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pontiac&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Chevrette&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fpontiac_3E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontiac+%28Odawa+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2005" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, David (2005). <i>Never Come to Peace Again: Pontiac's Uprising and the Fate of the British Empire in North America</i>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3656-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3656-1"><bdi>0-8061-3656-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Never+Come+to+Peace+Again%3A+Pontiac%27s+Uprising+and+the+Fate+of+the+British+Empire+in+North+America&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8061-3656-1&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontiac+%28Odawa+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowd2002" class="citation book cs1">Dowd, Gregory Evans (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warunderheavenpo00dowd"><i>War under Heaven: Pontiac, the Indian Nations, & the British Empire</i></a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-7079-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-7079-8"><bdi>0-8018-7079-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+under+Heaven%3A+Pontiac%2C+the+Indian+Nations%2C+%26+the+British+Empire&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8018-7079-8&rft.aulast=Dowd&rft.aufirst=Gregory+Evans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarunderheavenpo00dowd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontiac+%28Odawa+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake1848" class="citation book cs1">Drake, Benjamin (1848). <i>The Life and Adventures of Black Hawk: with Sketches of Keokuk, the Sac and Fox Indians, and the Late Black Hawk War</i>. H.S. & J. Applegate & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Adventures+of+Black+Hawk%3A+with+Sketches+of+Keokuk%2C+the+Sac+and+Fox+Indians%2C+and+the+Late+Black+Hawk+War&rft.pub=H.S.+%26+J.+Applegate+%26+Co&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontiac+%28Odawa+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFausz2011" class="citation book cs1">Fausz, J. Frederick (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ON5evgAACAAJ"><i>Founding St. Louis: First City of the New West</i></a>. History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-016-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-016-4"><bdi>978-1-60949-016-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Founding+St.+Louis%3A+First+City+of+the+New+West&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60949-016-4&rft.aulast=Fausz&rft.aufirst=J.+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DON5evgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontiac+%28Odawa+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton2006" class="citation journal cs1">Middleton, Richard (2006). "Pontiac: Local Warrior or Pan-Indian Leader?". <i>Michigan Historical Review</i>. <b>32</b> (2). Central Michigan University: 1–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmhr.2006.0028">10.1353/mhr.2006.0028</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20174167">20174167</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221176076">221176076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Pontiac%3A+Local+Warrior+or+Pan-Indian+Leader%3F&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-32&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221176076%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20174167%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmhr.2006.0028&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontiac+%28Odawa+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton2007" class="citation book cs1">Middleton, Richard (2007). <i>Pontiac's War: Its Causes, Course and Consequences</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97913-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97913-9"><bdi>978-0-415-97913-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pontiac%27s+War%3A+Its+Causes%2C+Course+and+Consequences&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97913-9&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontiac+%28Odawa+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkman1851" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parkman" title="Francis Parkman">Parkman, Francis</a> (1851). <i>History of the conspiracy of Pontiac, and the war of the North American tribes against the English colonies after the conquest of Canada</i>. Boston: C. C. Little and J. Brown. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/02016786">02016786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+conspiracy+of+Pontiac%2C+and+the+war+of+the+North+American+tribes+against+the+English+colonies+after+the+conquest+of+Canada&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=C.+C.+Little+and+J.+Brown&rft.date=1851&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F02016786&rft.aulast=Parkman&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontiac+%28Odawa+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeckham1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Henry_Peckham" title="Howard Henry Peckham">Peckham, Howard H.</a> (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uuoeFj4zWmQC"><i>Pontiac and the Indian Uprising</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-2469-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8143-2469-X"><bdi>0-8143-2469-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pontiac+and+the+Indian+Uprising&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1947&rft.isbn=0-8143-2469-X&rft.aulast=Peckham&rft.aufirst=Howard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuuoeFj4zWmQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontiac+%28Odawa+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugden1999" class="citation web cs1">Sugden, John (1999). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anb.org">"Pontiac"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_National_Biography_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="American National Biography Online">American National Biography Online</a></i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+National+Biography+Online&rft.atitle=Pontiac&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Sugden&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anb.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontiac+%28Odawa+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_White_(historian)" title="Richard White (historian)">White, Richard</a> (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlegroundindi0000whit"><i>The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-42460-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-42460-7"><bdi>0-521-42460-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ground%3A+Indians%2C+Empires%2C+and+Republics+in+the+Great+Lakes+Region%2C+1650%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-521-42460-7&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiddlegroundindi0000whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontiac+%28Odawa+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">White, Richard (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofno00hoxi">"Pontiac"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of North American Indians</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-66921-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-66921-9"><bdi>0-395-66921-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pontiac&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+North+American+Indians&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-395-66921-9&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofno00hoxi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontiac+%28Odawa+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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