CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Cochin Jews - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"38308adc-2c1a-4681-bac0-7bd65e44551a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Cochin_Jews","wgTitle":"Cochin Jews","wgCurRevisionId":1275099881,"wgRevisionId":1275099881,"wgArticleId":492361,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from February 2023","All articles needing additional references","Use Indian English from February 2017","All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English", "Use dmy dates from December 2020","Short description matches Wikidata","\"Related ethnic groups\" needing confirmation","Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters","Articles containing Hebrew-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020","Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page","Articles containing Malayalam-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022","Commons category link from Wikidata","Cochin Jews","Jews and Judaism in India","Kerala society","Indian Jews","Jewish ethnic groups","Social groups of Kerala","Ethnic groups in Kerala","Judaism in Kerala","South Indian communities","Ethnic groups in India"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Cochin_Jews","wgRelevantArticleId":492361,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove": [],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1105126","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={ "ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader" ,"ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cochin_Jews.jpg/1200px-Cochin_Jews.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="842"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cochin_Jews.jpg/800px-Cochin_Jews.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="561"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cochin_Jews.jpg/640px-Cochin_Jews.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="449"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Cochin Jews - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochin_Jews"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochin_Jews"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Cochin_Jews rootpage-Cochin_Jews skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cochin+Jews" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cochin+Jews" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cochin+Jews" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cochin+Jews" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Jews_in_South_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Jews_in_South_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>First Jews in South India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Jews_in_South_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_Jewish_traveler's_visit_to_Cochin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_Jewish_traveler's_visit_to_Cochin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>A Jewish traveler's visit to Cochin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_Jewish_traveler's_visit_to_Cochin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1660_to_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1660_to_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1660 to independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1660_to_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_between_the_Cochin_Jews_and_other_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_between_the_Cochin_Jews_and_other_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Relations between the Cochin Jews and other Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_between_the_Cochin_Jews_and_other_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_1947" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_1947"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Since 1947</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_1947-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Genetic analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions_and_way_of_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions_and_way_of_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Traditions and way of life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditions_and_way_of_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditions and way of life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditions_and_way_of_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Piyyutim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piyyutim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Piyyutim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piyyutim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judeo-Malayalam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judeo-Malayalam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Judeo-Malayalam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judeo-Malayalam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cochin_Jewish_synagogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cochin_Jewish_synagogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cochin Jewish synagogues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cochin_Jewish_synagogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cochin_Jewish_surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cochin_Jewish_surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cochin Jewish surnames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cochin_Jewish_surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Cochin_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Cochin_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable Cochin Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Cochin_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cochin Jews</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jueus_de_Cochin" title="Jueus de Cochin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jueus de Cochin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochin-Juden" title="Cochin-Juden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cochin-Juden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jud%C3%ADos_de_Coch%C3%ADn" title="Judíos de Cochín – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Judíos de Cochín" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="یهودیان کوچین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یهودیان کوچین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juifs_de_Cochin" title="Juifs de Cochin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Juifs de Cochin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="कोचीन यहूदी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोचीन यहूदी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi_Cochin" title="Yahudi Cochin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yahudi Cochin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebrei_di_Cochin" title="Ebrei di Cochin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ebrei di Cochin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%9F" title="יהדות קוצ'ין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יהדות קוצ'ין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiosin%27_i_Malabar" title="Jiosin' i Malabar – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jiosin' i Malabar" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%BC" title="കേരളത്തിലെ യഹൂദർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കേരളത്തിലെ യഹൂദർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi_Malabar" title="Yahudi Malabar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yahudi Malabar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A6%E3%83%80%E3%83%A4%E4%BA%BA" title="コーチン・ユダヤ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コーチン・ユダヤ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochin-j%C3%B8der" title="Cochin-jøder – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cochin-jøder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochini-j%C3%B8dar" title="Cochini-jødar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cochini-jødar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%88%DA%86_%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF" title="کوچین وچ یہود – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کوچین وچ یہود" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Кочинские евреи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кочинские евреи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochin_juutalaiset" title="Kochin juutalaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kochin juutalaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கொச்சி யூதர்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொச்சி யூதர்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C3%A7in_Yahudileri" title="Koçin Yahudileri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Koçin Yahudileri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%86%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF" title="کوچنی یہود – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوچنی یہود" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E6%9E%9D%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="柯枝猶太人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="柯枝猶太人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1105126#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Cochin_Jews" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Cochin_Jews" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Cochin_Jews" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&oldid=1275099881" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Cochin_Jews&id=1275099881&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCochin_Jews"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCochin_Jews"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Cochin_Jews&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cochin_Jews" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1105126" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Jewish community that settled in the Kingdom of Cochin in modern-day Kerala, India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi Jews</a> (White Jews) of Cochin who immigrated from Spain/Portugal during the 19th century.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cochin_Jews" title="Special:EditPage/Cochin Jews">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cochin+Jews%22">"Cochin Jews"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cochin+Jews%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cochin+Jews%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cochin+Jews%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cochin+Jews%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cochin+Jews%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Cochin Jews</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">יְהוּדֵֽי־קוֹצִֽ׳ין</span>‎ <br /> കൊച്ചിയിലെ ജൂതന്മാർ</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cochin_Jews.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cochin_Jews.jpg/220px-Cochin_Jews.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cochin_Jews.jpg/330px-Cochin_Jews.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cochin_Jews.jpg/440px-Cochin_Jews.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1884" data-file-height="1322" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A Malabar Jewish family (1900)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,000–8,000 (estimated)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knanaya" title="Knanaya">Knanaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalis" title="Malayalis">Malayalis</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism"><span class="wrap">Land of Israel</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah"><span class="wrap">Bar and bat mitzvah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah"><span class="wrap">Kingdom of Judah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem"><span class="wrap">Temple in Jerusalem</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity"><span class="wrap">Assyrian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity"><span class="wrap">Babylonian captivity</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty"><span class="wrap">Hasmonean dynasty</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a></span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Christianity and Judaism</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Hinduism and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Islamic–Jewish</span> relations</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Arab–Israeli</span> conflict</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Palestine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa"><span class="wrap">South Africa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom"><span class="wrap">United Kingdom</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic"><span class="wrap">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism"><span class="wrap">Reform</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism"><span class="wrap">Conversion to Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat_literature" title="Judeo-Tat literature">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cochin Jews</b> (also known as <b>Malabar Jews</b> or <b>Kochinim</b> from <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">יְהוּדֵֽי־קוֹצִֽ׳ין</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Yehudey Kochin</i></span>) are the oldest group of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">Jews in India</a>, with roots that are claimed to date back to the time of <a href="/wiki/King_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="King Solomon">King Solomon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cochin Jews settled in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> now part of the present-day state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as the 12th century, mention is made of the Jews in southern India by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela" title="Benjamin of Tudela">Benjamin of Tudela</a>. </p><p>Following their expulsion from <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a> in 1492 by the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Alhambra Decree</a>, a few families of <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a> eventually made their way to Cochin in the 16th century. They became known as <a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi Jews</a> (or Foreign Jews). The European Jews maintained some trade connections to Europe, and their language skills were useful. Although the Sephardim spoke <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> (Spanish or Judeo-Spanish), in India they learned <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a> from the Malabar Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-Katz-Koder-Puthiakunnel_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katz-Koder-Puthiakunnel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two communities retained their ethnic and cultural distinctions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 19th century, a few Arabic-speaking Jews, known as <a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadis</a>, also immigrated to southern India from the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After India gained its independence in 1947 and Israel was established as a nation, most of the Cochin Jews made <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a> and emigrated from Kerala to Israel in the mid-1950s. In contrast, most of the Paradesi Jews (Sephardi in origin) preferred to migrate to Australia and other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries, similar to the choices made by <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indian">Anglo-Indians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of their <a href="/wiki/List_of_Synagogues_in_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Synagogues in Kerala">synagogues still exist</a> in Kerala, with a few being sold or adapted for other uses. Among the 8 synagogues that survived till the mid-20th century, only the <a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Synagogue" title="Paradesi Synagogue">Paradesi synagogue</a> still has a regular congregation. Today it also attracts tourists as a historic site. The <a href="/wiki/Kadavumbhagam_Ernakulam_Synagogue" title="Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue">Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue</a> was restored in 2018, it houses a <a href="/wiki/Sefer_torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer torah">sefer torah</a> with occasional services, managed by one of few remaining Cochin Jews of the ancient Malabar Jewish tradition. A few synagogues are in ruins and one was even demolished and a two-storeyed house was built in its place. The synagogue at <a href="/wiki/Chendamangalam_Synagogue" title="Chendamangalam Synagogue">Chendamangalam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chendamangalam" title="Chendamangalam">Chennamangalam</a>) was reconstructed in 2006 as Kerala Jews Life Style Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The synagogue at <a href="/wiki/Paravur_Synagogue" title="Paravur Synagogue">Paravur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paravur_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Paravur Taluk">Parur</a>) has been reconstructed as Kerala Jews History Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">History of the Jews in India</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kochi" title="History of Kochi">History of Kochi</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Jews_in_South_India">First Jews in South India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First Jews in South India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Receiving_jews.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Receiving_jews.jpg/220px-Receiving_jews.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Receiving_jews.jpg/330px-Receiving_jews.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Receiving_jews.jpg/440px-Receiving_jews.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption>Arrival of the Jewish pilgrims at Cochin, 71 CE</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_copper_plate_(c._1000_CE).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Jewish_copper_plate_%28c._1000_CE%29.png/220px-Jewish_copper_plate_%28c._1000_CE%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Jewish_copper_plate_%28c._1000_CE%29.png/330px-Jewish_copper_plate_%28c._1000_CE%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Jewish_copper_plate_%28c._1000_CE%29.png/440px-Jewish_copper_plate_%28c._1000_CE%29.png 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>The inscription from the Sasanam outlining the grant of rights to Joseph Rabban</figcaption></figure> <p>P. M. Jussay wrote that it was believed that the earliest Jews in India were sailors from <a href="/wiki/King_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="King Solomon">King Solomon</a>'s time.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been claimed that following the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/First_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="First Temple">First Temple</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BCE)">Siege of Jerusalem</a> (587 BCE), some Jewish exiles came to India.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70)">destruction of the Second Temple</a> in 70 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> are records found that attest to numerous Jewish settlers arriving at <a href="/wiki/Cranganore" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranganore">Cranganore</a>, an ancient port near Cochin.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cranganore, now <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterated</a> as <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a>, but also known under other names, is a city of legendary importance to this community. Fernandes writes, it is "a substitute Jerusalem in India".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Katz and Goldberg note the "symbolic intertwining" of the two cities.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ophira Gamliel notes however that the first physical evidence of the presence of Jews in South India dates only to the granting of the <a href="/wiki/Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates" title="Quilon Syrian copper plates">Kollam copper plates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGamliel201855–56_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamliel201855–56-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The copper plates are a trade deed dated to the year 849 C.E bestowed upon the Nestorian merchant magnate Maruvan Sapir Iso and the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Thomas Christian">Saint Thomas Christian</a> community by Ayyan Atikal, the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Venad" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad">Kingdom of Venad</a>. The copper plates include signatures in Kufic, Pahlavi, and Hebrew and serve as evidence of West Asian mercantilism in Kerala. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGamliel201855–56_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamliel201855–56-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1768, a certain Tobias Boas of Amsterdam had posed eleven questions to Rabbi Yehezkel Rachbi of Cochin. The first of these questions addressed to the said Rabbi concerned the origins of the Jews of Cochin and the duration of their settlement in India. In Rabbi Yehezkel's response <small>(Merzbacher's Library in Munich, MS. 4238)</small>, he wrote: "after the destruction of the Second Temple (may it soon be rebuilt and reestablished in our days!), in the year 3828 of <a href="/wiki/Anno_mundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno mundi">anno mundi</a>, i. e., 68 CE, about ten thousand men and women had come to the land of Malabar and were pleased to settle in four places; those places being <a href="/wiki/Cranganore" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranganore">Cranganore</a>, Dschalor,<span class="nowrap"> </span><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madai<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> [and] Plota.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most were in Cranganore, which is also called <i>Mago dera Patinas</i>; it is also called Sengale."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Saint Thomas</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>-speaking Jew<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> region of Israel and one of the disciples of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, is believed to have come to Southern India<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the 1st century, in search of the Jewish community there.<sup id="cite_ref-Puthiakunnel_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puthiakunnel-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stthoma_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stthoma-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jews who became Christians</a> at that time were absorbed by what became the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Nasrani Community</a> in Kerala.<sup id="cite_ref-Puthiakunnel_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puthiakunnel-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stthoma_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stthoma-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of scholars have noted that the Cochin Jews maintain striking cultural similarities to the <a href="/wiki/Knanaya" title="Knanaya">Knanaya</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeil1982175–196_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeil1982175–196-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJussay2005118–128_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJussay2005118–128-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish-Christian migrants from Persia who settled in <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a>, Kerala in the 4th or 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2010113_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2010113-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These symmetries are noted in both the wedding traditions and especially the folk songs of the two communities, some songs maintaining the exact same lyrics with few corruptions and variations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeil1982175–196_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeil1982175–196-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJussay2005118–128_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJussay2005118–128-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Central to the history of the Cochin Jews was their close relationship with Indian rulers. This was codified on a set of copper plates granting the community special privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The date of these plates, known as "Sâsanam",<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is contentious. The plates are physically inscribed with the date 379 CE,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in 1925, tradition was setting it as 1069 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-worldmoon_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldmoon-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian rulers granted the Jewish leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rabban" title="Joseph Rabban">Joseph Rabban</a> the rank of prince over the Jews of Cochin, giving him the rulership and tax revenue of a pocket <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principality</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anjuvannam" title="Anjuvannam">Anjuvannam</a> near Cranganore, and rights to seventy-two "free houses".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hindu king gave permission in perpetuity (or, in the more poetic expression of those days, "as long as the world, sun and moon endure"<sup id="cite_ref-worldmoon_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldmoon-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) for Jews to live freely, build <a href="/wiki/Synagogues" class="mw-redirect" title="Synagogues">synagogues</a>, and own property "without conditions attached".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A family connection to Rabban, "the king of Shingly" (another name for Cranganore), was long considered a sign of both purity and prestige within the community. Rabban's descendants led this distinct community until a chieftainship dispute broke out between two brothers, one of them named <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Azar_(prince)" title="Joseph Azar (prince)">Joseph Azar</a>, in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The Jewish traveler <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela" title="Benjamin of Tudela">Benjamin of Tudela</a>, speaking of <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a> (Quilon) on the Malabar Coast, writes in his <i>Itinerary</i>:</p><blockquote><p>"[t]hroughout the island, including all the towns thereof, live several thousand <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>. The inhabitants are all black, and the Jews also. The latter are good and benevolent. They know the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">law of Moses</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">prophets</a>, and to a small extent the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Halacha">Halacha</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>These people later became known as the Malabari Jews. They built synagogues in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> beginning in the 12th and 13th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-isjm_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isjm-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest known gravestone of a Cochin Jew is written in Hebrew and dates to 1269 CE. It is near the Chendamangalam Synagogue, built in 1614,<sup id="cite_ref-isjm_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isjm-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is now operated as a museum.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1341, a disastrous flood silted up the port of Cranganore, and trade shifted to a smaller port at <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a> (Kochi). Many of the Jews moved quickly, and within four years, they had built their first synagogue at the new community.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> established a trading beachhead in 1500, and until 1663 remained the dominant power. They continued to discriminate against the Jews, although doing business with them. A synagogue was built at Parur in 1615, at a site that according to tradition had a synagogue built in 1165. Almost every member of this community emigrated to Israel in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-isjm_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isjm-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codice_Casanatense_Jews_of_Malabar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Codice_Casanatense_Jews_of_Malabar.jpg/220px-Codice_Casanatense_Jews_of_Malabar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Codice_Casanatense_Jews_of_Malabar.jpg/330px-Codice_Casanatense_Jews_of_Malabar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Codice_Casanatense_Jews_of_Malabar.jpg/440px-Codice_Casanatense_Jews_of_Malabar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1913" data-file-height="1389" /></a><figcaption>Jewish couple depicted in 16th century Portuguese <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3dice_Casanatense" title="Códice Casanatense">Códice Casanatense</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1524, the Muslims, backed by the ruler of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kozhikode" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kozhikode">Calicut</a> (today called <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> and not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>), attacked the wealthy Jews of Cranganore because of their primacy in the lucrative <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">pepper</a> trade. The Jews fled south to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a>, seeking the protection of the <a href="/wiki/Cochin_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin Royal Family">Cochin Royal Family</a> (Perumpadapu Swaroopam). The Hindu Raja of Cochin gave them asylum. Moreover, he exempted Jews from taxation but bestowed on them all privileges enjoyed by the tax-payers.<sup id="cite_ref-worldmoon_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldmoon-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Malabar Jews built additional synagogues at <a href="/wiki/Mala,_Kerala" title="Mala, Kerala">Mala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernakulam" title="Ernakulam">Ernakulam</a>. In the latter location, Kadavumbagham Synagogue was built about 1200 and restored in the 1790s. Its members believed they were the congregation to receive the historic copper plates. In the 1930s and 1940s, the congregation was as large as 2,000 members, but all emigrated to Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thekkambagham Synagogue was built in Ernakulam in 1580, and rebuilt in 1939. It is the synagogue in Ernakulam sometimes used for services if former members of the community visit from Israel. In 1998, five families who were members of this congregation still lived in Kerala or in Madras.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_Jewish_traveler's_visit_to_Cochin"><span id="A_Jewish_traveler.27s_visit_to_Cochin"></span>A Jewish traveler's visit to Cochin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: A Jewish traveler's visit to Cochin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a description of the Jews of Cochin by 16th-century Jewish traveler <a href="/wiki/Zechariah_Dhahiri" title="Zechariah Dhahiri">Zechariah Dhahiri</a> (recollections of his travels <i>circa</i> 1558). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I travelled from the land of Yemen unto the land of India and Cush, in order to search out a better livelihood. I had chosen the frontier route, where I made a passage across the Great Sea by ship for twenty days... I arrived at the city of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a>, which upon entering I was sorely grieved at what I had seen, for the city's inhabitants are all uncircumcised and given over to idolatry. There isn't to be found in her a single Jew with whom I could have, otherwise, taken respite in my journeys and wanderings. I then turned away from her and went into the city of <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Cochin</a>, wherein I found what my soul desired, insofar that a community of Spaniards is to be found there who are derived of Jewish lineage, along with other congregations of proselytes.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had been converted many years ago, of the natives of <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Cochin</a> and Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are adept in their knowledge of Jewish laws and customs, acknowledging the injunctions of the Divine Law (Torah), and making use of its means of punishment. I dwelt there three months, among the holy congregations.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1660_to_independence">1660 to independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1660 to independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:57Cochin_White_Jew_Town.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/57Cochin_White_Jew_Town.jpg/220px-57Cochin_White_Jew_Town.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/57Cochin_White_Jew_Town.jpg/330px-57Cochin_White_Jew_Town.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/57Cochin_White_Jew_Town.jpg/440px-57Cochin_White_Jew_Town.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1770" /></a><figcaption>Photo identified as "White Jew town", Cochin, 1913</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi Jews</a>, also called "White Jews", settled in the Cochin region in the 16th century and later, following the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">expulsion from Iberia</a> due to forced conversion and religious persecution in Spain and then Portugal. Some fled north to <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a> but the majority <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">fled east to the Ottoman Empire</a>. Both "Black Jews" and the "White Jews" (the Spanish Jews) of Malabar claimed that they are the true inheritors of the old Jewish culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some went beyond that territory, including a few families who followed the Arab <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice routes</a> to southern India. Speaking <a href="/wiki/Ladino_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladino language">Ladino language</a> and having <a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a> customs, they found the Malabari Jewish community as established in Cochin to be quite different. According to the historian Mandelbaum, there were resulting tensions between the two ethnic communities.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European Jews had some trade links to Europe and useful languages to conduct international trade <sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Portuguese occupied the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a>, they allegedly discriminated against its Jews. Nevertheless, to some extent they shared language and culture, so ever more Jews came to live under Portuguese rule (actually under the Spanish crown, again, between 1580 and 1640). The Protestant Dutch killed the raja of Cochin, allied of the Portuguese, plus sixteen hundred Indians in 1662, during their siege of Cochin. The Jews, having supported the Dutch military attempt, suffered the murderous retaliation of both the Portuguese and Malabar populations. A year later, the second Dutch siege was successful and, after slaughtering the Portuguese, they demolished most Catholic churches or turned them into Protestant churches (not sparing the one where Vasco da Gama had been buried). They were more tolerant of Jews, having granted asylum claims in the Netherlands. (See the <a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> for the situation of Jews in nearby <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Paradesi Jews built their own house of worship, the <a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Synagogue" title="Paradesi Synagogue">Paradesi Synagogue</a>. The latter group was very small by comparison to the Malabaris. Both groups practiced <a href="/wiki/Endogamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogamous">endogamous</a> marriage, maintaining their distinctions. Both communities claimed special privileges and the greater status over each other.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Juifs_noirs%22_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%22Juifs_noirs%22_03.jpg/220px-%22Juifs_noirs%22_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%22Juifs_noirs%22_03.jpg/330px-%22Juifs_noirs%22_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%22Juifs_noirs%22_03.jpg/440px-%22Juifs_noirs%22_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Cochin Jewish children in 1936</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Barak_Salem" title="Abraham Barak Salem">Abraham Barak Salem</a> (1882–1967), a young lawyer who became known as a "Jewish Gandhi", worked to end the discrimination against <i>meshuchrarim</i> Jews. Inspired by Indian nationalism and Zionism, he also tried to reconcile the divisions among the Cochin Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became both an <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalist</a> and Zionist. His family were descended from <i>meshuchrarim</i>. The Hebrew word denoted a <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumitted</a> slave, and was at times used in a derogatory way. Salem fought against the discrimination by boycotting the Paradesi Synagogue for a time. He also used <i><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">satyagraha</a></i> to combat the social discrimination. According to Mandelbaum, by the mid-1930s many of the old taboos had fallen with a changing society.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_between_the_Cochin_Jews_and_other_Jews">Relations between the Cochin Jews and other Jews</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relations between the Cochin Jews and other Jews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although India is noted for having four distinct Jewish communities, <i>viz</i> Cochin, <a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a> (of Bombay and its environs), Calcutta, and New Delhi, communications between the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Cochin</a> and the Bene Israel community were greatest in the mid-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to native Bene Israel historian Haeem Samuel Kehimkar (1830-1909), several prominent members from the "White Jews" of <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Cochin</a> had moved to Bombay in 1825 from <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Cochin</a>, of whom are specifically named Michael and Abraham Sargon, David Baruch Rahabi, Hacham Samuel, and Judah David Ashkenazi. These exerted themselves not only in changing the minds of the Bene-Israel and of their children generally, but also particularly in turning the minds of these few of the Bene-Israel, who through heathen influence had gone astray from the path of the religion of their forefathers, to the study of their own religion, and to the contemplation of <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">God</a>. David Rahabi effected a religious revival at Revandanda, followed by his successor, Hacham Samuel.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although David Rahabi was convinced that the Bene Israel were the descendants of the Jews, he still wanted to examine them further. He therefore gave their women clean and unclean fish to be cooked together, but they singled out the clean from the unclean ones, saying that they never used fish that had neither fins nor scales. Being thus satisfied, he began to teach them the tenets of the Jewish religion. He taught Hebrew reading, without translation, to three Bene Israel young men from the families of Jhiratker, Shapurker and Rajpurker.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another influential man from Cochin, who is alleged to have been of Yemenite Jewish origin, was Hacham <a href="/wiki/Shelomo_Salem_Shurrabi" title="Shelomo Salem Shurrabi">Shelomo Salem Shurrabi</a> who served as a <i><a href="/wiki/Chazan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chazan">Hazan</a></i> (Reader) in the then newly formed synagogue of the Bene-Israel in Bombay for the trifling sum of 100 rupees <i>per annum</i>, although he worked also as a book-binder. While engaged in his avocation, he was at all times ready to explain any scriptural difficulty that might happen to be brought to him by any Bene Israel. He was a Reader, Preacher, Expounder of the Law, <i><a href="/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel">Mohel</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Shochet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shochet">Shochet</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died on 17 April 1856 in Bombay.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Since_1947">Since 1947</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Since 1947"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Indian Jews in Israel">Indian Jews in Israel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%96%D7%95%D7%92_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%97%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/%D7%96%D7%95%D7%92_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%97%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C.jpg/220px-%D7%96%D7%95%D7%92_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%97%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/%D7%96%D7%95%D7%92_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%97%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C.jpg/330px-%D7%96%D7%95%D7%92_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%97%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/%D7%96%D7%95%D7%92_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%97%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>A Jewish couple from Cochin after immigrating to Israel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Judeo-Malayalam_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Judeo-Malayalam_map.svg/220px-Judeo-Malayalam_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Judeo-Malayalam_map.svg/330px-Judeo-Malayalam_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Judeo-Malayalam_map.svg/440px-Judeo-Malayalam_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Judeo-Malayalam speaking communities in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> (largely historical) and Israel (current)</figcaption></figure> <p>India became independent from British rule in 1947 and Israel established itself as a nation in 1948. With the heightened emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> into a secular republic of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and a semi-theocratic <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, most of the Cochin Jews emigrated from India. Generally they went to Israel (made <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">aliyah</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many of the migrants joined the <i><a href="/wiki/Moshav" title="Moshav">moshavim</a></i> (agricultural settlements) of <a href="/wiki/Nevatim" title="Nevatim">Nevatim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahar,_Israel" title="Shahar, Israel">Shahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuval" title="Yuval">Yuval</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mesilat_Zion" title="Mesilat Zion">Mesilat Zion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others settled in the neighbourhood of <a href="/wiki/Katamon" title="Katamon">Katamon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimona" title="Dimona">Dimona</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yeruham" title="Yeruham">Yeruham</a>, where many <a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a> had settled.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The migrated Cochin Jews still continue to speak <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the late 20th century, former Cochin Jews have also immigrated to the United States. It is recorded that currently only 26 Jews live in Kerala, who is located in different parts of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thiruvalla" title="Thiruvalla">Thiruvalla</a>. </p><p>In Cochin, the <a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Synagogue" title="Paradesi Synagogue">Paradesi Synagogue</a> is still active as a place of worship, but the Jewish community is very small. The building also attracts visitors as a historic tourist site.<sup id="cite_ref-roughguide_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roughguide-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>February 3, 2005, the Cochin Royal Family Heritage Historical Society along with the Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation and Dr. Kenneth X. Robbins M.D. presented a historical interpretive marker in the Kalikota Palace in Ernakulim. It is sited below the painting of His Highness, Rama Varma Pareekshith Thampuran, the Last Maharaja of Cochin. </p><p>The text is written in English with Hebrew additions from the Prophet Jeremiah and the 72 Psalm of King David. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Speech_of_the_Maharaja_of_Cochin_-_Paradesi_Synagogue,_1949.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/The_Speech_of_the_Maharaja_of_Cochin_-_Paradesi_Synagogue%2C_1949.png/220px-The_Speech_of_the_Maharaja_of_Cochin_-_Paradesi_Synagogue%2C_1949.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/The_Speech_of_the_Maharaja_of_Cochin_-_Paradesi_Synagogue%2C_1949.png/330px-The_Speech_of_the_Maharaja_of_Cochin_-_Paradesi_Synagogue%2C_1949.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/The_Speech_of_the_Maharaja_of_Cochin_-_Paradesi_Synagogue%2C_1949.png/440px-The_Speech_of_the_Maharaja_of_Cochin_-_Paradesi_Synagogue%2C_1949.png 2x" data-file-width="1873" data-file-height="2737" /></a><figcaption>The Speech of the Maharaja of Cochin - Paradesi Synagogue, 1949</figcaption></figure> <p>″1949“...A glorious chapter of unbroken love and affection on the one hand, and deep devotion and loyalty on the other, between the Maharajas of Cochin and their Jewish subjects.... The memory of your early association with this country has always been pleasant. Your people began to visit this coast as early as the days of King Solomon. In the early centuries of the Christian era, some of them left their hearts and homes and settled in Cochin. The people of Cochin welcomed you with open arms, and the Ruling Family protected you from plunder and persecution. My grandmother used to tell us of the very pleasant hours she and the other princesses of her age spent in the company of your womenfolk who usually gathered at the palace in the afternoon. This temple of historic importance is a standing monument of religious tolerance and hospitality that has prevailed here since time immemorial. I am glad to say no other people deserved such treatment better. You have, on occasions, more than one shown your unflinching loyalty to the King and country that adopted you and gave you shelter. I assure you that all legitimate interests of the minorities shall be scrupulously safeguarded...” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_analysis">Genetic analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Genetic analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetic studies on Jews</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">Genetic testing</a> into the origins of the Cochin Jewish and other Indian Jewish communities noted that until the present day the Indian Jews maintained in the range of 3%-20% Middle Eastern ancestry, confirming the traditional narrative of migration from the Middle East to India. The tests noted however that the communities had considerable Indian admixture, exhibiting the fact that the Indian Jewish people "inherited their ancestry from Middle Eastern and Indian populations".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditions_and_way_of_life">Traditions and way of life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Traditions and way of life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_jew_of_cochin_with_peyots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Black_jew_of_cochin_with_peyots.jpg/220px-Black_jew_of_cochin_with_peyots.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Black_jew_of_cochin_with_peyots.jpg/330px-Black_jew_of_cochin_with_peyots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Black_jew_of_cochin_with_peyots.jpg/440px-Black_jew_of_cochin_with_peyots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1317" /></a><figcaption>A Cochin Jewish man with <a href="/wiki/Payot" title="Payot">payot</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The 12th-century Jewish traveller <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela" title="Benjamin of Tudela">Benjamin of Tudela</a> wrote about the Malabari coast of Kerala: "They know the law of Moses and the prophets, and to a small extent the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Halacha">Halacha</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European Jews sent texts to the community of Cochin Jews to teach them about normative Judaism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> (1135–1204), the preeminent Jewish philosopher of his day, wrote, </p> <blockquote><p>"Only lately, some well-to-do men came forward and purchased three copies of my code [the <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a>], which they distributed through messengers... Thus, the horizon of these Jews was widened, and the religious life in all communities as far as India revived."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In a 1535 letter sent from <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a> to Italy, <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_del_Rossi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David del Rossi (page does not exist)">David del Rossi</a> wrote that a Jewish merchant from <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> had told him the India town of Shingly (<a href="/wiki/Cranganore" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranganore">Cranganore</a>) had a large Jewish population who dabbled in yearly pepper trade with the Portuguese. As far as their religious life, he wrote that they "only recognize the <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Code of Maimonides</a>, and possessed no other authority or traditional law".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the contemporary historian Nathan Katz, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Nissim_of_Gerona" title="Nissim of Gerona">Nissim of Gerona</a> (the Ran) visited the Cochini Jews. They preserve in their song books the poem he wrote about them.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Kadavumbhagam_Ernakulam_Synagogue" title="Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue">Kadavumbhagam synagogue</a>, a Hebrew school was available for both "children's education and adult study of Torah and <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i> (1901-1906) said, </p> <blockquote><p>"Though they neither eat nor drink together, nor intermarry, the Black and the White Jews of Cochin have almost the same social and religious customs. They hold the same doctrines, use the same ritual (<a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a>), observe the same feasts and fasts, dress alike, and have adopted the same language Malayalam. ... The two classes are equally strict in religious observances",<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>According to Martine Chemana, the Jews of Cochin "coalesced around the religious fundamentals: devotion and strict obedience to Biblical Judaism, and to the Jewish customs and traditions ... Hebrew, taught through the Torah texts by rabbis and teachers who came especially from <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-sing_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sing-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piyyutim">Piyyutim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Piyyutim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Jews of Cochin had a long tradition of singing devotional hymns (piyyutim) and songs on festive occasions such as Purim.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women used to sing Jews songs in Judeo-Malayalam. They did not adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> prohibition against public singing by women (<a href="/wiki/Kol_isha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kol isha">kol isha</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-sing_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sing-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Judeo-Malayalam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_loanwords_in_Malayalam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of loanwords in Malayalam (page does not exist)">List of loanwords in Malayalam</a></div> <p>Judeo-Malayalam (<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>: <span lang="ml">യെഹൂദ്യമലയാളം</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Malayalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Malayalam">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Malayalam-language romanization"><i lang="ml-Latn">yehūdyamalayāḷaṃ</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מלאיאלאם יהודית</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">malayalam yəhūḏīṯ</i></span>) is the traditional language of the Kochinim, spoken today by a few dozens of people in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and by probably fewer than 25 in India.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In their antiquity, Malabar Jews may have used <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Persian dialect">Judeo-Persian</a> as evident from the <a href="/wiki/Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates" title="Quilon Syrian copper plates">Kollam Copper plates</a>. </p><p>Judeo-Malayalam is the only known <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Jewish language</a>. Since it does not differ substantially in <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> from other colloquial <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a> dialects, it is not considered by many linguists to be a <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> in its own right, but a <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a>, or simply a language variation. Judeo-Malayalam shares with other Jewish languages like <a href="/wiki/Ladino_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladino (language)">Ladino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, common traits and features. For example, verbatim translations from Hebrew to Malayalam, archaic features of Old Malayalam, Hebrew components agglutinated to Dravidian verb and noun formations and special idiomatic usages based on its Hebrew loanwords. Due to the lack of long-term scholarship on this language variation, there is no separate designation for the language (if it can be so considered), for it to have its own language code (<i>see also <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" class="mw-redirect" title="SIL International">SIL</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a></i>). </p><p>Unlike many <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> languages, Judeo-Malayalam is not written using the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>. It does, however, like most Jewish languages, contain many <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>, which are regularly transliterated, as much as possible, using the <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam script</a>. Like many other Jewish languages, Judeo-Malayalam also contains a number of <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">lexical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a> archaisms, in this case, from the days before Malayalam became fully distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Malayalam Transliteration </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Original Form </th> <th>Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <td>അളം </td> <td>world </td> <td>עולם </td> <td>oˈlam </td></tr> <tr> <td>അലിയ </td> <td>ascension </td> <td>עלייה </td> <td>aliyá </td></tr> <tr> <td>അലുവ/ഹലുവ </td> <td>sweet </td> <td>חלבה </td> <td>halvah </td></tr> <tr> <td>ബാ </td> <td>come </td> <td>בא </td> <td>ba </td></tr> <tr> <td>ബേത് ക്‌നേസേത് </td> <td>synagogue </td> <td>בית כנסת </td> <td>beit-k'néset </td></tr> <tr> <td>ഇവിരീത് </td> <td>Hebrew language </td> <td>עברית </td> <td>ivrít </td></tr> <tr> <td>കബറ് </td> <td>grave, tomb </td> <td>קבר </td> <td>kéver </td></tr> <tr> <td>മിശ്രേം, മിശ്രീം </td> <td>Egypt, Egyptian </td> <td>מצרים, מצרי </td> <td>mitsráyim, mitsrí </td></tr> <tr> <td>മെത്ത </td> <td>bed </td> <td>מיטה </td> <td>metah </td></tr> <tr> <td>നവി </td> <td>prophet </td> <td>נביא </td> <td>naví </td></tr> <tr> <td>റബ്ബാൻ, രമ്പാൻ </td> <td>rabbi, teacher, monk </td> <td>רבי </td> <td>rabbi </td></tr> <tr> <td>സായിത്ത് </td> <td>olive </td> <td>זית </td> <td>záyit </td></tr> <tr> <td>സഫറാദ്, സഫറാദി </td> <td>Spain, Spaniard </td> <td>ספרד, ספרדי </td> <td>sfarad, sfaradi </td></tr> <tr> <td>ശാലോം </td> <td>hello, peace </td> <td>שלום </td> <td>shalóm </td></tr> <tr> <td>ശാലോം ആയി </td> <td>death </td> <td>שלום עליי </td> <td>shalóm ali </td></tr> <tr> <td>ശീർ </td> <td>song, music </td> <td>שיר </td> <td>shir </td></tr> <tr> <td>ശോഷന്നാ </td> <td>lily </td> <td>שושן </td> <td>shoshán </td></tr> <tr> <td>തപ്പുവാഖ് </td> <td>apple </td> <td>תפוח </td> <td>tapúakh </td></tr> <tr> <td>തോറ </td> <td>Torah </td> <td>תורה </td> <td>torá </td></tr> <tr> <td>യവൻ, യാവന </td> <td>Greece, Greek (Likely to be derived from "Ionian", the Greeks who lived in Asia Minor) </td> <td>יוון, יווני </td> <td>yaván, yevani </td></tr> <tr> <td>യിസ്രായേൽ, യിസ്രായേലി </td> <td>Israel, Israeli </td> <td>ישראל, הישראלי </td> <td>yisra'él, yisra'éli </td></tr> <tr> <td>യൂദാ, യെഹൂദൻ </td> <td>Jew, Jewish </td> <td>יהודי </td> <td>y'hudi </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cochin_Jewish_synagogues">Cochin Jewish synagogues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cochin Jewish synagogues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_synagogues_in_Kerala" title="List of synagogues in Kerala">List of synagogues in Kerala</a></div><p> A synagogue is called a beit knesset (<a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Mal</a><b>:</b> <i>ബേത് ക്‌നേസേത്</i> | <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Heb</a><b>:</b> <i>בית</i> <i>כנסת</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a> or "Jootha Palli" (<a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Mal</a><b>:</b> <i>ജൂതപള്ളി</i>) with <i>joothan</i> meaning Jew in <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> and -<i>palli</i> a suffix added to prayer houses of the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic faiths</a>. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_Museum-_Transfered_and_Rebuilt_Synagogues_(5689324888).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Israel_Museum-_Transfered_and_Rebuilt_Synagogues_%285689324888%29.jpg/220px-Israel_Museum-_Transfered_and_Rebuilt_Synagogues_%285689324888%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Israel_Museum-_Transfered_and_Rebuilt_Synagogues_%285689324888%29.jpg/330px-Israel_Museum-_Transfered_and_Rebuilt_Synagogues_%285689324888%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Israel_Museum-_Transfered_and_Rebuilt_Synagogues_%285689324888%29.jpg/440px-Israel_Museum-_Transfered_and_Rebuilt_Synagogues_%285689324888%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2131" data-file-height="2657" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Torah_ark" title="Torah ark">ark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bema" title="Bema">bimah</a> of the Parur Synagogue are now displayed in the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a> in Jerusalem</figcaption></figure><p>Throughout their history numerous synagogues have been constructed and lost to time. in their first settlement at Shingly (<a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Cranganore</a>), there were 18 synagogues as per their oral traditions. Today no archaeological evidence has been yet uncovered to validate these traditions. However the custom of naming their synagogues as "<i>Thekkumbhagam</i>" (lit: south side) and "<i>Kadavumbhagam</i>" (lit: River side) is cited as a cultural memory of two such synagogues that once stood in <a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a>. Several oral songs sung by Cochini women also contain references to these synagogues.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from these, numerous Syrian Christian churches of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">St. Thomas Christian</a> community in Kerala claim to have been built on old synagogues, though archaeological evidence is scarce. </p><p>Synagogues believed to have existed or speculated on basis of oral traditions include: </p> <ul><li>Madayi Synagogue, <a href="/wiki/Madayi" title="Madayi">Madayi</a></li> <li>Cranganore Synagogue, Shingly</li> <li>Thekkumbhagam synagogue, Shingly</li> <li>Kadavumbhagam Synagogue, Shingly</li></ul> <p>Synagogues in recorded history whose location and/or remains have been lost in time:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palayoor_Synagogue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palayoor Synagogue (page does not exist)">Palayoor Synagogue</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Palayoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Palayoor">Palur</a> <i>(known only from a rimon (ornament) bearing its name)</i></li> <li><b>Kokkamangalam Synagogue</b>, <a href="/wiki/Kokkamangalam" title="Kokkamangalam">Kokkamangalam</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kochangadi_Synagogue" title="Kochangadi Synagogue">Kochangadi Synagogue</a></b>,(1344 A.D - 1789 A.D) <a href="/wiki/Kochangadi" title="Kochangadi">Kochangadi</a> <i>(oldest synagogue in recorded history)</i></li> <li><b>Saudi Synagogue</b>, (1514 A.D-1556 A.D), Saude, a locality south of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a>.</li> <li><b>Tir-Tur Synagogue</b>, (1745 A.D-1768 A.D) Thiruthur, Kochi</li> <li><b>Muttam Synagogue</b> (1800A.D), <a href="/wiki/Alappuzha" title="Alappuzha">Muttam</a>, Alappuzha</li> <li><b>Fort Kochi Synagogue</b>, (1848 A.D), <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a> <i>(congregation of <a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">meschuhrarim</a>)</i></li> <li><b>Seremban Synagogue</b>, <a href="/wiki/Seremban" title="Seremban">Seremban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li></ul> <p>Extant synagogues in Kerala:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kadavumbhagam_Mattancherry_Synagogue" title="Kadavumbhagam Mattancherry Synagogue">Kadavumbhagam Mattancherry Synagogue</a></b>, (1130 A.D or 1539 A.D), <a href="/wiki/Mattancherry" title="Mattancherry">Mattanchery</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Thekkumbhagam_Synagogue" title="Thekkumbhagam Synagogue">Thekkumbhagam Mattancherry Synagogue</a></b>, (1647 A.D), <a href="/wiki/Mattancherry" title="Mattancherry">Mattanchery</a> <i>(demolished in 1960's)</i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chendamangalam_Synagogue" title="Chendamangalam Synagogue">Chendamangalam Synagogue</a></b>, (1420 or 1614 A.D), <a href="/wiki/Chendamangalam" title="Chendamangalam">Chendamangalam</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mala_Synagogue" title="Mala Synagogue">Mala Synagogue</a></b>, (1400 A.D or 1597 A.D), <a href="/wiki/Mala,_Kerala" title="Mala, Kerala">Mala</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paravur_Synagogue" title="Paravur Synagogue">Paravur Synagogue</a></b>, (1164 A.D or 1616 A.D), <a href="/wiki/North_Paravur" title="North Paravur">Parur</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kadavumbhagam_Ernakulam_Synagogue" title="Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue">Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue</a></b>, (1200 A.D), <a href="/wiki/Ernakulam" title="Ernakulam">Ernakulam</a></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thekkumbhagam_Ernakulam_Synagogue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thekkumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue (page does not exist)">Thekkumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue</a></b>, (1200 A.D or 1580 A.D), <a href="/wiki/Ernakulam" title="Ernakulam">Ernakulam</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Synagogue" title="Paradesi Synagogue">Paradesi Synagogue</a></b>, (1568 A.D), <a href="/wiki/Mattancherry" title="Mattancherry">Mattancherry</a> <i>(oldest active synagogue)</i></li></ul> <p>Cochini synagogues in Israel: </p> <ul><li><b>Moshav Nevatim Synagogue</b>, <a href="/wiki/Nevatim" title="Nevatim">Nevatim</a> (interiors taken from Thekkumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue)</li> <li><b>Mesilat Zion Synagogue</b>, <a href="/wiki/Mesilat_Zion" title="Mesilat Zion">Mesilat Zion</a></li> <li><b>Nehemiah Motta Synagogue</b>, <a href="/wiki/Giv%27at_Ko%27ah" title="Giv'at Ko'ah">Giv'at Ko'ah</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cochin_Jewish_surnames">Cochin Jewish surnames</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cochin Jewish surnames"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th>List of Cochin Jewish names and surnames<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Puthiakunnel_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puthiakunnel-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (partial) </th></tr> <tr> <td> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li>Aaron/Aharon</li> <li>Abraham/Avraham/Ibrahim</li> <li>Ashkenazi</li> <li>Azar</li> <li>Bezalel</li> <li>Cohen</li> <li>Daniel</li> <li>David/Davidson</li> <li>Dharan</li> <li>Efraim/Evarayi</li> <li>Elia/Elias/Eliyahu</li> <li>Gershon</li> <li>Hai/Hay</li> <li>Hallegua</li> <li>Iype</li> <li>Itzhak/Yitzhak</li> <li>Japheth</li> <li>Joy</li> <li>Koder</li> <li>Kalloor/Kallookaran/Kallooran</li> <li>Kunjeli</li> <li>Libi</li> <li>Madayi</li> <li>Meir</li> <li>Menahem</li> <li>Meyuhasheem</li> <li>Mordekhai/Mordechai/Mordehay</li> <li>Motta</li> <li>Murdai</li> <li>Mutas/Mutach/Mutath/Mutat</li> <li>Nehemia/Nehemya</li> <li>Oran/Oren</li> <li>Palliparambil</li> <li>Pal/Pallivathikal/Palivathukal</li> <li>Rabban</li> <li>Rahabi</li> <li>Roby/Rubi</li> <li>Salem</li> <li>Samuel</li> <li>Sargon</li> <li>Sarphati</li> <li>Sassoon</li> <li>Sharet/Chorath</li> <li>Siji</li> <li>Simon</li> <li>Solomon/Shlomo</li> <li>Thomas</li> <li>Tifferet</li> <li>Yaakov</li> <li>Yeoshua/Joshua</li> <li>Yohanan</li> <li>Yoseph/Joseph/Josephai</li> <li>Zackai</li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Cochin_Jews">Notable Cochin Jews</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notable Cochin Jews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rabban" title="Joseph Rabban">Joseph Rabban</a>, the first leader of the Jewish community of Kodungallur, was given copper plates of special grants from the <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a> ruler Bhaskara Ravivarman II from <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Aaron Azar, among the last Jewish princes of Kodungallur</li> <li>Joseph Azar, the last Jewish prince of Kodungallur</li> <li>Sarah bat Israel, whose tombstone (d. 1249 A.D) is the oldest found in India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_ha-Adeni" title="Elijah ha-Adeni">Eliyah ben Moses Adeni</a>, a 17th century Hebrew poet from <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Cochin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahabi_Ezekiel" title="Rahabi Ezekiel">Ezekiel Rahabi</a> (1694–1771), chief Jewish merchant of the Dutch East India Company in Cochin</li> <li>Nehemiah ben Abraham (d. 1615 A.D), (Nehemiah Mutha), patron saint of Malabar Jews</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Barak_Salem" title="Abraham Barak Salem">Abraham Barak Salem</a> (1882–1967), Cochin Jewish Indian nationalist leader</li> <li>Benjamin Meyuhasheem, the last Cochin Jew in Seremban, Malaysia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Daniel" title="Ruby Daniel">Ruby Daniel</a> (1912-2002), Indian-Israeli author and subject of <i>Ruby of Cochin</i></li> <li>Meydad Eliyahu, Israeli artist</li> <li>Dr. Eliyahu Bezalel, renowned horticulturist</li> <li>Elias "Babu" Josephai, caretaker of Kadavumbagam Synagogue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Jacob_Cohen" title="Sarah Jacob Cohen">Sarah Jacob Cohen</a> (1922-2019), the oldest member of the Paradesi community<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1701px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malabar_Jewish_High_Priest.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A high Priest of the Malabar Jews"><img alt="A high Priest of the Malabar Jews" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Malabar_Jewish_High_Priest.jpg/152px-Malabar_Jewish_High_Priest.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Malabar_Jewish_High_Priest.jpg/228px-Malabar_Jewish_High_Priest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Malabar_Jewish_High_Priest.jpg/304px-Malabar_Jewish_High_Priest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="1020" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A high Priest of the Malabar Jews</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paradesi_Jew_Bhagdhadi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Paradesi Jew of Baghdadi Origin"><img alt="A Paradesi Jew of Baghdadi Origin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Paradesi_Jew_Bhagdhadi.jpg/149px-Paradesi_Jew_Bhagdhadi.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Paradesi_Jew_Bhagdhadi.jpg/224px-Paradesi_Jew_Bhagdhadi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Paradesi_Jew_Bhagdhadi.jpg/298px-Paradesi_Jew_Bhagdhadi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="1021" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Paradesi Jew of <a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a> Origin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_young_jewesses.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two Young Achi's (Jewess in Malayalam)"><img alt="Two Young Achi's (Jewess in Malayalam)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Two_young_jewesses.jpg/195px-Two_young_jewesses.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Two_young_jewesses.jpg/293px-Two_young_jewesses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Two_young_jewesses.jpg/390px-Two_young_jewesses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="814" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two Young <i>Achi's</i> (Jewess in Malayalam)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_jewesses.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two Achi's (Jewess in Malayalam)"><img alt="Two Achi's (Jewess in Malayalam)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Two_jewesses.jpg/173px-Two_jewesses.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Two_jewesses.jpg/259px-Two_jewesses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Two_jewesses.jpg/345px-Two_jewesses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="797" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two <i>Achi's</i> (Jewess in Malayalam)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malabar_Jew.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Malabar Jew, circa 1920's"><img alt="A Malabar Jew, circa 1920's" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Malabar_Jew.jpg/200px-Malabar_Jew.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Malabar_Jew.jpg/300px-Malabar_Jew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Malabar_Jew.jpg/400px-Malabar_Jew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="595" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Malabar Jew, <i>circa</i> 1920's</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U_Nu_visiting_a_village_of_immigrants_from_Cuchin,_India._D777-114.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/U_Nu_visiting_a_village_of_immigrants_from_Cuchin%2C_India._D777-114.jpg/200px-U_Nu_visiting_a_village_of_immigrants_from_Cuchin%2C_India._D777-114.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/U_Nu_visiting_a_village_of_immigrants_from_Cuchin%2C_India._D777-114.jpg/300px-U_Nu_visiting_a_village_of_immigrants_from_Cuchin%2C_India._D777-114.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/U_Nu_visiting_a_village_of_immigrants_from_Cuchin%2C_India._D777-114.jpg/400px-U_Nu_visiting_a_village_of_immigrants_from_Cuchin%2C_India._D777-114.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2892" data-file-height="2175" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Juifs_noirs%22_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%22Juifs_noirs%22_01.jpg/200px-%22Juifs_noirs%22_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%22Juifs_noirs%22_01.jpg/300px-%22Juifs_noirs%22_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%22Juifs_noirs%22_01.jpg/400px-%22Juifs_noirs%22_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="501" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Juifs_noirs%22_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%22Juifs_noirs%22_02.jpg/200px-%22Juifs_noirs%22_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%22Juifs_noirs%22_02.jpg/300px-%22Juifs_noirs%22_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%22Juifs_noirs%22_02.jpg/400px-%22Juifs_noirs%22_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="498" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e9_794-0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e9_794-0.jpg/200px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e9_794-0.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e9_794-0.jpg/300px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e9_794-0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e9_794-0.jpg/400px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e9_794-0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="746" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Synagogues_in_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Synagogues in Kerala">List of Synagogues in Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">History of the Jews in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Barak_Salem" title="Abraham Barak Salem">Abraham Barak Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rabban" title="Joseph Rabban">Joseph Rabban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjuvannam" title="Anjuvannam">Anjuvannam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-life-and-religion/149027/cochin-indian-cuisine">"Jews from Cochin Bring Their Unique Indian Cuisine to Israeli Diners"</a>, <i>Tablet Magazine</i>, by Dana Kessler, 23 October 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jns.org/ancient-indian-jewish-community-holds-on-to-customs-despite-shrinking-numbers/">"Ancient Indian Jewish community holds on to customs despite shrinking numbers"</a>. 13 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+Jewish+community+holds+on+to+customs+despite+shrinking+numbers&rft.date=2022-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jns.org%2Fancient-indian-jewish-community-holds-on-to-customs-despite-shrinking-numbers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qhKGPprbQaYC&q=two+millennia"><i>The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities</i></a> by Orpa Slapak. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. 2003. p. 27. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-278-179-7" title="Special:BookSources/965-278-179-7">965-278-179-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, Shalva. "Jews in India." in M. Avrum Erlich (ed.) <i>Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora</i>, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC CLIO. 2008, 3: 1204-1212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, Shalva. <i>India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art, and Life-Cycle</i>, Mumbai: Marg Publications, 2009. [first published in 2002; 3rd edn] Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Menachery 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews", in Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember and Ian Skoggard (eds) <i>Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement</i>, New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. pp. 78-80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews" in Judith Baskin (ed.)<i> Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture</i>, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. pp. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katz-Koder-Puthiakunnel-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Katz-Koder-Puthiakunnel_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Thomas Puthiakunnel 1973.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, Shalva. "The Place of Alwaye in Modern Cochin Jewish History", <i>Journal of Modern Jewish Studies</i>, 2010. 8(3): 319-335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Weil, S.</b> 2019 (ed.) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Baghdadi-Jews-in-India-Maintaining-Communities-Negotiating-Identities/Weil/p/book/9781032091662">The Baghdadi Jews in India: Maintaining Communities, Negotiating Identities and Creating Super-Diversity</a>,</i> London and New York: Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, Shalva. <i>From Cochin to Israel</i>, Jerusalem: Kumu Berina, 1984. (Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, Shalva (with Jay Waronker and Marian Sofaer) <i>The Chennamangalam Synagogue: Jewish Community in a Village in Kerala</i>. Kerala: Chennamangalam Synagogue, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Synagogues of Kerala, India: Architectural and Cultural Heritage." <i>Cochinsyn.com</i>, Friends of Kerala Synagogues, 2011.M</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, Shalva. "In an Ancient Land: Trade and synagogues in south India", <i>Asian Jewish Life</i>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://asianjewishlife.org/pages/articles/winter2010-11/AJL_Feature_InAnAncientLand.html">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Jews of Kerala</i>, P. M. Jussay, cited in <i>The Last Jews of Kerala</i>, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Last Jews of Kerala</i>, p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Thomas Puthiakunnel 1973; David de Beth Hillel, 1832; Lord, James Henry 1977.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Last Jews of Kerala</i>, p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Last Jews of Kerala</i>, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamliel201855–56-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGamliel201855–56_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGamliel201855–56_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGamliel2018">Gamliel 2018</a>, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Place unidentified; possibly Keezhallur in Kerala State.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Place unidentified; poss. Madayikonan in Kerala State.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Place unidentified; poss. Palode in Kerala State.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Winter and Aug. Wünsche, <i>Die Jüdische Literatur seit Abschluss des Kanons</i>, vol. iii, Hildesheim 1965, pp. 459-462 (German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A similar tradition has been preserved by <a href="/wiki/David_Solomon_Sassoon" title="David Solomon Sassoon">David Solomon Sassoon</a>, where he mentions the first places of Jewish settlement on the Malabar Coast as Cranganore, Madai, Pelota and Palur, which were then under the rule of the Perumal dynasty. See: David Solomon Sassoon, <i>Ohel Dawid</i> (Descriptive catalogue of the Hebrew and Samaritan Manuscripts in the Sassoon Library, London), vol. 1, Oxford Univ. Press: London 1932, p. 370, section 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aramaic-language">"Aramaic language"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aramaic+language&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FAramaic-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/audiences/2006/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20060927.html">"Benedict XVI, General Audience, St Peter's Square: Thomas the twin"</a>. <i>w2.vatican.va</i>. 27 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=w2.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Benedict+XVI%2C+General+Audience%2C+St+Peter%27s+Square%3A+Thomas+the+twin&rft.date=2006-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fw2.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fbenedict-xvi%2Fen%2Faudiences%2F2006%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xvi_aud_20060927.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Puthiakunnel-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Puthiakunnel_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Puthiakunnel_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Puthiakunnel_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuthiakunnel1973" class="citation book cs1">Puthiakunnel, Thomas (1973). "<i>Jewish colonies of India paved the way for St. Thomas</i>". In Menachery, George (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vdN4vQEACAAJ"><i>The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India</i></a>. Vol. 2. Trichur. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1237836">1237836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+colonies+of+India+paved+the+way+for+St.+Thomas&rft.btitle=The+St.+Thomas+Christian+Encyclopaedia+of+India&rft.place=Trichur&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1237836&rft.aulast=Puthiakunnel&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvdN4vQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlapak2003" class="citation book cs1">Slapak, Orpa, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qhKGPprbQaYC&q=St.+Thomas"><i>The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities</i></a>. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-278-179-7" title="Special:BookSources/965-278-179-7"><bdi>965-278-179-7</bdi></a> – via University Press of New England.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+India%3A+A+Story+of+Three+Communities&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=The+Israel+Museum%2C+Jerusalem&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=965-278-179-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqhKGPprbQaYC%26q%3DSt.%2BThomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stthoma-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stthoma_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stthoma_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607150744/http://www.stthoma.com/india%20and%20stthomas/south_indian_mission.php">"<i>India and St.Thomas > South Indian Mission >Overview</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stthoma.com/india%20and%20stthomas/south_indian_mission.php">the original</a> on 7 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India+and+St.Thomas+%3E+South+Indian+Mission+%3EOverview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stthoma.com%2Findia%2520and%2520stthomas%2Fsouth_indian_mission.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuthiah1999" class="citation book cs1">Muthiah, S. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zl8MAQAAMAAJ&q=%22long-settled+Jews%22"><i>Madras Rediscovered: A Historical Guide to Looking Around, Supplemented with Tales of 'Once Upon a City'<span></span></i></a>. East West Books. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/818-685-222-0" title="Special:BookSources/818-685-222-0"><bdi>818-685-222-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madras+Rediscovered%3A+A+Historical+Guide+to+Looking+Around%2C+Supplemented+with+Tales+of+%27Once+Upon+a+City%27&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=East+West+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=818-685-222-0&rft.aulast=Muthiah&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzl8MAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522long-settled%2BJews%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeil1982175–196-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeil1982175–196_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeil1982175–196_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeil1982">Weil 1982</a>, pp. 175–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJussay2005118–128-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJussay2005118–128_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJussay2005118–128_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJussay2005">Jussay 2005</a>, pp. 118–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2010113-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2010113_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrykenberg2010">Frykenberg 2010</a>, pp. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, Shalva. "Symmetry between Christians and Jews in India: the Cnanite Christians and the Cochin Jews of Kerala", <i>Contributions to Indian Sociology, </i>1982. 16(2): 175-196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burnell, <i>Indian Antiquary</i>, iii. 333–334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haeem Samuel Kehimkar, <i>The History of the Bene-Israel of India</i> (ed. Immanuel Olsvanger), Tel-Aviv : The Dayag Press, Ltd.; London : G. Salby 1937, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Solomon Sassoon, <i>Ohel Dawid</i> (Descriptive catalogue of the Hebrew and Samaritan Manuscripts in the Sassoon Library, London), vol. 1, Oxford Univ. Press: London 1932, p. 370, section 268. According to David Solomon Sassoon, the copper plates were inscribed during the period of the last ruler of the Perumal dynasty, Shirman Perumal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldmoon-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-worldmoon_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-worldmoon_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-worldmoon_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2000" class="citation book cs1">Katz, Nathan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWX6pF2PTJwC&q=world+moon&pg=PA35"><i>Who are the Jews of India?</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520213234" title="Special:BookSources/9780520213234"><bdi>9780520213234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+are+the+Jews+of+India%3F&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780520213234&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZWX6pF2PTJwC%26q%3Dworld%2Bmoon%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ken Blady, <i>Jewish Communities in Exotic Places</i>. Northvale, N.J.: <a href="/wiki/Jason_Aronson" title="Jason Aronson">Jason Aronson</a> Inc., 2000. pp. 115–130.<br />Weil, Shalva. "Jews of India" in Raphael Patai and Haya Bar Itzhak (eds.) <i>Jewish Folklore and Traditions: A Multicultural Encyclopedia</i>, ABC-CLIO, Inc. 2013, (1: 255-258).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xQzuGncH1TgC&pg=PA59"><i>Three Years in America, 1859–1862</i></a> (pp. 59-60) by Israel Joseph Benjamin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GDNuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Roots of Dalit History, Christianity, Theology, and Spirituality</i></a> (p. 28) by James Massey, I.S.P.C.K.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendelssohn1920" class="citation book cs1">Mendelssohn, Sidney (1920). <i>The Jews of Asia: Especially in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries</i>. AMS Press. p. 109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Asia%3A+Especially+in+the+Sixteenth+and+Seventeenth+Centuries&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=AMS+Press&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Mendelssohn&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela</i> (ed. Marcus Nathan Adler), Oxford University Press, London 1907, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isjm-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isjm_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isjm_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isjm_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, Shalva. <i>From Cochin to Israel</i>. Jerusalem: Kumu Berina, 1984. (Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, Shalva. "Kerala to restore 400-year-old Indian synagogue", <i>The Jerusalem Post</i> (2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Last Jews of Kerala</i>, pp. 81–82.<br />Weil, Shalva (with Jay Waronker and Marian Sofaer) <i>The Chennamangalam Synagogue: Jewish Community in a Village in Kerala</i>. Kerala: Chennamangalam Synagogue, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Last Jews of Kerala</i> p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, Shalva. "The Place of Alwaye in Modern Cochin Jewish History", <i>Journal of Modern Jewish Studies</i>. 2010, 8(3): 319-335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, Shalva. From Cochin to Israel. Jerusalem: Kumu Berina, 1984. (Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, Shalva. "A Revival of Jewish Heritage on the Indian Tourism Trail". <i>Jerusalem Post Magazine</i>, 16 July 2010. pp. 34-36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This view is supported by Rabbi Yehezkel Rachbi of Cochin who, in a letter addressed to Tobias Boas of Amsterdam in 1768, wrote: "We are called 'White Jews', being people who have come from the Holy Land, (may it be built and established quickly, even in our days), while the Jews that are called 'Black' they became such in Malabar from proselytization and emancipation. However, their status and their rule of law, as well as their prayer, are just as ours." See: <a href="/wiki/Sefunot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefunot">Sefunot</a>; online edition: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ybz.org.il/_Uploads/dbsArticles/sefunotI_OCR.pdf"><i>Sefunot</i>, Book One (article: "Sources for the History on the Relations Between the White and Black Jews of Cochin")</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028214755/http://www.ybz.org.il/_Uploads/dbsArticles/sefunotI_OCR.pdf">Archived</a> 28 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. רמט, but in PDF p. 271 (Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Excursus:</b> The word used here in the Hebrew original is "Kena`anim", typically translated as "Canaanites". Etymologically, it is important to point out that during the Middle-Ages amongst Jewish scholars, the word "Kena`ani" had taken on the connotation of "German", or resident of Germany (Arabic: Alemania), which usage would have been familiar to our author, Zechariah al-Dhahiri. Not that the Germans are really derived from Canaan, since this has been refuted by later scholars, but only for the sake of clarity of intent do we make mention of this fact. Al-Dhahiri knew, just as we know today, that German Jews had settled in Cochin, the most notable families of which being Rottenburg and Ashkenazi, among others. In <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Ibn Ezra</a>'s commentary on Obadiah 1:20, he writes: "Who are [among] the Canaanites. We have heard from great men that the land of Germany (Alemania) they are the Canaanites who fled from the children of Israel when they came into the country". Rabbi <a href="/wiki/David_Kimchi" class="mw-redirect" title="David Kimchi">David Kimchi</a> (1160–1235), in his commentary on Obadiah 1:20, writes similarly: "Now they say by way of tradition that the people of the land of Germany (Alemania) were Canaanites, for when the Canaanite [nation] went away from Joshua, just as we have written in the Book of Joshua, they went off to the <i>land of Germany</i> (Alemania) and Escalona, which is called the land of Ashkenaz, while unto this day they are called Canaanites". Notwithstanding, Yehuda Ratzaby, in his <i>Sefer Hamussar</i> edition (published in 1965 by the Ben Zvi Institute in Jerusalem), believed Zechariah al-Dhahiri's intention here was to "emancipated Canaanite slaves", in which case, he takes the word literally as meaning Canaanite.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Dhahiri" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Al-Dhahiri, Zechariah. <i>Sefer Ha-Musar</i> (in Hebrew). (ed. Mordechai Yitzhari), Bnei Barak 2008. p. 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sefer+Ha-Musar&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=%28ed.+Mordechai+Yitzhari%29%2C+Bnei+Barak+2008&rft.aulast=Al-Dhahiri&rft.aufirst=Zechariah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Further Studies in the Jewish Copper Plates of Cochin", <i>Indian Historical Review</i>, vol. 29, no. 1–2, Jan. 2002, pp. 66–76, doi:10.1177/037698360202900204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited on p 51 in <i>The Last Jews of Kerala</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Weil, S.</b> 2020 (ed.) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Jews-Goa-Shalva-Weil/dp/9389755778">The Jews of Goa</a></i>, New Delhi: Primus Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4435-cochin">"Cochin Jews"</a>, <i>Indian Express</i>. Accessed 13 December 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/a-kochi-dream-died-in-mumbai/397831/0">"A Kochi dream died in Mumbai"</a>. <i>Indian Express</i>, 13 December 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz, <i>The Last Jews of Kerala</i>, p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psmag.com/social-justice/last-jews-of-cochin">"The Last Jews of Cochin"</a>. <i>Pacific Standard</i>. 21 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Standard&rft.atitle=The+Last+Jews+of+Cochin&rft.date=2017-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsmag.com%2Fsocial-justice%2Flast-jews-of-cochin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haeem Samuel Kehimkar, <i>The History of the Bene-Israel of India</i> (ed. Immanuel Olsvanger), Tel-Aviv: The Dayag Press, Ltd.; London: G. Salby 1937, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haeem Samuel Kehimkar, <i>A sketch of the history of Bene-Israel: and an appeal for their education</i>, Bombay : Education Society's Press 1892, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haeem Samuel Kehimkar, <i>The History of the Bene-Israel of India</i> (ed. Immanuel Olsvanger), Tel-Aviv : The Dayag Press, Ltd.; London : G. Salby 1937, pp. 67-68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13620-shurrabi-shelomo-salem">"SHURRABI, SHELOMO SALEM - JewishEncyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.jewishencyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=SHURRABI%2C+SHELOMO+SALEM+-+JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F13620-shurrabi-shelomo-salem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shulman, D. and Weil, S. (eds). <i>Karmic Passages: Israeli Scholarship on India</i>. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpector1972" class="citation journal cs1">Spector, Johanna (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/833956">"Shingli Tunes of the Cochin Jews"</a>. <i>Asian Music</i>. <b>3</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">23–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F833956">10.2307/833956</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-9202">0044-9202</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/833956">833956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Music&rft.atitle=Shingli+Tunes+of+the+Cochin+Jews&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=1972&rft.issn=0044-9202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F833956%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F833956&rft.aulast=Spector&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F833956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB.1993" class="citation book cs1">B., Segal, J. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/624148605"><i>A history of the Jews of Cochin</i></a>. Vallentine Mitchell. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/624148605">624148605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Jews+of+Cochin&rft.pub=Vallentine+Mitchell&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F624148605&rft.aulast=B.&rft.aufirst=Segal%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F624148605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roughguide-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roughguide_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbram2010" class="citation book cs1">Abram, David (November 2010). <i>The Rough Guide to Kerala</i> (2nd ed.). London, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84836-541-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84836-541-4"><bdi>978-1-84836-541-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Kerala&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=181&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2010-11&rft.isbn=978-1-84836-541-4&rft.aulast=Abram&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaubeySinghRaiKariappa2016" class="citation journal cs1">Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Singh, Manvendra; Rai, Niraj; Kariappa, Mini; Singh, Kamayani; Singh, Ashish; Pratap Singh, Deepankar; Tamang, Rakesh; Selvi Rani, Deepa; Reddy, Alla G.; Kumar Singh, Vijay; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy (13 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4725824">"Genetic affinities of the Jewish populations of India"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 19166. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...619166C">2016NatSR...619166C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep19166">10.1038/srep19166</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4725824">4725824</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26759184">26759184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Genetic+affinities+of+the+Jewish+populations+of+India&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19166&rft.date=2016-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4725824%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26759184&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep19166&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatSR...619166C&rft.aulast=Chaubey&rft.aufirst=Gyaneshwer&rft.au=Singh%2C+Manvendra&rft.au=Rai%2C+Niraj&rft.au=Kariappa%2C+Mini&rft.au=Singh%2C+Kamayani&rft.au=Singh%2C+Ashish&rft.au=Pratap+Singh%2C+Deepankar&rft.au=Tamang%2C+Rakesh&rft.au=Selvi+Rani%2C+Deepa&rft.au=Reddy%2C+Alla+G.&rft.au=Kumar+Singh%2C+Vijay&rft.au=Singh%2C+Lalji&rft.au=Thangaraj%2C+Kumarasamy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4725824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler,_Marcus_Nathan1907" class="citation web cs1">Adler, Marcus Nathan (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/tudela.html">"The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: Critical Text, Translation and Commentary"</a>. <i>Depts.washington.edu</i>. New York: Phillip Feldheim, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Depts.washington.edu&rft.atitle=The+Itinerary+of+Benjamin+of+Tudela%3A+Critical+Text%2C+Translation+and+Commentary&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Adler%2C+Marcus+Nathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fsilkroad%2Ftexts%2Ftudela.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Twersky, Isadore. <i>A Maimonides Reader</i>. Behrman House. Inc., 1972, pp. 481–482</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz, Nathan and Ellen S. Goldberg. <i>The Last Jews of Cochin: Jewish Identity in Hindu India</i>. University of South Carolina Press, p. 40. Also, Katz, Nathan, <i>Who Are the Jews of India?</i>, University of California Press, 2000, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz, <i>Who Are the Jews of India?</i>, op. cit., p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010515024520/http://www.isjm.org/jhr/IInos3-4/india.htm">"ISJM Jewish Heritage Report Volume II, nos 3-4"</a>. 25 January 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isjm.org/jhr/IInos3-4/india.htm">the original</a> on 15 May 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISJM+Jewish+Heritage+Report+Volume+II%2C+nos+3-4&rft.date=1999-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isjm.org%2Fjhr%2FIInos3-4%2Findia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=558&letter=C">"Jacobs, Joseph and Joseph Ezekiel. "Cochin", 1901–1906, pp. 135–138"</a>. Jewishencyclopedia.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jacobs%2C+Joseph+and+Joseph+Ezekiel.+%22Cochin%22%2C+1901%E2%80%931906%2C+pp.+135%E2%80%93138&rft.pub=Jewishencyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D558%26letter%3DC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sing-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sing_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sing_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChemana2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chemana, Martine (15 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/bcrfj/752">"Les femmes chantent, les hommes écoutent.. Chants en malayalam (pattu-kal) des Kochini, communautés juives du Kerala, en Inde et en Israël"</a> [Women sing, men listen: Malayalam folksongs of the Cochini, the Jewish Community of Kerala, in India and in Israel]. <i>Bulletin du Centre de recherche français à Jérusalem</i> (in French) (11): <span class="nowrap">28–</span>44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+du+Centre+de+recherche+fran%C3%A7ais+%C3%A0+J%C3%A9rusalem&rft.atitle=Les+femmes+chantent%2C+les+hommes+%C3%A9coutent..+Chants+en+malayalam+%28pattu-kal%29+des+Kochini%2C+communaut%C3%A9s+juives+du+Kerala%2C+en+Inde+et+en+Isra%C3%ABl&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=2002-10-15&rft.aulast=Chemana&rft.aufirst=Martine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fbcrfj%2F752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeil2006" class="citation journal cs1">Weil, Shalva (2006). "Today is Purim: A Cochin Jewish Song in Hebrew". <i>TAPASAM Journal: Quarterly Journal for Kerala Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">575–</span>588.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TAPASAM+Journal%3A+Quarterly+Journal+for+Kerala+Studies&rft.atitle=Today+is+Purim%3A+A+Cochin+Jewish+Song+in+Hebrew&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E575-%3C%2Fspan%3E588&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Shalva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPradeep,_K.2005" class="citation news cs1">Pradeep, K. (15 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060910074302/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2005/05/15/stories/2005051500300400.htm">"Musical Heritage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2005/05/15/stories/2005051500300400.htm">the original</a> on 10 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Musical+Heritage&rft.date=2005-05-15&rft.au=Pradeep%2C+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fthehindu%2Fmag%2F2005%2F05%2F15%2Fstories%2F2005051500300400.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_Barbara_C.2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Johnson, Barbara C. (1 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/cochin-jewish-womens-music">"Cochin: Jewish Women's Music"</a>. <i>Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia</i>. Jewish Women's Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cochin%3A+Jewish+Women%27s+Music&rft.btitle=Jewish+Women%3A+A+Comprehensive+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Jewish+Women%27s+Archive&rft.date=2009-03-01&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Barbara+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwa.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fcochin-jewish-womens-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/cochin-jewish-womens-music">"Cochin: Jewish Women's Music"</a>. <i>Jewish Women's Archive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Women%27s+Archive&rft.atitle=Cochin%3A+Jewish+Women%27s+Music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjwa.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fcochin-jewish-womens-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaronker2007" class="citation book cs1">Waronker, Jay (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/173844321"><i>Jay Waronker : India's synagogues ; March-April 7, 2007</i></a>. Handwerker Gallery, Ithaca College. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/173844321">173844321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jay+Waronker+%3A+India%27s+synagogues+%3B+March-April+7%2C+2007.&rft.pub=Handwerker+Gallery%2C+Ithaca+College&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F173844321&rft.aulast=Waronker&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F173844321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cochinsyn.com/">"The Synagogues of Kerala"</a>. <i>cochinsyn.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cochinsyn.com&rft.atitle=The+Synagogues+of+Kerala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcochinsyn.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubinKahn2020" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Aaron D.; Kahn, Lily (13 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W8QIEAAAQBAJ"><i>Jewish Languages from A to Z</i></a>. Routledge. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-04343-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-04343-4"><bdi>978-1-351-04343-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Languages+from+A+to+Z&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-09-13&rft.isbn=978-1-351-04343-4&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Aaron+D.&rft.au=Kahn%2C+Lily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW8QIEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sarah-cohen-the-oldest-kerala-jew-passes-away/article29302997.ece">"Sarah Cohen, the oldest Kerala Jew, passes away"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 30 August 2019 – via www.thehindu.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Sarah+Cohen%2C+the+oldest+Kerala+Jew%2C+passes+away&rft.date=2019-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkerala%2Fsarah-cohen-the-oldest-kerala-jew-passes-away%2Farticle29302997.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fernandes, Edna. (2008) <i>The Last Jews of Kerala</i>. London: Portobello Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84627-098-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84627-098-7">978-1-84627-098-7</a></li> <li>Koder, S. "History of the Jews of Kerala", <i>The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India</i>, ed. G. Menachery, 1973.</li> <li>Puthiakunnel, Thomas. (1973) "Jewish Colonies of India Paved the Way for St. Thomas", <i>The Saint Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India</i>, ed. George Menachery, Vol. II., Trichur.</li> <li>Daniel, Ruby & B. Johnson. (1995). <i>Ruby of Cochin: An Indian Jewish Woman Remembers</i>. Philadelphia and Jerusalem: Jewish Publication Society.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/landpermaulsorc00daygoog">The Land of the Permauls, Or, Cochin, Its Past and Its Present</a> Day, Francis (1869). <i>The Land of the Permauls, Or, Cochin, Its Past and Its Present</i>, Cochin Jewish life in 18th century, read Chapter VIII (pp. 336 to 354), reproduced pp. 446–451 in ICHC I, 1998, Ed. George Menachery. Francis Day was a British civil surgeon in 1863.</li> <li>Walter J. Fischel, <i>The Cochin Jews</i>, reproduced from the Cochin Synagogue, 4th century, Vol. 1968, Ed. Velayudhan and Koder, Kerala History Association, Ernakulam, reproduced in ICHC I, Ed. George Menachery, 1998, pp. 562–563</li> <li>de Beth Hillel, David. (1832) <i>Travels</i>; Madras.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrykenberg2010" class="citation book cs1">Frykenberg, Robert (2010). <i>Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199575831" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199575831"><bdi>978-0199575831</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+India%3A+From+Beginnings+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0199575831&rft.aulast=Frykenberg&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamliel2009" class="citation thesis cs1">Gamliel, Ophira (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326052302/http://shemer.mslib.huji.ac.il/dissertations/W/JMS/001489509.pdf"><i>Jewish Malayalam Women's Songs</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD thesis). Hebrew University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shemer.mslib.huji.ac.il/dissertations/W/JMS/001489509.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Jewish+Malayalam+Women%27s+Songs&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Hebrew+University&rft.date=2009-04&rft.aulast=Gamliel&rft.aufirst=Ophira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshemer.mslib.huji.ac.il%2Fdissertations%2FW%2FJMS%2F001489509.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamliel2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gamliel, Ophira (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/157659/1/157659.pdf">"Back from Shingly: Revisiting the Premodern History of Jews in Kerala"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Indian Economic and Social History Review</i>. <b>55</b>: <span class="nowrap">53–</span>76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0019464617745926">10.1177/0019464617745926</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149268133">149268133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Economic+and+Social+History+Review&rft.atitle=Back+from+Shingly%3A+Revisiting+the+Premodern+History+of+Jews+in+Kerala&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0019464617745926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149268133%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gamliel&rft.aufirst=Ophira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.gla.ac.uk%2F157659%2F1%2F157659.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jussay, P.M. (1986) "The Wedding Songs of the Cochin Jews and of the Knanite Christians of Kerala: A Study in Comparison". Symposium.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJussay2005" class="citation book cs1">Jussay, P. M. (2005). <i>The Jews of Kerala</i>. Calicut: Publication division, University of Calicut.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Kerala&rft.place=Calicut&rft.pub=Publication+division%2C+University+of+Calicut&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Jussay&rft.aufirst=P.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hough, James. (1893) <i>The History of Christianity in India</i>.</li> <li>Lord, James Henry. (1977) <i>The Jews in India and the Far East</i>. 120 pp.; Greenwood Press Reprint; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8371-2615-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8371-2615-0">0-8371-2615-0</a></li> <li>Menachery, George, ed. (1998) <i>The Indian Church History Classics</i>, Vol. I, <i>The Nazranies</i>, Ollur, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-87133-05-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-87133-05-8">81-87133-05-8</a></li> <li>Katz, Nathan; & Goldberg, Ellen S; (1993) <i>The Last Jews of Cochin: Jewish Identity in Hindu India</i>. Foreword by Daniel J. Elazar, Columbia, SC: Univ. of South Carolina Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87249-847-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87249-847-6">0-87249-847-6</a></li> <li>Menachery, George, ed. (1973) <i>The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India</i> B.N.K. Press, vol. 2, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-87132-06-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-87132-06-X">81-87132-06-X</a>, Lib. Cong. Cat. Card. No. 73-905568 ; B.N.K. Press</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeil1982" class="citation journal cs1">Weil, Shalva (25 July 2016). "Symmetry between Christians and Jews in India: the Cnanite Christians and the Cochin Jews of Kerala". <i>Contributions to Indian Sociology</i>. <b>16</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">175–</span>196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F006996678201600202">10.1177/006996678201600202</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143053857">143053857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contributions+to+Indian+Sociology&rft.atitle=Symmetry+between+Christians+and+Jews+in+India%3A+the+Cnanite+Christians+and+the+Cochin+Jews+of+Kerala&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E196&rft.date=2016-07-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F006996678201600202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143053857%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Shalva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Weil, Shalva. From Cochin to Israel. Jerusalem: Kumu Berina, 1984. (Hebrew)</li> <li>Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews", in Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember and Ian Skoggard (eds) Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement, New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. pp. 78–80.</li> <li>Weil, Shalva. "Jews in India." in M.Avrum Erlich (ed.) Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC CLIO. 2008, 3: 1204–1212.</li> <li>Weil, Shalva. India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle, Mumbai: Marg Publications, 2009. [first published in 2002; 3rd edn.].</li> <li>Weil, Shalva. "The Place of Alwaye in Modern Cochin Jewish History." <i>Journal of Modern Jewish Studies. </i>2010, 8(3): 319-335</li> <li>Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews" in Judith Baskin (ed.) Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. pp. 107.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeil2006" class="citation journal cs1">Weil, Shalva (2006). "Today is Purim: A Cochin Jewish Song in Hebrew". <i>TAPASAM Journal: Quarterly Journal for Kerala Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">575–</span>588.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TAPASAM+Journal%3A+Quarterly+Journal+for+Kerala+Studies&rft.atitle=Today+is+Purim%3A+A+Cochin+Jewish+Song+in+Hebrew&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E575-%3C%2Fspan%3E588&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Shalva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiriyankandath2008" class="citation journal cs1">Chiriyankandath, James (1 March 2008). "Nationalism, religion and community: A. B. Salem, the politics of identity and the disappearance of Cochin Jewry". <i>Journal of Global History</i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">21–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1740022808002428">10.1017/S1740022808002428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Global+History&rft.atitle=Nationalism%2C+religion+and+community%3A+A.+B.+Salem%2C+the+politics+of+identity+and+the+disappearance+of+Cochin+Jewry&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=2008-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1740022808002428&rft.aulast=Chiriyankandath&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Katz, Nathan. (2000) <i>Who Are the Jews of India?</i>; Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21323-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21323-8">0-520-21323-8</a></li> <li>Katz, Nathan; Goldberg, Ellen S; (1995) "Leaving Mother India: Reasons for the Cochin Jews' Migration to Israel", <i>Population Review</i> 39, 1 & 2 : 35–53.</li> <li>George Menachery, <i>The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India</i>, Vol. III, 2010, Plate f.p. 264 for 9 photographs, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1237836">1237836</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87132-06-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87132-06-6">978-81-87132-06-6</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aapress.com/ethnicity/indian/minnesota-and-the-jews-of-india/">Paulose, Rachel. "Minnesota and the Jews of India"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130614094235/http://aapress.com/ethnicity/indian/minnesota-and-the-jews-of-india/">Archived</a> 14 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Asian American Press</i>, 14 February 2012</li> <li>Van der Haven, Alexander. "A Jewish Qur’an: An Eighteenth-Century Hebrew Qur’an Translation in its Indian Context." <i>Religions</i>. 2023, 14 no. 11, 1368 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14111368">[2]</a></li> <li>Weil, Shalva. "Obituary: Professor J. B. Segal." <i>Journal of Indo-Judaic Studies</i>. 2005, 7: 117–119.</li> <li>Weil, Shalva. "Indian Judaic Tradition." in Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby (eds) <i>Religions in South Asia</i>, London: Palgrave Publishers. 2006, pp. 169–183.</li> <li>Weil, Shalva. "Indo-Judaic Studies in the Twenty-First Century: A Perspective from the Margin", Katz, N., Chakravarti, R., Sinha, B. M. and Weil, S. (eds) New York and Basingstoke, England: Palgrave-Macmillan Press. 2007.</li> <li>Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews(South Asia)." in Paul Hockings (ed.) <i>Encyclopedia of World Cultures</i>, Boston, Mass: G.K. Hall & Co.2. 1992, 71–73.</li> <li>Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews." in Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember and Ian Skoggard (eds) <i>Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement</i>. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. 2002, pp. 78–80.</li> <li>Weil, Shalva. "Judaism-South Asia", in David Levinson and Karen Christensen (eds) <i>Encyclopedia of Modern Asia</i>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 2004, 3: 284–286.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeil2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Weil, Shalva (2007). "Cochin Jews". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fred_Skolnik" title="Fred Skolnik">Skolnik, Fred</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. <span class="nowrap">335–</span>339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4"><bdi>978-0-02-866097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cochin+Jews&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E335-%3C%2Fspan%3E339&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-02-866097-4&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Shalva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochin+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Weil, Shalva. "Jews in India." in M.Avrum Erlich (ed.) <i>Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora</i>, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC CLIO. 2008.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cochin_Jews" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cochin Jews">Cochin Jews</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adaniel.tripod.com/cochin.htm">Cochin Jews</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816072043/http://ionas-editions.com/en/2016/07/14/1687-mosseh-pereyra-de-paiva-notisias-dos-judeos-de-cochim-2/">(1687) Mosseh Pereyra de Paiva - Notisias dos Judeos de Cochim</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=40&letter=C">"Calcutta Jews"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>, 1901-1906 edition</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060910074302/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2005/05/15/stories/2005051500300400.htm">"Cochin Jewish musical heritage"</a>, <i>The Hindu</i>, 15 May 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031027084148/http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/11/stories/2003091108060400.htm">news "Indian officials recount Cochin Jewish history"</a>, <i>The Hindu</i>, 11 September 2003</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cochinsyn.com">The Synagogues of Kerala</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorsights.com/2016/03/india-minor-synagogues-of-kerala.html">Synagogues of Chendamangalam and Pavur, Kerala</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kochi230" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kochi_(India)" title="Template:Kochi (India)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kochi_(India)" title="Template talk:Kochi (India)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kochi_(India)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kochi (India)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kochi230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Drive,_Kochi" title="Marine Drive, Kochi">Marine Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattancherry_Palace" title="Mattancherry Palace">Mattancherry Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Palace,_Tripunithura" title="Hill Palace, Tripunithura">Hill Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durbar_Hall_Ground" title="Durbar Hall Ground">Durbar Hall Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyittuvazhcha_Kovilakam" title="Ariyittuvazhcha Kovilakam">Ariyittuvazhcha Kovilakam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neighbourhoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edappally" title="Edappally">Edappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernakulam" title="Ernakulam">Ernakulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Nagar,_Kochi" title="Gandhi Nagar, Kochi">Gandhi Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaloor" title="Kaloor">Kaloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Drive,_Kochi" title="Marine Drive, Kochi"> Marine Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattancherry" title="Mattancherry">Mattancherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palarivattom" title="Palarivattom">Palarivattom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panampilly_Nagar" title="Panampilly Nagar">Panampilly Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakkanad" title="Kakkanad">Kakkanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadavanthra" title="Kadavanthra">Kadavanthra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripunithura" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripunithura">Tripunithura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyttila" title="Vyttila">Vyttila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willingdon_Island" title="Willingdon Island">Willingdon Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kochi" title="History of Kochi">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoma_of_Villarvattom" title="Thoma of Villarvattom">Thoma of Villarvattom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kerala" title="History of Kerala">History of Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore-Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore-Cochin">Travancore-Cochin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kochi" title="Transport in Kochi">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_International_Airport" title="Cochin International Airport">Cochin International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Harbour_Terminus_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin Harbour Terminus railway station">Cochin Harbour Terminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edappally_railway_station" title="Edappally railway station">Edappally railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernakulam_Junction_railway_station" title="Ernakulam Junction railway station">Ernakulam Junction railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernakulam_Terminus_railway_station" title="Ernakulam Terminus railway station">Ernakulam Terminus railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernakulam_Town_railway_station" title="Ernakulam Town railway station">Ernakulam Town railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Port" title="Cochin Port">Cochin Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Shipyard" title="Cochin Shipyard">Cochin Shipyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Urban_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation">Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Kerala State Road Transport Corporation">Kerala State Road Transport Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Water_Transport_Department" title="Kerala State Water Transport Department">Kerala State Water Transport Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi_Metro" title="Kochi Metro">Kochi Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyttila_Mobility_Hub" title="Vyttila Mobility Hub">Vyttila Mobility Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi_Water_Metro" title="Kochi Water Metro">Kochi Water Metro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kochi_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kochi Municipal Corporation">Kochi Municipal Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_High_Court" title="Kerala High Court">Kerala High Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Stock_Exchange" title="Cochin Stock Exchange">Cochin Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerfed" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumerfed">Consumerfed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilisers_and_Chemicals_Travancore" title="Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore">Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cochin_Development_Authority" title="Greater Cochin Development Authority">Greater Cochin Development Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Container_Transshipment_Terminal,_Kochi" title="International Container Transshipment Terminal, Kochi">International Container Transshipment Terminal, Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Civil_Supplies_Corporation" title="Kerala State Civil Supplies Corporation">Kerala State Civil Supplies Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi_Refineries" title="Kochi Refineries">Kochi Refineries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oberon_Mall" title="Oberon Mall">Oberon Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulu_International_Shopping_Mall,_Kochi" title="Lulu International Shopping Mall, Kochi">LuLu International Shopping Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Souk_Grande,_Kochi" title="Gold Souk Grande, Kochi">Gold Souk Grandé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abad_Nucleus_Mall" title="Abad Nucleus Mall">Abad Nucleus Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_Thomsun_Mall" title="Forum Thomsun Mall">Forum Thomsun Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q1_Mall" title="Q1 Mall">Q1 Mall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kochi" title="Culture of Kochi">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cochin Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Catholics_of_Malabar" title="Latin Catholics of Malabar">Latin Catholics of Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luso-Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Luso-Indians">Luso-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Kerala">Cuisine of Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kerala" title="Culture of Kerala">Culture of Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabhavan" title="Kalabhavan">Kalabhavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Major_Archeparchy_of_Ernakulam-Angamaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly">Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cochin" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin">Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Verapoly" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places of worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chempittapally" title="Chempittapally">Chempittapally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chottanikkara_Temple" title="Chottanikkara Temple">Chottanikkara Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernakulam_Shiva_Temple" title="Ernakulam Shiva Temple">Ernakulam Shiva Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadavumbhagam_Ernakulam_Synagogue" title="Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue">Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadavumbhagam_Mattancherry_Synagogue" title="Kadavumbhagam Mattancherry Synagogue">Kadavumbhagam Mattancherry Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Synagogue" title="Paradesi Synagogue">Paradesi Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Poornathrayeesa_Temple" title="Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple">Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Cathedral_Basilica,_Ernakulam" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Catholic Cathedral Basilica, Ernakulam">St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George_Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Forane_Church,_Edappally" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, Edappally">St. George Syro-Malabar Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Church,_Kochi" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Francis Church, Kochi">St. Francis Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamaramkulangara_Sree_Dharma_Sastha_Temple" title="Thamaramkulangara Sree Dharma Sastha Temple">Thamaramkulangara Sree Dharma Sastha Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallarpadam_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallarpadam Church">Vallarpadam Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health care</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amala_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Amala Institute of Medical Sciences">Amala Institute of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrita_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences_and_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre">Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aster_Medcity" title="Aster Medcity">Aster Medcity</a></li> <li>Gautham Hospital</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Hospital,_Ernakulam" class="mw-redirect" title="General Hospital, Ernakulam">General Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Co-operative_Hospital" title="Indira Gandhi Co-operative Hospital">Indira Gandhi Co-operative Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakeshore_Hospital" title="Lakeshore Hospital">Lakeshore Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisie_Hospital,_Kochi" title="Lisie Hospital, Kochi">Lisie Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisie_Heart_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisie Heart Institute">Lisie Heart Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lourdes_Heart_institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Lourdes Heart institute">Lourdes Heart institute</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lourdes_Hospital_(Kerala)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lourdes Hospital (Kerala) (page does not exist)">Lourdes Hospital (Kerala)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Augustine_Kandathil_Memorial_Lisie_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Augustine Kandathil Memorial Lisie Hospital">Mar Augustine Kandathil Memorial Lisie Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Trust_Hospital" title="Medical Trust Hospital">Medical Trust Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraf_Hospital" title="Saraf Hospital">Saraf Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_Hospital_Kochi" title="Sunrise Hospital Kochi">Sunrise Hospital Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renai_medicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Renai medicity">Renai medicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajagiri_Hospital" title="Rajagiri Hospital">Rajagiri Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisi_Vidyaniketan_Public_School" title="Assisi Vidyaniketan Public School">Assissi Vidyaniketan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Vidya_Bhavan" title="Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan">Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmaya_Vidyalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmaya Vidyalaya">Chinmaya Vidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Choice School">Choice School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Refineries_School" title="Cochin Refineries School">Cochin Refineries School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendriya_Vidyalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kendriya Vidyalaya">Kendriya Vidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Children_School" title="Navy Children School">Navy Children School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Higher_Secondary_School,_Thevara" title="Sacred Heart Higher Secondary School, Thevara">Sacred Heart Higher Secondary School, Thevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Rama_Varma_High_School" title="Sree Rama Varma High School">SRV High School</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St.Treasas_Convent_Girls_Higher_Secondary_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St.Treasas Convent Girls Higher Secondary School (page does not exist)">St.Treasas Convent Girls Higher Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toc-H_Public_School" title="Toc-H Public School">Toc-H Public School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Delta_Study" title="The Delta Study">The Delta Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyodaya_School" title="Vidyodaya School">Vidyodaya School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Cochin University of Science and Technology">Cochin University of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Advanced_Legal_Studies" title="National University of Advanced Legal Studies">National University of Advanced Legal Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marine_Fisheries_Research_Institute" title="Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute">Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Sankaracharya_University_of_Sanskrit" title="Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit">Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Engineering_College" title="Model Engineering College">Model Engineering College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Law_College,_Ernakulam" title="Government Law College, Ernakulam">Government Law College, Ernakulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Communication_and_Management_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Communication and Management Studies">School of Communication and Management Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertian_Institute_of_Management" title="Albertian Institute of Management">Albertian Institute of Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajagiri_School_of_Engineering_%26_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajagiri School of Engineering & Technology">Rajagiri School of Engineering & Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Federal Institute of Science and Technology">Federal Institute of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_College,_Thevara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Heart College, Thevara">Sacred Heart College, Thevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCMS_School_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="SCMS School of Engineering and Technology">SCMS School of Engineering and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Teresa%27s_College" title="St. Teresa's College">St. Teresa's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharaja%27s_College,_Ernakulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharaja's College, Ernakulam">Maharaja's College, Ernakulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MES_College_Marampally,_Aluva" title="MES College Marampally, Aluva">MES College Marampally, Aluva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Medical_College,_Ernakulam" title="Government Medical College, Ernakulam">Government Medical College, Ernakulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharata_Mata_College" title="Bharata Mata College">Bharata Mata College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Albert%27s_College" title="St. Albert's College">St. Albert's College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Road_(Kochi)" title="Mahatma Gandhi Road (Kochi)">Mahatma Gandhi Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittoor_Road" title="Chittoor Road">Chittoor Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banerji_Road" title="Banerji Road">Banerji Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanmugham_Road" title="Shanmugham Road">Shanmugham Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue_(Kochi)" title="Park Avenue (Kochi)">Park Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S.A_Road" title="S.A Road">S.A Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaloor-Kadavanthra_Road" title="Kaloor-Kadavanthra Road">Kaloor-Kadavanthra Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi_Bypass" title="Kochi Bypass">Kochi Bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaport-Airport_Road" title="Seaport-Airport Road">Seaport-Airport Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi_New_Bypass" title="Kochi New Bypass">Kochi New Bypass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Stadium_(Kochi)" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)">Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Sports_Centre,_Kochi" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Sports Centre, Kochi">Regional Sports Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharaja%27s_College_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharaja's College Stadium">Maharaja's College Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FACT_Stadium" title="FACT Stadium">FACT Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Blasters_FC" title="Kerala Blasters FC">Kerala Blasters FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi_Tuskers_Kerala" title="Kochi Tuskers Kerala">Kochi Tuskers Kerala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Press</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Malayala_Manorama" title="Malayala Manorama">Malayala Manorama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathrubhumi" title="Mathrubhumi">Mathrubhumi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamam_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhyamam Daily">Madhyamam Daily</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deshabhimani" title="Deshabhimani">Deshabhimani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sathyadeepam" title="Sathyadeepam">Sathyadeepam</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surya_TV" title="Surya TV">Surya TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowers_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flowers (TV channel)">Flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeevan_TV" title="Jeevan TV">Jeevan TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reporter_TV" title="Reporter TV">Reporter TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochu_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Kochu TV">Kochu TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiavision" title="Indiavision">Indiavision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Jews_in_Asia418" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Jews_in_Asia418" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History of the Jews in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bangladesh" title="History of the Jews in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Timor-Leste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Timor-Leste (page does not exist)">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Abkhazia" title="History of the Jews in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Ossetia" title="History of the Jews in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Taiwan" title="History of the Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hong_Kong" title="History of the Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jews_and_Judaism715" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jews_and_Judaism715" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">Outline of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jewish_history-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Jewish history-related articles">Index of Jewish history-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malay" title="Judeo-Malay">Judeo-Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_other_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Judaism" title="Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Halloween" title="Jews and Halloween">Jews and Halloween</a></li></ul></li> <li>non-Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></b></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&oldid=1275099881">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&oldid=1275099881</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cochin_Jews" title="Category:Cochin Jews">Cochin Jews</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism_in_India" title="Category:Jews and Judaism in India">Jews and Judaism in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kerala_society" title="Category:Kerala society">Kerala society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_Jews" title="Category:Indian Jews">Indian Jews</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_ethnic_groups" title="Category:Jewish ethnic groups">Jewish ethnic groups</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_groups_of_Kerala" title="Category:Social groups of Kerala">Social groups of Kerala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Kerala" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Kerala">Ethnic groups in Kerala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judaism_in_Kerala" title="Category:Judaism in Kerala">Judaism in Kerala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Indian_communities" title="Category:South Indian communities">South Indian communities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_India" title="Category:Ethnic groups in India">Ethnic groups in India</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hebrew-language_sources_(he)" title="Category:CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)">CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2023">Articles needing additional references from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_February_2017" title="Category:Use Indian English from February 2017">Use Indian English from February 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from December 2020">Use dmy dates from December 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%22Related_ethnic_groups%22_needing_confirmation" title="Category:"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation">"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_ethnic_group_with_image_parameters" title="Category:Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters">Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hatnote_templates_targeting_a_nonexistent_page" title="Category:Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page">Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Malayalam-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Malayalam-language text">Articles containing Malayalam-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 February 2025, at 01:32<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cochin Jews</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>22 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-9bfq9","wgBackendResponseTime":147,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.205","walltime":"1.522","ppvisitednodes":{"value":21507,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":310635,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":16230,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":17,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":285723,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1232.892 1 -total"," 20.04% 247.055 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.20% 187.398 1 Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar"," 14.99% 184.852 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 13.25% 163.302 4 Template:Navbox"," 12.53% 154.473 6 Template:Sidebar"," 9.86% 121.562 1 Template:Asia_topic"," 9.20% 113.388 1 Template:Infobox_ethnic_group"," 8.11% 100.005 56 Template:Iso2country"," 7.98% 98.389 10 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.646","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":27760735,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbram2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdler,_Marcus_Nathan1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl-Dhahiri\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB.1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaubeySinghRaiKariappa2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChemana2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiriyankandath2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrykenberg2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGamliel2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGamliel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson,_Barbara_C.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJussay2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatz2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMendelssohn1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuthiah1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPradeep,_K.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuthiakunnel1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubinKahn2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlapak2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpector1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaronker2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeil\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeil1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeil2006\"] = 2,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Asia topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite EJ\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 10,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"IND\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 8,\n [\"ISR\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Jews and Judaism\"] = 1,\n [\"Jews and Judaism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Kochi (India) topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Oclc\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Script/Hebrew\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 7,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-mrd9b","timestamp":"20250216031259","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Cochin Jews","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cochin_Jews","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1105126","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1105126","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-02-28T06:24:40Z","dateModified":"2025-02-11T01:32:08Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9d\/Cochin_Jews.jpg","headline":"ethnic group"}</script> </body> </html>