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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zoharic_Aramaic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoharic_Aramaic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Zoharic Aramaic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoharic_Aramaic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoharic_Hebrew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoharic_Hebrew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Zoharic Hebrew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoharic_Hebrew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Authorship</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Authorship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Authorship subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Initial view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Late Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enlightenment_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlightenment_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Enlightenment Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlightenment_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Modern religious views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_critical_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_critical_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Modern critical views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_critical_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Printings,_editions,_and_indexing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printings,_editions,_and_indexing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Printings, editions, and indexing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printings,_editions,_and_indexing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_New_Zohar_(זוהר_חדש)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_New_Zohar_(זוהר_חדש)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The <i>New Zohar</i> (זוהר חדש)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_New_Zohar_(זוהר_חדש)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_mysticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_mysticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Christian mysticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_mysticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Commentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>English translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zohar_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zohar_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Zohar texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zohar_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Links_about_the_Zohar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Links_about_the_Zohar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Links about the Zohar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Links_about_the_Zohar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Zohar</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Zohar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zohar" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="كتاب الزوهار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتاب الزوهار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoqar" title="Zoqar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zoqar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Зохар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Зохар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zohar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zohar" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zohar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohar" title="Sohar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sohar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Zohar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zohar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoharo" title="Zoharo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Zoharo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zohar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1" title="زوهر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زوهر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefer_HaZohar" title="Sefer HaZohar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sefer HaZohar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%ED%95%98%EB%A5%B4" title="조하르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조하르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zohar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zohar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zohar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%96%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A8" title="ספר הזוהר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספר הזוהר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Zohar" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B3h%C3%A1r" title="Zóhár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zóhár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="كتاب الزوهار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كتاب الزوهار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zohar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zohar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BE%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB" title="ゾーハル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゾーハル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zohar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Zohar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefer_haZohar" title="Sefer haZohar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sefer haZohar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1" title="زوہر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="زوہر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zohar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zohar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zohar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Зогар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зогар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Zohar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zohar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Зохар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Зохар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Zohar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zohar" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A8" title="זוהר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זוהר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%98%8E%E7%AF%87" title="光明篇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="光明篇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q205388#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Zohar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Zohar (disambiguation)">Zohar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background: #ADD8E6; color: #000000; font-size:125%; padding:2px">Zohar</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zohar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Zohar.png/220px-Zohar.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Zohar.png/330px-Zohar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Zohar.png/440px-Zohar.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="718" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Title page of the first printed edition of the Zohar, <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a>, 1558</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ADD8E6; color: #000000;">Information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moses_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Moses de León">Moses de León</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval Hebrew</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/High_medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="High medieval">High medieval</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ADD8E6; color: #000000;"><b>Full text</b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span><i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%96%D7%94%D7%A8" class="extiw" title="s:he:ספר הזהר">Zohar</a></span></span></i> at Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Zohar" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Zohar">Zohar</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource"> English Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.5em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Kabbalah" title="Category:Kabbalah">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0;font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:10px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life_bahir_Hebrew.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kabbalistic Tree of Life"><img alt="Kabbalistic Tree of Life" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tree_of_life_bahir_Hebrew.svg/120px-Tree_of_life_bahir_Hebrew.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tree_of_life_bahir_Hebrew.svg/250px-Tree_of_life_bahir_Hebrew.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-left:0.4em;background:lightblue;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-size:105%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Sof" title="Ein Sof">Ein Sof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzimtzum" title="Tzimtzum">Tzimtzum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohr" title="Ohr">Ohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin_and_Yesh" title="Ayin and Yesh">Ayin and Yesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Worlds" title="Four Worlds">Four Worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seder_hishtalshelut" class="mw-redirect" title="Seder hishtalshelut">Seder hishtalshelut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(Kabbalah)" title="Tree of life (Kabbalah)">Tree of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_path_of_the_flaming_sword" class="mw-redirect" title="The path of the flaming sword">The path of the flaming sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Merkabah">Merkavah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_angelic_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish angelic hierarchy">Jewish angelic hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">Shekhinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partzufim" title="Partzufim">Partzufim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qlippoth" title="Qlippoth">Qlippoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohu_and_Tikun" title="Tohu and Tikun">Tohu and Tikun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut#Philosophical" title="Kashrut">Sparks of holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurianic_Kabbalah" title="Lurianic Kabbalah">Messianic rectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgul" title="Gilgul">Gilgul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">Kabbalistic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notarikon" title="Notarikon">Notarikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temurah_(Kabbalah)" title="Temurah (Kabbalah)">Temurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemhamphorasch" class="mw-redirect" title="Shemhamphorasch">Shemhamphorasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">Tzadik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzadikim_Nistarim" title="Tzadikim Nistarim">Tzadikim Nistarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism_in_Kabbalah" title="Anthropomorphism in Kabbalah">Anthropomorphism in Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-left:0.4em;background:lightblue;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jewish_mysticism" title="History of Jewish mysticism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-size:105%;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> Pre-Kabbalistic Jewish mysticism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heichalot" class="mw-redirect" title="Heichalot">Heichalot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chassidei_Ashkenaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Chassidei Ashkenaz">Chassidei Ashkenaz</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> Medieval</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahir" title="Bahir">Bahir</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledano_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Toledano tradition">Toledano tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Abulafia" title="Abraham Abulafia">Prophetic Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zohar</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_commentaries_on_the_Bible#Commentaries" title="Jewish commentaries on the Bible">Kabbalistic commentaries<br />on the Bible</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Mainstream displacement of<br />rationalism with Kabbalah</a></div> <div style="padding:0.3em 0;"><i>Renaissance</i></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Kabbalah" title="Christian Kabbalah">Selective influence on<br />Western thought</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Qabalah" title="Hermetic Qabalah">Hermetic Qabalah</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Halevi_Alkabetz#Move_to_Safed" class="mw-redirect" title="Shlomo Halevi Alkabetz">Mysticism after<br />Spanish expulsion</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Mystics of<br />16th-century Safed</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordoveran_Kabbalah" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordoveran Kabbalah">Cordoveran Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurianic_Kabbalah" title="Lurianic Kabbalah">Lurianic Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Loew_ben_Bezalel" title="Judah Loew ben Bezalel">Maharal's thought</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Musar_literature#Medieval_Musar_literature" title="Musar literature">Popular Kabbalistic<br />Mussar</a></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> Early modern</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem" title="Baal Shem">Baal Shem-Nistarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbatean mystical heresies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Eybeschutz#Sabbatian_controversy" title="Jonathan Eybeschutz">Emden–Eybeschutz controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Immigration to the Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic Judaism">Traditional Oriental Kabbalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_El_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit El Synagogue">Beit El Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtetl" title="Shtetl">Eastern European Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Judaism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy" title="Hasidic philosophy">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jews">Lithuanian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schisms_among_the_Jews#Hasidim_and_Mitnagdim" class="mw-redirect" title="Schisms among the Jews">Hasidic-Mitnagdic schism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> Modern</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidic dynasties">Hasidic dynasties</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Mysticism in<br />religious Zionism</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Academic interest in<br />Jewish mysticism</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Non-Orthodox interest in<br /> Jewish mysticism</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Qabalah" class="mw-redirect" title="English Qabalah">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Qaballa" title="English Qaballa">James Lees'</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-left:0.4em;background:lightblue;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-size:105%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mystical_exegesis" title="Jewish mystical exegesis">Mystical exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Minhag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">Customary immersion in mikveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_meditation" title="Jewish meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavanah" title="Kavanah">Kavanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teshuvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Teshuvah">Teshuvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devekut" title="Devekut">Deveikut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish services">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Nusach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikkun_Chatzot" title="Tikkun Chatzot">Tikkun Chatzot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot#All-night_Torah_study" title="Shavuot">Tikkun Leil Shavuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzaddik" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzaddik">Pilgrimage to Tzadik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohel_(grave)" title="Ohel (grave)">Pilgrimage to holy grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lag_BaOmer" title="Lag BaOmer">Lag BaOmer at Meron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism_in_Judaism" title="Asceticism in Judaism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Kabbalah" title="Practical Kabbalah">Practical Kabbalah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-left:0.4em;background:lightblue;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_List_of_Jewish_Kabbalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline List of Jewish Kabbalists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-size:105%;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 100s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(legend)" title="Pardes (legend)">Four Who Entered the Pardes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_bar_Yochai" class="mw-redirect" title="Simeon bar Yochai">Simeon bar Yochai</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1100s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_the_Blind" title="Isaac the Blind">Isaac the Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azriel_(Jewish_mystic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Azriel (Jewish mystic)">Azriel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1200s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahmanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahmanides">Nahmanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Abulafia" title="Abraham Abulafia">Abraham Abulafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Abraham_Gikatilla" title="Joseph ben Abraham Gikatilla">Joseph ben Abraham Gikatilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_de_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses de Leon">Moses de Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_Recanati" title="Menahem Recanati">Menahem Recanati</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1300s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahya_ben_Asher" title="Bahya ben Asher">Bahya ben Asher</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1400s</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1500s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meir_ibn_Gabbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Meir ibn Gabbai">Meir ibn Gabbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Ephraim_Karo" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph ben Ephraim Karo">Joseph Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Alkabetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shlomo Alkabetz">Shlomo Alkabetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Alshich" title="Moshe Alshich">Moshe Alshich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Jacob_Cordovero" title="Moses ben Jacob Cordovero">Moses ben Jacob Cordovero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Isaac Luria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyim_ben_Joseph_Vital" title="Hayyim ben Joseph Vital">Chaim Vital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Loew_ben_Bezalel" title="Judah Loew ben Bezalel">Judah Loew ben Bezalel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1600s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Horowitz" title="Isaiah Horowitz">Isaiah Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Azulai" title="Abraham Azulai">Abraham Azulai</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1700s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_ibn_Attar" title="Chaim ibn Attar">Chaim ibn Attar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov">Baal Shem Tov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dov_Ber_of_Mezeritch" title="Dov Ber of Mezeritch">Dov Ber of Mezeritch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto" title="Moshe Chaim Luzzatto">Moshe Chaim Luzzatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalom_Sharabi" title="Shalom Sharabi">Shalom Sharabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Joseph_David_Azulai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Joseph David Azulai">Chaim Joseph David Azulai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Adler" title="Nathan Adler">Nathan Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Schneur Zalman of Liadi">Schneur Zalman of Liadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Volozhin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Volozhin">Chaim Volozhin</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1800s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nachman_of_Breslov" title="Nachman of Breslov">Nachman of Breslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Ish_Chai" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Ish Chai">Ben Ish Chai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Eliyashiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Shlomo Eliyashiv">Shlomo Eliyashiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholom_Dovber_Schneersohn" title="Sholom Dovber Schneersohn">Sholom Dovber Schneersohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedidyah_Raphael_Chai_Abulafiya" title="Yedidyah Raphael Chai Abulafiya">Yedidyah Raphael Chai Abulafiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Yehuda_Leib_Auerbach" title="Chaim Yehuda Leib Auerbach">Chaim Yehuda Leib Auerbach</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1900s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Abraham Isaac Kook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Ashlag" title="Yehuda Ashlag">Yehuda Ashlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Kaduri" title="Yitzhak Kaduri">Yitzhak Kaduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yechiel_Fishel_Eisenbach" title="Yechiel Fishel Eisenbach">Yechiel Fishel Eisenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Sali" title="Baba Sali">Baba Sali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Froman" title="Menachem Froman">Menachem Froman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Kanievsky" title="Chaim Kanievsky">Chaim Kanievsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamliel_Rabinowitz" title="Gamliel Rabinowitz">Gamliel Rabinowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsieur_Chouchani" title="Monsieur Chouchani">Monsieur Chouchani</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-left:0.4em;background:lightblue;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)">Role</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-size:105%;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruach_HaKodesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruach HaKodesh">Ruach HaKodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(Jewish_exegesis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pardes (Jewish exegesis)">Pardes exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmudical_hermeneutics" title="Talmudical hermeneutics">Talmudical hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_commentaries_on_the_Bible" title="Jewish commentaries on the Bible">Jewish commentaries<br />on the Bible</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Eras of Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeridat_ha-dorot" title="Yeridat ha-dorot">Generational descent in Halacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeridat_ha-dorot#Generational_ascent_in_Kabbalah" title="Yeridat ha-dorot">Generational ascent in Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy#Hakira_–_investigation" title="Jewish philosophy">Hakira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_literature" title="Musar literature">Classic Mussar literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_Ashkenaz" title="Nusach Ashkenaz">Ashkenazi Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_law_and_customs" title="Sephardic law and customs">Sephardi Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy#Contemporary_Jewish_philosophies" title="Jewish philosophy">Modern Jewish philosophies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Jewish studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_transcendence" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine transcendence">Divine transcendence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_immanence" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine immanence">Divine immanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology#Judaism" title="Free will in theology">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_providence_(Judaism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine providence (Judaism)">Divine providence</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">Kabbalistic reasons<br />for the 613 Mitzvot</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Jewish principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah:_Primary_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalah: Primary texts">Primary texts</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kabbalah" title="Template:Kabbalah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kabbalah" title="Template talk:Kabbalah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kabbalah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kabbalah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Zohar</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">זֹהַר</span>‎</span>, <i>Zōhar</i>, lit. "Splendor" or "Radiance"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">foundational work of Kabbalistic literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a group of books including commentary on the mystical aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and scriptural interpretations as well as material on <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a>, mythical <a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">cosmogony</a>, and mystical <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>. The <i>Zohar</i> contains discussions of the nature of <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">God</a>, the origin and structure of the universe, the nature of souls, redemption, the relationship of ego<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Ego is a Freudian term from the 1920s (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to darkness and "true self" to "the light of God". </p><p>The <i>Zohar</i> was first publicized by <a href="/wiki/Moses_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Moses de León">Moses de León</a> (c. 1240 – 1305 CE), who claimed it was a <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaitic</a> work recording the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Shimon_bar_Yochai" title="Shimon bar Yochai">Simeon ben Yochai</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100 CE</span>). This claim is universally rejected by modern scholars, most of whom believe de León, also an infamous forger of <a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonic</a> material, wrote the book himself between 1280 and 1286. Some scholars argue that the <i>Zohar</i> is the work of multiple medieval authors and/or contains a small amount of genuinely antique novel material. Later additions to the <i>Zohar</i>, including <i><a href="/wiki/Tikunei_haZohar" title="Tikunei haZohar">Tiqqune hazZohar</a></i> and <i>Ra'ya Meheimna</i>, were composed by a 14th century imitator. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zohar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoharic_Aramaic">Zoharic Aramaic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zohar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Zoharic Aramaic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Gershom Scholem</a> and other modern scholars, Zoharic Aramaic is an artificial dialect largely based on a linguistic fusion of the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Targum_Onkelos" title="Targum Onkelos">Targum Onkelos</a>, but confused by de León's simple and imperfect grammar, his limited vocabulary, and his reliance on loanwords, including from contemporaneous medieval languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author further confused his text with occasional strings of Aramaic-seeming <a href="/wiki/Gibberish" title="Gibberish">gibberish</a>, in order to give the impression of obscure knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoharic_Hebrew">Zoharic Hebrew</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zohar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Zoharic Hebrew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original text of the <i>Zohar</i>, as cited by various early <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalists</a> beginning around the 14th century (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Samuel_of_Acre" title="Isaac ben Samuel of Acre">Isaac b. Samuel of Acre</a>, David b. Judah the Pious, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Alnaqua" title="Israel Alnaqua">Israel Alnaqua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_de_Zamora" title="Alfonso de Zamora">Alfonso de Zamora</a>) was partly in Hebrew and partly in Aramaic.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of the first edition (1558) the text was entirely in Aramaic,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the exception of the <i>Midrash haNe'elam</i>, where Hebrew words and phrases are often employed as in the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>. "The Hebrew of the <i>Midrash haNe'elam</i> is similar in its overall form to the language of the early midrashim, but its specific vocabulary, idioms, and stylistic characteristics bear the imprint of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">medieval Hebrew</a>, and its midrashic manner is clearly that of a later imitation."<sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authorship">Authorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zohar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_view">Initial view</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zohar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Initial view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Authorship of the <i>Zohar</i> was questioned from the outset, due to the claim that it was discovered by one person and referred to historical events of the post-<a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Talmudic period</a> while purporting to be from an earlier date.<sup id="cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewcyclo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Zacuto" title="Abraham Zacuto">Abraham Zacuto</a>'s 1504 work <i>Sefer Yuhasin</i> (first printed 1566) quotes from the Kabbalist <a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Samuel_of_Acre" title="Isaac ben Samuel of Acre">Isaac ben Samuel of Acre</a>'s 13th century memoir <i>Divre hayYamim</i> (lost), which claims that the widow and daughter of de León revealed that he had written it himself and only ascribed the authorship to Simeon ben Yochai for personal profit: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And [Isaac] went to Spain, to investigate how it happened in his time that the Book of the Zohar was found, which Simeon ben Yochai and <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Simeon" title="Eleazar ben Simeon">his son Elazar</a> had made in the cave . . . and some say that [de Leon] forged it among his forgeries,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but [Isaac] said that the <a href="/wiki/Western_Aramaic_languages" title="Western Aramaic languages">Palestinian Aramaic</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sections were genuinely written by Simeon b. Yochai . . . And [Isaac] wrote: </p><dl><dd>Because I had seen that these words were wonderous, that they ran from a well high above which is beyond those uninitiated into the secrets of the divine, I chased after it and I asked the scholars . . . and some said it had fallen into the hand of the sage Moses de Leon, whom they call Moses of Guadalajara, and some said Simeon ben Yochai had never written this book, but that Moses had written these wonderous words and falsely ascribed them to Simeon ben Yochai and his son Elazar in order to sell them for huge sums of money. And I went to Spain, to the capital city of Valladolid, and presented myself to Moses, and was received favorably, and he swore to me by the Lord that the ancient book of Simeon ben Yochai was that day in his house in Ávila, and that he would show it to me when I visited him, and Moses parted from me to return home, but he sickened in <a href="/wiki/Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Arévalo">Arévalo</a> on the way, and he died there, and when I heard of this I was mortally pained, and I took to the road, and I came to Ávila, and I found a great old sage there named David de <a href="/wiki/Pancorbo" title="Pancorbo">Pancorbo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he received me favorably, and I demanded he explain to me the secrets of the Book of the Zohar, about which men were disputing, and about which Moses himself had sworn beyond doubt until his death, but about which I did not know upon whom to rely or whom to trust, and he told me, "Know in truth that it is clear to me beyond doubt that it never came to the hand of this Moses, and that there is no Book of the Zohar except that of which Moses himself wrote every word. Know that this Moses was a great spendthrift; one day his house was filled with treasures that the wealthy mystics had given him in exchange for excerpts, and the next his wife and children were starving naked in the street. So when we heard that he had died in Arévalo, I went to the house of the richest man in the city, Joseph de Ávila,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and said to him, 'Now the time has come for you to earn the priceless Zohar if you will do what I advise', and he followed my advice, and he sent his wife to the house of Moses' widow, and she said to her, 'Know that my wish is to marry your daughter to my son, and I ask nothing from you except the Book of the Zohar from which your husband excerpted for many people,' and Moses' widow swore to Joseph's wife, 'By the Lord, my husband never had such a book except in his mind, and everything he wrote came from his own intellect. When I saw him writing, I asked him why he claimed to be excerpting from a book I knew he did not have, and he told me that it was because, while for his own words they would not give a penny, for the divinely inspired work of Simeon ben Yochai they will pay in blood.' And Moses' daughter said exactly the same." Can you ask for better proof than this?</dd></dl></blockquote> <p>Isaac goes on to say that he obtained mixed evidence of Zohar's authenticity from other Spanish Kabbalists, but the fragment ends abruptly, mid-sentence, without any conclusion. Though Isaac is willing to quote it in his <i>Otzar haChayyim</i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his <i>Meirat Einayim</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he does so rarely.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isaac's testimony was censored from the second edition (1580)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remained absent from all editions thereafter until its restoration nearly 300 years later in the 1857 edition.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1243 a different Jew had reportedly found a different ancient mystical book in a cave near <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, which may have been de Leon's inspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within fifty years of its appearance in Spain it was quoted by Kabbalists, including the <a href="/wiki/Italian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian people">Italian</a> mystical writer <a href="/wiki/Menahem_Recanati" title="Menahem Recanati">Menahem Recanati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Todros_ben_Joseph_Abulafia" title="Todros ben Joseph Abulafia">Todros ben Joseph Abulafia</a>. However, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_ben_Waqar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph ben Waqar (page does not exist)">Joseph ben Waqar</a> harshly attacked the <i>Zohar</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he considered inauthentic,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some Jewish communities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dor_Daim" title="Dor Daim">Dor Daim</a> from Yemen, <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusian</a> (Western Sefardic or <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Spanish and Portuguese Jews</a>), and some Italian communities, never accepted it as authentic.<sup id="cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewcyclo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early Kabbalists, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_ben_Judah_the_Pious&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David ben Judah the Pious (page does not exist)">David b. Judah the Pious</a> (fl. c. 1300), <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_Isaac_of_Granada" title="Abraham ben Isaac of Granada">Abraham b. Isaac of Granada</a>, (fl. c. 1300), and <a href="/wiki/David_ben_Amram_Adani" title="David ben Amram Adani">David b. Amram of Aden</a> (fl. c. 1350), so readily imitate its pseudepigraphy by ascribing contemporaries' statements to Zoharic sages that it is obvious they understood its nature.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manuscripts of the <i>Zohar</i> are from the 14th-16th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Middle_Ages">Late Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zohar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Late Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 15th century, the <i>Zohar</i>'s authority in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian</a> Jewish community was such that <a href="/wiki/Joseph_ibn_Shem-Tov" title="Joseph ibn Shem-Tov">Joseph ibn Shem-Tov</a> drew arguments from it in his attacks against <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, and even representatives of non-mystical Jewish thought began to assert its sacredness and invoke its authority in the decision of some ritual questions. In Jacobs' and Broyde's view, they were attracted by its <a href="/wiki/Glory_(religion)" title="Glory (religion)">glorification</a> of man, its doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a>, and its ethical principles, which they saw as more in keeping with the spirit of <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Talmudic Judaism</a> than are those taught by the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">philosophers</a>, and which was held in contrast to the view of Maimonides and his followers, who regarded man as a fragment of the universe whose immortality is dependent upon the degree of development of his active intellect. The <i>Zohar</i> instead declared Man to be <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">the lord of creation</a>, whose immortality is solely dependent upon his morality.<sup id="cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewcyclo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, <a href="/wiki/Elia_del_Medigo" title="Elia del Medigo">Elia del Medigo</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1458</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1493</span>), in his <i>Beḥinat ha-Dat</i>, endeavored to show that the <i>Zohar</i> could not be attributed to Simeon ben Yochai, by a number of arguments. He claims that if it were his work, the <i>Zohar</i> would have been mentioned by the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, as has been the case with other works of the Talmudic period; he claims that had ben Yochai known by divine revelation the hidden meaning of the precepts, his decisions on <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a> from the Talmudic period would have been adopted by the Talmud, that it would not contain the names of rabbis who lived at a later period than that of ben Yochai; he claims that if the Kabbalah were a revealed doctrine, there would have been no divergence of opinion among the Kabbalists concerning the mystic interpretation of the precepts.<sup id="cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewcyclo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Believers in the authenticity of the <i>Zohar</i> countered that the lack of references to the work in Jewish literature was because ben Yochai did not commit his teachings to writing but transmitted them orally to his disciples over generations until finally the doctrines were embodied in the <i>Zohar</i>. They found it unsurprising that ben Yochai should have foretold future happenings or made references to historical events of the post-Talmudic period.<sup id="cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewcyclo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 16th century, the <i>Zohar</i> was present in one-tenth of all private Jewish libraries in Mantua.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authenticity of the <i>Zohar</i> was accepted by such 16th century Jewish luminaries as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Karo" title="Joseph Karo">Joseph Karo</a> (d. 1575), and <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Luria" title="Solomon Luria">Solomon Luria</a> (d. 1574), who wrote nonetheless that Jewish law does not follow the <i>Zohar</i> when it is contradicted by the Babylonian Talmud.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luria writes that the <i>Zohar</i> cannot even override a <a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">minhag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moses_Isserles" title="Moses Isserles">Moses Isserles</a> (d. 1572) writes that he "heard" that the author of the <i>Zohar</i> is ben Yochai.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elia_Levita" title="Elia Levita">Elijah Levita</a> (d. 1559) did not believe in its antiquity,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nor did <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Justus_Scaliger" title="Joseph Justus Scaliger">Joseph Scaliger</a> (d. 1609)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Louis_Cappel" title="Louis Cappel">Louis Cappel</a> (d. 1658) or <a href="/wiki/Johannes_van_den_Driesche" title="Johannes van den Driesche">Johannes Drusius</a> (d. 1616).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_ben_Solomon_ibn_Abi_Zimra" title="David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra">David ibn abi Zimra</a> (d. 1573) held that one can follow the <i>Zohar</i> only when it does not conflict with any other source<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and records that "You asked me about scribes modifying <a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll" title="Torah scroll">torah scrolls</a> to accord with the <i>Zohar</i> ... and I was shocked, for how can they consider the <i>Zohar</i> better than the Talmud Bavli, which has come down to us?<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ... So I went myself to the house of the scribe and I found three scrolls which he had edited, and I fixed them, and I restored the Torah to its proper glory."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlightenment_Period">Enlightenment Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zohar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Enlightenment Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Debate continued over the generations; del Medigo's arguments were echoed by <a href="/wiki/Leon_of_Modena" title="Leon of Modena">Leon of Modena</a> (d. 1648) in his <i>Ari Nohem</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Morin_(theologian)" title="Jean Morin (theologian)">Jean Morin</a> (d. 1659), and by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Emden" title="Jacob Emden">Jacob Emden</a> (d. 1776). </p><p>Emden—who may have been familiar with Modena through Morin's arguments<sup id="cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewcyclo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—devoted a book to the criticism of the <i>Zohar</i>, called <i>Mitpachas Sefarim</i> (מטפחת ספרים), in an effort against the remaining adherents of the <a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbatean</a> movement (in which <a href="/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi">Sabbatai Zevi</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Judaism" title="Apostasy in Judaism">Jewish apostate</a>, cited Messianic prophecies from the <i>Zohar</i> as proof of his legitimacy). Emden argued that the book on which Zevi based his doctrines was a forgery, arguing that the <i>Zohar</i>: </p> <ul><li>misquotes passages of Scripture</li> <li>misunderstands the Talmud</li> <li>contains some ritual observances that were ordained by later rabbinical authorities</li> <li>mentions the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> against Muslims (who did not exist in the 2nd century)</li> <li>uses the expression <i>esnoga</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> term for the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a></li> <li>gives a mystical explanation of the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">vowel points</a>, which were not introduced until long after the Talmudic period.<sup id="cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewcyclo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Saul_Berlin" title="Saul Berlin">Saul Berlin</a> (d. 1794) argued that the presence of an introduction in the <i>Zohar</i>, unknown to the Talmudic literary genre, itself indicates a medieval date.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a> community of Eastern Europe, religious authorities including <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Elijah of Vilna</a> (d. 1797) and <a href="/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Shneur Zalman of Liadi">Shneur Zalman of Liadi</a> (d. 1812) believed in the authenticity of the <i>Zohar</i>, while <a href="/wiki/Yechezkel_Landau" title="Yechezkel Landau">Ezekiel Landau</a> (d. 1793), in his <a href="/wiki/Sefer_(Hebrew)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer (Hebrew)">sefer</a> <i>Derushei HaTzlach</i> (דרושי הצל"ח),<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argued that the <i>Zohar</i> is to be considered unreliable as it was made public many hundreds of years after Ben Yochai's death and lacks an unbroken tradition of authenticity, among other reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Satanow" title="Isaac Satanow">Isaac Satanow</a> accepted Emden's arguments and referred to the <i>Zohar</i> as a forgery,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also offering new evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1813 <a href="/wiki/Samuel_David_Luzzatto" title="Samuel David Luzzatto">Samuel David Luzzatto</a> had concluded that "these books [the Zohar and the Tiqqunei Zohar] are utter forgeries," in part because they repeatedly discuss the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Hebrew cantillation</a> marks, which were not invented until the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1817 Luzzatto published these arguments, and in 1825 he penned a fuller treatise, giving many reasons why the <i>Zohar</i> could not be ancient. However, he did not publish this until 1852, when he felt it justified by the rise of <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moses Landau (d. 1852), Ezekiel's grandson, published the same conclusion in 1822.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isaac Haver (d. 1852) admits the vast majority of content comes from the 13th century but argues that there was a genuine core.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Judah_Loeb_Rapoport" title="Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport">Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport</a> (d. 1867) spoke against the <i>Zohar</i>'s antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eliakim_ha-Milzahgi" title="Eliakim ha-Milzahgi">Eliakim ha-Milzahgi</a> (d. 1854) accepted Emden's arguments.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The influence of the <i>Zohar</i> in Yemen contributed to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Dor_Daim" title="Dor Daim">Dor Deah</a> movement, led by <a href="/wiki/Yi%E1%B8%A5yah_Qafi%E1%B8%A5" title="Yiḥyah Qafiḥ">Yiḥyah Qafiḥ</a> in the later part of the 19th century. Among its objects was the opposition of the influence of the <i>Zohar</i>, as presented in Qafiḥ's <i>Milhamoth Hashem</i> (Wars of the Lord)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Da'at Elohim</i>. </p><p>Shlomo Zalman Geiger (d. 1878), in his book <i>Divrei Kehilot</i> on the liturgical practice of <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Judengasse" title="Frankfurter Judengasse">Frankfurt am Main</a>, records that "We do not say <i>brikh shmei</i> in Frankfurt, because its source is in the <i>Zohar</i>, and the sages of Frankfurt refused to accept Qabbalah."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_religious_views">Modern religious views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zohar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern religious views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1892, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Neubauer" title="Adolf Neubauer">Adolf Neubauer</a> called on the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> rabbinate to reject the <i>Zohar</i> as a forgery and to remove Zoharic prayers from the liturgy.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Yechiel_Michel_Epstein" title="Yechiel Michel Epstein">Yechiel Michel Epstein</a> (d. 1908) and <a href="/wiki/Yisrael_Meir_Kagan" title="Yisrael Meir Kagan">Yisrael Meir Kagan</a> (d. 1933) both believed in the authenticity of the <i>Zohar</i>, as did <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Kasher" title="Menachem Mendel Kasher">Menachem Mendel Kasher</a> (d. 1983), <a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Kaplan" title="Aryeh Kaplan">Aryeh Kaplan</a> (d. 1983),<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Luria" title="David Luria">David Luria</a> (d. 1855),<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Kanievsky" title="Chaim Kanievsky">Chaim Kanievsky</a> (d. 2022).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Carmell" title="Aryeh Carmell">Aryeh Carmell</a> (d. 2006) did not, and <a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Eliezer_Dessler" title="Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler">Eliyahu Dessler</a> (d. 1953) accepted the possibility that it was composed in the 13th century. <a href="/wiki/Gedaliah_Nadel" title="Gedaliah Nadel">Gedaliah Nadel</a> (d. 2004) was unsure if the <i>Zohar</i> were genuine but was sure that it is acceptable to believe that it is not.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ovadia_Yosef" title="Ovadia Yosef">Ovadia Yosef</a> (d. 2013) held that Orthodox Jews should accept the <i>Zohar</i>'s antiquity in practice based on medieval precedent, but agreed that rejecting it is rational and religiously valid.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hertz" title="Joseph Hertz">Joseph Hertz</a> (d. 1946) called the claim of ben Yochai's authorship "untenable", citing <a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Gershom Scholem</a>'s evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Belkin" title="Samuel Belkin">Samuel Belkin</a> (d. 1976) argued that the Mystical Midrash section, specifically, predated de León.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Soloveitchik" title="Joseph B. Soloveitchik">Joseph B. Soloveitchik</a> (d. 1993) apparently dismissed the <i>Zohar</i>'s antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moses_Gaster" title="Moses Gaster">Moses Gaster</a> (d. 1939) wrote that the claim of ben Yochai's authorship was "untenable" but that Moses de León had compiled earlier material.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Meir_Mazuz" title="Meir Mazuz">Meir Mazuz</a> (alive) accepts Emden's arguments.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yeshayahu_Leibowitz" title="Yeshayahu Leibowitz">Yeshayahu Leibowitz</a> wrote (1990) that "Moses de León composed the <i>Zohar</i> in the 1270s as certainly as <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a> composed <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Judenstaat" title="Der Judenstaat">Der Judenstaat</a></i> in the 1890s ... the <i>Zohar</i> was influential because in every generation the idolatrous influence outpowers the true faith".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_critical_views">Modern critical views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zohar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern critical views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early attempts included <a href="/wiki/M._H._Landauer" title="M. H. Landauer">M. H. Landauer</a>'s <i>Vorläufiger Bericht über meine Entdeckung in Ansehung des Sohar</i> (1845), which fingered <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Abulafia" title="Abraham Abulafia">Abraham Abulafia</a> as the author, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_David_Luzzatto" title="Samuel David Luzzatto">Samuel David Luzzatto</a>'s <i>ויכוח על חכמת הקבלה</i> (1852), but the first systematic and critical academic proof for the authorship of Moses de León was given by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Jellinek" title="Adolf Jellinek">Adolf Jellinek</a> in his 1851 monograph "Moses ben Shem-tob de León und sein Verhältnis zum Sohar". Jellinek's proofs, which combined previous analyses with <a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Samuel_of_Acre" title="Isaac ben Samuel of Acre">Isaac of Acre</a>'s testimony and comparison of the <i>Zohar</i> to de Leon's Hebrew works, were accepted by every other major scholar in the field, including <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Graetz" title="Heinrich Graetz">Heinrich Graetz</a> (<i>History of the Jews</i>, vol. 7), <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Steinschneider" title="Moritz Steinschneider">Moritz Steinschneider</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Beer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernhard Beer (page does not exist)">Bernhard Beer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Zunz" title="Leopold Zunz">Leopold Zunz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_David_Ginsburg" title="Christian David Ginsburg">Christian David Ginsburg</a>. Ginsburg summarized Jellinek's, Graetz's, and other scholars' proofs for the English-reading world in 1865, also introducing several novel proofs, including that the <i>Zohar</i> includes a translation of a poem by <a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol" title="Solomon ibn Gabirol">Solomon ibn Gabirol</a> (d. 1058) and that it includes a mystical explanation of a <a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">mezuzah</a> style only introduced in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Neubauer" title="Adolf Neubauer">Adolf Neubauer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rolles_Driver" title="Samuel Rolles Driver">Samuel Rolles Driver</a> were convinced by these arguments, but <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bouverie_Pusey" title="Edward Bouverie Pusey">Edward Bouverie Pusey</a> held to a <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaitic</a> date.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1913, the critical view had apparently lost some support: <a href="/wiki/Israel_Abrahams" title="Israel Abrahams">Israel Abrahams</a> recalls that "Zunz, like Graetz, had little patience with the Zohar . . . at this date we are much more inclined to treat the Kabbalah with respect."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Gershom Scholem</a>, who was to found modern academic study of <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>, began his career at the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a> in 1925 with a lecture in which he promised to refute Graetz and Jellinek.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after years of research, he came to conclusions similar to theirs by 1938, when he argued again that de León was the most likely author. Scholem noted the <i>Zohar's</i> frequent errors in Aramaic grammar, its suspicious traces of <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> words and sentence patterns, and its lack of knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>, among other proofs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholem's views are widely held as accurate among historians of Kabbalah, but they are not uncritically accepted. Scholars who continue to research the background of the <i>Zohar</i> include <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Liebes" title="Yehuda Liebes">Yehuda Liebes</a> (who wrote his doctorate thesis for Scholem on the subject, <i>Dictionary of the Vocabulary of the Zohar</i> in 1976), and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Matt" title="Daniel C. Matt">Daniel C. Matt</a>, a student of Scholem's who has published a <a href="/wiki/Critical_edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical edition">critical edition</a> of the <i>Zohar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Influences">Influences</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zohar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Academic studies of the <i>Zohar</i> show that many of its ideas are based in the Talmud, various works of <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">midrash</a>, and earlier Jewish mystical works. Scholem writes:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>The writer had expert knowledge of the early material and he often used it as a foundation for his expositions, putting into it variations of his own. His main sources were the <a href="/wiki/Talmud#Babylonian_Talmud" title="Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>, the complete <a href="/wiki/Midrash_Rabba" title="Midrash Rabba">Midrash Rabbah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Midrash_Tanhuma" title="Midrash Tanhuma">Midrash Tanhuma</a>, and the two Pesiktot (<a href="/wiki/Pesikta_de-Rav_Kahana" title="Pesikta de-Rav Kahana">Pesikta De-Rav Kahana</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pesikta_Rabbati" title="Pesikta Rabbati">Pesikta Rabbati</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Midrash_Tehillim" title="Midrash Tehillim">Midrash on Psalms</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pirkei_De-Rabbi_Eliezer" title="Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer">Pirkei de-Rabbi Eliezer</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Targum_Onkelos" title="Targum Onkelos">Targum Onkelos</a>. Generally speaking, they are not quoted exactly, but translated into the peculiar style of the <i>Zohar</i> and summarized. [...]</dd> <dd>Less use is made of the <a href="/wiki/Midrash_halakha" title="Midrash halakha">halakhic Midrashim</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a>, and the other <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targums</a>, nor of the Midrashim like the <a href="/wiki/Shir_HaShirim_Rabbah" title="Shir HaShirim Rabbah">Aggadat Shir ha-Shirim</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Midrash_Proverbs" title="Midrash Proverbs">Midrash on Proverbs</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_of_Rabbi_Akiva" title="Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva">Alfabet de-R. Akiva</a>. It is not clear whether the author used the <a href="/wiki/Yalkut_Shimoni" title="Yalkut Shimoni">Yalkut Simeoni</a>, or whether he knew the sources of its <a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">aggadah</a> separately. Of the smaller Midrashim he used the <a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Heikhalot Rabbati</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_of_Sirach" title="Alphabet of Sirach">Alfabet de-Ben Sira</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Zerubbabel" title="Apocalypse of Zerubbabel">Sefer Zerubabel</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baraita_de-Ma%27aseh_Bereshit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baraita de-Ma'aseh Bereshit (page does not exist)">Baraita de-Ma'aseh Bereshit</a>, [and many others] [...]</dd></dl> <p>At the same time, Scholem says, the author "invent[ed] a number of fictitious works that the <i>Zohar</i> supposedly quotes, <i>e.g.</i>, the Sifra de-Adam, the Sifra de-Hanokh, the Sifra di-Shelomo Malka, the Sifra de-Rav Hamnuna Sava, the Sifra de-Rav Yeiva Sava, the Sifra de-Aggadeta, the Raza de-Razin and many others." </p><p>The <i>Zohar</i> also draws from the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_commentaries_on_the_Bible" title="Jewish commentaries on the Bible">Bible commentaries</a> written by medieval rabbis, including <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Kimhi" title="David Kimhi">David Kimhi</a> and even authorities as late as <a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, and earlier mystical texts such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Bahir" title="Bahir">Bahir</a></i> and the medieval writings of the <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hasidim" title="Ashkenazi Hasidim">Hasidei Ashkenaz</a>. </p><p>Another influence that Scholem, and scholars like Yehudah Liebes and Ronit Meroz have identified<sup id="cite_ref-bostonglobe.com_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bostonglobe.com-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a circle of Spanish Kabbalists in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> who dealt with the appearance of an evil side emanating from within the world of the <a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">sefirot</a>. Scholem saw this <a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">dualism</a> of good and evil within the Godhead as a kind of <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">gnostic</a> inclination within Kabbalah, and as a predecessor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Qlippoth" title="Qlippoth">Sitra Ahra</a></i> (the other, evil side) in the <i>Zohar</i>. The main text of the Castile circle, the <i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_the_Left_Emanation" title="Treatise on the Left Emanation">Treatise on the Left Emanation</a></i>, was written by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_ha-Cohen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob ha-Cohen (page does not exist)">Jacob ha-Cohen</a> around 1265.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zohar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printings,_editions,_and_indexing"><span id="Printings.2C_editions.2C_and_indexing"></span>Printings, editions, and indexing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zohar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Printings, editions, and indexing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Tikunei haZohar</i> was first printed in <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> in 1557. The main body of the <i>Zohar</i> was printed in <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a> in 1558 (a one-volume edition), in Mantua in 1558-1560 (a three-volume edition), and in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Salonika</a> in 1597 (a two-volume edition). Each of these editions included somewhat different texts.<sup id="cite_ref-editions_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-editions-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When they were printed there were many partial manuscripts in circulation that were not available to the first printers. These were later printed as <i>Zohar Chadash</i> (lit. "New Radiance"), but <i>Zohar Chadash</i> actually contains parts that pertain to the <i>Zohar</i>, as well as <i>Tikunim</i> (plural of <i>Tikun</i>, "Repair", see also <i><a href="/wiki/Tikkun_olam" title="Tikkun olam">Tikkun olam</a></i>) that are akin to <i><a href="/wiki/Tikunei_haZohar" title="Tikunei haZohar">Tikunei haZohar</a></i>, as described below. The term <i>Zohar</i>, in usage, may refer to just the first <i>Zohar</i> collection, with or without the applicable sections of <i>Zohar Chadash</i>, or to the entire <i>Zohar</i> and Tikunim. </p><p> Citations referring to the <i>Zohar</i> conventionally follow the volume and page numbers of the Mantua edition, while citations referring to <i>Tikkunei haZohar</i> follow the edition of Ortakoy (Constantinople) 1719 whose text and pagination became the basis for most subsequent editions. Volumes II and III begin their numbering anew, so citation can be made by <i>parashah</i> and page number (e.g. <i>Zohar: Nasso</i> 127a), or by volume and page number (e.g. <i>Zohar</i> III:127a).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:POLIN_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/POLIN_11.jpg/220px-POLIN_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/POLIN_11.jpg/330px-POLIN_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/POLIN_11.jpg/440px-POLIN_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption>An 1809 edition of the <i>Zohar</i>, printed in <a href="/wiki/Slavuta" title="Slavuta">Slavuta</a>, as seen in <a href="/wiki/POLIN_Museum_of_the_History_of_Polish_Jews" title="POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews">POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_New_Zohar_(זוהר_חדש)"><span id="The_New_Zohar_.28.D7.96.D7.95.D7.94.D7.A8_.D7.97.D7.93.D7.A9.29"></span>The <i>New Zohar</i> (זוהר חדש)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zohar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The New Zohar (זוהר חדש)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the book of the <i>Zohar</i> had been printed (in Mantua and in Cremona, in the Jewish years 5318–5320 or 1558–1560? CE), many more manuscripts were found that included paragraphs pertaining to the <i>Zohar</i> which had not been included in printed editions. The manuscripts pertained also to all parts of the <i>Zohar</i>; some were similar to <i>Zohar</i> on the Torah, some were similar to the inner parts of the <i>Zohar</i> (<i>Midrash haNe'elam, Sitrei Otiyot</i> and more), and some pertained to <i><a href="/wiki/Tikunei_haZohar" title="Tikunei haZohar">Tikunei haZohar</a></i>. Some thirty years after the first edition of the <i>Zohar</i> was printed, the manuscripts were gathered and arranged according to the <i>parashiyot</i> of the Torah and the <a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">megillot</a> (apparently the arrangement was done by the Kabbalist, Avraham haLevi of <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Tsfat</a>), and were printed first in Salonika in Jewish year 5357 (1587? CE), and then in Kraków (5363), and afterwards in various editions.<sup id="cite_ref-ohrz_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohrz-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zohar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Scholem, the <i>Zohar</i> can be divided into 21 types of content, of which the first 18 (a.–s.) are the work of the original author (probably de Leon) and the final 3 (t.–v.) are the work of a later imitator. </p><p><b>a. Untitled Torah commentary</b> </p><p>A "bulky part" which is "wholly composed of discursive commentaries on various passages from the Torah".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>b. Book of Concealment (ספרא דצניעותא)</b> </p><p>A short part of only six pages, containing a commentary to the first six chapters of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>. It is "highly oracular and obscure," citing no authorities and explaining nothing. </p><p><b>c. Greater Assembly (אדרא רבא)</b> </p><p>This part contains an explanation of the oracular hints in the previous section. Ben Yochai's friends gather together to discuss secrets of Kabbalah. After the opening of the discussion by ben Yochai, the sages rise, one after the other, and lecture on the secret of Divinity, while ben Yochai adds to and responds to their words. The sages become steadily more ecstatic until three of them die. Scholem calls this part "architecturally perfect." </p><p><b>d. Lesser Assembly (אדרא זוטא)</b> </p><p>Ben Yochai dies and a speech is quoted in which he explains the previous section. </p><p><b>e. Assembly of the Tabernacle (אדרא דמשכנא)</b> </p><p>This part has the same structure as <b>c.</b> but discusses instead the mysticism of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">prayer</a>. </p><p><b>f. Palaces (היכלות)</b> </p><p>Seven palaces of light are described, which are perceived by the devout in death. This description appears again in another passage, heavily embellished. </p><p><b>g. Secretum Secretorum (רזא דרזין)</b> </p><p>An anonymous discourse on <a href="/wiki/Physiognomy" title="Physiognomy">physiognomy</a> and a discourse on <a href="/wiki/Chiromancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiromancy">chiromancy</a> by ben Yochai. </p><p><b>h. Old Man (סבא)</b> </p><p>An elaborate narrative about a speech by an old Kabbalist. </p><p><b>i. Child (ינוקא)</b> </p><p>A story of a prodigy and his Kabbalistic speech. </p><p><b>k. Head of the Academy (רב מתיבתא)</b> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Pardes_(legend)" title="Pardes (legend)">Pardes</a> narrative in which a head of the celestial academy reveals secrets about the destinies of the soul. </p><p><b>l. Secrets of Torah (סתרי תורה)</b> </p><p>Allegorical and mystical interpretations of Torah passages. </p><p><b>m. <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnas</a> (מתניתין)</b> </p><p>Imitations of the <a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a> style, designed to introduce longer commentaries in the style of the Talmud. </p><p><b>n. Zohar to the Song of Songs</b> </p><p>Kabbalistic commentary to the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a>. </p><p><b>o. Standard of Measure (קו המידה)</b> </p><p>Profound interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Shema_Yisrael" class="mw-redirect" title="Shema Yisrael">Deut. 6:4</a>. </p><p><b>p. Secrets of Letters (סתרי אותיות)</b> </p><p>A monologue by ben Yochai on the letters in the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names of God</a> and their use in creation. </p><p><b>q. Commentary to the <a href="/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism" title="Merkabah mysticism">Merkabah</a></b> </p><p><b>r. Mystical Midrash (מדרש הנעלם)</b> </p><p>A Kabbalistic commentary on the Torah, citing a wide variety of Talmudic sages. According to <a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Mordecai_Zacuto" title="Moses ben Mordecai Zacuto">Ramaz</a>, it is fit to be called <i>Midrash haNe'elam</i> because "its topic is mostly the <i>neshamah</i> (an upper level of soul), the source of which is in <i><a href="/wiki/Beri%27ah" title="Beri'ah">Beri'ah</a></i>, which is the place of the upper <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Gan Eden</a>; and it is written in the <i><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes</a></i> that <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">drash</a> is in <i>Beri'ah</i>... and the revealed midrash is the secret of externality, and <i>Midrash haNe'elam</i> is the secret of internality, which is the neshamah. And this <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">derush</a> is founded on the neshamah; its name befits it—<i>Midrash haNe'elam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The language of <i>Midrash haNe'elam</i> is sometimes <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, sometimes Aramaic, and sometimes both mixed. Unlike the body of the <i>Zohar</i>, its <i>drashot</i> are short and not long. Also, the topics it discusses—the work of Creation, the nature of the soul, the days of <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Mashiach</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Olam_Haba" class="mw-redirect" title="Olam Haba">Olam Haba</a></i>—are not of the type found in the <i>Zohar</i>, which are the nature of God, the <a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">emanation of worlds</a>, the "forces" of evil, and more. </p><p><b>s. Mystic Midrash on Ruth</b> </p><p>A commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Book of Ruth</a> in the same style. </p><p><b>t. Faithful Shepherd (רעיא מהימנא)</b> </p><p>By far the largest "book" included in the <i>Zohar</i>, this is a Kabbalistic commentary on <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>' teachings revealed to ben Yochai and his friends.<sup id="cite_ref-ohrz_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohrz-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Jacob_Cordovero" title="Moses ben Jacob Cordovero">Moshe Cordovero</a> said, "Know that this book, which is called <i>Ra'aya Meheimna</i>, which ben Yochai made with the <a href="/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">tzadikim</a> who are in Gan Eden, was a repair of the <a href="/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">Shekhinah</a>, and an aid and support for it in the exile, for there is no aid or support for the Shekhinah besides the secrets of the Torah... And everything that he says here of the secrets and the concepts—it is all with the intention of unifying the Shekhinah and aiding it during the exile.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>u. Rectifications of the Zohar (תקוני זוהר)</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tikunei_haZohar" title="Tikunei haZohar">Tikunei haZohar</a></div> <p><i>Tikunei haZohar</i>, which was printed as a separate book, includes seventy commentaries called <i>Tikunim</i> (lit. Repairs) and an additional eleven <i>Tikunim</i>. In some editions, <i>Tikunim</i> are printed that were already printed in the <i>Zohar Chadash</i>, which in their content and style also pertain to <i>Tikunei haZohar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ohrz_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohrz-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each of the seventy <i>Tikunim</i> of <i>Tikunei haZohar</i> begins by explaining the word <i>Bereishit</i> (בראשית), and continues by explaining other verses, mainly in <i><a href="/wiki/Bereshit_(parashah)" title="Bereshit (parashah)">parashat Bereishit</a></i>, and also from the rest of <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>. And all this is in the way of <i><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(Jewish_exegesis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pardes (Jewish exegesis)">Sod</a></i>, in commentaries that reveal the hidden and mystical aspects of the Torah. </p><p><i>Tikunei haZohar</i> and <i>Ra'aya Meheimna</i> are similar in style, language, and concepts, and are different from the rest of the <i>Zohar</i>. For example, the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Worlds" title="Four Worlds">Four Worlds</a> is found in <i>Tikunei haZohar</i> and <i>Ra'aya Meheimna</i> but not elsewhere, as is true of the very use of the term "Kabbalah". In terminology, what is called Kabbalah in <i>Tikunei haZohar</i> and <i>Ra'aya Meheimna</i> is simply called <i>razin</i> (clues or hints) in the rest of the <i>Zohar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rys_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rys-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Tikunei haZohar</i> there are many references to <i>chibura kadma'ah</i> (meaning "the earlier book"). This refers to the main body of the <i>Zohar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rys_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rys-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>v. Further Additions</b> </p><p>These include later <i>Tikkunim</i> and other texts in the same style. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zohar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zohar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the one hand, the <i>Zohar</i> was lauded by many rabbis because it opposed religious formalism, stimulated one's imagination and emotions, and for many people helped reinvigorate the experience of prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewcyclo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many places <a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">prayer</a> had become a mere external religious exercise, while prayer was supposed to be a means of transcending earthly affairs and placing oneself in union with God.<sup id="cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewcyclo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>, "On the other hand, the Zohar was censured by many rabbis because it propagated many <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstitious</a> beliefs, and produced a host of mystical dreamers, whose overexcited imaginations peopled the world with spirits, demons, and all kinds of good and bad influences."<sup id="cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewcyclo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many classical rabbis, especially Maimonides, viewed all such beliefs as a violation of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Jewish principles of faith</a>. Its mystic mode of explaining some commandments was applied by its commentators to all religious observances, and produced a strong tendency to substitute mystic Judaism in the place of traditional <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewcyclo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>, the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>, began to be looked upon as the embodiment of God in temporal life, and every ceremony performed on that day was considered to have an influence upon the superior world.<sup id="cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewcyclo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elements of the <i>Zohar</i> crept into the liturgy of the 16th and 17th centuries, and the religious poets not only used the allegorism and symbolism of the <i>Zohar</i> in their compositions, but even adopted its style, e.g. the use of erotic terminology to illustrate the relations between man and God.<sup id="cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewcyclo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, in the language of some Jewish poets, the beloved one's curls indicate the mysteries of the Deity; sensuous pleasures, and especially intoxication, typify the highest degree of divine love as ecstatic contemplation; while the wine-room represents merely the state through which the human qualities merge or are exalted into those of God.<sup id="cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewcyclo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Zohar</i> is also credited with popularizing de Leon's <a href="/wiki/Pardes_(exegesis)" title="Pardes (exegesis)">PaRDeS</a> codification of biblical exegesis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_mysticism">Christian mysticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zohar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Christian mysticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>, "The enthusiasm felt for the Zohar was shared by many Christian scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Reuchlin" title="Johann Reuchlin">Johann Reuchlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Viterbo" title="Giles of Viterbo">Aegidius of Viterbo</a>, etc., all of whom believed that the book contained proofs of the truth of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jewcyclo406_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewcyclo406-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were led to this belief by the analogies existing between some of the teachings of the <i>Zohar</i> and certain Christian dogmas, such as the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">fall</a> and redemption of man, and the dogma of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, which seems to be expressed in the <i>Zohar</i> in the following terms: </p> <blockquote> <p>The Ancient of Days has three heads. He reveals himself in three archetypes, all three forming but one. He is thus symbolized by the number Three. They are revealed in one another. [These are:] first, secret, hidden 'Wisdom'; above that the Holy Ancient One; and above Him the Unknowable One. None knows what He contains; He is above all conception. He is therefore called for man 'Non-Existing' [<i>Ayin</i>]<sup id="cite_ref-jewcyclo406_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewcyclo406-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Zohar, iii. 288b). </p> </blockquote> <p>According to the <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>, "This and other similar doctrines found in the Zohar are now known to be much older than Christianity, but the Christian scholars who were led by the similarity of these teachings to certain Christian dogmas deemed it their duty to propagate the Zohar."<sup id="cite_ref-jewcyclo406_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewcyclo406-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commentaries">Commentaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zohar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The first known commentary on the book of <i>Zohar</i>, <i>Ketem Paz</i>, was written by <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Lavi" title="Shimon Lavi">Simeon Lavi</a> of Libya.</li> <li>Another important and influential commentary on <i>Zohar</i>, 22-volume <i>Or Yakar</i>, was written by <a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Jacob_Cordovero" title="Moses ben Jacob Cordovero">Moshe Cordovero</a> of the Tzfat (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a>) kabbalistic school in the 16th century.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a> authored a commentary on the <i>Zohar</i>.</li> <li>Tzvi Hirsch of <a href="/wiki/Zidichov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Zidichov (Hasidic dynasty)">Zidichov</a> wrote a commentary on the <i>Zohar</i> entitled <i>Ateres Tzvi</i>.</li> <li>A major commentary on the <i>Zohar</i> is the <i>Sulam</i> written by <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Ashlag" title="Yehuda Ashlag">Yehuda Ashlag</a>.</li> <li>A full translation of the <i>Zohar</i> into Hebrew was made by the late Daniel Frish of Jerusalem under the title <i>Masok MiDvash</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_translations">English translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zohar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: English translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ha-zohar.net/ZOHAR_ENGLISH.htm">Zohar Pages in English, at ha-zohar.net, including the Introduction translated in English</a></li> <li>Berg, Michael: Zohar 23 Volume Set- The Kabbalah Centre International. Full 23 Volumes English translation with commentary and annotations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Matt" title="Daniel C. Matt">Matt, Daniel C.</a>, Nathan Wolski, & Joel Hecker, trans. <i>The Zohar: Pritzker Edition</i> (12 vols.) Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004–2017.</li> <li>Matt, Daniel C. <i>Zohar: Annotated and Explained</i>. Woodstock, Vt.: SkyLights Paths Publishing Co., 2002. (Selections)</li> <li>Matt, Daniel C. <i>Zohar: The Book of Enlightenment</i>. New York: Paulist Press, 1983. (Selections)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Scholem, Gershom</a>, ed. <i>Zohar: The Book of Splendor</i>. New York: Schocken Books, 1963. (Selections)</li> <li>Sperling, Harry and Maurice Simon, eds. <i>The Zohar</i> (5 vols.). London: Soncino Press.</li> <li>Tishby, Isaiah, ed. <i>The Wisdom of the Zohar: An Anthology of Texts</i> (3 vols.). Translated from the Hebrew by David Goldstein. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.</li> <li>Simeon Ben Yochai. <i>Sefer ha Zohar (Vol. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 English)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Createspace" class="mw-redirect" title="Createspace">Createspace</a>, 2015</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zohar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baqashot" title="Baqashot">Baqashot</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zohar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> word <i>zohar</i> appears only in the vision of Ezekiel 8:2, "And I saw, and there was a figure with the appearance of fire [in <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">MT</a>; other versions, a man]; the appearance of his loins and below, fire; his loins and above, like the appearance of <i>zohar</i>, like the look of <i><a href="/wiki/Hashmal" title="Hashmal">hashmala</a></i>", and in Daniel 12:3, "The sages will <i>yazhiru</i> like the <i>zohar</i> of the sky, and those who make the masses righteous, like stars forever and ever."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the <i>Zohar</i> and later works which adopt its stylings, ben Yochai is usually called "bar Yochai" in the Aramaic fashion. However, as a Palestinian Tannaitic sage, he is properly called "ben Yochai," as he is in genuinely ancient texts without exception.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the view of Isaiah Tishby, the text was always in Aramaic but early Kabbalists sometimes translated quotations into Hebrew.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For discussion of de Leon's other forgeries, see Elliot R. Wolfson, “Hai Gaon’s Letter and Commentary on Aleynu: Further Evidence of Moses de León’s Pseudepigraphic Activity,” JQR 81 (1991), pp. 365-409; and the sources cited by Shmuel Glick, Eshnav le-Sifrut ha-Teshuvot (New York, 2012), pp. 237-238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Modern scholars have shown that the <i>Zohar</i> contains no Palestinian Aramaic at all, instead relying on <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Babylonian sources</a> for its grammar and vocabulary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In MSS and printings corrupted to "Defan Corpo" and first read this way by <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Baer" title="Yitzhak Baer">Yitzhak Baer</a>; cf. Scholem, "Did Moses de Leon write the Zohar?" [Hebrew] (1926)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Don Jucaf de Ávila" is mentioned in period Spanish documents according to <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Baer" title="Yitzhak Baer">Yitzhak Baer</a>; see Scholem, <i>Did Moses de Leon write the Zohar?</i> [Hebrew] (1926), p. 18 n. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Similar discrepancies exist between scribal practice in torah scrolls and the Talmud.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zohar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholem, Gershom and Melila Hellner-Eshed. "Zohar". <i>Encyclopaedia Judaica</i>. Ed. Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik. Vol. 21. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 647–664. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFScholem,_Gershom_Gerhard,_(1897-1982)1995" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom Gerhard, (1897-1982) (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/949119809"><i>Major trends in Jewish mysticism</i></a>. Schocken Books. pp. 163ff. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/949119809">949119809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+trends+in+Jewish+mysticism.&rft.pages=163ff&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F949119809&rft.au=Scholem%2C+Gershom+Gerhard%2C+%281897-1982%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F949119809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKahn2018" class="citation book cs1">Kahn, Lily (2018-07-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1241800125"><i>Jewish languages in historical perspective</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-37658-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-37658-8"><bdi>978-90-04-37658-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1241800125">1241800125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+languages+in+historical+perspective&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1241800125&rft.isbn=978-90-04-37658-8&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Lily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1241800125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bialik-publishing.co.il/index.php?dir=site&page=catalog&op=item&cs=416">"משנת הזוהר - כרך ראשון"</a>. <i>www.bialik-publishing.co.il</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">77–</span>8<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bialik-publishing.co.il&rft.atitle=%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%96%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A8+-+%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%9A+%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bialik-publishing.co.il%2Findex.php%3Fdir%3Dsite%26page%3Dcatalog%26op%3Ditem%26cs%3D416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTishby1989" class="citation book cs1">Tishby, Isaiah (1989-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VG1vEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Wisdom of the Zohar: Anthology of Texts</i></a>. Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909821-82-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909821-82-8"><bdi>978-1-909821-82-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wisdom+of+the+Zohar%3A+Anthology+of+Texts&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=1989-09-01&rft.isbn=978-1-909821-82-8&rft.aulast=Tishby&rft.aufirst=Isaiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVG1vEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeubauer1892" class="citation journal cs1">Neubauer, A. (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1450272">"The Bahir and the Zohar"</a>. <i>The Jewish Quarterly Review</i>. <b>4</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">357–</span>368. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1450272">10.2307/1450272</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-6682">0021-6682</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1450272">1450272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=The+Bahir+and+the+Zohar&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E357-%3C%2Fspan%3E368&rft.date=1892&rft.issn=0021-6682&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1450272%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1450272&rft.aulast=Neubauer&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1450272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewcyclo-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewcyclo_10-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobsBroydé,_Isaac" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jacobs, Joseph; Broydé, Isaac. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=142&letter=Z#406">"Zohar"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>. Funk & Wagnalls Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zohar&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls+Company&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Broyd%C3%A9%2C+Isaac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D142%26letter%3DZ%23406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1985" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Aryeh (1985-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3uc8zB5FRoC"><i>Meditation and Kabbalah</i></a>. Weiser Books. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87728-616-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87728-616-5"><bdi>978-0-87728-616-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meditation+and+Kabbalah&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Weiser+Books&rft.date=1985-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-87728-616-5&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Aryeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ3uc8zB5FRoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholem, Gershon. "Ha-im Hibber R. Mosheh de Leon et Sefer ha-Zohar," Mad'ei ha-Yahadut I (1926), p. 16-29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuss2016" class="citation book cs1">Huss, Boaz (2016-05-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHJvEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Zohar: Reception and Impact</i></a>. Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78962-486-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78962-486-1"><bdi>978-1-78962-486-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zohar%3A+Reception+and+Impact&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2016-05-12&rft.isbn=978-1-78962-486-1&rft.aulast=Huss&rft.aufirst=Boaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZHJvEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/5900"><i>The Complete Yuchsin Book</i>, third edition (5723)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=5900&pgnum=29">XXII</a> "ובדף קל"ג השמיט המוציא לאור את המאמר על דבר ספר הזהר." (English: "And on page 133 the publisher erased the essay concerning the matter of the book of the Zohar.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/46738">HebrewBooks.org: ספר יוחסין השלם</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=46738&st=&pgnum=92">88</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=46738&st=&pgnum=93">89</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=46738&pgnum=99">95</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=46738&st=&pgnum=100">96</a> (Hebrew).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dan Rabinowitz in <i>Hakirah, The Flatbush Journal of Jewish Law and Thought</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hakirah.org/Volume%202.htm">volume 2 (fall 2015)</a>, <i>Nekkudot: The Dots that Connect Us</i>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060108140004/http://www.hakirah.org/Vol%202%20Rabinowitz.pdf#page%3D16">64</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolff1721" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wolff, Johannes Christoph (1721). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDTEDybHAlkC"><i>Bibliotheca Hebraea</i></a> (in Latin). Felgineri Viduam. p. 1121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliotheca+Hebraea&rft.pages=1121&rft.pub=Felgineri+Viduam&rft.date=1721&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Johannes+Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsDTEDybHAlkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPenkower" class="citation web cs1">Penkower, Jordan S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/articles/RAMBI990004236870705171/NLI">"S.D. Luzzatto, vowels and accents, and the date of the Zohar"</a>. <i>www.nli.org.il</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nli.org.il&rft.atitle=S.D.+Luzzatto%2C+vowels+and+accents%2C+and+the+date+of+the+Zohar&rft.aulast=Penkower&rft.aufirst=Jordan+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nli.org.il%2Fen%2Farticles%2FRAMBI990004236870705171%2FNLI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFה-14.2004" class="citation book cs1">ה-14., אבן וקאר, יוסף בן אברהם, המאה (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/58404406"><i>ספר שרשי הקבלה</i></a>. Hotsaʼat Keruv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9747505-6-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9747505-6-5"><bdi>0-9747505-6-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/58404406">58404406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8+%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%94&rft.pub=Hotsa%CA%BCat+Keruv&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F58404406&rft.isbn=0-9747505-6-5&rft.aulast=%D7%94-14.&rft.aufirst=%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%2C+%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A3+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%9D%2C+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F58404406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moritz Steinschneider, Gesammelte Schriften, vol. 1, Berlin, 1925, p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchechter1902" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schechter, Solomon (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=68U2AQAAMAAJ"><i>מדרש הגדול: על המשה חומשי תורה, ספר בראשית,הוצא לאור...</i></a> (in Hebrew). at the University Press. pp. XIII.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A9+%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%3A+%D7%A2%D7%9C+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%94+%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%99+%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94%2C+%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8+%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA%2C%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%90+%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8...&rft.pages=XIII&rft.pub=at+the+University+Press&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Schechter&rft.aufirst=Solomon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D68U2AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Zohar, volume 1, by Daniel C. Matt</i>. <q>[...] but upon examining many of the original manuscripts of the <i>Zohar</i> dating from the fourteenth through sixteenth centuries [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zohar%2C+volume+1%2C+by+Daniel+C.+Matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bechinat ha-Dat</i> ed. Vienna, 1833, p. 43, in the Jacobs and Broyde, "The Zohar", <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shifra Baruchson, <i>Sefarim ve-korim: tarbut ha-keriah shel Yehude Italyah be-shilhe haRenesans</i> (Ramat Gan: Bar–Ilan University Press, 1993), 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneersohn" title="Menachem Mendel Schneersohn">Menachem Mendel Schneersohn</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Likkutei_Sichos" title="Likkutei Sichos">Likkutei Sichos</a></i>, Vol. 33, p. 98, which argues that where there is an argument between Kabbalah and <a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">poskim</a>, the <i>former</i> should be followed. This view is explicitly rejected by most modern authorities, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Aruch_HaShulchan" title="Aruch HaShulchan">Aruch HaShulchan</a></i> (OC 25:29) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a></i> (25:42). See also <a href="/wiki/David_ben_Solomon_ibn_Abi_Zimra" title="David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra">David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra</a> (Chelek 4, Siman 1,111) and <a href="/wiki/Tzvi_Ashkenazi" title="Tzvi Ashkenazi">Tzvi Ashkenazi</a> (Siman 36) (cited in <a href="/wiki/Yonah_Gerondi" title="Yonah Gerondi">Yonah Gerondi</a>'s <i>Shaarei Teshuva</i> 25:14). See also the <a href="/wiki/Responsa" title="Responsa">Responsa</a> of Menachem Schneerson (<i>Responsa Tzemach Tzedek A.H. Siman</i> 18,4) and Divrei Nechemia (Responsa Divrei Nechemia O.H. 21). The views of the <a href="/wiki/David_ben_Solomon_ibn_Abi_Zimra" title="David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra">Radvaz</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Tzvi_Ashkenazi" title="Tzvi Ashkenazi">Chacham Tzvi</a> are that one should follow the opinion of the <i>Zohar</i> only where a conclusive statement has not been made by the legal authorities (<a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a> or Poskim), or when an argument is found between the Poskim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org.il/Teshuvot_Maharshal.98.2?lang=he">Responsa #98</a>. Luria says, "ודע אהו' שכל רבותיי ואבותיי הקדושים ששמשו גאוני עולם ראיתי מהם שלא נהגו כך אלא כדברי התלמוד והפוסקים ואם היה רשב"י עומד לפנינו ונוח לשנות המנהג שנהגו הקדמונים לא אשגחינן ביה כי ברוב דבריו אין הלכה כמותו, Know, my dear, that I witnessed all of my holy teachers and ancestors, who serve the great masters of yore, go against this practice, instead acting according to the Talmud and the <a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">decisors</a>. And were Simeon ben Yohai himself to stand before us and set about changing the custom of the ancients, we would pay him no mind, because most of his teachings are contrary to the Law". <a href="/wiki/Nota_bene" title="Nota bene">N.b.</a> that Simon Hurwitz's English edition of Luria's responsa (1938), available on <a href="/wiki/Sefaria" title="Sefaria">Sefaria</a>, is a paraphrase which should only be used with extreme caution. See Jacob Menkes, "The Maharshal", <i>Journal of Jewish Bibliography</i> 1:3 (April 1939) p. 86-93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://he.wikisource.org/wiki/טור_יורה_דעה_סה#fn_(יב)">Tur, Yoreh Deah, Siman 65, note 12 of Isserles's Darkhei Moshe</a>. Hebrew original: שמעתי כי בעל ספר הזוהר הוא סתם ר' שמעון המוזכר בתלמוד שהוא ר"ש בן יוחאי.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jordan S. Penkower, <i>A Renewed Inquiry into Massoret Ha-Massoret of Elijah Levita: Lateness of Vocalization and Criticism of the Zohar</i> (in Hebrew) pg. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">François Secret<i>, Le Zôhar chez les kabbalistes chrétiens de la Renaissance</i> (Paris: Mouton, 1964), 99–102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drusius discussed the lateness of the <i>Zohar</i> and pointed to the importance of <i>Sefer Yuhasin</i> by Zacut in 1616 letter. See Anthony Grafton and Joanna Weinberg, <i>“I have always loved the Holy Tongue”: Isaac Casaubon, the Jews, and a Forgotten Chapter in Renaissance Scholarship</i> (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011), 325, n. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Responsa</i> IV:1,111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Responsa</i> IV:1,172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Besamim Rosh</i> (1793), 4th unnumbered page. All reprints of this work, including that listed as the 1793 on HebrewBooks, excise Berlin's introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <i>derush</i> 25 which "had previously only appeared in a censored form" (Rabbi Dr. Marc Shapiro, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seforimblog.com/2012/08/concerning-zohar-and-other-matters/">Concerning the Zohar and Other Matters</a></i>) in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/22242"><i>Derushei HaTzlach</i></a>, Warsaw 1886 (Shapiro in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120416154417/http://www.yctorah.org/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_download/gid,1861/">Milin Havivin Volume 5</a> [2011], Is there an obligation to believe that Rebbe Shimon bar Yochai wrote the <i>Zohar</i>?, p. ה [PDF page 126], footnote 13 [Hebrew]).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a portion of <i>derush</i> 25 first published by <a href="/wiki/Yehoshua_Mondshine" title="Yehoshua Mondshine">Yehoshua Mondshine</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.otzar.org/wotzar/Book.aspx?26376&lang=eng"><i>Or Yisrael</i>, Nisan 5766</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723111741/http://www.shturem.net/index.php?section=blog_new&article_id=132">על חיבור הזוה"ק ותוספות מאוחרות שנשתרבבו לתוכו</a> (Hebrew), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140101063924/http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0Mg_T6ybeMg/UD2NrHEs7hI/AAAAAAAAAcM/RqysMEidlHQ/s1600/Mondshine.jpg">p. 202</a> (highlighted by Shapiro in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seforimblog.com/2012/08/concerning-zohar-and-other-matters/">Concerning the Zohar and Other Matters</a></i>). This portion (along with the remainder) was later published, from manuscript, by Dr. Maoz Kahana and Michael K. Silber in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/18006793/_Deists_Sabbatians_and_Kabbalists_in_Prague_A_Censored_Sermon_of_R._Ezekiel_Landau_1770_in_Hebrew_Kabbalah_21_2010_349-384">Deists, Sabbatians and Kabbalists in Prague: A Censored Sermon of R. Ezekiel Landau, 1770</a></i>, Kabbalah 21 (2010), p. 355 (Hebrew).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuss2016" class="citation book cs1">Huss, Boaz (2016-05-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHJvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269"><i>The Zohar: Reception and Impact</i></a>. Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78962-486-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78962-486-1"><bdi>978-1-78962-486-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zohar%3A+Reception+and+Impact&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2016-05-12&rft.isbn=978-1-78962-486-1&rft.aulast=Huss&rft.aufirst=Boaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZHJvEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLuzzatto1852" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Luzzatto, Samuel David (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0GU-AAAAYAAJ"><i>ויכוח על חוכמת הכבלה: ועל קדמות ספר הזוהר וקדמות הנקודות והטעמים</i></a> (in Hebrew). Imprimerie de J.B. Seitz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%97+%D7%A2%D7%9C+%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%9E%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%94%3A+%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C+%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%96%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A8+%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%95%D7%94%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.pub=Imprimerie+de+J.B.+Seitz&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Luzzatto&rft.aufirst=Samuel+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0GU-AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLandau1822" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Landau, Moses Israel (1822). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo5AAAAAYAAJ"><i>Geist und Sprache der Hebräer nach dem zweyten Tempelbau</i></a> (in German). Gedruckt in der Schollischen Buchdruckerey. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geist+und+Sprache+der+Hebr%C3%A4er+nach+dem+zweyten+Tempelbau&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.pub=Gedruckt+in+der+Schollischen+Buchdruckerey&rft.date=1822&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.aufirst=Moses+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZo5AAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">מגן וצינה ch. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seforimblog.com/2012/08/concerning-zohar-and-other-matters/">"Concerning the Zohar and Other Matters – The Seforim Blog"</a>. 29 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concerning+the+Zohar+and+Other+Matters+%E2%80%93+The+Seforim+Blog&rft.date=2012-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseforimblog.com%2F2012%2F08%2Fconcerning-zohar-and-other-matters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/43935">"HebrewBooks.org Sefer Detail: ספר ראביה -- מילזהגי, אליקים בן יהודה"</a>. <i>www.hebrewbooks.org</i>. p. 30c-33a<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hebrewbooks.org&rft.atitle=HebrewBooks.org+Sefer+Detail%3A+%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8+%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94+--+%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%94%D7%92%D7%99%2C+%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94&rft.pages=30c-33a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hebrewbooks.org%2F43935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahadut.org.il/ZOHAR/MILHAMOT-HASHEM.PDF">ספר מלחמות ה'</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeiger" class="citation web cs1">Geiger, Shlomo Zalman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hebrewbooks.org/6822">"HebrewBooks.org Sefer Detail: דברי קהלת -- גיגר, שלמה זלמן בן אהרן יחיאל מיכל"</a>. <i>hebrewbooks.org</i>. p. 60<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hebrewbooks.org&rft.atitle=HebrewBooks.org+Sefer+Detail%3A+%D7%93%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99+%D7%A7%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%AA+--+%D7%92%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A8%2C+%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%94+%D7%96%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%9F+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%90%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9F+%D7%99%D7%97%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%9C&rft.pages=60&rft.aulast=Geiger&rft.aufirst=Shlomo+Zalman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhebrewbooks.org%2F6822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.daat.ac.il/daat/kitveyet/sinay/hazohar-2.htm">"Sinai"</a>. Daat.ac.il<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sinai&rft.pub=Daat.ac.il&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.daat.ac.il%2Fdaat%2Fkitveyet%2Fsinay%2Fhazohar-2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shapiro, Marc (2010). "האם יש חיוב להאמין שהזוהר נכתב על ידי שמעון בן יוחאי?". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120416154417/http://www.yctorah.org/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_download/gid,1861/"><i>מילין חביבין</i> (5)</a>: 1–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140830135654/http://www.zootorah.com/controversy/ZoharEnglish.pdf#page=39">An Analysis of the Authenticity of the Zohar</a> (2005), p. 39, with "Rav E" and "Rav G" later identified by the author as Rabbi Eliyahu Dessler and Rabbi Gedaliah Nadel, respectively (Rabbi Dr. <a href="/wiki/Marc_Shapiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc Shapiro">Marc Shapiro</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120416154417/http://www.yctorah.org/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_download/gid,1861/">Milin Havivin Volume 5</a> [2011], Is there an obligation to believe that Rebbe Shimon bar Yochai wrote the <i>Zohar</i>?, p. יב [PDF page 133]): <br />"I approached Rav A [Aryeh Carmell] with some of the questions on the <i>Zohar</i>, and he responded to me - 'and what about <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">nikud</a>? Nikud is also mentioned in the Zohar despite the fact that it [is] from <a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonic</a> times!' he said. I later found this comment in the Mitpachas Seforim. I would just add that not only is nikud mentioned, but only the <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian Nikkud</a> - the norm in Europe of the middle ages - is mentioned and not the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Yerushalmi nikud</a> or <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">the Babylonian one</a> — which was used then in the Middle East, and is still used by <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenites</a> today. Also the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Taamay Hamikrah</a> - the trop - are referred to in the Zohar - only by their <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sefardi</a> Names. Rav A told me a remarkable piece of testimony: 'My rebbe (this is how he generally refers to Rav E [Elijah Dessler]) accepted the possibility that the Zohar was written sometime in the 13th century.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" <br />"Rav G [Gedaliah Nadel] told me that he was still unsure as to the origin and status of the Zohar, but told me it was my absolute right to draw any conclusions I saw fit regarding both the Zohar and the <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Ari</a>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sermons, Addresses and Studies,</i> vol. 3 p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBelkin1956" class="citation journal cs1">Belkin, Samuel (1956). "haMidrash haNeelam uMKorotav". <i>Sura</i> (3): 25ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sura&rft.atitle=haMidrash+haNeelam+uMKorotav&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=25ff&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Belkin&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGaster1921" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moses_Gaster" title="Moses Gaster">Gaster, Moses</a> (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.500005/page/n884/">"Zohar"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/James_Hastings" title="James Hastings">Hastings, James</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopaedia Of Religion And Ethics Vol.12</i>. pp. 858ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zohar&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Of+Religion+And+Ethics+Vol.12&rft.pages=858ff&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Gaster&rft.aufirst=Moses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.500005%2Fpage%2Fn884%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeibowitzליבוביץ1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leibowitz, Yeshayahu; ליבוביץ, ישעיהו (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IY3XAAAAMAAJ"><i>רציתי לשאול אותך, פרופ׳ ליבוביץ־־: מכתבים אל ישעיהו ליבוביץ וממנו</i></a> (in Hebrew). כתר. pp. <span class="nowrap">59–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-07-0807-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-07-0807-8"><bdi>978-965-07-0807-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%99+%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C+%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%9A%2C+%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%B3+%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A5%D6%BE%D6%BE%3A+%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95+%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A5+%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.pub=%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%A8&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-965-07-0807-8&rft.aulast=Leibowitz&rft.aufirst=Yeshayahu&rft.au=%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A5%2C+%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIY3XAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGinsburg1865" class="citation book cs1">Ginsburg, Christian David (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GZ5eAAAAcAAJ"><i>The Kabbalah: Its Doctrines, Development, and Literature. An Essay, Etc</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kabbalah%3A+Its+Doctrines%2C+Development%2C+and+Literature.+An+Essay%2C+Etc&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Ginsburg&rft.aufirst=Christian+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGZ5eAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeubauerDriver1877" class="citation book cs1">Neubauer, Adolf; Driver, Samuel Rolles (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YxdbAAAAQAAJ"><i>The fifty-third chapter of Isaiah according to the Jewish interpreters: Translations, by S.R. Driver and A. Naubauer</i></a>. Рипол Классик. pp. iv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-88085-233-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-88085-233-8"><bdi>978-5-88085-233-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+fifty-third+chapter+of+Isaiah+according+to+the+Jewish+interpreters%3A+Translations%2C+by+S.R.+Driver+and+A.+Naubauer&rft.pages=iv&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB+%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.date=1877&rft.isbn=978-5-88085-233-8&rft.aulast=Neubauer&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rft.au=Driver%2C+Samuel+Rolles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYxdbAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbrahams1920" class="citation book cs1">Abrahams, Israel (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_HNWVJgV7BsC"><i>By-Paths in Hebraic Bookland</i></a>. p. 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By-Paths+in+Hebraic+Bookland&rft.pages=119&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Abrahams&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_HNWVJgV7BsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWebmaster" class="citation web cs1">Webmaster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sup.org/zohar/?d=&f=Aramaic_Texts.htm">"The Zohar: Pritzker Edition"</a>. <i>www.sup.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sup.org&rft.atitle=The+Zohar%3A+Pritzker+Edition&rft.au=Webmaster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sup.org%2Fzohar%2F%3Fd%3D%26f%3DAramaic_Texts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bostonglobe.com-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bostonglobe.com_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2016/06/25/glinter-kabbalah/cz5YaC9jDc3ZVwTB6L7e7L/story.html">"A mysterious medieval text, decrypted - The Boston Globe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=A+mysterious+medieval+text%2C+decrypted+-+The+Boston+Globe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fideas%2F2016%2F06%2F25%2Fglinter-kabbalah%2Fcz5YaC9jDc3ZVwTB6L7e7L%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dan" title="Joseph Dan">Dan, Joseph</a> <i>Kabbalah: a Very Short Introduction</i>, Oxford University Press, 2006, p 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-editions-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-editions_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoktórBendowska2012" class="citation journal cs1">Doktór, Jan; Bendowska, Magda (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095552/http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&id=581b3dcbc6a54d9980d90ddf7c38edfa">"Sefer haZohar – the Battle for Editio Princeps"</a>. <i>Jewish History Quarterly</i>. <b>2</b> (242): <span class="nowrap">141–</span>161. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&id=581b3dcbc6a54d9980d90ddf7c38edfa">the original</a> on 2 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+History+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Sefer+haZohar+%E2%80%93+the+Battle+for+Editio+Princeps&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=242&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Dokt%C3%B3r&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Bendowska%2C+Magda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Faspx%2Fgetdocument.aspx%3Flogid%3D5%26id%3D581b3dcbc6a54d9980d90ddf7c38edfa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohrz-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ohrz_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohrz_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohrz_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Much of the information on contents and sections of the <i>Zohar</i> is found in the book <i>Ohr haZohar</i>(אור הזוהר) by Rabbi Yehuda Shalom Gross, in Hebrew, published by Mifal Zohar Hoilumi, Ramat Beth Shemesh, Israel, Heb. year 5761 (2001 CE); also available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://israel613.com/HA-ZOHAR/OR_HAZOHAR_2.htm">http://israel613.com/HA-ZOHAR/OR_HAZOHAR_2.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120410194128/http://israel613.com/HA-ZOHAR/OR_HAZOHAR_2.htm">Archived</a> 2012-04-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed March 1, 2012; explicit permission is given in both the printed and electronic book "to whoever desires to print paragraphs from this book, or the entire book, in any language, in any country, in order to increase Torah and fear of Heaven in the world and to awaken hearts our brothers the children of Yisrael in complete <i><a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Judaism" title="Repentance in Judaism">teshuvah</a></i>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the Ramaz, brought in <i>Mikdash Melekh laZohar, parashat Vayeira</i>, Zalkova edition, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ohr haChamah laZohar</i>, part 2, p. 115b, in the name of the Ramak</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rys-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rys_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rys_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Rabbi Yaakov Siegel, in an email dated February 29, 2012, to ~~Nissimnanach</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewcyclo406-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jewcyclo406_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewcyclo406_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewcyclo406_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobsBroydé,_Isaac" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jacobs, Joseph; Broydé, Isaac. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=142&letter=Z#406">"Zohar"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>. Funk & Wagnalls Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zohar&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls+Company&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Broyd%C3%A9%2C+Isaac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D142%26letter%3DZ%23406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZohar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zohar&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Beyer, Klaus. "Aramaic language, its distribution and subdivisions". 1986. (from reference 2 above)</li> <li>Tenen, Stan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meru.org/Newsletter/eTORUS40.pdf">Zohar, "B'reshit, and the Meru Hypothesis: Scholars debate the origins of Zohar"</a>, <i>Meru Foundation eTorus Newsletter</i> #40, July 2007</li> <li>Blumenthal, David R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.js.emory.edu/BLUMENTHAL/Trinity.html">"Three is not enough: Jewish Reflections on Trinitarian Thinking"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061208175548/http://www.js.emory.edu/BLUMENTHAL/Trinity.html">Archived</a> 2006-12-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <i>Ethical Monotheism, Past and Present: Essays in Honor of Wendell S. Dietrich</i>, ed. T. Vial and M. Hadley (Providence, RI), Brown Judaic Studies:</li> <li><i>The Encyclopedia of Jewish Myth, Magic, and Mysticism</i>, Geoffrey Dennis, Llewellyn Worldwide, 2007</li> <li><i>Studies in the Zohar</i>, <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Liebes" title="Yehuda Liebes">Yehuda Liebes</a> (Author), SUNY Press, SUNY series in Judaica: Hermeneutics, Mysticism, and Religion, 1993</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061213041317/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/ideas_belief/Kabbalah_and_Mysticism/Overview_Modern_Times/The_Academic_Study_Of_Mysticism/Mysticism_IdelSch_Oden.htm">"Challenging the Master: Moshe Idel's critique of Gershom Scholem"</a> Micha Odenheimer, MyJewishLearning.Com, Kabbalah and Mysticism</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629142438/http://www.radicaltorahthought.com/Info%20Zohar.htm">Scholem, Gershom, <i>Zohar</i> in <i>Encyclopadeia Judaica</i>, Keter Publishing</a></li> <li>Scholem, Gershom, "Kabbalah" in <i>Encyclopadeia Judaica</i>, Keter Publishing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuvein_Margolies" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuvein Margolies">Margolies, Reuvein</a> "Peninim U' Margolies" and "Nitzotzei Zohar" (Heb.), Mossad R' Kook</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Luria" title="David Luria">Luria, David</a> "Kadmus Sefer Ha'Zohar" (Heb.)</li> <li>Unterman, Alan <i>Reinterpreting Mysticism and Messianism</i>, MyJewishLearning.Com, Kabbalah and Mysticism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Adler" title="Jeremy Adler">Adler, Jeremy</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/ideas_belief/Kabbalah_and_Mysticism/Overview_Modern_Times/The_Academic_Study_Of_Mysticism/Mysticism_Liebes.htm">"Beyond the Law: the artistry and enduring counter-cultural power of the kabbala"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070104154557/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/ideas_belief/Kabbalah_and_Mysticism/Overview_Modern_Times/The_Academic_Study_Of_Mysticism/Mysticism_Liebes.htm">Archived</a> 2007-01-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Times Literary Supplement</i> 24 February 2006, reviewing: Daniel C Matt, translator <i>The Zohar</i>; <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Green" title="Arthur Green">Arthur Green</a> <i>A Guide to the Zohar</i>; <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Idel" title="Moshe Idel">Moshe Idel</a> <i>Kabbalah and Eros</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zohar&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zohar&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Zohar texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Zohar" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Zohar">Zohar</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The current Wikisource logo"><img alt="The current Wikisource logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span><a class="external text" href="https://he.wikisource.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%96%D7%94%D7%A8">ספר הזהר, Sefer haZohar, Zohar text in original Aramaic</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The current Wikisource logo"><img alt="The current Wikisource logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Zohar">Translation:Zohar at English Wikisource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ha-zohar.net/ZOHAR_ENGLISH.htm">Zohar Pages in English, at ha-zohar.net, including the Introduction translated in English, and <i>The Importance of Study of the Zohar</i>, and more</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ha-zohar.net/ZOHAR_LHK_MACHULAK.htm">Complete Zohar, Tikkunim, and Zohar Chadash in Aramaic with Hebrew translation, in 10 volumes of PDF, divided for yearly or 3-year learning</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zohar.altervista.org/">A four-pages-per-sheet PDF arrangement of the above, allowing for printing on 3 reams of Letter paper duplex</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122193009/http://zohar.altervista.org/">Archived</a> 2021-01-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ha-zohar.net/ZOHAR_SEFORIM.htm"><i>Zohar and Related Booklets</i> in various formats in PDF files, at ha-zohar.net</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nli.org.il/nnl/dig/books/bk001073457.html"><i>Sefer haZohar</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> edition (1558), at the National Library of Israel, DjVu file</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nli.org.il/nnl/dig/books/bk001103391.html"><i>Sefer haZohar</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a> edition (1559), at the National Library of Israel, DjVu file</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrew.grimoar.cz/">Zohar text files (TXT HTML) among grimoar.cz Hebrew Kabbalistic texts collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/zdm/index.htm">The Zohar in English: Bereshith to Lekh Lekha</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/tku/index.htm">The Zohar in English: some mystical sections</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zohar.com/">The Kabbalah Center translation of the Zohar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kabbalah.info/engkab/the-zohar/download-the-zohar">Original Zohar with Sulam Commentary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyzohar.com/">Daily Zohar study of Tikunei Zohar in English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ha-zohar.info/?p=21331">Tikkunei Zohar in English, Partial (Intro and Tikkun 1-17) at ha-zohar.info</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220119055149/https://www.ha-zohar.info/?p=21331">permanent link</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheZoharAramaicEnglishShimonBarYohaiMosesDeLen">Copy of the Zohar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Links_about_the_Zohar">Links about the Zohar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zohar&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Links about the Zohar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aramaiczohar.wordpress.com/">The Aramaic Language of the Zohar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enterthezohar.com/">7 brief video lectures about The Zohar from Kabbalah Education & Research Institute</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Chapters_on_Jewish_Literature/Chapter_XVII%7CThe">Zohar and Later Mysticism, a short essay by Israel Abrahams</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digital-brilliance.com/contributed/Karr/Biblios/zie.pdf">Notes on the Zohar in English: An Extensive Bibliography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/253819964/The-Zohar-Code-The-Temple-Calendar-of-King-Solomon">The Zohar Code: The Temple Calendar of King Solomon</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/he/discover/judaism/jewish-bookshelf/zohar">The Zohar on the website of the National Library of Israel</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malay" title="Judeo-Malay">Judeo-Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a 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