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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Voorkoms" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voorkoms</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Jung+Chang" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Jung+Chang" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. 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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Jung+Chang" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Jung+Chang" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Lewe_in_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lewe_in_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Lewe in China</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lewe_in_China-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Lewe in China subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lewe_in_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kulturele_Rewolusie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kulturele_Rewolusie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Kulturele Rewolusie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kulturele_Rewolusie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engelse_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engelse_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Engelse studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engelse_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lewe_in_Brittanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lewe_in_Brittanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lewe in Brittanje</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lewe_in_Brittanje-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Lewe in Brittanje subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lewe_in_Brittanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Akademiese_agtergrond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akademiese_agtergrond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Akademiese agtergrond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akademiese_agtergrond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuwe_ondervindinge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuwe_ondervindinge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Nuwe ondervindinge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuwe_ondervindinge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glanspersoonlikheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glanspersoonlikheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Glanspersoonlikheid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glanspersoonlikheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publikasies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publikasies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Publikasies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publikasies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Publikasies subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Publikasies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wild_Swans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wild_Swans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>Wild Swans</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wild_Swans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mao:_The_Unknown_Story" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mao:_The_Unknown_Story"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span><i>Mao: The Unknown Story</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mao:_The_Unknown_Story-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Empress_Dowager_Cixi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empress_Dowager_Cixi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span><i>Empress Dowager Cixi</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empress_Dowager_Cixi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lys_van_werke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lys_van_werke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Lys van werke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lys_van_werke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jung Chang</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 28 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA" title="تشونغ تشانغ – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشونغ تشانغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC" title="تشونج تشانج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشونج تشانج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%82" title="য়্যুং চ্যেং – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="য়্যুং চ্যেং" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Chang" title="Jung Chang – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Jung Chang" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D9%82_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82" title="یونق چانق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یونق چانق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Chang" title="Jung Chang – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jung Chang" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Changov%C3%A1" title="Jung Changová – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jung Changová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Chang" title="Jung Chang – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jung Chang" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Chang" title="Jung Chang – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jung Chang" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Chang" title="Jung Chang – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Jung Chang" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Chang" title="Jung Chang – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jung Chang" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Chang" title="Jung Chang – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jung Chang" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Chang" title="Jung Chang – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jung Chang" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92" title="ז'ונג ג'אנג – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'ונג ג'אנג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Chang" title="Jung Chang – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jung Chang" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Chang" title="Jung Chang – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jung Chang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Chang" title="Jung Chang – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jung Chang" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3" title="ユン・チアン – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユン・チアン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Chang" title="Jung Chang – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jung Chang" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Chang" title="Jung Chang – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jung Chang" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Chang" title="Jung Chang – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jung Chang" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Chang" title="Jung Chang – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jung Chang" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%AE%D0%BD" title="Чжан Юн – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чжан Юн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Chang" title="Jung Chang – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jung Chang" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Chang" title="Jung Chang – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jung Chang" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Юн Чжан – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Юн Чжан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Nhung" title="Trương Nhung – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trương Nhung" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E6%88%8E" title="张戎 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="张戎" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q235291#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jung_Chang" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Jung_Chang" rel="discussion" 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<nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jung_Chang"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page 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href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Jung_Chang,_2010_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jung_Chang%2C_2010_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Jung_Chang%2C_2010_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Jung_Chang%2C_2010_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="422" /></a></span><div>Jung Chang in 2010.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Gebore</th><td><a href="/wiki/25_Maart" title="25 Maart">25 Maart</a> <a href="/wiki/1952" title="1952">1952</a><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Yibin" title="Yibin">Yibin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">Volksrepubliek China</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Nasionaliteit</th><td class="category"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Verenigde Koninkryk"><img alt="Vlag van Verenigde Koninkryk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Beroep</th><td class="role">Skrywer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Termyn</th><td>1986 tot op hede</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">Eggenoot</span></th><td><a href="/wiki/Jon_Halliday_(geskiedkundige)" title="Jon Halliday (geskiedkundige)">Jon Halliday (geskiedkundige)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jung Chang</b> (張戎|s=张戎 oftewel <b>Chang Jung</b>), (tʂɑ́ŋ ɻʊ̌ŋ), gebore op 25 Maart 1952) is a Chinees-gebore Britse skrywer wat tans in <a href="/wiki/Londen" title="Londen">Londen</a> woon. Sy is die bekendste om haar familie-outobiografie, <i>Wild Swans</i>, waarvan meer as tien miljoen eksemplare wêreldwyd verkoop is, maar wat verban is in die <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">Volksrepubliek China</a>. </p><p>Haar 832-bladsy biografie van <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, <i>Mao: The Unknown Story</i>, wat saam met haar man, die Ierse geskiedkundige <a href="/wiki/Jon_Halliday_(geskiedkundige)" title="Jon Halliday (geskiedkundige)">Jon Halliday (geskiedkundige)</a> geskryf was, was in Junie 2005 gepubliseer. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lewe_in_China">Lewe in China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Lewe in China" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Lewe in China"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Xue_Zhiheng.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Xue_Zhiheng.jpg/220px-Xue_Zhiheng.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Xue_Zhiheng.jpg/330px-Xue_Zhiheng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Xue_Zhiheng.jpg/440px-Xue_Zhiheng.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Xue Zhiheng, Jung Chang se oupa</figcaption></figure> <p>Chang was op 25 Maart 1952 in <a href="/wiki/Yibin" title="Yibin">Yibin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuanprovinsie</a>, Volksrepubliek China gebore. Haar ouers was beide beamptes van die <a href="/wiki/Kommunistiese_Party_van_China" title="Kommunistiese Party van China">Kommunistiese Party van China</a>; haar vader het baie in die literatuur bekend gestel. As kind het sy gou 'n liefde vir lees en skryf ontwikkel, asook vir die skryf van poësie. </p><p>As kaders van die Party was die lewe vir haar en haar naasbestaandes aanvanklik redelik goed gewees; haar ouers het hard gewerk en haar vader het op streekvlak sukses behaal as propagandis. Sy formele rang was "vlak 10 beampte", bedoelende dat hy een van die 20,000 of so mees belangrikste kaders, oftewel <i>ganbu</i>, in die land was. Die kommunistiese party het haar gesin voorsien van 'n woning in 'n ommuurde, bewaakte kompleks, 'n bediende en chauffeur, asook 'n soogvrou vir Chang en haar vier broers en susters. Hierdie vlak van bevoorregting in die 1950's, synde 'n relatief-verarmde tydperk in China se geskiedenis, was buitengewoon. </p><p>Chang skryf onder meer dat sy oorspronklik <b>Er-hong</b> (二鴻 "Tweede Swaan") genoem is, wat klink soos die Chinese woord vir "verbleikte rooi". Aangesien die kommuniste "diep rooi" was, het sy toe sy twaalf jaar oud was haar vader versoek om haar van 'n nuwe naam te voorsien, met die spesifikasie dat sy "'n naam met 'n militêre klank daaraan" wou hê. Haar vader het "<a href="https://af.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%88%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:戎">Jung</a>" voorgestel, wat "gevegs - of krygsake beteken". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kulturele_Rewolusie">Kulturele Rewolusie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Kulturele Rewolusie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Kulturele Rewolusie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soos baie van haar portuurgroep, het Chang gedurende die vroeë jare van die <a href="/wiki/Kulturele_Rewolusie" title="Kulturele Rewolusie">Kulturele Rewolusie</a>, op die ouderdom van veertien jaar, onderneem om 'n <i>Rooi Wag</i> te word. In <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wild_Swans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wild Swans (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wild Swans</a></i> vermeld sy dat sy "gretig was om so te doen", "opgewonde oor my rooi armband".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In haar memoirs, konstateer Chang dat sy geweier het om deel te neem aan die aanvalle op haar onderwysers en ander Chinese. Sy het na 'n kort rukkie die Rooi Wagte gelos omdat sy hulle as te gewelddadig bevind het. </p><p>Die mislukkings van die <a href="/wiki/Groot_Sprong_Voorwaarts" title="Groot Sprong Voorwaarts">Groot Sprong Voorwaarts</a> het daartoe gelei dat haar ouers <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> se beleide bevraagteken en geopponeer het. Hulle was derhalwe gedurende die Kulturele Rewolusie geteiken, soos die geval was met die meeste ander hoë profiel beamptes van die Kommunistiese Party. Chang skryf in <i>Wild Swans</i> dat toe haar vader Mao gekritiseer het, dit hulle blootgestel het aan vergelding van Mao se ondersteuners. Haar ouers was op openbare wyse verneder - ink was oor hulle koppe gedompel, hulle was geforseer om plakkate rondom hulle nekke te dra wat hulle veroordeel het, moes in gruis kniel en buitekant in die reën staan - gevolg deur gevangesetting. Die wyse waarop haar vader behandel is het gelei tot blywende fisiese - en geestelike ongesteldhede. Hulle loopbane was vernietig, en haar gesin was gedwing om hul woning te verlaat. </p><p>Voor haar ouers se veroordeling en gevangesetting was Chang 'n onvoorwaardelike ondersteuner van Mao, en het sy haarself gekritiseer en betug wanneer sy enige momentele en vlugtige twyfeling ondervind het.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sy skryf egter dat haar respek vir Mao teen tyde van sy dood vernietig was. Chang skryf dat sy haar gesig in die skouer van 'n ander student moes begrawe en voorgee dat sy treur en bedroef is toe sy hoor dat Mao dood is. Sy het haar veranderende houding ten opsigte van Mao met die volgende kommentare verduidelik: </p> <pre>"Dit wou voorkom asof die Chinese op 'n opregte en werklik hartseer wyse oor Mao getreur het. Maar ek het egter by myself gewonder hoeveel van hul trane werklik opreg was. Mense het akteurskap tot so 'n kuns vervolmaak dat hulle dit met hul eie gevoelens verwar het. Om vir Mao te treur en smart te betoon was miskien net nog 'n geprogrammeerde daad in hul geprogrammeerde lewens."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </pre> <p>Chang se uitbeelding van die Chinese mense as "geprogrammeer" deur <a href="/wiki/Mao%C3%AFsme" title="Maoïsme">Maoïsme</a> sou keer op keer in haar gevolglike skrywes weerklank vind. </p><p>Volgens haar boek <i>Wild Swans</i> (hoofstuk 23 tot hoofstuk 28) was Chang se lewe gedurende die <a href="/wiki/Kulturele_Rewolusie" title="Kulturele Rewolusie">Kulturele Rewolusie</a> en na die jare onmiddellik daarna een van beide 'n slagoffer en een van 'n bevoorregte persoon. Chang het in 1973 Sichuan Universiteit bygewoon en een van die sogenaamde " Studente van Werkers, Lyfeienes en Soldate" geword. Haar vader se regerings-gesteunde amptelike begrafnis was in 1975 gehou. Chang kon in 1978 by wyse van 'n beurs van die regering China verlaat en in die <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a> studeer, te wete 'n jaar voordat die post-Mao hervormings 'n aanvang geneem het. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engelse_studies">Engelse studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Engelse studies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Engelse studies"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die sluiting van universiteit-sisteem het Chang, soos die meeste persone van haar generasie, weggelei van die politiese warboel van die akademie. In pleks daarvan, het sy verskeie jare as 'n lyfeiene, vlugvoetige dokter ('n deeltydse plattelandse dokter), 'n staalwerker en 'n elektrisiën deurgebring, alhoewel sy geen formele opleiding ontvang het nie as gevolg van Mao se beleid, welke nie formele instruksie as 'n voorvereiste vir sulke werk benodig het nie. Die universiteite is uiteindelik weer oopgemaak, en sy het 'n plek by die Sichuan Universiteit gekry ten einde Engels te studeer, en later sou sy 'n assistent <a href="/wiki/Lektor" title="Lektor">lektor</a> aldaar word. Na Mao se dood het sy 'n eksamen geslaag wat haar in staat gestel het om in die Weste te studeer. Haar aansoek om China te verlaat was egter eers goedgekeur toe haar vader polities-gerehabiliteer is. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lewe_in_Brittanje">Lewe in Brittanje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Lewe in Brittanje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Lewe in Brittanje"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Akademiese_agtergrond">Akademiese agtergrond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Akademiese agtergrond" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Akademiese agtergrond"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chang het China in 1978 verlaat ten einde by wyse van 'n regerings-beurs in Brittanje te studeer. Sy het eers in <a href="/wiki/Londen" title="Londen">Londen</a> gewoon, maar later na <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> getrek. Sy het <a href="/wiki/Linguistiek" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistiek">linguistiek</a> by die Universiteit van York studeer met behulp van 'n beurs van die einste universiteit, en in Derwent College gewoon. Sy het in 1982 haar PhD in linguistiek ontvang van York, en in die proses die eerste persoon van die <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">Volksrepubliek China</a> geword aan wie 'n PhD deur 'n Britse universiteit toegeken is. In 1986 het sy en <a href="/wiki/Jon_Halliday_(geskiedkundige)" title="Jon Halliday (geskiedkundige)">Jon Halliday (geskiedkundige)</a> <i>Mme Sun Yat-sen</i> (Soong Ching-ling) gepubliseer, te wete 'n biografie van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soong Ching-ling (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sun Yat-Sen</a> se weduwee. </p><p>Sy het ook ere-doktorsgrade van die Universiteit van Buckingham, die Universiteit van York, die Universiteit van Warwick, Dundee Universiteit, Bowdoin College (<a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="Verenigde State van Amerika">Verenigde State van Amerika</a>), en die Open University ontvang. Sy het by die Skool vir Asiatiese - en Afrika Studies in Londen klas gegee, voordat sy die instansie in die 1990's verlaat het ten einde op haar skryfwerk te konsentreer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuwe_ondervindinge">Nuwe ondervindinge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Nuwe ondervindinge" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Nuwe ondervindinge"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003 het Jung Chang 'n nuwe voorwoord tot <i>Wild Swans</i> geskryf. Daarin het sy haar vroeë lewe in Brittanje beskryf en verduidelik waarom sy die boek geskryf het. Nadat sy in China gewoon het gedurende die 1960's en 1970's, het sy Brittanje opwindend gevind en die land verkwiklik gevind, en vernaam die verskillende kulture, literatuur en kunste. Sy het elke geleentheid waargeneem om <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> se toneelstukke in beide Londen en York by te woon. Sy het egter steeds 'n spesiale plek vir China in haar hart, en het tydens 'n onderhoud met <a href="/w/index.php?title=HarperCollins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HarperCollins (bladsy bestaan nie)">HarperCollins</a> gesê, "Ek voel asof my hart miskien nog steeds aan China behoort".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chang woon in Wes-Londen saam met haar man, die Ierse geskiedkundige <i>Jon Halliday</i>, wat spesialiseer in die geskiedenis van Asië. Sy kon ook met toestemming van die Chinese owerhede China besoek het ten einde haar familie te sien, ten spyte van die feit dat al haar boeke verban is. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glanspersoonlikheid">Glanspersoonlikheid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Glanspersoonlikheid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Glanspersoonlikheid"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die publikasie van Jung Chang se tweede boek, <i>Wild Swans</i> het van haar 'n glanspersoonlikheid gemaak. Chang se unieke styl, en gebruikmaking van die persoonlike beskrywing van die lewe en tye van drie generasies van die Chinese vrou, ten einde die kalklig te plaas op die vele veranderinge wat China ondergaan het, was uiters suksesvol. Groot verkope was op die wyse gegenereer, en die boek se gewildheid het daartoe gelei dat dit regoor die wêreld verkoop is en vertaal is in veertig tale. </p><p>Chang het 'n gewilde figuur geword as gevolg van haar lesings oor kommunistiese China. Sy het deur Brittanje, Europa, die <a href="/wiki/VSA" class="mw-redirect" title="VSA">VSA</a> en vele ander plekke van regoor die wêreld gereis. Sy het op 14 Junie 2005 na die Universiteit van York teruggekeer ten einde die universiteit se debatunie toe te spreek, en het tot 'n gehoor van oor die driehonderd mense gespreek, waarvan die meeste studente was.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> het haar genooi om deel te wees van die paneel van die <i>Question Time</i> TV reeks vir die heel eerste uitsending vanaf <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> op 10 Maart 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maar sy kon dit nie bywoon nie omrede sy 'n kort rukkie vantevore haar been gebreek het. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publikasies">Publikasies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Publikasies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Publikasies"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wild_Swans"><i>Wild Swans</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Wild Swans" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Wild Swans"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die internasionale topverkoper is 'n biografie van drie generasies van Chinese vroue in 20ste eeuse China, naamlik haar ouma, moeder, en sy self. Chang verf 'n kleurvolle prent van die politiese en militêre onrus van China gedurende hierdie tydperk; van die troue van haar ouma aan 'n veldheer, tot haar moeder se ondervindinge van Japannees-geokkupeerde <a href="/wiki/Jinzhou" title="Jinzhou">Jinzhou</a> gedurende die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tweede_Sino-Japannese_Oorlog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tweede Sino-Japannese Oorlog (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tweede Sino-Japannese Oorlog</a>, asook haar eie ondervindinge van die gevolge van Mao se beleide van die 1950s en 1960s. </p><p><i>Wild Swans</i> was in agt-en-dertig tale vertaal en twintig miljoen eksemplare daarvan is verkoop. Dit het o.a. lof ontvang van skrywers soos <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._G._Ballard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. G. Ballard (bladsy bestaan nie)">J. G. Ballard</a>. Dit is verban in die Volksrepubliek China, alhoewel baie geroofde eksemplare in sirkulasie is, sowel as vertalings daarvan in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> en <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mao:_The_Unknown_Story"><i>Mao: The Unknown Story</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Mao: The Unknown Story" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Mao: The Unknown Story"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chang se 2005 werk, 'n biografie van Mao, was saam met haar man <i>Jon Halliday</i> geskryf. Die paartjie het die hele wêreld deur gereis om navorsing vir die boek te doen, welke twaalf jaar geneem het om te skryf.<sup id="cite_ref-DIDiscs_JC_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DIDiscs_JC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hulle het onderhoude met honderde mense gevoer wat vir Mao geken het, insluitende <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="George H. W. Bush">George Bush, Sr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Gyatso" title="Tenzin Gyatso">Tenzin Gyatso</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DIDiscs_JC_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DIDiscs_JC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chang en Halliday argumenteer dat Mao, ten spyte van die feit dat hy grootgeword het in 'n relatief vermoënde familie, min ingeligte besorgdheid vir die langtermyn welsyn van die Chinese lyfeienes gehad het. Hulle hou Mao verantwoordelik vir die hongersnood wat ontstaan het as gevolg van die <a href="/wiki/Groot_Sprong_Voorwaarts" title="Groot Sprong Voorwaarts">Groot Sprong Voorwaarts</a> en konstateer dat hy die hongersnood veroorsaak het deur voedsel uit te voer, toe China nie oor genoegsame graan beskik het om sy sy eie mense te voed nie. Hulle skryf ook dat Mao gereël het vir die arrestasie en moorde van baie van sy politieke teenstanders, insluitende sommige van sy persoonlike vriende, en hulle argumenteer verder dat hy 'n baie meer tiranniese leier was as wat voorheen gedink is. </p><p><i>Mao: The Unknown Story</i> het 'n topverkoper geword, met verkope in die VK alleen wat 60,000 eksemplare beloop het in ses maande.<sup id="cite_ref-GuardianDecemeber_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuardianDecemeber-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akademici en kommentators het resensies geskryf wat gewissel het van lof<sup id="cite_ref-Walsh_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsh-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tot kritiek.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Baum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Baum (bladsy bestaan nie)">Richard Baum</a> het gesê dat dit "baie ernstig opgeneem moet word as die bes nagevorsde en ryklik gedokumenteerde werk van sintetiese geleerdheid" betreffende Mao .<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i> het gerapporteer dat min kommentators die onderwerp in dispuut geplaas het.<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Empress_Dowager_Cixi"><i>Empress Dowager Cixi</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Empress Dowager Cixi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Empress Dowager Cixi"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Oktober 2013 het Chang 'n biografie van <a href="/wiki/Keiserin-weduwee_en_regentes_Cixi" title="Keiserin-weduwee en regentes Cixi">Keiserin-weduwee en regentes Cixi</a> gepubliseer, wat China van 1861 tot haar dood in 1908 gelei het. Chang argumenteer dat Cixi "al geag is as òf 'n tiranniese en bose leier, óf as hopeloos onbevoeg - òf beide van die twee"; maar dat die beskouing beide simplisties en onakkuraat is. Chang beeld haar uit as intelligent, verlig, en as 'n proto-feminis. Alhoewel Cixi dikwels beskuldig word van reaksionêre konserwatisme (veral op grond van haar behandeling van die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guangxu_Keiser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guangxu Keiser (bladsy bestaan nie)">Guangxu Keiser</a> gedurende en na die 100-dag hervormings, demonstreer Chang dat Cixi eintlik 'n aanvang geneem het met die hervormings, en dat sy "Middeleeuse China in die moderne era in gebring het."<sup id="cite_ref-Schell_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schell-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koerant-resensies was ook positief in hul assessering van die werk. Te-Ping Chen het in die <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a> bevind dat</i> die boek "gepak is met detail wat die lewe van die sentrale karakter na vore bring." <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Sebag_Montefiore" title="Simon Sebag Montefiore">Simon Sebag Montefiore</a> skryf: Dit is "gevul met nuwe onthullings, dit is 'n aangrypende en verrassende verhaal van 'n buitengewone vrou in mag. Met die gebruikmaking van Chinese bronne, wat totaal en al ongebruik is deur boeke van westerse oorsprong, bring dit 'n herwaardering na vore van een van die groot "monsteresse" van moderne geskiedenis... Jung Chang se revisionisme beteken dat hierdie boek 'n nuwe en verskillende vrou na vore bring: ambisieus, somtyds moordlustig, maar pragmaties en uniek. Die somtotaal hiervan maak <i>Keiserin-weduwee en regentes Cixi</i> 'n kragtige leeservaring."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die boek het ook kritiese behandeling in die akademiese wêreld ontvang. Die kenner van die Qing dinastie, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamela_Kyle_Crossley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pamela Kyle Crossley (bladsy bestaan nie)">Pamela Kyle Crossley</a>, het 'n skeptiese resensie in die <i>London Review of Books</i> geskryf. "Chang het indrukwekkende gebruik gemaak van die vinnig uitbreidende reeks gepubliseerde materiaal van die imperiale argiewe. Maar om hierdie bronne te verstaan vereis 'n diepgaande studie van die konteks daarvan. [...] Haar beweringe rakende Cixi se belang kom voor asof dit gemunt is uit haar eie mymeringe, en het min te doen met wat ons werklik weet aangaande China tydens die tydperk. Ek is so gretig soos enigiemand anders om te sien dat meer aandag aan vroue van geskiedkundige belang gegee word. Maar die her-interpretasie van Cixi as ''Katerina die Grote'' of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> is 'n slegte aankoop: naamlik die daarstelling van 'n denkbeeldige ikoon; ten koste van historiese bewustheid." .<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lys_van_werke">Lys van werke</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Lys van werke" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Lys van werke"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, <i>Madame Sun Yat-sen: Soong Ching-ling</i> (Londen, 1986); Penguin, <span class="ISBN" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-14-008455-X" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-14-008455-X">ISBN 0-14-008455-X</a></span></li> <li>Jung Chang, <i>Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China</i> (Londen, 1992); 2004 Harper Perennial ed. <span class="ISBN" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-00-717615-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-00-717615-5">ISBN 0-00-717615-5</a></span></li> <li>Jung Chang, Lynn Pan and Henry Zhao (edited by Jessie Lim and Li Yan), <i>Another province: new Chinese writing from London</i> (Londen, 1994); Lambeth Chinese Community Association, <span class="ISBN" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-9522973-0-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-9522973-0-2">ISBN 0-9522973-0-2</a></span>.</li> <li>Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, <i>Mao: The Unknown Story</i> (Londen, 2005); Jonathan Cape, <span class="ISBN" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-679-42271-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-679-42271-4">ISBN 0-679-42271-4</a></span></li> <li>Jung Chang, <i>Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China</i> (Alfred A. Knopf, 2013), <span class="ISBN" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0224087436" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0224087436">ISBN 0224087436</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notas">Notas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Notas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Notas"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" style="text-align: left; width: 100%; font-size: 85%; clear:both; margin: 0em 0em -0.5em; padding: .5em 1em; vertical-align: middle;"> <tbody><tr> <td>Hierdie artikel is in sy geheel of gedeeltelik vanuit <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Chang">die Engelse Wikipedia</a></span> vertaal. </td> <td width="20"><div style="position: relative; width: 20px; height: 20px; overflow: hidden"> <div style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; font-size: 100px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 100px; z-index: 3"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Vertaalvanaf/info" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjabloon:Vertaalvanaf/info"><span title="Klik vir info oor hierdie sjabloon.">   </span></a></div> <div style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Crystal_txt.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Klik vir info oor hierdie sjabloon."><img alt="Klik vir info oor hierdie sjabloon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Crystal_txt.png/20px-Crystal_txt.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Crystal_txt.png/30px-Crystal_txt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Crystal_txt.png/40px-Crystal_txt.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/03/31/turning-page-asian-mystique.html">"Turning the page on the Asian mystique"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100624220527/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/03/31/turning-page-asian-mystique.html">Geargiveer</a> 24 Junie 2010 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Jakarta_Post&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Jakarta Post (bladsy bestaan nie)">The Jakarta Post</a></i>, 31 Maart 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jung Chang, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wild_Swans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wild Swans (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China</a></i> (Londen, 2004), bl. 378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jung Chang, <i>Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China</i> (Londen, 2004), bl. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wild Swans</i>, bl. 633.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051106013913/http://www.readinggroups.co.uk/Authors/Interview.aspx?id=80&aid=1012">"an interview with Jung Chang"</a>. HarperCollins. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.readinggroups.co.uk/Authors/Interview.aspx?id=80&aid=1012">die oorspronklike</a> op 6 November 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=an+interview+with+Jung+Chang&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.readinggroups.co.uk%2FAuthors%2FInterview.aspx%3Fid%3D80%26aid%3D1012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AJung+Chang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Record crowd for Jung Chang, <i>The Union</i> – The York Union (25 Junie 2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abu.org.my/public/dsp_page.cfm?articleid=1129&urlsectionid=1136&specialsection=ART_FULL&pageid=247&PSID=3629">"BBC's Question Time heads to China"</a>. <i>Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union</i>. 17 Februarie 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia-Pacific+Broadcasting+Union&rft.atitle=BBC%27s+Question+Time+heads+to+China&rft.date=2005-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abu.org.my%2Fpublic%2Fdsp_page.cfm%3Farticleid%3D1129%26urlsectionid%3D1136%26specialsection%3DART_FULL%26pageid%3D247%26PSID%3D3629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AJung+Chang" class="Z3988"></span><sup><i>[dooie skakel]</i></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DIDiscs_JC-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DIDiscs_JC_8-0">8,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DIDiscs_JC_8-1">8,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation episode"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/features/desert-island-discs/castaway/7ee7b477#b0088vmz">"Desert Island Discs with Jung Chang"</a>. <i>Desert Island Discs</i> (<a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=BBC_Radio_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BBC Radio 4 (bladsy bestaan nie)">Radio 4</a>). 2007-11-16<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/features/desert-island-discs/castaway/7ee7b477#b0088vmz">http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/features/desert-island-discs/castaway/7ee7b477#b0088vmz</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Desert+Island+Discs+with+Jung+Chang&rft.jtitle=Desert+Island+Discs&rft.date=2007-11-16&rft.pub=%5B%5BBBC%5D%5D%2C+%5B%5BBBC+Radio+4%7CRadio+4%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fradio4%2Ffeatures%2Fdesert-island-discs%2Fcastaway%2F7ee7b477%23b0088vmz&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Jung_Chang"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GuardianDecemeber-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GuardianDecemeber_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFFenby2005" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fenby, Jonathan (4 Desember 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,6903,1657292,00.html">"Storm rages over bestselling book on monster Mao"</a> (in Engels). London: Guardian Unlimited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219111904/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,6903,1657292,00.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 19 Desember 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Storm+rages+over+bestselling+book+on+monster+Mao&rft.date=2005-12-04&rft.aulast=Fenby&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobserver.guardian.co.uk%2Fuk_news%2Fstory%2F0%2C6903%2C1657292%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AJung+Chang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walsh-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Walsh_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Walsh2005" class="citation web cs1">John Walsh (10 Junie 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianreviewofbooks.com/arb/article.php?article=553">"Mao: The Unknown Story by Jung Chang and Jon Halliday"</a>. <i>Asian Review of Books</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">27 Augustus</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asian+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Mao%3A+The+Unknown+Story+by+Jung+Chang+and+Jon+Halliday&rft.date=2005-06-10&rft.au=John+Walsh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianreviewofbooks.com%2Farb%2Farticle.php%3Farticle%3D553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AJung+Chang" class="Z3988"></span><sup><i>[dooie skakel]</i></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Pomfret2005" class="citation news cs1">John Pomfret (11 Desember 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/08/AR2005120801641.html">"Chairman Monster"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Chairman+Monster&rft.date=2005-12-11&rft.au=John+Pomfret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2005%2F12%2F08%2FAR2005120801641.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AJung+Chang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSophie_Beach2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sophie Beach (5 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217121317/http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2005/09/cdt_bookshelf_r.php">"CDT Bookshelf: Richard Baum recommends "Mao: The Unknown Story"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>China Digital Times</i> (in Engels). Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2005/09/cdt_bookshelf_r.php">die oorspronklike</a> op 17 Desember 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Digital+Times&rft.atitle=CDT+Bookshelf%3A+Richard+Baum+recommends+%22Mao%3A+The+Unknown+Story%22&rft.date=2005-09-05&rft.au=Sophie+Beach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchinadigitaltimes.net%2F2005%2F09%2Fcdt_bookshelf_r.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AJung+Chang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SMH-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SMH_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/a-swans-little-book-of-ire/2005/10/07/1128563003642.html">"A swan's little book of ire"</a> (in Engels). The Sydney Morning Herald. 8 Oktober 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204245/http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/a-swans-little-book-of-ire/2005/10/07/1128563003642.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">8 Desember</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+swan%27s+little+book+of+ire&rft.pub=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.date=2005-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fa-swans-little-book-of-ire%2F2005%2F10%2F07%2F1128563003642.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AJung+Chang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schell-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Schell_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/27/books/review/jung-changs-empress-dowager-cixi.html">Schell, Orville. "Her Dynasty." <i>New York Times.</i> 25 Oktober 2013.</a> Accessed 25 Oktober 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2013/10/03/jung-chang-rewrites-an-empress/">Chen, Te-Ping."Jung Chang Rewrites Empress Cixi." <i>Wall Street Journal.</i> 3 Oktober 2013.</a> Accessed 3 November 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Sebag_Montefiore" title="Simon Sebag Montefiore">Simon Sebag Montefiore</a>, BBC History Magazine</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crossley, Pamela, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n08/pamela-crossley/in-the-hornets-nest/">In the hornet's nest</a>", <i>London Review of Books</i>· 17 April 2014</span> </li> </ol></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235291&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235291&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulp:Normdata" title="Hulp:Normdata">Normdata</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235291" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" 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href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX886294">XX886294</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12260876g">cb12260876g</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12260876g">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Name_and_Title_Authority_File_of_Catalonia" title="Name and Title Authority File of Catalonia">CANTIC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cantic.bnc.cat/registres/CUCId/a1044869x">a1044869x</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n86112793">n86112793</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Latvia">LNB</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000090933&P_CON_LNG=ENG">000090933</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00317921">00317921</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990003799&CON_LNG=ENG">jn19990003799</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Australia">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36647708">36647708</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Greece">NLG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/Authority/Record?id=au.76633">76633</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Israel">NLI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000030677&local_base=nlx10">000030677</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Korea">NLK</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nl.go.kr/authorities/resource/KAC200604066">KAC200604066</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="error">The NLP id a0000001190510 is not valid.</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_and_University_Library_in_Zagreb" class="mw-redirect" title="National and University Library in Zagreb">NSK</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000466170&local_base=nsk10">000466170</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Library_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Library of the Netherlands">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073199818">073199818</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RERO_(Library_Network_of_Western_Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="RERO (Library Network of Western Switzerland)">RERO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.rero.ch/02-A000034181">02-A000034181</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="error">The SBN id VIAV096167 is not valid.</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">SELIBR</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/auth/344891">344891</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031383688">031383688</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9906407">9906407</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat Identities</a> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/9906407">9906407</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ontsluit van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&oldid=2436929">https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jung_Chang&oldid=2436929</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Kategorie%C3%AB" title="Spesiaal:Kategorieë">Kategorieë</a>: 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