CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Self - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2ffec714-99cc-4799-a140-07e3fd6c0c4c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Self","wgTitle":"Self","wgCurRevisionId":1254742305,"wgRevisionId":1254742305,"wgArticleId":60330,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2022","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2024","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Pali-language text","Articles containing Sanskrit-language text","Self","Concepts in metaphysics"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Self", "wgRelevantArticleId":60330,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3236990","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform", "platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Self - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Self&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Self rootpage-Self skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Self" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Self" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Self" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Self" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychiatry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychiatry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Psychiatry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychiatry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neuroscience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuroscience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Neuroscience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuroscience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sociology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Self</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ذات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99nlik" title="Mənlik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mənlik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka-t%C4%AB" title="Ka-tī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ka-tī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadiri" title="Sadiri – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sadiri" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo" title="Jo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1stv%C3%AD" title="Jáství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jáství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbune" title="Mbune – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mbune" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selbst" title="Selbst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Selbst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina" title="Mina – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mina" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Εαυτός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εαυτός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AD_mismo" title="Sí mismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sí mismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi_(filozofio)" title="Mi (filozofio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mi (filozofio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni" title="Ni – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ni" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF" title="خود – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soi" title="Soi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Soi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5" title="સ્વ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સ્વ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0_(%EC%8B%AC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99)" title="자기 (심리학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자기 (심리학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="आत्मन् – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आत्मन्" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jastvo" title="Jastvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jastvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diri" title="Diri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Diri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9_(coscienza)" title="Sé (coscienza) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sé (coscienza)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat%C4%ABba" title="Patība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Patība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patyb%C4%97" title="Patybė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Patybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeg_(filosofi)" title="Jeg (filosofi) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jeg (filosofi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE" title="ਆਪਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਪਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C5%BA%C5%84" title="Jaźń – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jaźń" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_mesmo" title="Si mesmo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Si mesmo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Самость – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Самость" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self" title="Self – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Self" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jastvo" title="Jastvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jastvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сопство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сопство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jastvo" title="Jastvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jastvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99" title="ตัวตน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตัวตน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benlik" title="Benlik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Benlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Самість – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Самість" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3n_th%C3%A2n" title="Bản thân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bản thân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%AE%B6" title="自家 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="自家" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91" title="自我 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自我" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3236990#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Self" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Self" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Self"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Self"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Self" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Self" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self&oldid=1254742305" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Self&id=1254742305&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSelf"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSelf"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Self&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Self" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Self" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3236990" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Individual person as the object of its own reflective consciousness</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about self in reference to individual. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Self_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Self (disambiguation)">Self (disambiguation)</a>. For subjective experience, see <a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a>. For personal identity, see <a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity</a>. For the article about mental appearance, see <a href="/wiki/Self-image" title="Self-image">Self-image</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Selves" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Selves_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Selves (disambiguation)">Selves (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ddddff;;padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Self" title="Category:Self">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ddddff;;padding-top:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Self</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Constructs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-knowledge_(psychology)" title="Self-knowledge (psychology)">Self-knowledge (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-image" title="Self-image">Self-image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-concept" title="Self-concept">Self-concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-schema" title="Self-schema">Self-schema</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Theories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neural_basis_of_self" title="Neural basis of self">Neural basis of self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-categorization_theory" title="Self-categorization theory">Self-categorization theory</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Processes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-perception_theory" title="Self-perception theory">Self-perception theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">Self-awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-reflection" title="Self-reflection">Self-reflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-consciousness" title="Self-consciousness">Self-consciousness</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Value judgment</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">Self-esteem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_self_and_false_self" title="True self and false self">True self and false self</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> As applied to activities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-assessment" title="Self-assessment">Self-assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-efficacy" title="Self-efficacy">Self-efficacy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Interpersonal</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-disclosure" title="Self-disclosure">Self-disclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-concealment" title="Self-concealment">Self-concealment</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Social</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity (social science)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_theory" title="Social identity theory">Social identity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">In-group and out-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Politics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a> / <a href="/wiki/Respectability_politics" title="Respectability politics">Respectability politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_identity" title="Political identity">Political identity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Self_sidebar" title="Template:Self sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Self_sidebar" title="Template talk:Self sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Self_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Self sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, the <b>self</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Individual" title="Individual">individual</a>'s own <a href="/wiki/Being" class="mw-redirect" title="Being">being</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Values" class="mw-redirect" title="Values">values</a>, and the relationship between these attributes. </p><p>The first-person perspective distinguishes selfhood from <a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">personal identity</a>. Whereas "identity" is (literally) sameness<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may involve <a href="/wiki/Categorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Categorization">categorization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Labeling">labeling</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> selfhood implies a first-person perspective and suggests potential uniqueness. Conversely, "person" is used as a third-person reference. Personal identity can be impaired in late-stage <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> and in other <a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">neurodegenerative diseases</a>. Finally, the self is distinguishable from "others". Including the distinction between sameness and <a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">otherness</a>, the self versus other is a research topic in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contemporary <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(psychology)" title="Phenomenology (psychology)">psychological phenomenology</a>), <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a>. </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Subjective_experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjective experience">subjective experience</a> is central to selfhood, the privacy of this experience is only one of many problems in the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_self" title="Philosophy of self">philosophy of self</a> and <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">scientific</a> study of <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychology">Psychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_self" title="Psychology of self">Psychology of self</a></div> <p>The psychology of self is the study of either the <a href="/wiki/Cognitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive">cognitive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Affective" class="mw-redirect" title="Affective">affective</a> representation of one's identity or the subject of experience. The earliest formulation of the self in <a href="/wiki/History_of_psychology" title="History of psychology">modern psychology</a> forms the distinction between two elements I and me. The self as <i>I</i>, is the subjective knower. While, the self as <i>Me</i>, is the subject that is known.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current views of the self in psychology positions the self as playing an integral part in human motivation, cognition, affect, and <a href="/wiki/Social_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Social identity">social identity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Self, following the ideas of <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, has been seen as a product of <a href="/wiki/Episodic_memory" title="Episodic memory">episodic memory</a><sup id="cite_ref-Conway_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conway-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but research on people with <a href="/wiki/Amnesia" title="Amnesia">amnesia</a> reveals that they have a coherent sense of self based on preserved conceptual autobiographical knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Rathbone_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rathbone-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, it is possible to correlate cognitive and affective experiences of self with neural processes. A goal of this ongoing research is to provide grounding insight into the elements of which the complex multiple situated selves of human identity are composed. </p><p>What the Freudian tradition has subjectively called, "sense of self" is for Jungian analytic psychology, where one's identity is lodged in the persona or <a href="/wiki/Ego_(Freudian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ego (Freudian)">ego</a> and is subject to change in maturation. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a> distinguished, "The self is not only the center but also the whole circumference which embraces both conscious and unconscious; it is the center of this totality...".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Self_in_Jungian_psychology" title="Self in Jungian psychology">Self in Jungian psychology</a> is "the archetype of wholeness and the regulating center of the psyche ... a transpersonal power that transcends the ego."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a <a href="/wiki/Jungian_archetype" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungian archetype">Jungian archetype</a>, it cannot be seen directly, but by ongoing individuating maturation and analytic observation, can be experienced objectively by its cohesive wholeness-making factor.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Self_psychology" title="Self psychology">self psychology</a> is a set of psychotherapeutic principles and techniques established by the Austrian-born American psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Kohut" title="Heinz Kohut">Heinz Kohut</a> upon the foundation of the psychoanalytic method developed by Freud, and is specifically focused on the subjectivity of experience, which, according to self psychology, is mediated by a psychological structure called the self.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of psychiatric conditions where such "sameness" may become broken include <a href="/wiki/Depersonalization" title="Depersonalization">depersonalization</a>, which sometimes occurs in <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, where the self appears different from the subject. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Psychiatry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Self-disorder" title="Self-disorder">Self-disorder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Depersonalization" title="Depersonalization">Depersonalization</a></div> <p>The 'Disorders of the Self' have also been extensively studied by psychiatrists.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, facial and <a href="/wiki/Pattern_recognition_(psychology)" title="Pattern recognition (psychology)">pattern recognition</a> take large amounts of brain processing capacity but <a href="/wiki/Pareidolia" title="Pareidolia">pareidolia</a> cannot explain many constructs of self for cases of disorder, such as schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. One's sense of self can also be changed upon becoming part of a stigmatized group. According to Cox, <a href="/wiki/Lyn_Yvonne_Abramson" title="Lyn Yvonne Abramson">Abramson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Devine" title="Patricia Devine">Devine</a>, and Hollon (2012), if an individual has prejudice against a certain group, like the elderly and then later becomes part of this group. This prejudice can be turned inward causing depression.<sup id="cite_ref-Cox_et_al._(2012)_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cox_et_al._(2012)-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The philosophy of a disordered self, such as in <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, is described in terms of what the psychiatrist understands are actual events in terms of neuron excitation but are delusions nonetheless, and the schizo-affective or a schizophrenic person also believes are actual events in terms of essential being. PET scans have shown that auditory stimulation is processed in certain areas of the brain, and imagined similar events are processed in adjacent areas, but hallucinations are processed in the same areas as actual stimulation. In such cases, external influences may be the source of consciousness and the person may or may not be responsible for "sharing" in the mind's process, or the events which occur, such as visions and auditory stimuli, may persist and be repeated often over hours, days, months or years—and the afflicted person may believe themselves to be in a state of rapture or possession. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Neuroscience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neural_basis_of_self" title="Neural basis of self">Neural basis of self</a></div> <p>Two areas of the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> that are important in retrieving <a href="/wiki/Self-knowledge_(psychology)" title="Self-knowledge (psychology)">self-knowledge</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Medial_prefrontal_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial prefrontal cortex">medial prefrontal cortex</a> and the medial posterior parietal cortex.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfeifer_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfeifer-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Posterior_cingulate_cortex" title="Posterior cingulate cortex">posterior cingulate cortex</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_cortex" title="Anterior cingulate cortex">anterior cingulate cortex</a>, and medial prefrontal cortex are thought to combine to provide humans with the ability to self-reflect. The <a href="/wiki/Insular_cortex" title="Insular cortex">insular cortex</a> is also thought to be involved in the process of <a href="/wiki/Self-reference" title="Self-reference">self-reference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Modinos_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modinos-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociology">Sociology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sociology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> consists of explicit and implicit patterns of historically derived and selected ideas and their embodiment in institutions, cognitive and social practices, and artifacts. Cultural systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, and on the other, as conditioning elements of further action.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The way individuals construct themselves may be different due to their culture.<sup id="cite_ref-kanagawa-et-al-2001_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanagawa-et-al-2001-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hazel_Rose_Markus" title="Hazel Rose Markus">Hazel Rose Markus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shinobu_Kitayama" title="Shinobu Kitayama">Shinobu Kitayama</a>'s theory of the interdependent self hypothesizes that representations of the self in human cultures fall on a continuum from <i>independent</i> to <i>interdependent</i>. The independent self is supposed to be egoistic, unique, separated from the various contexts, critical in judgment, and prone to self-expression. The interdependent self is supposed to be altruistic, similar with the others, flexible according to contexts, conformist, and unlikely to express opinions that would disturb the harmony of his or her group of belonging.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this theory has been criticized by other sociologists, including <a href="/wiki/David_Matsumoto" title="David Matsumoto">David Matsumoto</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for being based on popular stereotypes and myths about different cultures rather than on rigorous scientific research. A 2016 study<sup id="cite_ref-Vignoles-et-al-2016_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vignoles-et-al-2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of 10,203 participants from 55 cultural groups also failed to find a correlation between the postulating series of causal links between culture and self-construals, finding instead that correlations between traits varied both across cultures did not correlate with Markus & Kitayama's identifications of "independent" or "interdependent" self.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_self" title="Philosophy of self">Philosophy of self</a></div> <p>The philosophy of self seeks to describe essential qualities that constitute a person's uniqueness or a person's essential being. There have been various approaches to defining these qualities. The self can be considered as the source of consciousness, the <a href="/wiki/Moral_agency" title="Moral agency">agent</a> <a href="/wiki/Moral_responsibility" title="Moral responsibility">responsible</a> for an individual's thoughts and actions, or the <a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory"> substantial</a> nature of a person which endures and unifies consciousness over time. </p><p>The self has a particular prominence in the thought of <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> (1596-1650).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the writings of <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Emmanuel Levinas</a> (1906-1995) on "otherness", the distinction between "you" and "me" has been further elaborated in <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a>'s 1923 philosophical work <a href="/wiki/I_and_Thou" title="I and Thou"> <i>Ich und Du</i></a>. </p><p>In philosophy, the problem of <a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">personal identity</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is concerned with how one is able to identify a single person over a time interval, dealing with such questions as, "What makes it true that a person at one time is the same thing as a person at another time?" or "What kinds of things are we persons?" </p><p>A question related to the problem of personal identity is Benj Hellie's <a href="/wiki/Vertiginous_question" title="Vertiginous question">vertiginous question</a>. The vertiginous question asks why, of all the subjects of experience out there, <i>this</i> one—the one corresponding to the human being referred to as Benj Hellie—is the one whose experiences are <i>live</i>? (The reader is supposed to substitute their own case for Hellie's.)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hellie's argument is closely related to Caspar Hare's theories of <a href="/wiki/Egocentric_presentism" title="Egocentric presentism">egocentric presentism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perspectival_realism" title="Perspectival realism">perspectival realism</a>, of which several other philosophers have written reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar questions are also asked repeatedly by <a href="/wiki/J._J._Valberg" title="J. J. Valberg">J. J. Valberg</a> in justifying his <a href="/wiki/Personal_horizon" title="Personal horizon">horizonal</a> view of the self,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_View_from_Nowhere" title="The View from Nowhere">The View from Nowhere</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-MindsAndBodies_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MindsAndBodies-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tim S. Roberts refers to the question of why a particular organism out of all the organisms that happen to exist happens to be you as the "Even Harder Problem of Consciousness".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Open_individualism" title="Open individualism">Open individualism</a> is a view in the philosophy of self, according to which there exists only one numerically <a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">identical</a> <a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">subject</a>, who is everyone at all times, in the past, present and future.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 617">: 617 </span></sup> It is a theoretical solution to the question of personal identity, being contrasted with "Empty individualism", the view that personal identities correspond to a fixed pattern that instantaneously disappears with the passage of time, and "Closed individualism", the common view that personal identities are particular to subjects and yet survive over time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: xxii">: xxii </span></sup> </p><p>Open individualism is related to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">anattā</a> in Buddhist philosophy. In Buddhism, the term anattā (<a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a>: <span lang="pi">𑀅𑀦𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸</span>) or anātman (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">अनात्मन्</span>) is the doctrine of "non-self" – that no unchanging, permanent self or essence can be found in any phenomenon. While often interpreted as a doctrine denying the existence of a self, <i>anatman</i> is more accurately described as a strategy to attain non-attachment by recognizing everything as impermanent, while staying silent on the ultimate existence of an unchanging essence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich200969–70_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200969–70-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne200959–63,_76–77_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne200959–63,_76–77-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, dominant schools of Hinduism assert the existence of <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a> as <a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">pure awareness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sakshi_(Witness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakshi (Witness)">witness-consciousness</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutsch197348_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch197348-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal201038_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal201038-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClelland201034–35_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClelland201034–35-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "reify[ing] consciousness as an eternal self."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie2012_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie2012-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One thought experiment in the philosophy of personal identity is the <a href="/wiki/Teletransportation_paradox" title="Teletransportation paradox">teletransportation paradox</a>. It deals with whether the concept of one's <a href="/wiki/Future_self" title="Future self">future self</a> is a coherent concept. The thought experiment was formulated by <a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Derek Parfit</a> in his 1984 book <i><a href="/wiki/Reasons_and_Persons" title="Reasons and Persons">Reasons and Persons</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Derek Parfit and others consider a hypothetical "teletransporter", a machine that puts you to sleep, records your molecular composition, breaking you down into atoms, and relaying its recording to Mars at the speed of light. On Mars, another machine re-creates you (from local stores of carbon, hydrogen, and so on), each atom in exactly the same relative position. Parfit poses the question of whether or not the teletransporter is actually a method of travel, or if it simply kills and makes an exact replica of the user.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then the teleporter is upgraded. The teletransporter on Earth is modified to not destroy the person who enters it, but instead it can simply make infinite replicas, all of whom would claim to remember entering the teletransporter on Earth in the first place. Using thought experiments such as these, Parfit argues that any criteria we attempt to use to determine sameness of person will be lacking, because there is no <a href="/wiki/Further_facts" title="Further facts">further fact</a>. What matters, to Parfit, is simply "Relation R", psychological connectedness, including memory, personality, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_the_self" title="Religious views on the self">Religious views on the self</a></div> <p>Religious views on the Self vary widely. The Self is a complex and core subject in many forms of <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a>. Two types of Self are commonly considered—the Self that is the ego, also called the learned, superficial Self of mind and body, egoic creation, and the Self which is sometimes called the "True Self", the "Observing Self", or the "Witness".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a> (Self), despite being experienced as an individual, is actually a representation of the unified transcendent reality, <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Our experience of reality doesn't match the nature of Brahman due to <a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">māyā</a>. </p><p>One description of spirituality is the Self's search for "ultimate meaning" through an independent comprehension of the sacred. Another definition of spiritual identity is: "A persistent sense of Self that addresses ultimate questions about the nature, purpose, and meaning of life, resulting in behaviors that are consonant with the individual’s core values. Spiritual identity appears when the symbolic religious and spiritual value of a culture is found by individuals in the setting of their own life. There can be different types of spiritual Self because it is determined by one's life and experiences."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Human beings have a Self—that is, they are able to look back on themselves as both subjects and objects in the universe. Ultimately, this brings questions about who we are and the nature of our own importance.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditions such as in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> see the <a href="/wiki/Raga_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raga (Buddhism)">attachment</a> to <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Buddhism)">Self</a> is an illusion that serves as the main cause of <a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">suffering</a> and unhappiness.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Self" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Self">Self</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/True_Self" class="extiw" title="v:True Self">True Self</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/self" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:self">self</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a>— "not-self", Buddhist concept stating there is no unchanging, permanent self, <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> or essence in living beings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ego_death" title="Ego death">Ego death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humeanism#Bundle_theory_of_the_self" title="Humeanism">Humeanism § Bundle theory of the self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_(pronoun)" title="I (pronoun)">I (pronoun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individuation" title="Individuation">Individuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%ABva_(Jainism)" title="Jīva (Jainism)">Jīva (Jainism)</a>, or Atman, used within Jainism to identify the soul</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_individualism" title="Open individualism">Open individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_self" title="Outline of self">Outline of self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Person (disambiguation)">Person (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_remembering" class="mw-redirect" title="Self remembering">Self remembering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">Self-awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_projection" title="Social projection">Social projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertiginous_question" title="Vertiginous question">Vertiginous question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_(philosophy)" title="Will (philosophy)">Will (philosophy)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoemaker, D. (Dec 15, 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-ethics/#ConAcc">"Personal Identity and Ethics", section "Contemporary Accounts of Personal Identity"</a>, <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Spring 2016 Edition), ed. Edward N. Zalta - "[...] how can identity - <i>sameness</i> - be based on a relation (consciousness) that changes from moment to moment?"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCragunCragun2006" class="citation book cs1">Cragun, Ryan; Cragun, Deborah (2006). "Social Identity Theory". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rJFHTucmPTMC"><i>Introduction to Sociology</i></a> (1 ed.). Blacksleet River. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781449977474" title="Special:BookSources/9781449977474"><bdi>9781449977474</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2020</span>. <q>We often put others (and ourselves) into categories. Labeling someone as a Muslim, a Turk, or <i>soccer player</i> are ways of saying other things about these people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Identity+Theory&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Sociology&rft.pages=71&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Blacksleet+River&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781449977474&rft.aulast=Cragun&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft.au=Cragun%2C+Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrJFHTucmPTMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://otherness.dk/journal/otherness-essays-studies-41">"Otherness: Essays & Studies 4.1"</a>. <i>otherness.dk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=otherness.dk&rft.atitle=Otherness%3A+Essays+%26+Studies+4.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fotherness.dk%2Fjournal%2Fotherness-essays-studies-41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James, W. (1891). <i>The Principles of Psychology, Vol. 1.</i> Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Original work published 1890)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sedikides, C. & Spencer, S.J. (Eds.) (2007). <i>The Self</i>. New York: Psychology Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conway-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Conway_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConwayPleydell-Pearce2000" class="citation journal cs1">Conway, MA; Pleydell-Pearce, CW (April 2000). "The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system". <i>Psychol Rev</i>. <b>107</b> (2): 261–88. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.621.9717">10.1.1.621.9717</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-295X.107.2.261">10.1037/0033-295X.107.2.261</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10789197">10789197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychol+Rev&rft.atitle=The+construction+of+autobiographical+memories+in+the+self-memory+system&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=261-88&rft.date=2000-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.621.9717%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10789197&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-295X.107.2.261&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Pleydell-Pearce%2C+CW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rathbone-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rathbone_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRathboneMoulinConway2009" class="citation journal cs1">Rathbone, CJ; Moulin, CJ; Conway, MA (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/21635/">"Autobiographical memory and amnesia: using conceptual knowledge to ground the self"</a>. <i>Neurocase</i>. <b>15</b> (5): 405–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13554790902849164">10.1080/13554790902849164</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19382038">19382038</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205774482">205774482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurocase&rft.atitle=Autobiographical+memory+and+amnesia%3A+using+conceptual+knowledge+to+ground+the+self&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=405-18&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205774482%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19382038&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13554790902849164&rft.aulast=Rathbone&rft.aufirst=CJ&rft.au=Moulin%2C+CJ&rft.au=Conway%2C+MA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcentaur.reading.ac.uk%2F21635%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jung, Carl. CW 12, ¶44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jung, Carl. (1951) CW 9ii, The Self. Princeton University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharp, Daryl (1991). Jung Lexicon: A Primer of Terms & Concepts. Inner City Books. p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jung, Emma & von Franz, Marie-Louise. (1998). The Grail Legend, Princeton University Press. p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolf, E. S. (2002). Treating the self: Elements of clinical self-psychology. Guilford Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berrios G.E. & Marková I.S. (2003) The self in psychiatry: a conceptual history. In Kircher T & David A. (eds) <i>The Self in Neurosciences and Psychiatry</i>. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 9–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cox_et_al._(2012)-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cox_et_al._(2012)_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxAbramsonDevineHollon2012" class="citation journal cs1">Cox, William T. L.; Abramson, Lyn Y.; Devine, Patricia G.; Hollon, Steven D. (2012). "Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective". <i><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_Psychological_Science" title="Perspectives on Psychological Science">Perspectives on Psychological Science</a></i>. <b>7</b> (5): 427–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1745691612455204">10.1177/1745691612455204</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26168502">26168502</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1512121">1512121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=Stereotypes%2C+Prejudice%2C+and+Depression%3A+The+Integrated+Perspective&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=427-49&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1512121%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26168502&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1745691612455204&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=William+T.+L.&rft.au=Abramson%2C+Lyn+Y.&rft.au=Devine%2C+Patricia+G.&rft.au=Hollon%2C+Steven+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pfeifer-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pfeifer_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfeifer, J. H., Lieberman, M. D., & Dapretto, M. (2007). "I know you are but what am I?!": Neural bases of self and social knowledge retrieval in children and adults. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(8), 1323-1337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modinos-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Modinos_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Modinos G, Renken R, Ormel J, Aleman A. Self-reflection and the psychosis-prone brain: an fMRI study. Neuropsychology [serial online]. May 2011;25(3):295-305. Available from: MEDLINE with Full Text, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 7, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kroeber & Kluckholn, 1963, p. 357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kanagawa-et-al-2001-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kanagawa-et-al-2001_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanagawaCrossMarkus2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kanagawa, Chie; Cross, Susan E.; Markus, Hazel Rose (2001). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Who Am I?": The Cultural Psychology of the Conceptual Self". <i>Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin</i>. <b>27</b> (1): 90–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0146167201271008">10.1177/0146167201271008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145634514">145634514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Social+Psychology+Bulletin&rft.atitle=%22Who+Am+I%3F%22%3A+The+Cultural+Psychology+of+the+Conceptual+Self&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=90-103&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0146167201271008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145634514%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kanagawa&rft.aufirst=Chie&rft.au=Cross%2C+Susan+E.&rft.au=Markus%2C+Hazel+Rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkusKitayama1991" class="citation journal cs1">Markus, Hazel R.; Kitayama, Shinobu (April 1991). "Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation". <i>Psychological Review</i>. <b>98</b> (2): 224–253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-295x.98.2.224">10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-1471">1939-1471</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13606371">13606371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Review&rft.atitle=Culture+and+the+self%3A+Implications+for+cognition%2C+emotion%2C+and+motivation.&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=224-253&rft.date=1991-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13606371%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1939-1471&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-295x.98.2.224&rft.aulast=Markus&rft.aufirst=Hazel+R.&rft.au=Kitayama%2C+Shinobu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatsumoto1999" class="citation journal cs1">Matsumoto, David (December 1999). "Culture and self: An empirical assessment of Markus and Kitayama's theory of independent and interdependent self-construals". <i>Asian Journal of Social Psychology</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 289–310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-839x.00042">10.1111/1467-839x.00042</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1367-2223">1367-2223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal+of+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Culture+and+self%3A+An+empirical+assessment+of+Markus+and+Kitayama%27s+theory+of+independent+and+interdependent+self-construals&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=289-310&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-839x.00042&rft.issn=1367-2223&rft.aulast=Matsumoto&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vignoles-et-al-2016-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vignoles-et-al-2016_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVignoles2016" class="citation journal cs1">Vignoles, Vivian L.; et al. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/features/xge-xge0000175.pdf">"Beyond the 'East–West' Dichotomy: Global Variation in Cultural Models of Selfhood"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Experimental Psychology: General</i>. <b>145</b> (8): 966–1000. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fxge0000175">10.1037/xge0000175</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11693%2F36711">11693/36711</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27359126">27359126</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:296518">296518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Psychology%3A+General&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+%27East%E2%80%93West%27+Dichotomy%3A+Global+Variation+in+Cultural+Models+of+Selfhood&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=966-1000&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11693%2F36711&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A296518%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27359126&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fxge0000175&rft.aulast=Vignoles&rft.aufirst=Vivian+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fpubs%2Fjournals%2Ffeatures%2Fxge-xge0000175.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVignolesSmithBeckerEasterbrook2018" class="citation journal cs1">Vignoles, Vivian L.; Smith, Peter B.; Becker, Maja; Easterbrook, Matthew J. (2018-06-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/70436/1/__smbhome.uscs.susx.ac.uk_ellenaj_Desktop_SRO_after%20august_Europe%20paper%20manuscript%20for%20production.pdf">"In Search of a Pan-European Culture: European Values, Beliefs, and Models of Selfhood in Global Perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology</i>. <b>49</b> (6): 868–887. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022022117738751">10.1177/0022022117738751</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0221">0022-0221</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149371650">149371650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cross-Cultural+Psychology&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+a+Pan-European+Culture%3A+European+Values%2C+Beliefs%2C+and+Models+of+Selfhood+in+Global+Perspective&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=868-887&rft.date=2018-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149371650%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-0221&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022022117738751&rft.aulast=Vignoles&rft.aufirst=Vivian+L.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Peter+B.&rft.au=Becker%2C+Maja&rft.au=Easterbrook%2C+Matthew+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsro.sussex.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F70436%2F1%2F__smbhome.uscs.susx.ac.uk_ellenaj_Desktop_SRO_after%2520august_Europe%2520paper%2520manuscript%2520for%2520production.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesley_Cohen_Spear1979" class="citation book cs1">Lesley Cohen Spear (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ThTnGwAACAAJ"><i>Descartes and Merleau-Ponty on the Self and Self-knowledge</i></a>. University of Chicago, Department of Philosophy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descartes+and+Merleau-Ponty+on+the+Self+and+Self-knowledge&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago%2C+Department+of+Philosophy&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Lesley+Cohen+Spear&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DThTnGwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/person-i/">"Personal Identity - Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a>. <i>www.iep.utm.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170903032724/http://www.iep.utm.edu/person-i/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iep.utm.edu&rft.atitle=Personal+Identity+-+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fperson-i%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellie2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hellie, Benj (2013). "Against egalitarianism". <i>Analysis</i>. <b>73</b> (2): 304–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanalys%2Fans101">10.1093/analys/ans101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analysis&rft.atitle=Against+egalitarianism&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=304-320&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fanalys%2Fans101&rft.aulast=Hellie&rft.aufirst=Benj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDaniel2012" class="citation journal cs1">McDaniel, Kris (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://krmcdani.mysite.syr.edu/whymcxmattersmost.pdf">"<i>On Myself, and Other, Less Important Subjects</i> by Hare, Caspar - Review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ethics</i>. <b>122</b> (2): 403–410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F663578">10.1086/663578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethics&rft.atitle=On+Myself%2C+and+Other%2C+Less+Important+Subjects+by+Hare%2C+Caspar+-+Review&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=403-410&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F663578&rft.aulast=McDaniel&rft.aufirst=Kris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkrmcdani.mysite.syr.edu%2Fwhymcxmattersmost.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkosian" class="citation journal cs1">Markosian, Ned. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226073041/http://myweb.facstaff.wwu.edu/nmarkos/Papers/Hare.Review.pdf">"Are You Special? A Review of Caspar Hare's <i>On Myself, and Other, Less Important Subjects</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Philosophical Review</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myweb.facstaff.wwu.edu/nmarkos/Papers/Hare.Review.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-02-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philosophical+Review&rft.atitle=Are+You+Special%3F+A+Review+of+Caspar+Hare%27s+On+Myself%2C+and+Other%2C+Less+Important+Subjects&rft.aulast=Markosian&rft.aufirst=Ned&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmyweb.facstaff.wwu.edu%2Fnmarkos%2FPapers%2FHare.Review.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValberg2007" class="citation book cs1">Valberg, J. J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8416.html"><i>Dream, Death, and the Self</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691128597" title="Special:BookSources/9780691128597"><bdi>9780691128597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dream%2C+Death%2C+and+the+Self&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780691128597&rft.aulast=Valberg&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F8416.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MindsAndBodies-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MindsAndBodies_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGinn1997" class="citation book cs1">McGinn, Colin (1997). <i>Minds and Bodies: Philosophers and Their Ideas</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511355-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511355-6"><bdi>978-0-19-511355-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minds+and+Bodies%3A+Philosophers+and+Their+Ideas&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511355-6&rft.aulast=McGinn&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2015" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Alan (2015). <i>Thomas Nagel</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49418-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49418-8"><bdi>978-1-317-49418-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Nagel&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-49418-8&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2007" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Tim S. (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228618472">"<i>The Even Harder Problem of Consciousness</i> by Roberts. Tim S."</a> <i>NeuroQuantology</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 214–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14704%2Fnq.2007.5.2.129">10.14704/nq.2007.5.2.129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NeuroQuantology&rft.atitle=The+Even+Harder+Problem+of+Consciousness+by+Roberts.+Tim+S.&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=214-221&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14704%2Fnq.2007.5.2.129&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Tim+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F228618472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolak2007" class="citation book cs1">Kolak, Daniel (2007-11-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-_JD9NIWBVgC"><i>I Am You: The Metaphysical Foundations for Global Ethics</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3014-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3014-7"><bdi>978-1-4020-3014-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Am+You%3A+The+Metaphysical+Foundations+for+Global+Ethics&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2007-11-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3014-7&rft.aulast=Kolak&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-_JD9NIWBVgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200969–70-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich200969–70_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGombrich2009">Gombrich 2009</a>, p. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne200959–63,_76–77-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne200959–63,_76–77_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWynne2009">Wynne 2009</a>, p. 59–63, 76–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch197348-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutsch197348_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeutsch1973">Deutsch 1973</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal201038-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal201038_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalal2010">Dalal 2010</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClelland201034–35-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClelland201034–35_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcClelland2010">McClelland 2010</a>, p. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie2012-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie2012_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackenzie2012">Mackenzie 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParfit1984" class="citation book cs1">Parfit, Derek (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116300637661/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Reasons and persons</i></a>. Oxford [Oxfordshire]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-824615-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-824615-3"><bdi>0-19-824615-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9827659">9827659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reasons+and+persons&rft.place=Oxford+%5BOxfordshire%5D&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9827659&rft.isbn=0-19-824615-3&rft.aulast=Parfit&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrent_0116300637661%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parfit, Derek. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rintintin.colorado.edu/~vancecd/phil375/Parfit.pdf">Divided Minds and the Nature of Persons</a>,” in <i>Mindwaves</i>, ed. Colin Blakemore and Susan Greenfield. Basil Blackwell, 1987, pp. 351–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadri2024" class="citation web cs1">Badri, Adarsh (2024-01-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adarshbadri.me/philosophy/teletransportation-paradox/">"What is the Teletransportation Problem or the Duplicates Paradox? – Adarsh Badri"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+the+Teletransportation+Problem+or+the+Duplicates+Paradox%3F+%E2%80%93+Adarsh+Badri&rft.date=2024-01-23&rft.aulast=Badri&rft.aufirst=Adarsh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadarshbadri.me%2Fphilosophy%2Fteletransportation-paradox%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, Manly P. (1942). <i>Self Unfoldment by Disciplines of Realization</i>. Los Angeles, CA: The Philosophical Research Society, Inc. p. 115 "On rare occasions, we glimpse for an instant the tremendous implication of the Self, and we become aware that the personality is indeed merely a shadow of the real."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett1957" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Barnett" title="Lincoln Barnett">Barnett, Lincoln</a>; et al. (1957), Welles, Sam (ed.), <i>The World's Great Religions</i> (1st ed.), New York: <a href="/wiki/Time_Inc." title="Time Inc.">Time Incorporated</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Great+Religions&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Time+Incorporated&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Lincoln&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kiesling, Chris; Montgomery, Marylin; <a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Sorell" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwendolyn Sorell">Sorell, Gwendolyn</a>; Colwell, Ronald. "Identity and Spirituality: A Psychosocial Exploration of the Sense of Spiritual Self"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charon, Joel M. <i>Ten Questions: A Sociological Perspective.</i> 5th edition. Thomson & Wadsworth. p. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904105541/http://www.rogerr.com/galin/papers/roots.htm">"The concept "Self" and "person" in Buddhism and in western psychology"</a>. NY: Columbia University Press. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerr.com/galin/papers/roots.htm">the original</a> on 2017-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2001</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+concept+%22Self%22+and+%22person%22+in+Buddhism+and+in+western+psychology&rft.pub=NY%3A+Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerr.com%2Fgalin%2Fpapers%2Froots.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2010" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Roshen (2010). <i>The religions of India : a concise guide to nine major faiths</i> (Rev. ed.). New Delhi: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341517-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341517-6"><bdi>978-0-14-341517-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+religions+of+India+%3A+a+concise+guide+to+nine+major+faiths&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341517-6&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutsch1973" class="citation cs2">Deutsch, Eliot (1973), <i>Advaita Vedanta: A Philosophical Reconstruction</i>, University of Hawaii Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advaita+Vedanta%3A+A+Philosophical+Reconstruction&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Deutsch&rft.aufirst=Eliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGombrich2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gombrich" title="Richard Gombrich">Gombrich, Richard Francis</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/WhatTheBuddhaThought/mode/2up"><i>What the Buddha thought</i></a>. Equinox Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845536145" title="Special:BookSources/9781845536145"><bdi>9781845536145</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+the+Buddha+thought&rft.pub=Equinox+Pub.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781845536145&rft.aulast=Gombrich&rft.aufirst=Richard+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FWhatTheBuddhaThought%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClelland2010" class="citation cs2">McClelland, Norman C. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S_Leq4U5ihkC"><i>Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma</i></a>, McFarland, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5675-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5675-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-5675-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Reincarnation+and+Karma&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5675-8&rft.aulast=McClelland&rft.aufirst=Norman+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS_Leq4U5ihkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackenzie2012" class="citation book cs1">Mackenzie, Matthew (2012). "Luminosity, Subjectivity, and Temporality: An Examination of Buddhist and Advaita views of Consciousness". In Kuznetsova, Irina; Ganeri, Jonardon; Ram-Prasad, Chakravarthi (eds.). <i>Hindu and Buddhist Ideas in Dialogue: Self and No-Self</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Luminosity%2C+Subjectivity%2C+and+Temporality%3A+An+Examination+of+Buddhist+and+Advaita+views+of+Consciousness&rft.btitle=Hindu+and+Buddhist+Ideas+in+Dialogue%3A+Self+and+No-Self&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Mackenzie&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynne2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wynne, Alexander (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocbs.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/awynne2009atijbs.pdf">"Early Evidence for the 'no self' doctrine?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies</i>: 59–63, 76–77. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170602145336/http://ocbs.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/awynne2009atijbs.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-06-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Centre+for+Buddhist+Studies&rft.atitle=Early+Evidence+for+the+%27no+self%27+doctrine%3F&rft.pages=59-63%2C+76-77&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Wynne&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Focbs.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F09%2Fawynne2009atijbs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Anthony Elliott, <i>Concepts of the Self</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a>, <i>Modernity and self-identity: self and society in the late modern age</i></li> <li>Ben Morgan (2013). <i>On Becoming God: Late Medieval Mysticism and the Modern Western Self.</i> New York: Fordham UP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Roberts" title="Bernadette Roberts">Bernadette Roberts</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B2P_M5SRzwPdcDE2Qzg2dHBkMG8/view?usp=sharing"><i>What is Self? A Research Paper</i></a></li> <li>Charalambos Tsekeris, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/yjmnkigChvMZDpFesE6G/full"><i>Contextualising the self in contemporary social science</i></a></li> <li>Charles Taylor, <i><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_the_Self" title="Sources of the Self">Sources of the Self</a>: the making of the modern identity</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Moustakas" title="Clark Moustakas">Clark Moustakas</a>, <i>The self: explorations in personal growth</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Andacht" title="Fernando Andacht">Fernando Andacht</a>, Mariela Michel, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tap.sagepub.com/content/15/1/51.abstract">A Semiotic Reflection on Selfinterpretation and Identity</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dalby_Clift" title="Jean Dalby Clift">Jean Dalby Clift</a>, <i>Core Images of the Self: A Symbolic Approach to Healing and Wholeness</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sorabji" title="Richard Sorabji">Richard Sorabji</a>, <i>Self: ancient and modern insights about individuality, life, and death</i></li> <li>Robert Kegan, <i>The evolving self: problem and process in human development</i></li> <li>Thomas M. Brinthaupt, Richard P. Lipka, <i>The Self: definitional and methodological issues</i></li> <li>1910–1999., Eknath, Easwaran, (2019). The Bhagavad Gita. Nilgiri Press. ISBN 1-58638-130-X. OCLC 1043425057</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3236990#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4121653-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="self"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph653602&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529410005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self&oldid=1254742305">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self&oldid=1254742305</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Self" title="Category:Self">Self</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Concepts_in_metaphysics" title="Category:Concepts in metaphysics">Concepts in metaphysics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2022">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Pali-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Pali-language text">Articles containing Pali-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sanskrit-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sanskrit-language text">Articles containing Sanskrit-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 November 2024, at 13:18<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-2d8xz","wgBackendResponseTime":159,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.910","walltime":"1.069","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3846,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":84456,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2909,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":134631,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 990.979 1 -total"," 36.98% 366.473 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.94% 157.953 10 Template:Cite_book"," 12.87% 127.499 2 Template:Langx"," 9.53% 94.446 1 Template:Self_sidebar"," 9.32% 92.405 1 Template:Sidebar"," 9.23% 91.461 13 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.47% 83.977 2 Template:Pn"," 7.74% 76.716 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.44% 73.736 2 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.649","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20035459,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBadri2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnett1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConwayPleydell-Pearce2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoxAbramsonDevineHollon2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCragunCragun2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutsch1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGombrich2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHellie2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanagawaCrossMarkus2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolak2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLesley_Cohen_Spear1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackenzie2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkosian\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkusKitayama1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatsumoto1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClelland2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDaniel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGinn1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParfit1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRathboneMoulinConway2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValberg2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVignoles2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVignolesSmithBeckerEasterbrook2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWynne2009\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Pn\"] = 2,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"Section link\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Self sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 6,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiversity\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-wrmnc","timestamp":"20241124053505","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Self","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Self","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3236990","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3236990","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-07-03T22:09:52Z","dateModified":"2024-11-01T13:18:12Z","headline":"individual person as the object of their own reflective consciousness"}</script> </body> </html>