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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Ostatnie zmiany</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Strona_g%C5%82%C3%B3wna" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="wolna encyklopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-pl.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Szukaj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Przeszukaj Wikipedię [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Szukaj</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Przeszukaj Wikipedię" aria-label="Przeszukaj Wikipedię" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Przeszukaj Wikipedię [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Specjalna:Szukaj"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Szukaj</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Narzędzia osobiste"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Zmień rozmiar czcionki, szerokość oraz kolorystykę strony" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wygląd" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wygląd</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pl.wikipedia.org&uselang=pl" class=""><span>Wspomóż Wikipedię</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Utw%C3%B3rz_konto&returnto=Grasica" title="Zachęcamy do stworzenia konta i zalogowania, ale nie jest to obowiązkowe." class=""><span>Utwórz konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Zaloguj&returnto=Grasica" title="Zachęcamy do zalogowania się, choć nie jest to obowiązkowe. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Zaloguj się</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Więcej opcji" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Narzędzia osobiste" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Narzędzia osobiste</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu użytkownika" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pl.wikipedia.org&uselang=pl"><span>Wspomóż Wikipedię</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Utw%C3%B3rz_konto&returnto=Grasica" title="Zachęcamy do stworzenia konta i zalogowania, ale nie jest to obowiązkowe."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Utwórz konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Zaloguj&returnto=Grasica" title="Zachęcamy do zalogowania się, choć nie jest to obowiązkowe. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Zaloguj się</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strony dla anonimowych edytorów <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki" aria-label="Dowiedz się więcej na temat edytowania"><span>dowiedz się więcej</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:M%C3%B3j_wk%C5%82ad" title="Lista edycji wykonanych z tego adresu IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Edycje</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Moja_dyskusja" title="Dyskusja użytkownika dla tego adresu IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Spis treści" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Spis treści</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Grasica_jako_potrawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grasica_jako_potrawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Grasica jako potrawa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grasica_jako_potrawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Grasica</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 75 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%B2%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="غدة زعترية – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غدة زعترية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C9%99ng%C9%99l%C9%99b%C9%99nz%C9%99r_v%C9%99zi" title="Çəngələbənzər vəzi – azerbejdżański" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çəngələbənzər vəzi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdżański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="থাইমাস – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="থাইমাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timus" title="Timus – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Timus" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Вілаватая залоза – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вілаватая залоза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81" title="Тимус – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тимус" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timus" title="Timus – bośniacki" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Timus" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bośniacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim" title="Tim – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tim" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzl%C3%ADk" title="Brzlík – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Brzlík" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymws" title="Thymws – walijski" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Thymws" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brissel" title="Brissel – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brissel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thymus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BC%C3%BCmus" title="Tüümus – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tüümus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Θύμος αδένας – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θύμος αδένας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobry artykuł"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Thymus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timo" title="Timo – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Timo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timuso" title="Timuso – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Timuso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timo" title="Timo – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Timo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="تیموس – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تیموس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus_(anatomie)" title="Thymus (anatomie) – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thymus (anatomie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faireog_th%C3%ADmis" title="Faireog thímis – irlandzki" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Faireog thímis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timo" title="Timo – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Timo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%8A%B4%EC%83%98" title="가슴샘 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가슴샘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D6%80%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B1" title="Ուրցագեղձ – ormiański" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուրցագեղձ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ormiański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF" title="थाइमस ग्रंथि – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थाइमस ग्रंथि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timus" title="Timus – chorwacki" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Timus" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timuso" title="Timuso – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Timuso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timus_(anatomi)" title="Timus (anatomi) – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Timus (anatomi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymo" title="Thymo – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Thymo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3starkirtill" title="Hóstarkirtill – islandzki" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hóstarkirtill" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timo_(anatomia)" title="Timo (anatomia) – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Timo (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1" title="תימוס – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תימוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timus" title="Timus – jawajski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Timus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jawajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Айырша без – kazachski" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Айырша без" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazachski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AEmus" title="Tîmus – kurdyjski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tîmus" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Богок бези – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Богок бези" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus_(glandula)" title="Thymus (glandula) – łaciński" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thymus (glandula)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="łaciński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aizkr%C5%ABtes_dziedzeris" title="Aizkrūtes dziedzeris – łotewski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aizkrūtes dziedzeris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="łotewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%BEkr%C5%AB%C4%8Dio_liauka" title="Užkrūčio liauka – litewski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Užkrūčio liauka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timo" title="Timo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Timo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_(orghen)" title="Tim (orghen) – lombardzki" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Tim (orghen)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csecsem%C5%91mirigy" title="Csecsemőmirigy – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csecsemőmirigy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Градна жлезда – macedoński" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Градна жлезда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF" title="തൈമസ് ഗ്രന്ഥി – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തൈമസ് ഗ്രന്ഥി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timus" title="Timus – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Timus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus_(orgaan)" title="Thymus (orgaan) – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thymus (orgaan)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E8%85%BA" title="胸腺 – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="胸腺" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brissel" title="Brissel – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brissel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bris_i_anatomi" title="Bris i anatomi – norweski (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bris i anatomi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norweski (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%89%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9F" title="ក្រពេញទីមុស – khmerski" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ក្រពេញទីមុស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timo" title="Timo – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Timo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timus" title="Timus – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Timus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81" title="Тимус – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тимус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Thymus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thymus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detsk%C3%A1_%C5%BE%C4%BEaza" title="Detská žľaza – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Detská žľaza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pri%C5%BEeljc" title="Priželjc – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Priželjc" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3" title="تایمۆس – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تایمۆس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Грудна жлезда – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грудна жлезда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timus" title="Timus – serbsko-chorwacki" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Timus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbsko-chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kateenkorva" title="Kateenkorva – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kateenkorva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A4ss" title="Bräss – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bräss" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF" title="தைமஸ் சுரப்பி – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தைமஸ் சுரப்பி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A5%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BF" title="థైమస్ గ్రంథి – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="థైమస్ గ్రంథి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="ต่อมไทมัส – tajski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ต่อมไทมัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%C3%BCs" title="Timüs – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Timüs" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81" title="Тимус – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тимус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%81" title="توتہ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="توتہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B4_%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%B2%D9%89" title="تۆش بېزى – ujgurski" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تۆش بېزى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ujgurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuy%E1%BA%BFn_%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tuyến ức – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tuyến ức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timusse_(organe)" title="Timusse (organe) – waloński" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Timusse (organe)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="waloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timus_(anatomiya)" title="Timus (anatomiya) – waraj" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Timus (anatomiya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waraj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E8%85%BA" title="胸腺 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="胸腺" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E8%85%BA" title="胸腺 – kantoński" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="胸腺" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E8%85%BA" title="胸腺 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="胸腺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q163987#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Przestrzenie nazw"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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<div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Wygląd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Gray1178.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gray1178.png/220px-Gray1178.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gray1178.png/330px-Gray1178.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gray1178.png/440px-Gray1178.png 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Grasica i jej położenie w <a href="/wiki/Klatka_piersiowa" title="Klatka piersiowa">klatce piersiowej</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Illu_thymus_PL.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Illu_thymus_PL.png/220px-Illu_thymus_PL.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Illu_thymus_PL.png/330px-Illu_thymus_PL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Illu_thymus_PL.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>budowa grasicy</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Grasica</b> (<a href="/wiki/%C5%81acina" title="Łacina">łac.</a> <i>glandula thymus</i>) – <a href="/wiki/Gruczo%C5%82" title="Gruczoł">gruczoł</a>, będący narządem wchodzącym w skład <a href="/wiki/Uk%C5%82ad_limfatyczny" title="Układ limfatyczny">układu limfatycznego</a>. </p><p>Grasica znajduje się w śródpiersiu górnym, tuż za <a href="/wiki/Mostek_cz%C5%82owieka" title="Mostek człowieka">mostkiem</a>. Jest otoczona torebką <a href="/wiki/Tkanka_%C5%82%C4%85czna" title="Tkanka łączna">łącznotkankową</a>. Zbudowana jest z kory podzielonej na zraziki przegrodami <a href="/wiki/Tkanka_%C5%82%C4%85czna" title="Tkanka łączna">łącznotkankowymi</a> i z rdzenia wspólnego dla wszystkich zrazików kory. Zrąb tego narządu stanowią, w przeciwieństwie do innych <a href="/wiki/Narz%C4%85dy_limfatyczne" title="Narządy limfatyczne">narządów limfatycznych</a>, komórki nabłonkowe pochodzenia endodermalnego. </p><p>Charakterystycznymi cechami grasicy są: zjawisko <a href="/wiki/Inwolucja_(medycyna)" title="Inwolucja (medycyna)">inwolucji</a> (czyli powrotu do pierwotnego rozmiaru, zanik), gromadzenia się w narządzie <a href="/wiki/Tkanka_t%C5%82uszczowa" title="Tkanka tłuszczowa">tkanki tłuszczowej</a>, oraz występowanie w części rdzennej tzw. <a href="/wiki/Cia%C5%82ka_Hassalla" title="Ciałka Hassalla">ciałek Hassalla</a>. </p><p>Grasica produkuje szerszą grupę <a href="/wiki/Hormony_zwierz%C4%99ce" title="Hormony zwierzęce">hormonów</a> takich jak<sup id="cite_ref-jakóbisiak2002_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jakóbisiak2002-1">[1]</a></sup>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tymozyna" title="Tymozyna">tymozyna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasiczy_czynnik_humoralny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grasiczy czynnik humoralny (strona nie istnieje)">grasiczy czynnik humoralny</a> (THF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tymulina" title="Tymulina">tymulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tymopoetyna" title="Tymopoetyna">tymopoetyna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tymopentyna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tymopentyna (strona nie istnieje)">tymopentyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tymostymulina" title="Tymostymulina">tymostymulina</a>.</li></ul> <p>Głównymi <a href="/wiki/Kom%C3%B3rka" title="Komórka">komórkami</a> grasicy są <a href="/wiki/Limfocyty" title="Limfocyty">limfocyty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tymocyt" title="Tymocyt">tymocyty</a>) i komórki <a href="/wiki/Tkanka_nab%C5%82onkowa" title="Tkanka nabłonkowa">nabłonkowe</a>. </p><p>Grasica powiększa się do 2. roku życia, pozostaje duża do <a href="/wiki/Dojrzewanie" title="Dojrzewanie">okresu dojrzewania</a> (waży ok. 25 g), po czym zmniejsza się (po 60. roku życia waży nawet mniej niż 0,5 g). Jest centralnym (pierwotnym) narządem limfatycznym, kontrolującym rozwój obwodowych (wtórnych) tkanek limfatycznych (<a href="/wiki/W%C4%99ze%C5%82_ch%C5%82onny" title="Węzeł chłonny">węzły chłonne</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aledziona" title="Śledziona">śledziona</a>) w życiu zarodkowym i okresie dojrzewania, ich kompetencji immunologicznej w okresie poporodowym. W przeciwieństwie do innych narządów limfatycznych, grasica powstaje z endodermy i <a href="/wiki/Mezoderma" title="Mezoderma">mezodermy</a>. Nabłonek endodermalny III i IV kieszonki skrzelowej wytwarza sieć komórek nabłonkowych, która jest zasiedlana komórkami macierzystymi limfocytów (z mezodermy). Z sieci komórek nabłonkowych powstaje zrąb grasicy<sup id="cite_ref-Wojciech_Sawicki2012-s372_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wojciech_Sawicki2012-s372-2">[2]</a></sup>. </p><p>Komórki grasicy wędrują do obwodowych tkanek limfatycznych i zasiedlają je. Po tym procesie <a href="/wiki/Uk%C5%82ad_limfatyczny" title="Układ limfatyczny">układ chłonny</a> może funkcjonować nawet po usunięciu grasicy. </p><p>Niezbędna jest dla rozwoju <a href="/wiki/Odporno%C5%9B%C4%87_immunologiczna" title="Odporność immunologiczna">odporności</a> <a href="/wiki/Organizm" title="Organizm">organizmu</a>. </p><p>We wrodzonym braku tego narządu układ chłonny jest niewykształcony i istnieje upośledzona immunologiczna <a href="/wiki/Odporno%C5%9B%C4%87_kom%C3%B3rkowa" title="Odporność komórkowa">odporność komórkowa</a> wraz z całkowitym brakiem <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobuliny_G" title="Immunoglobuliny G">gamma-globulin</a> lub zbyt małą ich ilością. </p><p>Przerostom oraz <a href="/wiki/Nowotw%C3%B3r" title="Nowotwór">nowotworom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grasiczak" title="Grasiczak">grasiczak</a>) grasicy często towarzyszą: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miastenia" title="Miastenia">miastenia</a>,</li> <li>układowy <a href="/wiki/Tocze%C5%84_rumieniowaty_uk%C5%82adowy" title="Toczeń rumieniowaty układowy">toczeń trzewny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niedokrwisto%C5%9B%C4%87_aplastyczna" title="Niedokrwistość aplastyczna">niedokrwistość aplastyczna</a></li> <li>inne choroby <a href="/wiki/Autoimmunizacja" title="Autoimmunizacja">autoimmunizacyjne</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grasica_jako_potrawa">Grasica jako potrawa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasica&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Grasica jako potrawa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasica&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Grasica jako potrawa"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grasica jest uznawana przez niektórych za przysmak kulinarny. Wykorzystywana w tym celu jest zwłaszcza grasica <a href="/wiki/Ciel%C4%99cina" title="Cielęcina">cielęca</a><sup id="cite_ref-wprost_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wprost-3">[3]</a></sup> i <a href="/wiki/Jagni%C4%99cina" title="Jagnięcina">jagnięca</a><sup id="cite_ref-www.foodsubs.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.foodsubs.com-4">[4]</a></sup>. </p> <table class="infobox noprint plainlinks" cellpadding="4" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; width:30px;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/28px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/42px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/56px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="122" data-file-height="117" /></span></span> </td> <td style="line-height:normal; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; flex:unset;"><a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/grasica" class="extiw" title="wikt:grasica"><strong>Zobacz hasło</strong> <em>grasica</em> w Wikisłowniku</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasica&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasica&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-jakóbisiak2002-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-jakóbisiak2002_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">J. Gołąb, M. Jakóbisiak, M. Lasek: <i>Immunologia</i>. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2002, s. 10. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9788301171087" title="Specjalna:Książki/9788301171087">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-83-01-17108-7</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immunologia&rft.aulast=Go%C5%82%C4%85b&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.date=2002&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=10&rft.isbn=978-83-01-17108-7"></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wojciech_Sawicki2012-s372-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wojciech_Sawicki2012-s372_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wojciech Sawicki: <i>Histologia</i>. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL, 2012, s. 372. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9788320043495" title="Specjalna:Książki/9788320043495">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-83-200-4349-5</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histologia&rft.au=Wojciech+Sawicki&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Lekarskie+PZWL&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=372&rft.isbn=978-83-200-4349-5"></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wprost-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wprost_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Piotr Bikont, Robert Makłowicz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wprost.pl/ar/42312/Bikont-do-Maklowicza-Maklowicz-do-Bikonta-Gruczoly-na-stoly/"><em>Bikont do Makłowicza, Makłowicz do Bikonta – Gruczoły na stoły</em></a>. „Wprost”. 13 (1061), 2003. Agencja Wydawniczo-Reklamowa Wprost na www.wprost.pl. <span class="issn"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0209-1747">0209-1747</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bikont+do+Mak%C5%82owicza%2C+Mak%C5%82owicz+do+Bikonta+%E2%80%93+Gruczo%C5%82y+na+sto%C5%82y&rft.jtitle=Wprost&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=13+%281061%29&rft.au=Piotr+Bikont&rft.issn=0209-1747&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wprost.pl%2Far%2F42312%2FBikont-do-Maklowicza-Maklowicz-do-Bikonta-Gruczoly-na-stoly%2F"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet="">brak numeru strony</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.foodsubs.com-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-www.foodsubs.com_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodsubs.com/MeatvarMisc.html">Cook’s Thesaurus: Miscellaneous Variety Meats</a>. www.foodsubs.com. [dostęp 2011-04-02].</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div style="border-top: 1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1); color:inherit; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); margin-top: 10px; padding: 7px 10px 4px 15px; text-align:left; font-size:95%; clear:both;" class="zastrzezenia"> <p><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Medical_Alert_Symbol_Star_of_life.svg/20px-Medical_Alert_Symbol_Star_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Medical_Alert_Symbol_Star_of_life.svg/30px-Medical_Alert_Symbol_Star_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Medical_Alert_Symbol_Star_of_life.svg/40px-Medical_Alert_Symbol_Star_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="192" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Zastrze%C5%BCenia_dotycz%C4%85ce_poj%C4%99%C4%87_medycznych" title="Wikipedia:Zastrzeżenia dotyczące pojęć medycznych">Przeczytaj ostrzeżenie dotyczące informacji medycznych i pokrewnych zamieszczonych w Wikipedii</a>. </p> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-fehlt"><div><a href="/wiki/Kontrola_autorytatywna" title="Kontrola autorytatywna">Kontrola autorytatywna</a> (<span class="description">klasa bytu anatomicznego</span>):</div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85135147">sh85135147</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4060010-5">4060010-5</a></span></li><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_NDL_Authorities" class="extiw" title="de:Web NDL Authorities">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567278">00567278</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale" title="Bibliothèque nationale">BnF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12003734d">12003734d</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centralna_Biblioteka_Narodowa_we_Florencji" title="Centralna Biblioteka Narodowa we Florencji">BNCF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=53263">53263</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Republiki_Czeskiej" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Republiki Czeskiej">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ph437937">ph437937</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Izraela" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Izraela">J9U</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536578205171">987007536578205171</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a>:</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica">Britannica</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/thymus">science/thymus</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Treccani" title="Enciclopedia Treccani">Treccani</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/timo">timo</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon" title="Store norske leksikon">SNL</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4342&url_prefix=https://snl.no/&id=brissel">brissel</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1296" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1296">Catalana</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0146309.xml">0146309</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_Store_Danske_Encyklop%C3%A6di" title="Den Store Danske Encyklopædi">DSDE</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8313&url_prefix=https://lex.dk/&id=brissel">brissel</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Źródło: „<a dir="ltr" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grasica&oldid=74687452">https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grasica&oldid=74687452</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Kategorie" title="Specjalna:Kategorie">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Anatomia_klatki_piersiowej" title="Kategoria:Anatomia klatki piersiowej">Anatomia klatki piersiowej</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Gruczo%C5%82y" title="Kategoria:Gruczoły">Gruczoły</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Immunologia" title="Kategoria:Immunologia">Immunologia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Uk%C5%82ad_dokrewny_cz%C5%82owieka" title="Kategoria:Układ dokrewny człowieka">Układ dokrewny człowieka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Uk%C5%82ad_limfatyczny_cz%C5%82owieka" title="Kategoria:Układ limfatyczny człowieka">Układ limfatyczny człowieka</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Ukryta kategoria: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Szablon_cytowania_czasopisma_%E2%80%93_brak_numeru_strony" title="Kategoria:Szablon cytowania czasopisma – brak numeru strony">Szablon cytowania czasopisma – brak numeru strony</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Tę stronę ostatnio edytowano 5 wrz 2024, 09:48.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst udostępniany na licencji <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pl">Creative Commons: uznanie autorstwa, na tych samych warunkach</a>, 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