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地理大发现 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-社会环境" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社会环境"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>社会环境</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社会环境-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-背景" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#背景"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>背景</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-背景-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-早期的陆路探索" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#早期的陆路探索"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>早期的陆路探索</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-早期的陆路探索-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-郑和下西洋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#郑和下西洋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>郑和下西洋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-郑和下西洋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-葡萄牙的探索" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#葡萄牙的探索"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>葡萄牙的探索</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-葡萄牙的探索-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关葡萄牙的探索子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-葡萄牙的探索-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-恩里克王子" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#恩里克王子"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>恩里克王子</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-恩里克王子-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-迪亚士與达伽马的探索" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#迪亚士與达伽马的探索"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>迪亚士與达伽马的探索</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-迪亚士與达伽马的探索-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-葡萄牙与西班牙划分势力范围" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#葡萄牙与西班牙划分势力范围"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>葡萄牙与西班牙划分势力范围</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-葡萄牙与西班牙划分势力范围-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-征服的开始与发现美洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#征服的开始与发现美洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>征服的开始与发现美洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-征服的开始与发现美洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-资源富饶的美洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#资源富饶的美洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>资源富饶的美洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-资源富饶的美洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-环球航行" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#环球航行"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>环球航行</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-环球航行-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关环球航行子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-环球航行-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-寻找“海峡”的麦哲伦" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#寻找“海峡”的麦哲伦"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>寻找“海峡”的麦哲伦</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-寻找“海峡”的麦哲伦-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-麦哲伦的舰队" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#麦哲伦的舰队"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>麦哲伦的舰队</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-麦哲伦的舰队-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-航程的一部分:兵变" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#航程的一部分:兵变"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>航程的一部分:兵变</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-航程的一部分:兵变-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-“万圣海峡”" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#“万圣海峡”"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>“万圣海峡”</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-“万圣海峡”-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-葡萄牙垄断地位的衰落" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#葡萄牙垄断地位的衰落"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>葡萄牙垄断地位的衰落</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-葡萄牙垄断地位的衰落-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-新兴国家的竞争" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#新兴国家的竞争"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>新兴国家的竞争</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-新兴国家的竞争-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关新兴国家的竞争子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-新兴国家的竞争-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-英国的探索" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#英国的探索"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>英国的探索</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-英国的探索-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-法国的探索" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法国的探索"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>法国的探索</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-法国的探索-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-荷兰的探索" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#荷兰的探索"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>荷兰的探索</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-荷兰的探索-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-探索的结束與其影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#探索的结束與其影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>探索的结束與其影響</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-探索的结束與其影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-名稱爭議" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名稱爭議"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>名稱爭議</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-名稱爭議-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸閱讀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸閱讀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>延伸閱讀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸閱讀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">地理大发现</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。87种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81" title="عصر الاستكشاف – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عصر الاستكشاف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_de_los_descubrimientos" title="Era de los descubrimientos – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Era de los descubrimientos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C4%9Frafi_k%C9%99%C5%9Ffl%C9%99r" title="Coğrafi kəşflər – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Coğrafi kəşflər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B1" title="جوغرافی کشفلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جوغرافی کشفلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panahon_kan_Pagdiskobre" title="Panahon kan Pagdiskobre – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Panahon kan Pagdiskobre" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%86%D1%96" title="Вялікія геаграфічныя адкрыцці – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вялікія геаграфічныя адкрыцці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Велики географски открития – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Велики географски открития" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97" title="আবিষ্কারের যুগ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আবিষ্কারের যুগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_geografska_otkri%C4%87a" title="Velika geografska otkrića – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Velika geografska otkrića" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_de_l%27exploraci%C3%B3" title="Era de l'exploració – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Era de l'exploració" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C-%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Сийлахь-Даккхий географин белламаш – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сийлахь-Даккхий географин белламаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%9Bk_z%C3%A1mo%C5%99sk%C3%BDch_objev%C5%AF" title="Věk zámořských objevů – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Věk zámořských objevů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D3%91_%D1%82%D3%97%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Географири аслӑ тӗпчевсем – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Географири аслӑ тӗпчевсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oes_y_Darganfod" title="Oes y Darganfod – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Oes y Darganfod" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opdagelsestiden" title="Opdagelsestiden – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Opdagelsestiden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitalter_der_Entdeckungen" title="Zeitalter der Entdeckungen – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zeitalter der Entdeckungen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%8D%CF%88%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Εποχή των Ανακαλύψεων – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εποχή των Ανακαλύψεων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Age of Discovery" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoko_de_Malkovroj" title="Epoko de Malkovroj – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Epoko de Malkovroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_de_los_Descubrimientos" title="Era de los Descubrimientos – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Era de los Descubrimientos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suured_maadeavastused" title="Suured maadeavastused – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suured maadeavastused" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esplorazioen_Aroa" title="Esplorazioen Aroa – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Esplorazioen Aroa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81" title="عصر اکتشاف – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عصر اکتشاف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6yt%C3%B6retket" title="Löytöretket – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Löytöretket" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_d%C3%A9couvertes" title="Grandes découvertes – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grandes découvertes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9_na_Fionnachtana" title="Ré na Fionnachtana – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ré na Fionnachtana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grann_d%C3%A9kouv%C3%A8rt" title="Grann dékouvèrt – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Grann dékouvèrt" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_dos_descubrimentos" title="Era dos descubrimentos – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Era dos descubrimentos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Age of Discovery" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%93%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="עידן התגליות – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עידן התגליות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="खोज का युग – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खोज का युग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_geografska_otkri%C4%87a" title="Velika geografska otkrića – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Velika geografska otkrića" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwo_dekouv%C3%A8t" title="Gwo dekouvèt – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gwo dekouvèt" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_f%C3%B6ldrajzi_felfedez%C3%A9sek_kora" title="A földrajzi felfedezések kora – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A földrajzi felfedezések kora" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Աշխարհագրական մեծ հայտնագործություններ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աշխարհագրական մեծ հայտնագործություններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_Penjelajahan" title="Abad Penjelajahan – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abad Penjelajahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landafundat%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title="Landafundatímabilið – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Landafundatímabilið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A0_delle_scoperte" title="Età delle scoperte – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Età delle scoperte" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="大航海時代 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大航海時代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iej_a_Diskovri" title="Iej a Diskovri – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Iej a Diskovri" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="დიდი გეოგრაფიული აღმოჩენები – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიდი გეოგრაფიული აღმოჩენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ұлы географиялық ашылулар – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұлы географиялық ашылулар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%95%AD%ED%95%B4%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80" title="대항해시대 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대항해시대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Географиялык ачылыштар – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Географиялык ачылыштар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aevum_Explorationis" title="Aevum Explorationis – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aevum Explorationis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A9_dles_descurides" title="Eté dles descurides – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Eté dles descurides" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didieji_geografiniai_atradimai" title="Didieji geografiniai atradimai – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Didieji geografiniai atradimai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lielie_%C4%A3eogr%C4%81fiskie_atkl%C4%81jumi" title="Lielie ģeogrāfiskie atklājumi – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lielie ģeogrāfiskie atklājumi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Големите географски откритија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Големите географски откритија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="കണ്ടുപിടുത്തങ്ങളുടെ യുഗം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കണ്ടുപിടുത്തങ്ങളുടെ യുഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Газар зүйн их нээлт – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Газар зүйн их нээлт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="शोध युग – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शोध युग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Penjelajahan" title="Zaman Penjelajahan – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zaman Penjelajahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%86%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ကမ္ဘာ့ခြေဆန့်ခေတ် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကမ္ဘာ့ခြေဆန့်ခေတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijdperk_van_de_grote_ontdekkingen" title="Tijdperk van de grote ontdekkingen – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tijdperk van de grote ontdekkingen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppdagingstida" title="Oppdagingstida – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oppdagingstida" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppdagelsestiden" title="Oppdagelsestiden – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oppdagelsestiden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandas_descob%C3%A8rtas" title="Grandas descobèrtas – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Grandas descobèrtas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%97" title="ਲੱਭਤ ਯੁੱਗ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੱਭਤ ਯੁੱਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%C3%A9s_d%C3%A9couvertes" title="Grandés découvertes – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Grandés découvertes" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielkie_odkrycia_geograficzne" title="Wielkie odkrycia geograficzne – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielkie odkrycia geograficzne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="دریافتاں دا دور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دریافتاں دا دور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="د اکتشاف دوره – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اکتشاف دوره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_dos_Descobrimentos" title="Era dos Descobrimentos – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Era dos Descobrimentos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perioada_marilor_descoperiri" title="Perioada marilor descoperiri – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Perioada marilor descoperiri" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Великие географические открытия – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великие географические открытия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doba_velikih_geografskih_otkri%C4%87a" title="Doba velikih geografskih otkrića – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Doba velikih geografskih otkrića" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Age of Discovery" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1morsk%C3%A9_objavy" title="Zámorské objavy – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zámorské objavy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_geografska_odkritja" title="Velika geografska odkritja – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Velika geografska odkritja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoka_e_zbulimeve" title="Epoka e zbulimeve – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Epoka e zbulimeve" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B0" title="Велика географска открића – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велика географска открића" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppt%C3%A4cktsresornas_epok" title="Upptäcktsresornas epok – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Upptäcktsresornas epok" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கண்டுபிடிப்புக் காலம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கண்டுபிடிப்புக் காலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D1%83%D2%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%91%D3%A3" title="Кафшиёти бузурги ҷуғрофиёӣ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кафшиёти бузурги ҷуғрофиёӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%88" title="ยุคแห่งการสำรวจ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุคแห่งการสำรวจ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C3%BDik_geografik_a%C3%A7y%C5%9Flar" title="Beýik geografik açyşlar – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Beýik geografik açyşlar" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panahon_ng_Pagtuklas" title="Panahon ng Pagtuklas – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panahon ng Pagtuklas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C4%9Frafi_ke%C5%9Fifler" title="Coğrafi keşifler – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Coğrafi keşifler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Доба великих географічних відкриттів – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Доба великих географічних відкриттів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%BA_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="دریافتوں کا دور – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دریافتوں کا دور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyuk_geografik_kashfiyotlar" title="Buyuk geografik kashfiyotlar – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Buyuk geografik kashfiyotlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%9Di_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_Kh%C3%A1m_ph%C3%A1" title="Thời đại Khám phá – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thời đại Khám phá" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panahon_han_Pandidiskubre" title="Panahon han Pandidiskubre – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Panahon han Pandidiskubre" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0" title="地理大发现 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="地理大发现" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoat-ki%C3%A0n_S%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="Hoat-kiàn Sî-tāi – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoat-kiàn Sî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="大航海時代 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大航海時代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q133641#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>)。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span>「<b>发现新大陆</b>」重定向至此。關於<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E5%B8%83" class="mw-redirect" title="哥伦布">哥伦布</a>于1492年10月12日发现美洲大陆这一历史事件,請見「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="发现美洲">发现美洲</a></b>」。</div> <link 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(遊戲)</a></b>」。</div> <div id="noteTA-cc240808" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Food"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="People"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="地名"></div></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:弗朗西斯; zh-tw:法蘭西斯; zh-hk:弗朗西斯;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:德雷克; zh-tw:德瑞克; zh-hk:德雷克;"></div></div></div> <table class="infobox" style="background:#ceecee; font-size:95%; -moz-border-radius-topright:14px; -moz-border-radius-topleft:14px; font-size:8pt;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#dedeff; -moz-border-radius: 10px 10px 0 0; -webkit-border-radius: 10px 10px 0 0; border-radius: 10px 10px 0 0; font-size:10pt"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="地理學">地理學</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地理學思想史(页面不存在)">地理學思想史</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E2%80%94%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希臘—羅馬時期地理學家列表(页面不存在)">希臘—羅馬時期</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中國地理學史(页面不存在)">古代中國</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E8%88%87%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀伊斯蘭教的地理學與地圖學(页面不存在)">古代伊斯蘭</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">地理大发现</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地圖學發展史(页面不存在)">地圖學發展史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="環境決定論">環境決定論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="区域地理学">区域地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="計量革命">計量革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="批判地理學">批判地理學</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-top:4pt;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OrteliusWorldMap.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/OrteliusWorldMap.jpeg/100px-OrteliusWorldMap.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/OrteliusWorldMap.jpeg/150px-OrteliusWorldMap.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/OrteliusWorldMap.jpeg/200px-OrteliusWorldMap.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="5788" data-file-height="3942" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FraMauroDetailedMapInverted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/FraMauroDetailedMapInverted.jpg/220px-FraMauroDetailedMapInverted.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/FraMauroDetailedMapInverted.jpg/330px-FraMauroDetailedMapInverted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/FraMauroDetailedMapInverted.jpg/440px-FraMauroDetailedMapInverted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2255" data-file-height="2245" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="威尼斯">威尼斯</a>制图师<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%AF%9B%E7%BD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="弗拉·毛罗">弗拉·毛罗</a>绘制的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%AF%9B%E7%BD%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="弗拉·毛罗地图">弗拉·毛罗地图</a>(1459年)。这幅地图是第一批绘有<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲">非洲</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2" title="亚洲">亚洲</a>的地图。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_Caravel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Portuguese_Caravel.jpg/170px-Portuguese_Caravel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Portuguese_Caravel.jpg/255px-Portuguese_Caravel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Portuguese_Caravel.jpg/340px-Portuguese_Caravel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1126" data-file-height="1747" /></a><figcaption>盛行于15世纪的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%86%E8%88%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="卡拉维尔帆船">卡拉维尔帆船</a>,在大航海时代常被用作远洋航行。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>地理大发现</b>(英語:<span lang="en">Age of Discovery</span>;又名<b>探索时代</b>、<b>海權時代</b>、<b>发现时代</b>、<b>大航海時代</b>)指从15世纪到17世纪时期。该时期内,<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a>的船队出现在世界各处的海洋上,寻找着新的贸易路线和贸易伙伴,以发展欧洲新生的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="资本主义">资本主义</a>。在这些远洋探索中,欧洲人发现了许多当时在欧洲不为人知的国家与地区。与此同时,欧洲涌现出了许多著名的<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E5%AE%B6" title="航海家">航海家</a>,其中有<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E5%B8%83" title="克里斯托弗·哥伦布">克里斯托弗·哥伦布</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E4%BC%BD%E9%A9%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="瓦斯科·达伽马">瓦斯科·达伽马</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E7%93%A6%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94" title="佩德罗·阿尔瓦雷斯·卡布拉尔">佩德罗·阿尔瓦雷斯·卡布拉尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%A7%91%E8%90%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="胡安·德拉科萨">胡安·德拉科萨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E4%BA%9E%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="迪亞士">巴尔托洛梅乌·迪亚士</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%B3%A2%E6%89%98" class="mw-redirect" title="乔瓦尼·卡波托">乔瓦尼·卡波托</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%BA%9E%E5%A1%9E%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82" title="胡安·庞塞·德莱昂">胡安·庞塞·德莱昂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E5%93%B2%E5%80%AB" title="斐迪南·麥哲倫">斐迪南·麦哲伦</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="胡安·塞瓦斯蒂安·埃尔卡诺">胡安·塞瓦斯蒂安·埃尔卡诺</a>等。 </p><p>在当时,远洋航行意味着冒险:他们无法准确测量经度<sup id="cite_ref-经度_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-经度-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,木制船壳无法抵抗<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%B9%E8%9B%86" title="船蛆">船蛆</a>的侵蚀,储备的食物不适合长期航行<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,船上的卫生与生活条件也十分糟糕。然而,受经济利益与政治利益的双重驱使,这些人所进行的探索极大地扩展了已知世界的范围。<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_31_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang_31-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>伴随着新航路的开辟,东西方在文化、贸易之間的聯繫大大增加,使<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="西方文明">西方文明</a>扩展至全世界,同時<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="帝国主义">帝国主义</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="殖民主义">殖民主义</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93" class="mw-redirect" title="自由贸易">自由贸易</a>也开始出现。欧洲这个时期的國土擴張及快速发展,奠定了其超过亚洲繁荣的基础。新航路的发现,对世界各大洲在数百年後的发展也产生了久远的影响。对除欧洲以外的国家和民族而言,地理大发现带来的影响则是复杂而矛盾的,除了物資交流外,因帶給<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91" title="原住民">原住民</a>的常是死亡和佔領,可說是一部大侵略史,直至近年美洲國家才开始关注<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%9F%E8%91%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80" title="联合国土著人民权利宣言">原住民权益</a>。對於地球生態的影響的也是極巨大的,例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E5%B8%83%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B" title="哥倫布大交換">哥倫布大交換</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="社会环境"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A.E7.8E.AF.E5.A2.83"></span>社会环境</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节:社会环境"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Possible_Self-Portrait_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Possible_Self-Portrait_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci.jpg/170px-Possible_Self-Portrait_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Possible_Self-Portrait_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci.jpg/255px-Possible_Self-Portrait_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Possible_Self-Portrait_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A5%E7%BA%B3%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E8%8A%AC%E5%A5%87" class="mw-redirect" title="列奥纳多·达芬奇">列奥纳多·达芬奇</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buchdruck-15-jahrhundert_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Buchdruck-15-jahrhundert_1.jpg/170px-Buchdruck-15-jahrhundert_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Buchdruck-15-jahrhundert_1.jpg/255px-Buchdruck-15-jahrhundert_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Buchdruck-15-jahrhundert_1.jpg/340px-Buchdruck-15-jahrhundert_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption>15世纪的书籍印刷</figcaption></figure> <p>15世纪上半叶,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E8%85%BE%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="约翰内斯·古腾堡">约翰内斯·古腾堡</a>整合前人技术发明的铅字<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E5%AD%97%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7%E6%9C%AF" title="活字印刷术">活字印刷术</a>彻底地改变了欧洲乃至世界的历史进程。<sup id="cite_ref-印刷术_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-印刷术-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>15世纪末到16世纪中期,欧洲爆发了<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="意大利战争">意大利战争</a>,这一系列的冲突波及到了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西班牙帝國">西班牙</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="神圣罗马帝国">神圣罗马帝国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="英格兰">英格兰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="苏格兰">苏格兰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="威尼斯共和国">威尼斯共和国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E5%9B%BD" title="教宗国">教宗国</a>及其他的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="城邦">意大利城邦</a>。 </p><p>在16世纪,一些宗教学家、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="哲学家">哲学家</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%B6" title="政治家">政治家</a>们试图从广度和深度上改变<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%AC%A7" title="西欧">西欧</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马天主教会">天主教</a>的风俗习惯。这开始于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%9A%E6%9C%83" title="奧斯定會">奥斯定会</a>教士<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="马丁·路德">马丁·路德</a>发动的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="宗教改革">宗教改革</a>运动。对此,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="反宗教改革">反宗教改革</a>者们改革了天主教会,但却没有进一步地对其教义施行改革。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>16世纪下半叶,<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99" title="新教">新教</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%A0%BC%E8%AF%BA%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="胡格诺派">胡格诺派</a>与天主教之间曾爆发过八次战争,史称<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="法国宗教战争">法国宗教战争</a>。到了16世纪末,与<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="文艺复兴">文艺复兴</a>息息相关的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="人文主义">人文主义</a>,已在<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学">哲学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="语言学">语言学</a>、知识、艺术和教育领域中占据了主导地位。准确地说,标志着欧洲文化全球扩张开始的这个时期,颠覆了欧洲千百年来以<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%BF%83%E8%AF%B4" title="地心说">地心说</a>为主的中世纪世界观。文艺复兴时期出现的重要人物有<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A5%E7%BA%B3%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E8%8A%AC%E5%A5%87" class="mw-redirect" title="列奥纳多·达芬奇">列奥纳多·达芬奇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%BC%80%E6%9C%97%E5%9F%BA%E7%BD%97" title="米开朗基罗">米开朗基罗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E4%B8%87%E6%8F%90%E6%96%AF" title="米格尔·德·塞万提斯">米格尔·德·塞万提斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="马丁·路德">马丁·路德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E4%B8%A2%E5%8B%92" title="阿尔布雷希特·丢勒">阿尔布雷希特·丢勒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BC%80%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92" title="约翰内斯·开普勒">约翰内斯·开普勒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E8%B0%B7%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="第谷·布拉赫">第谷·布拉赫</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="若阿基姆·帕蒂尼尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Joachim Patinir"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%A5%E9%98%BF%E5%9F%BA%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E8%92%82%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="若阿基姆·帕蒂尼尔(页面不存在)">若阿基姆·帕蒂尼尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Patinir" class="extiw" title="en:Joachim Patinir"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Joachim Patinir</span></a></span>)</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="康坦·马赛斯" data-lang-code="es" data-lang-name="西班牙语" data-foreign-title="Quentin Massys"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E5%9D%A6%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E8%B5%9B%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="康坦·马赛斯(页面不存在)">康坦·马赛斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">西班牙语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Massys" class="extiw" title="es:Quentin Massys"><span lang="es" dir="auto">Quentin Massys</span></a></span>)</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%B0%94" title="安东尼斯·莫尔">安东尼斯·莫尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%BC%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%AF" title="耶罗尼米斯·博斯">耶罗尼米斯·博斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E8%B0%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="伊拉斯谟">伊拉斯谟</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%B8%83%E5%91%82%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="老布呂赫爾">老布吕赫尔</a>等。 </p><p>16世纪的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="文艺复兴">文艺复兴</a>开启了通往其后一百年的大门,社会得以摆脱<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="教会">教会</a>灌输的刻板旧习与强加的苛捐杂税。在17世纪,发生了<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a>逐出<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" title="摩尔人">摩尔人</a>事件与<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="三十年战争">三十年战争</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="背景"><span id=".E8.83.8C.E6.99.AF"></span>背景</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节:背景"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Ocean_bathymetry_srtm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Indian_Ocean_bathymetry_srtm.png/220px-Indian_Ocean_bathymetry_srtm.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Indian_Ocean_bathymetry_srtm.png/330px-Indian_Ocean_bathymetry_srtm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Indian_Ocean_bathymetry_srtm.png/440px-Indian_Ocean_bathymetry_srtm.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption>这幅地图的左上角为东<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="阿拉伯半岛">阿拉伯半岛</a>位于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗">伊朗</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲">非洲</a>中间,在它的两侧,自古以来便有着两条天然的航道:分别是西侧的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E6%B5%B7" title="红海">红海</a>和东侧的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E6%B9%BE" title="波斯湾">波斯湾</a>。在新航路发现前,航船只能经由其中一条航道进入<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%B5%B7" title="阿拉伯海">阿拉伯海</a>,并在穿越<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%8B" title="印度洋">印度洋</a>后抵达东方。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silkroutes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Silkroutes.jpg/220px-Silkroutes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Silkroutes.jpg/330px-Silkroutes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Silkroutes.jpg/440px-Silkroutes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>从<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>东岸出发,沿着<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9D%E7%BB%B8%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" title="丝绸之路">丝绸之路</a>穿越中亚抵达<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中国</a>的西安,甚而抵达<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B" title="太平洋">太平洋</a>西岸。</figcaption></figure> <p>自古以来,西方便有着两条通向东方的贸易路线:其一是始于<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a>的海上路线,其二则是被称为“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9D%E7%BB%B8%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" title="丝绸之路">丝绸之路</a>”的陆上路线。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>海上路线利用了<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A3%E9%A3%8E" title="季风">季风</a>的特点:在每年的4月到6月之间,船只从<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%BC%8A%E5%A3%AB" title="苏伊士">苏伊士</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A3%AB%E6%8B%89" title="巴士拉">巴士拉</a>出发,分别经由<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E6%B5%B7" title="红海">红海</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E6%B9%BE" title="波斯湾">波斯湾</a>进入阿拉伯海,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>再顺着从海洋吹向大陆的西南季风航往<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%8B" title="印度洋">印度洋</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="中国海">中国海</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>大约在6个月后,也就是在10月到12月之间,吹向海洋的东北季风又会将航船带回其始发地。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>作为陆上路线的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9D%E7%BB%B8%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" title="丝绸之路">丝绸之路</a>,其贸易路线西起地中海东岸(主要有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%AF" title="亚历山大港">亚历山大港</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9" title="大马士革">大马士革</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E9%A2%87" title="阿勒颇">阿勒颇</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>等城市)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>与<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海">黑海</a>沿岸。从这些地方出发,经过<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="里海">里海</a>南部进入亚洲并穿过<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%E8%BE%BE" title="巴格达">巴格达</a>,分为几条支路穿过内陆地区后再汇集于<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B8%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="咸海">咸海</a>附近。在中亚的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89" title="布哈拉">布哈拉</a>,开始分路前往<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C" title="德里">德里</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89" title="阿格拉">阿格拉</a>。经过布哈拉,到达<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="帕米尔高原">帕米尔</a>北部的<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E7%BD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="撒马尔罕">撒马尔罕</a>后,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>丝绸之路再次出现分支:往北通向<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E6%9C%A8%E5%9B%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉木图">阿拉木图</a>,往东穿越中亚,并沿<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E4%BB%91%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="昆仑山脉">昆仑山脉</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B1%B1%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="天山山脉">天山山脉</a>行进抵达<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中国</a>城市<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89" class="mw-redirect" title="西安">西安</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>探索时代的开始,是由于商业贸易上急迫需求的刺激。最初的远洋航行,是为了寻找从西欧前往<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2" title="亚洲">亚洲</a>的海路航线,以带回东方的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%96%99" title="香料">香料</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>因为,从陆路到达亚洲的路程十分遥远,商队必须穿越亚洲的多个地区;而当时欧洲同亚洲的贸易已被<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="威尼斯">威尼斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E9%82%A3%E4%BA%9A" title="热那亚">热那亚</a>等地的意大利商人垄断。<sup id="cite_ref-意大利_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-意大利-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="穆斯林">穆斯林</a>在大部分时期裡都控制着通往东方的各条商路。亚历山大、阿勒颇与大马士革被称为当时的“铁幕”。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>只有在13世纪下半叶到14世纪,当成吉思汗家族的<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="蒙古帝国">蒙古帝国</a>极盛时,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>以<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97" title="马可·波罗">马可·波罗</a>为代表的欧洲人才与“契丹”<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>取得了联系。已有的贸易路线可以运送宝贵的香料,但却不得不遭受沿途关卡的层层盘剥,贸易受到了严重影响;这还没有算上多变的政治局势和盗匪的骚扰。<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>进入十五世纪,威尼斯受到<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%82%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%BC%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="鄂圖曼土耳其">鄂圖曼土耳其</a>的封锁与入侵<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,西方人急迫地需要找到一条通往东方的新商路。在当时,<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE%E5%AD%A6" title="地图学">地图学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7" title="航海">航海术</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A0%E8%88%B9" title="造船">造船术</a>都取得了可观的进步。随着技术的进步,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%91%9E%E5%85%8B%E5%B8%86%E8%88%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="卡瑞克帆船">卡瑞克帆船</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%86%E8%88%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="卡拉维尔帆船">卡拉维尔帆船</a>相继在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="伊比利亚半岛">伊比利亚半岛</a>出现,远洋探险成为了可能。<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这些融合了传统阿拉伯船只与传统欧洲船只特点的帆船,首次能离开风平浪静的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>,安全地航往<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B" title="大西洋">大西洋</a>的开放水域进行探索。 </p><p>伊比利亚半岛上的王国的社会结构类似于公司。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-disambig" title="世家">世家</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%80%E9%96%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="門閥">門閥</a>中施行<span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="长子继承制" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Majorat"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%AD%90%E7%BB%A7%E6%89%BF%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="长子继承制">长子继承制</a></span></span>,家庭中的长子可以继承家产,次子则可能<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%83%E9%AB%AE" class="mw-disambig" title="剃髮">剃髮</a>出家,成為<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E5%A3%AB" title="修士">修士</a>,或在<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E5%A4%8D%E5%A4%B1%E5%9C%B0%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="收复失地运动">同摩尔人的战斗</a>中碰运气,用努力来赢取荣耀和土地。当伊比利亚半岛的土地都被征服者们瓜分殆尽后,北非的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B7%E5%90%89%E5%A1%94%E7%BA%B3%E6%AF%9B%E9%87%8C%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="廷吉塔纳毛里塔尼亚">廷吉塔纳毛里塔尼亚</a>便成为了征服者们的新目标。葡萄牙先于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="卡斯蒂利亚王国">卡斯蒂利亚</a>完成失地收复,并已开始在北非建立殖民地。<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E8%B4%A1%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="阿拉贡王国">阿拉贡</a>亦先于卡斯蒂利亚完成失地收复,并已派遣探险队去寻找直接穿越地中海的新航线。在卡斯蒂利亚完成<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E5%A4%8D%E5%A4%B1%E5%9C%B0%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="收复失地运动">收复失地运动</a>后,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%8E%8E%E8%B4%9D%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" class="mw-disambig" title="伊莎贝拉一世">伊莎贝拉女王</a>下令军队继续征战非洲。<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>然而,向西通往印度(实际上是美洲大陆)新航线的发现,改变了她原定的计划,从而持续了近8个世纪的征服活动也得以在这片未知土地上继续下去。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="早期的陆路探索"><span id=".E6.97.A9.E6.9C.9F.E7.9A.84.E9.99.86.E8.B7.AF.E6.8E.A2.E7.B4.A2"></span>早期的陆路探索</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节:早期的陆路探索"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marco_Polo_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Marco_Polo_portrait.jpg/170px-Marco_Polo_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Marco_Polo_portrait.jpg/255px-Marco_Polo_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Marco_Polo_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97" title="马可·波罗">马可·波罗</a>(1253年-1324年)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongol_dominions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mongol_dominions.jpg/350px-Mongol_dominions.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mongol_dominions.jpg/525px-Mongol_dominions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mongol_dominions.jpg/700px-Mongol_dominions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1683" data-file-height="1129" /></a><figcaption>13世纪时<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="蒙古帝国">蒙古帝国</a>的版图,地图制于1923年。蒙古帝国是历史上最辽阔的帝国之一,居住在其境内的人口大约占当时全世界人口的一半。</figcaption></figure> <p>中世纪晚期,有一系列的欧洲探险队曾跨过<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" class="mw-redirect" title="欧亚大陆">欧亚大陆</a>前往亚洲,他们是探索时代的先驱者。尽管统一了大半个欧亚大陆,将中国到<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A" title="中亚">中亚</a>的商路悉数纳入囊中的<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="蒙古帝国">蒙古</a>正对欧洲觊觎万分;一部分欧洲人还是利用这个机会前往了东方。随着欧洲到中亚的商路逐渐为<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="意大利城邦">意大利城邦</a>的商人所控制,<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利人</a>成为了前往东方的主要人群。<sup id="cite_ref-意大利_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-意大利-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>他们与<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%B8%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="近东">近东</a>地中海的亲密关系,使得他们更愿意同这一地区贸易,而不是与更东边的地区。<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E5%9B%BD" title="教宗国">教宗国</a>亦派遣了探险队,希望能够找到基督教的皈依者,或寻到传说中<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E5%8F%B8%E7%8E%8B%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="祭司王约翰">祭司王约翰</a>的王国。 </p><p>在已有的史料中,有记载的第一名前往东方的旅客名叫<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E9%83%8E%E5%98%89%E5%AE%BE" title="柏郎嘉宾">柏郎嘉宾</a>,他于1245年至1247年间到达了蒙古并返回欧洲。<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>然而,<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97" title="马可·波罗">马可·波罗</a>在1271年到1295年的旅行才是其中最知名的一次:他穿越了整个欧亚大陆,并抵达了大陆的最东面。后来,《<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E6%B8%B8%E8%AE%B0" title="马可·波罗游记">马可·波罗游记</a>》以故事的形式详细地记录了他的旅程,这本书在欧洲流传甚广。<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>这些旅行并没有发挥立即的作用。实际上,蒙古帝国在不久后便以其扩张的速度瓦解了。前往东方的商路变得更加危险,更不容易穿越。14世纪的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病">黑死病</a>同样牵制了东西方的旅行和贸易。此外,通往东方的陆上路线太长,且多被与欧洲作战了多个世纪的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯兰">伊斯兰</a>帝国控制,商队几乎无法维持有利可图的贸易。随着热衷于侵略<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%A9%E5%BC%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="扩张主义">扩张</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥斯曼帝国">奥斯曼帝国</a>的崛起,欧洲与亚洲的交流变得更加困难。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="郑和下西洋"><span id=".E9.83.91.E5.92.8C.E4.B8.8B.E8.A5.BF.E6.B4.8B"></span>郑和下西洋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节:郑和下西洋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%91%E5%92%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="郑和">郑和</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%91%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%8B%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B" title="郑和下西洋">郑和下西洋</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KangnidoMap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/KangnidoMap.jpg/220px-KangnidoMap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/KangnidoMap.jpg/330px-KangnidoMap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/KangnidoMap.jpg/440px-KangnidoMap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>15世纪初<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="朝鲜王朝">朝鲜</a>所制的地图《混一疆理历代国都之图》,显示了郑和时代明朝及其藩属国的世界观</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%91%E5%92%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="郑和">郑和</a>(1371年-1433年)是一位<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%97%8F" title="回族">回族</a>的探险家和航海家,中國也是歐洲以外少數具有遠洋航行能力的發達文明之一,因此明朝期間<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%88%90%E7%A5%96" title="明成祖">明成祖</a>曾多次命其率领船队远航至印度洋,<sup id="cite_ref-ByVZH_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ByVZH-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这史称“郑和下西洋”。郑和航行的目的主要有以下几条:一为安抚东南亚诸邦,“宣德化而柔远人”;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>二为寻找<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%83%A0%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="明惠帝">惠帝</a>允炆,这一点可在《明史》中得到查证;<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>三为同印度诸国建立联系,以便从腹背夹击<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%96%E6%9C%A8%E5%84%BF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="帖木儿帝国">帖木儿帝国</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>此外,现代郑和研究者亦总结了其他的一些原因,譬如建立从南亚向西航行的中途候风转航的据点、<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>开辟新航路,使海外远国“宾服”于中国等等。<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在航行中,郑和船队采用了多种导航方式,主要有:被称为“过洋牵星”的星座观测方法,与使用罗盘测定针路的指南针方法。<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>此外,世界上最早的一批<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%BE" title="海图">海图</a>亦出自郑和船队之手,<sup id="cite_ref-DC_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>其中流传至今的有<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%85%E5%85%83%E4%BB%AA" title="茅元仪">茅元仪</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%A4%87%E5%BF%97" class="mw-redirect" title="武备志">武备志</a>》中收录的《<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%91%E5%92%8C%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%BE" title="郑和航海图">郑和航海图</a>》。<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>郑和探索了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="东南亚">东南亚</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="南亚">南亚</a>的大部分地区,如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E8%B6%BE%E6%94%AF%E9%82%A3" title="交趾支那">交趾支那</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%94%B2" title="马六甲">马六甲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%B9%E7%BD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="暹罗">暹罗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87" class="mw-redirect" title="爪哇">爪哇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E5%90%84%E7%AD%94" title="加尔各答">加尔各答</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%85%B0%E5%8D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="斯里兰卡">斯里兰卡</a>等。此外,他还到达过<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E6%B9%BE" title="波斯湾">波斯湾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E9%9D%9E" title="东非">东非</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-ByVZH_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ByVZH-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>有少部份学者甚至认为郑和曾经抵达过<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="美洲大陸">美洲大陆</a>,也即是认为他先于<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E5%B8%83" class="mw-redirect" title="哥伦布">哥伦布</a>发现了美洲<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;这批学者中的代表人物当推《<a href="/wiki/1421%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="1421:中国发现世界">1421:中国发现世界</a>》的作者<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E5%AD%9F%E5%B8%AD%E6%96%AF" title="加文·孟席斯">加文·孟席斯</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在途经的国家,郑和船队用中国的特产换来了象牙、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E6%96%99" title="染料">染料</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9D%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="宝石">宝石</a>等商品,并为皇帝带回了长颈鹿、鸵鸟、金钱豹、狮子等珍奇动物。<sup id="cite_ref-DC_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>从1405年到1433年,郑和共计下西洋7次。在第1、3、4、7次的出航中,舰队的随船人员均超过27,000人。<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>郑和下西洋的船队极有可能是当时世界上最庞大的舰队,其第一次下西洋所携带的船只共计208艘。<sup id="cite_ref-Zheng_89_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zheng_89-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>郑和乘坐的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9D%E8%88%B9" class="mw-disambig" title="宝船">宝船</a>长44丈、宽18丈<sup id="cite_ref-Zheng_89_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zheng_89-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,有9条<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%85%E6%9D%86" title="桅杆">桅杆</a>与12张<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%B9%E5%B8%86" class="mw-redirect" title="船帆">帆</a>,并由约200名船员操作。<sup id="cite_ref-DC_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>郑一钧认为,郑和的航海建立了亚非国际间的和平局势,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>促进了亚非国际贸易的发展,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>传播了中国的文化,并为中国带来了新的海外知识。<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>此外,他亦指出了郑和下西洋的局限,认为郑和的航海并未带来中国资本主义的发展。<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>学者张箭认为,郑和下西洋并没有太大的经济需求,他的七次大规模航海不仅没有为明朝带来巨大的利润,反而令<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%BA%93" title="国库">国库</a>空虚。<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>但是,郑一钧并不同意导致国库空虚一说,并以郑和六下西洋所带回的100多万两银子均被用于修建南京<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%8A%A5%E6%81%A9%E5%AF%BA_(%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC)" title="大报恩寺 (南京)">大报恩寺</a>,而未被纳入国库的事例来加以佐证。<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>厦门大学教授庄国土认为,郑和下西洋打击了海外华商和海上游民,使中国海商无法出洋,就算冒险出洋无利可图,压缩了中国海商的活动空间<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="葡萄牙的探索"><span id=".E8.91.A1.E8.90.84.E7.89.99.E7.9A.84.E6.8E.A2.E7.B4.A2"></span>葡萄牙的探索</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节:葡萄牙的探索"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%96%99%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93" title="香料贸易">香料贸易</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gama_route_1_zh-hans.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Gama_route_1_zh-hans.svg/350px-Gama_route_1_zh-hans.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Gama_route_1_zh-hans.svg/525px-Gama_route_1_zh-hans.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Gama_route_1_zh-hans.svg/700px-Gama_route_1_zh-hans.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>在绕过由其同胞<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E6%89%98%E6%B4%9B%E6%A2%85%E4%B9%8C%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E4%BA%9A%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="巴尔托洛梅乌·迪亚士">迪亚士</a>发现的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E6%9C%9B%E8%A7%92" title="好望角">好望角</a>后,瓦斯科·达伽马发现了通往<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>的新航线。</figcaption></figure> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="伊比利亚半岛">伊比利亚半岛</a>发展出<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%86%E8%88%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="卡拉维尔帆船">卡拉维尔帆船</a>后,欧洲人终于开始将目光瞄向神秘的东方。 </p><p>探索东方的渴望是由多种原因造成的。其中最主要的原因,是去寻找获取<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%96%99" title="香料">香料</a>的新航线,以取代受政治环境影响而随时可能停止供应的陆地贸易。<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="货币主义">货币主义者</a>则认为,开启探索时代的主要原因是欧洲<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="贵金属">贵金属</a>的剧烈流失。欧洲经济建立在<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">金</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="银">银</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81" class="mw-redirect" title="货币">货币</a>的流通上,通货的短缺会让欧洲出现<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E8%90%A7%E6%9D%A1" title="经济萧条">经济萧条</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_36_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang_36-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>还有一个因素是,在<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E5%A4%8D%E5%A4%B1%E5%9C%B0%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="收复失地运动">收复失地运动</a>中,伊比利亚半岛上的基督教国家已与穆斯林国家作战经年,半岛上的基督教国家極需去寻觅海外盟国来反击当地的伊斯兰势力(例如传说中的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E5%8F%B8%E7%8E%8B%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="祭司王约翰">祭司王约翰</a>),从而打破伊斯兰教的制约力量。<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>此外,他们也从阿拉伯邻居那学到了很多东西。譬如,在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%86%E8%88%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="卡拉维尔帆船">卡拉维尔帆船</a>的发展过程中,阿拉伯三角帆技术的引入改进了船只的机动性。另外,通过从阿拉伯人手里重新获取的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="古希腊">古希腊</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="地理">地理</a>文献,欧洲人首次对非洲和亚洲有了一个大致的印象。<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="恩里克王子"><span id=".E6.81.A9.E9.87.8C.E5.85.8B.E7.8E.8B.E5.AD.90"></span>恩里克王子</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节:恩里克王子"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="恩里克王子">恩里克王子</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙国王">葡萄牙国王</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%98%82%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="若昂一世">若昂一世</a>的三子,他曾参与了其父指挥的征服<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E8%BE%BE" title="休达">休达</a>的战役,并在<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E4%BB%80" title="萨格里什">萨格里什</a>(今<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%BB%B4%E6%A3%AE%E7%89%B9%E8%A7%92" title="圣维森特角">圣维森特角</a>)开办了世界上的第一所航海学校。<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>恩里克的计划是探索非洲西海岸:在几个世纪里,西非与<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>世界的贸易路线都必须跨越<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%99%E6%BC%A0" title="撒哈拉沙漠">撒哈拉大沙漠</a>,而<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E" title="北非">北非</a>的路线则被葡萄牙的宿敌穆斯林国家控制;因此,葡萄牙人希望可以绕开伊斯兰地区,通过海路直接与西非展开贸易。 </p><p>1415年与1416年,恩里克曾两次派人去探索了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%82%A3%E5%88%A9%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="加那利群岛">加那利群岛</a>。1418年,恩里克派贵族<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E8%B4%A1%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%89%8E%E5%B0%94%E7%A7%91" title="若昂·贡萨尔维斯·扎尔科">若昂·贡萨尔维斯·扎尔科</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%94%90%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E8%B0%A2%E6%8B%89" title="特里斯唐·瓦斯·特谢拉">特里斯唐·瓦斯·特谢拉</a>出航探险,在一场风暴过后,他们意外地发现了<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="马德拉群岛">马德拉群岛</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E6%B8%AF%E5%B2%9B" title="圣港岛">圣港岛</a>。第二年,恩里克派遣此二人再次出航去建立殖民地,这次他们发现了马德拉主岛。此后,恩里克曾两次派人去征服加那利群岛,但却由于当地土著的抵抗与供给不足而不得已而為之中止。1431年到1432年,恩里克派出的探险队逐步地发现了尚无人类居住的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%80%9F%E5%B0%94%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="亚速尔群岛">亚速尔群岛</a>,不久后葡萄牙便开始殖民该群岛。<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1434年,恩里克派<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BB%80" title="吉尔·埃阿尼什">吉尔·埃阿尼什</a>首次越过了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%93%88%E5%A4%9A%E7%88%BE%E8%A7%92" title="博哈多爾角">博哈多尔角</a>的障碍。这里是当时西方人所知道的最南的地点。1437年,恩里克参与了葡萄牙对北非的战役,但葡萄牙在这场战役中遭到惨败,恩里克的弟弟<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="费尔南多 (圣王子)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fernando, the Saint Prince"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%97%E5%A4%9A_(%E5%9C%A3%E7%8E%8B%E5%AD%90)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="费尔南多 (圣王子)(页面不存在)">费尔南多</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando,_the_Saint_Prince" class="extiw" title="en:Fernando, the Saint Prince"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fernando, the Saint Prince</span></a></span>)</span></span>亦被俘为人质。1448年,恩里克下令在北纬20度左右的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%8E%E5%A7%86%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="阿奎姆岛">阿奎姆岛</a>建立据点,这成为了欧洲人在西非海岸建立的第一个殖民据点。在二十年内,葡萄牙用武力取得了撒哈拉地区的控制权,并开始在现今的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%86%85%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94" title="塞内加尔">塞内加尔</a>地区进行黄金与<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="奴隶">奴隶</a>贸易。<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="迪亚士與达伽马的探索"><span id=".E8.BF.AA.E4.BA.9A.E5.A3.AB.E8.88.87.E8.BE.BE.E4.BC.BD.E9.A9.AC.E7.9A.84.E6.8E.A2.E7.B4.A2"></span>迪亚士與达伽马的探索</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节:迪亚士與达伽马的探索"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasco_da_Gama_(without_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Vasco_da_Gama_%28without_background%29.jpg/170px-Vasco_da_Gama_%28without_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Vasco_da_Gama_%28without_background%29.jpg/255px-Vasco_da_Gama_%28without_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Vasco_da_Gama_%28without_background%29.jpg/340px-Vasco_da_Gama_%28without_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1645" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E4%BC%BD%E9%A9%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="瓦斯科·达伽马">瓦斯科·达伽马</a>(1469年-1524年)</figcaption></figure> <p>在不断发现金矿的同时,1469年-1472年葡萄牙人发现了<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%A4%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%92%8C%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94" title="圣多美和普林西比">圣多美和普林西比</a>,后来在那里建立起了世界上的第一个制糖业殖民地。1482年,<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E5%A5%A5%E6%88%88%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7" title="迪奥戈·康">迪奥戈·康</a>率领的一支探险队与<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="刚果王国">刚果王国</a>取得了联系。 </p><p>1487年是一个重要的转折点,<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E6%89%98%E6%B4%9B%E6%A2%85%E4%B9%8C%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E4%BA%9A%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="巴尔托洛梅乌·迪亚士">迪亚士</a>受葡萄牙國王<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%98%82%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="若昂二世">若昂二世</a>委託出發尋找非洲大陸的最南端,他率三艘船隻從里斯本出發,沿著西非海岸南下,而在南緯29度遭遇暴風漂流十三日,最後在1488年2月3日進入非洲南端的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE%E7%81%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="莫塞爾灣">莫塞爾灣</a>。他並发现了非洲最南端的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E5%8A%A0%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E8%A7%92" title="厄加勒斯角">厄加勒斯角</a>與西南端的風暴角,而後風暴角被若昂二世改名為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E6%9C%9B%E8%A7%92" title="好望角">好望角</a>。这意味着进入<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%8B" title="印度洋">印度洋</a>的航线已被发现。 </p><p>1498年,<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E4%BC%BD%E9%A9%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="瓦斯科·达伽马">瓦斯科·达伽马</a>藉由一位熟悉西印度洋季風規律的伊斯蘭教徒領航員之助,发现了通往<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>的新航线,使得陆上丝绸之路不再是通往东方市场的唯一途径。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="葡萄牙与西班牙划分势力范围"><span id=".E8.91.A1.E8.90.84.E7.89.99.E4.B8.8E.E8.A5.BF.E7.8F.AD.E7.89.99.E5.88.92.E5.88.86.E5.8A.BF.E5.8A.9B.E8.8C.83.E5.9B.B4"></span>葡萄牙与西班牙划分势力范围</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节:葡萄牙与西班牙划分势力范围"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E5%B8%83" title="克里斯托弗·哥伦布">克里斯托弗·哥伦布</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SantaMariaPalos1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/SantaMariaPalos1.jpg/170px-SantaMariaPalos1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/SantaMariaPalos1.jpg/255px-SantaMariaPalos1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/SantaMariaPalos1.jpg/340px-SantaMariaPalos1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E5%B8%83%E9%A6%96%E8%88%AA%E8%89%A6%E9%9A%8A" title="哥倫布首航艦隊">哥倫布首航艦隊</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%97%E8%89%A6" title="旗艦">旗艦</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%8E%9B%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%B7" title="圣玛利亚号">聖瑪利亞號</a>(根据估计的仿制品)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="卡斯蒂利亚王国">卡斯蒂利亚王国</a>是葡萄牙的竞争者,但它对大西洋的探索要略晚于葡萄牙:到15世纪末,尽管卡斯蒂利亚的航海者们已开始在大西洋的海面上从事商业贸易与海上劫掠的活动,但还未与这位半岛上的邻居展开直接的竞争。两国的第一次对抗发生在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%82%A3%E5%88%A9%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="加那利群岛">加那利群岛</a>,卡斯蒂利亚通过<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%8D%A1%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E5%92%8C%E7%B4%84" title="阿爾卡索瓦什和約">阿尔卡苏瓦什条约</a>确立了对群岛的拥有权,在1478年到1496年间通过武力征服了当地的原住民<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E5%88%87%E4%BA%BA" title="關切人">关切人</a>后,卡斯蒂利亚吞并了整个群岛。另一方面,卡斯蒂利亚的海军则致力于在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="伊比利亚半岛">伊比利亚半岛</a>上赢得对伊斯兰的战争。在完成<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E5%A4%8D%E5%A4%B1%E5%9C%B0%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="收复失地运动">收复失地运动</a>后,卡斯蒂利亚将海上舰队悉数派出,去搜寻新的殖民地与海外贸易路线。 </p><p>1492年,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%8E%8E%E8%B2%9D%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E6%8F%90%E7%88%BE)" class="mw-redirect" title="伊莎貝拉一世 (卡斯提爾)">伊莎贝拉女王</a>资助了<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E5%B8%83" title="克里斯托弗·哥伦布">克里斯托弗·哥伦布</a>的探险活动,希望他找到向西航往<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%8B" title="印度洋">印度洋</a>的路线,以替代在《阿尔卡苏瓦什条约》中规定由葡萄牙人保有的南非航线。哥伦布终究没有抵达亚洲,但他却意外地发现了一片<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" class="mw-redirect" title="新大陆">新大陆</a>——即<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="美洲">美洲</a>大陆。 </p><p>通往“亚洲大陆”(欧洲人称之为“印第安”)新航路的发现,让<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西班牙帝國">西班牙帝國</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="葡萄牙帝國">葡萄牙帝國</a>在势力范围的划分上再起纠葛,最后在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96" title="亞歷山大六世">教宗亚历山大六世</a>的介入调停下,两国于1494年签订了《<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%BE%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="托德西利亚斯条约">托德西利亚斯条约</a>》,这一条约为两国划定了欧洲之外的已知世界上的势力范围。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%BE%97%E8%A7%92" title="佛得角">佛得角群岛</a>以西370<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%A0%BC_(%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)" class="mw-redirect" title="里格 (单位)">里格</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E7%BA%BF" title="经线">经线</a>成为了两国的势力分界线。分界线以东归葡萄牙,即非洲、亚洲与<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="南美洲">南美洲</a>东部(<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a>东北的少部分);分界线以西归西班牙,即绝大部分的美洲大陆、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B" title="太平洋">太平洋</a>的岛屿以及当时尚未发现的陆地。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="征服的开始与发现美洲"><span id=".E5.BE.81.E6.9C.8D.E7.9A.84.E5.BC.80.E5.A7.8B.E4.B8.8E.E5.8F.91.E7.8E.B0.E7.BE.8E.E6.B4.B2"></span>征服的开始与发现美洲</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节:征服的开始与发现美洲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="发现美洲">发现美洲</a></div> <p>1499年-1504年间,为西班牙国王效劳的意大利人<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%A9%E5%93%A5%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E6%96%AF%E6%99%AE%E5%A5%87" title="亚美利哥·韦斯普奇">亚美利哥·韦斯普奇</a>考察了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="南美洲">南美洲</a>东北沿海地区,认为这里不是印度,而是一块新大陆。后人将这块大陆以他的名字命名为<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="美洲">亚美利加洲</a>。 </p><p>在深入探索了美洲大陆后,西班牙发现了两个大帝国:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B9%E7%89%B9%E5%85%8B%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="阿兹特克帝国">阿兹特克帝国</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="印加帝国">印加帝国</a>,这两个帝国面积的广袤程度与人口的稠密程度都远超欧洲任何一个国家。通过和当地被镇压的民族联合,并在欧洲人无意间带来的疾病的协助下,<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="西班牙征服者">西班牙征服者</a>轻而易举地征服了这两个帝国。然而,当地文明的顽强反抗却成为欧洲人不得不面临的一个问题,他们必须得进行一场长期的战争来镇压他们。 </p><p>1510年时,<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E5%8A%AA%E6%B6%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%83%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="瓦斯科·努涅斯·德巴尔沃亚">瓦斯科·努涅斯·德巴尔沃亚</a>在美洲大陆上建立起了第一个殖民城市<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="圣玛丽亚-拉安蒂瓜德尔达里恩" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Santa María la Antigua del Darién"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A3%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%BA%9A-%E6%8B%89%E5%AE%89%E8%92%82%E7%93%9C%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E9%87%8C%E6%81%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圣玛丽亚-拉安蒂瓜德尔达里恩(页面不存在)">圣玛丽亚-拉安蒂瓜德尔达里恩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_la_Antigua_del_Dari%C3%A9n" class="extiw" title="en:Santa María la Antigua del Darién"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Santa María la Antigua del Darién</span></a></span>)</span></span>。他后来还成为了第一位看见“大南海”(即<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B" title="太平洋">太平洋</a>)的欧洲人,這是繼<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%AF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="馬可波羅">馬可波羅</a>观<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="東海">東海</a>後,歐洲人再次目睹太平洋。<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="资源富饶的美洲"><span id=".E8.B5.84.E6.BA.90.E5.AF.8C.E9.A5.B6.E7.9A.84.E7.BE.8E.E6.B4.B2"></span>资源富饶的美洲</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节:资源富饶的美洲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/35px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/53px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/70px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此章節<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">尚無參考來源</a></b>,內容或許<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89" title="Wikipedia:可供查證">無法查證</a></b>。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E5%B8%83%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B" title="哥倫布大交換">哥倫布大交換</a></div> <p>在发现美洲之初,哥伦布与西班牙的其他探险家都对这次以经济为目的的探索的成效感到失望:与非洲和亚洲不同,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%8B%92%E6%AF%94%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="加勒比群岛">加勒比群岛</a>的居住者们并没有<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="黄金">黄金</a>或者其他西班牙人觉得有价值的财物。但是,他们在<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%89%E7%B1%B3" title="玉米">玉米</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%96%AF" title="木薯">木薯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%89%E8%8A%B1" title="棉花">棉花</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E7%94%9F" title="花生">花生</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A3%E6%A4%92" title="辣椒">辣椒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A0%E8%90%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="菠萝">菠萝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%96%AF" class="mw-disambig" title="甘薯">甘薯</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E8%8D%89" title="烟草">烟草</a>等作物方面的产量却十分庞大,而<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" title="旧大陆">旧大陆</a>对这些作物都一无所知。不久后,随着更多的探索者来到这片大陆,欧洲人发现了这些新作物,并意识到了它们的商业价值可以让西班牙人在欧洲市场中占据一席之地,能与葡萄牙和意大利人从非洲与亚洲带回的货物竞争。因此,除了上述的作物外,西班牙人还将<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E5%AD%90%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="香子蘭">香子兰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%BA%A2%E6%9F%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="西红柿">西红柿</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%93%83%E8%96%AF" title="马铃薯">马铃薯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%8F%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="可可">可可</a>及其制品<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A7%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%9B" title="巧克力">巧克力</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%A6%99%E6%9E%9C" title="多香果">多香果</a>与制造<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E6%96%99" title="染料">染料</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%AD%E8%84%82%E8%99%AB" title="胭脂虫">胭脂虫</a>引入了欧洲。当运送胭脂虫的西班牙商船被英国或德国的海盗劫掠时,不识货的海盗们往往会把货物扔进大海。 </p><p>在哥伦布到达美洲后,许多欧亚非的文明都开始利用和消费这些来自美洲的产品;除了上一段提到的以外,还有<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%A1%E8%83%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="橡胶">橡胶</a>等经济作物以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%84%E6%A2%A8" title="鳄梨">鳄梨</a>等旧大陆没有的水果。到了16世纪,西班牙的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A_(%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99)" title="加利西亚 (西班牙)">加利西亚</a>与<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉曼查" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="La Mancha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E6%9B%BC%E6%9F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉曼查(页面不存在)">曼切戈斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mancha" class="extiw" title="en:La Mancha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">La Mancha</span></a></span>)</span></span>两个地区已开始为“谁的土地上种出来的马铃薯品质更好”的问题而发生争论。 </p><p>在征服战争结束后,欧洲人的兴趣依然集中于香料贸易方面。此外,他们还热衷于探寻以金银为主的贵金属资源:南美洲银矿的发现、积累<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>和其他贵金属的积累使得欧洲在18世纪得以进入<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="工業社會">工业社会</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="环球航行"><span id=".E7.8E.AF.E7.90.83.E8.88.AA.E8.A1.8C"></span>环球航行</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节:环球航行"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E5%93%B2%E5%80%AB" title="斐迪南·麥哲倫">斐迪南·麥哲倫</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magellan_in_Narrative_and_critical_history_of_America.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Magellan_in_Narrative_and_critical_history_of_America.jpg/170px-Magellan_in_Narrative_and_critical_history_of_America.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Magellan_in_Narrative_and_critical_history_of_America.jpg/255px-Magellan_in_Narrative_and_critical_history_of_America.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Magellan_in_Narrative_and_critical_history_of_America.jpg/340px-Magellan_in_Narrative_and_critical_history_of_America.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E5%93%B2%E5%80%AB" title="斐迪南·麥哲倫">斐迪南·麦哲伦</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(1480年-1521年)</figcaption></figure> <p>然而,在欧洲最受欢迎的香料并没有出现在这片新的大陆上,因此西班牙王室依然对东印度保持着极大的兴趣。1519年,在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="荷南·科尔蒂斯">荷南·科尔蒂斯</a>在墨西哥登陆时,西班牙资助了葡萄牙航海家<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E5%93%B2%E5%80%AB" title="斐迪南·麥哲倫">斐迪南·麦哲伦</a>的探险。这次远航的目的,是去寻找向西通往<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%96%99%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="香料群岛">香料群岛</a>(亦称东印度群岛)的贸易路线,这可以让西班牙在不违反《托德西利亚斯条约》的前提下通过香料贸易来获取利润。麦哲伦曾试图向葡萄牙请求资助,但受条约限制的葡萄牙并没有同意。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="寻找“海峡”的麦哲伦"><span id=".E5.AF.BB.E6.89.BE.E2.80.9C.E6.B5.B7.E5.B3.A1.E2.80.9D.E7.9A.84.E9.BA.A6.E5.93.B2.E4.BC.A6"></span>寻找“海峡”的麦哲伦</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节:寻找“海峡”的麦哲伦"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>麦哲伦曾积极地参与了葡萄牙对<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%94%B2" title="马六甲">马六甲</a>的殖民活动,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>可他却没有达伽马在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="曼努埃尔一世 (葡萄牙)">曼努埃尔一世</a>前的那份幸运:1513年,他被派往摩洛哥清剿海盗,在一场战斗中他的一条腿落下了残疾。回到葡萄牙后,他在晋见国王时恳求国王念在多年的功劳上为他增加俸禄,但却被拒绝了。<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>失望至极的麦哲伦离开了自己的职位,在家乡停整了几年,接触到了邻国西班牙的航海者与国王,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>还同制图师与天文学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="鲁伊·法莱罗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rui Faleiro"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B2%81%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E8%8E%B1%E7%BD%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鲁伊·法莱罗(页面不存在)">鲁伊·法莱罗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rui_Faleiro" class="extiw" title="en:Rui Faleiro"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rui Faleiro</span></a></span>)</span></span>建立了友情——法莱罗对麦哲伦的未来有着举足轻重的影响。<sup id="cite_ref-Faleiro_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faleiro-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Indonesia_map.png/350px-Indonesia_map.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Indonesia_map.png/525px-Indonesia_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Indonesia_map.png 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%96%99%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="香料群岛">香料群岛</a>位于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="印度尼西亚">印度尼西亚</a>群岛中,东西分别为<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="新几内亚">新几内亚</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%A8%81%E8%A5%BF%E5%B2%9B" title="苏拉威西岛">苏拉威西岛</a>,南临<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚">澳大利亚</a>大陆。这一片群岛成为了当时欧洲探险家们竞相追逐的目标。</figcaption></figure> <p>麦哲伦在很早以前便相信有着一条向西穿越“大南海”<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>通往香料群岛的海峡;过去曾经有探险家寻找过这条海峡,但都却无功而返。一次又一次的探索都被看似无穷无尽的岩石所阻碍,由此,很大一部分制图师都设想美洲大陆的土地会一直延伸到地球的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9E%81" class="mw-redirect" title="南极">南极</a>。然而,麦哲伦坚信两大海洋间必有通道相连,并希望得到一支舰队来证明自己的观点。法莱罗支持了麦哲伦的行动。<sup id="cite_ref-Faleiro_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faleiro-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>1517年10月20日,麦哲伦前往了西班牙南部大港<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="塞维利亚">塞维利亚</a>,寻求为西班牙王室效劳的机会。他将自己的计划呈交给了当地的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="塞维利亚商局" data-lang-code="es" data-lang-name="西班牙语" data-foreign-title="Casa de Contratación"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%9E%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%95%86%E5%B1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塞维利亚商局(页面不存在)">商局</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">西班牙语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" class="extiw" title="es:Casa de Contratación"><span lang="es" dir="auto">Casa de Contratación</span></a></span>)</span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>并在1518年3月22日与西班牙国王<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="查理五世 (神圣罗马帝国)">卡洛斯一世</a>签订<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Capitulación" data-lang-code="es" data-lang-name="西班牙语" data-foreign-title="Capitulación"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulaci%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitulación(页面不存在)">协议</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">西班牙语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitulaci%C3%B3n" class="extiw" title="es:Capitulación"><span lang="es" dir="auto">Capitulación</span></a></span>)</span></span>,揭开了大航海时代中最耀眼夺目的一页。<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>得知这件事的葡萄牙国王<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="曼努埃尔一世 (葡萄牙)">曼努埃尔一世</a>,打一开始便打算去破坏麦哲伦的航行。夺取了马六甲控制权的葡萄牙,已开始计划征服其最后的目标——香料群岛。在当时,两个国家的君王都十分注意自己出现的场合,因为葡萄牙的曼努埃尔一世即将迎娶西班牙国王的姐姐<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%A5%A5%E8%AF%BA_(%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃莱奥诺 (奥地利)(页面不存在)">埃莱奥诺</a>。然而,两国间私下的角力仍然十分激烈,葡萄牙曾派出大使阿尔瓦罗·德科斯塔(<span style="font-size:smaller;">Álvaro de Costa</span>)试图行刺麦哲伦<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,而卡洛斯一世则希望夺取葡萄牙在香料贸易上的优势地位。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="麦哲伦的舰队"><span id=".E9.BA.A6.E5.93.B2.E4.BC.A6.E7.9A.84.E8.88.B0.E9.98.9F"></span>麦哲伦的舰队</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节:麦哲伦的舰队"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nao_Victoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Nao_Victoria.jpg/220px-Nao_Victoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Nao_Victoria.jpg/330px-Nao_Victoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Nao_Victoria.jpg/440px-Nao_Victoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>维多利亚号是麦哲伦舰队中唯一一艘成功返回西班牙的船,图为该船的复制品。</figcaption></figure> <p>根据与卡洛斯一世签订的协议,船队必须由麦哲伦和法莱罗这两位拥有平等权力的船长指挥。<sup id="cite_ref-Faleiro_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faleiro-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>亦是天文学家的法莱罗还负责为这次航海製造必要的航海用具,及解决棘手的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="经度">经度</a>问题。<sup id="cite_ref-经度_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-经度-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>法莱罗为此提出了三个方案:分别是通过月球的纬度、日月的冲合或磁针的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%A3%81%E5%81%8F%E8%A7%92" title="地磁偏角">偏角</a>来获取经度。然而,法莱罗在将各个方案解释清楚前便离开了船队,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宇宙结构学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cosmography"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宇宙结构学(页面不存在)">宇宙结构学家</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmography" class="extiw" title="en:Cosmography"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cosmography</span></a></span>)</span></span><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安德烈斯·德圣马丁" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Andrés de San Martín"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%A3%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安德烈斯·德圣马丁(页面不存在)">安德烈斯·德圣马丁</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="en:Andrés de San Martín"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Andrés de San Martín</span></a></span>)</span></span>继承了他的工作,并选择了在当时可得出较满意结果的第二种方案作为测量经度的方法。 </p><p>由于法莱罗的离去,他对船队的指挥权转移到了麦哲伦上将手中。然而,船队中最大吨位的船圣安东尼奥号的舰长——<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E6%88%88%E6%96%AF" title="布尔戈斯">布尔戈斯城</a>主教的堂兄弟——<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="胡安·德卡塔赫纳" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Juan de Cartagena"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%A1%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E8%B5%AB%E7%BA%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胡安·德卡塔赫纳(页面不存在)">胡安·德卡塔赫纳</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Cartagena" class="extiw" title="en:Juan de Cartagena"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Juan de Cartagena</span></a></span>)</span></span>得到了另一份令其拥有与麦哲伦平等权力的补充文件,文件委任他“协助”(<span style="font-size:smaller;">adjunto</span>)葡萄牙人(指麦哲伦)以确保此次派遣顺利,并防止疏忽。尽管麦哲伦对舰队拥有绝对指挥权,但卡塔赫纳的加入多少带有些限制其职权的意味;此決定帶有一些政治考慮,但卻是有害,在后来导致两人极为严重地对立。 </p><p>船队由5艘<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%91%9E%E5%85%8B%E5%B8%86%E8%88%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="卡瑞克帆船">卡瑞克帆船</a>共265名船员组成:旗舰为特立尼达号(<span style="font-size:smaller;"><i>Trinidad</i></span>),其余四艘分别为圣安东尼奥号(<span style="font-size:smaller;"><i>San Antonio</i></span>)、康塞普西翁号(<span style="font-size:smaller;"><i>Concepción</i></span>)、维多利亚号(<span style="font-size:smaller;"><i>Victoria</i></span>)与圣地亚哥号(<span style="font-size:smaller;"><i>Santiago</i></span>)。其中最大的船为120吨的圣安东尼奥号,最小的为75吨的圣地亚哥号。每艘船都装备了足够的武器,并为交易和补给准备了丰富的物资:有<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%B3%95" title="蛋糕">蛋糕</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="酒品">酒品</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%8B" title="醋">醋</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E4%B9%BE" title="魚乾">魚乾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%8F%E8%82%89" class="mw-redirect" title="熏肉">熏肉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%9A%95%E8%B1%86" title="蚕豆">蚕豆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%B0%E5%98%B4%E8%B1%86" title="鹰嘴豆">鹰嘴豆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%89%81%E8%B1%86" title="小扁豆">小扁豆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E7%B2%89" class="mw-redirect" title="面粉">面粉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%92%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="大蒜">大蒜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B6%E9%85%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="奶酪">奶酪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%82%E8%9C%9C" title="蜂蜜">蜂蜜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8F%E4%BB%81" title="杏仁">杏仁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A4%E5%B0%BE%E9%B1%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="凤尾鱼">凤尾鱼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E4%B8%81%E9%B1%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="沙丁鱼">沙丁鱼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E5%B9%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄干">葡萄干</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%AD%90" title="李子">李子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E8%8A%B1%E6%9E%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="无花果">无花果</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="食糖">食糖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%85%E6%A1%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="榅桲">榅桲果</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%A5%E6%9C%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="芥末">芥末</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E5%B1%B1%E6%9F%91" title="刺山柑">刺山柑</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%BB%E7%B1%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="稻米">稻米</a>;船队甚至还带上了6头母牛,以获取新鲜的牛奶和牛肉。麦哲伦的整个舰队共花费了8,751,125<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西班牙金币" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Spanish maravedí"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E9%87%91%E5%B8%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西班牙金币(页面不存在)">西班牙金币</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_maraved%C3%AD" class="extiw" title="en:Spanish maravedí"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Spanish maravedí</span></a></span>)</span></span>。<sup id="cite_ref-Navarrete_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Navarrete-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>1519年9月20日,在这个星期二的黎明,麦哲伦率领他的手下从<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E5%8D%A2%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94-%E5%BE%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E6%A2%85%E8%BE%BE" title="桑卢卡尔-德巴拉梅达">桑卢卡尔-德巴拉梅达</a>出发,开始了人类历史上首次环球航行。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="航程的一部分:兵变"><span id=".E8.88.AA.E7.A8.8B.E7.9A.84.E4.B8.80.E9.83.A8.E5.88.86.EF.BC.9A.E5.85.B5.E5.8F.98"></span>航程的一部分:兵变</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节:航程的一部分:兵变"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_pigafetta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Antonio_pigafetta.png/170px-Antonio_pigafetta.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Antonio_pigafetta.png/255px-Antonio_pigafetta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Antonio_pigafetta.png/340px-Antonio_pigafetta.png 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption>安东尼奥·皮加费塔(<span style="font-size:smaller;">Antonio Pigafetta</span>),该次航行的记录者</figcaption></figure> <p>9月26日,向西南航行的舰队抵达了<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%86%85%E9%87%8C%E8%B4%B9%E5%B2%9B" title="特内里费岛">特内里费岛</a>,并在该岛补充了饮水、食物和木材。他们在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%82%A3%E5%88%A9%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="加那利群岛">加那利</a>一直停留到了10月3日;10月3日的午夜,麦哲伦下令舰队启航,并航向南方的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E5%88%A9%E6%98%82" title="塞拉利昂">塞拉利昂</a>方向。卡塔赫纳对舰队没有按照既定路线航向<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a>感到惊讶,并因此要求麦哲伦海军上将给出解释。但从当时的情况来看,麦哲伦似乎没有理会他,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>并依旧维持着他的航线。显然,这次事件并没有引发任何直接的后果;但在经过14天的逆风航行后,更加不满的卡塔赫纳开始拒绝向麦哲伦上将行问候礼。<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>脾气易受周遭环境影响的麦哲伦,在一开始便要求卡塔赫纳必须向他行问候礼,但这一要求没有得到满足。在两人的一次见面中,卡塔赫纳公开违抗了麦哲伦的权威:麦哲伦于是下令解除他的军职并逮捕他。路易斯·德门多萨(<span style="font-size:smaller;">Luis de Mendoza</span>)自愿监管被解职的卡塔赫纳,以避免这名西班牙贵族沦为底舱的囚犯。安东尼奥·德科卡(<span style="font-size:smaller;">Antonio de Coca</span>)则被指派为圣安东尼奥号的船长。该次事件在后来还导致了更加严重的后果。 </p><p>在穿过大西洋后,舰队抵达了南纬23度附近<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E9%98%BF%E6%88%88%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E7%BA%BD%E8%A7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="圣阿戈斯蒂纽角">圣阿戈斯蒂纽角</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>他们在这里得到了肉类、水果和马铃薯的补给,并同当地的部落建立了友好的关系。然而,舒适的几天很快便过去了。在到达南纬34度后,他们以为已经抵达了海峡,但那其实只是<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%94%E6%B2%B3" title="拉普拉塔河">拉普拉塔河</a>的河口。他们花费了15天时间去探索这片巨大的河口<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,哪怕是一条极小的通道也没有被放过。2月24日,他们望见了南纬40度附近巨大的圣马蒂亚斯湾(<span style="font-size:smaller;">San Matías</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在探索过后,他们又一次抱着失望启航。3月31日,他们在南纬49度发现了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A1%94%E5%93%A5%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="巴塔哥尼亚">巴塔哥尼亚</a>海岸的一片巨大的海湾,由于当天是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A3%E8%83%A1%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E6%97%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圣胡利安日(页面不存在)">圣胡利安日</a>(<span style="font-size:smaller;">San Julián</span>),这片海湾便依此被命名为<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E8%83%A1%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E6%B9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="圣胡利安湾">圣胡利安湾</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>麦哲伦决定将舰队停泊在该地,直到<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3" title="冬季">冬季</a>结束。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magellan_Elcano_Circumnavigation-zhs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Magellan_Elcano_Circumnavigation-zhs.svg/350px-Magellan_Elcano_Circumnavigation-zhs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Magellan_Elcano_Circumnavigation-zhs.svg/525px-Magellan_Elcano_Circumnavigation-zhs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Magellan_Elcano_Circumnavigation-zhs.svg/700px-Magellan_Elcano_Circumnavigation-zhs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2246" data-file-height="1139" /></a><figcaption>第一次环球航行,证明了(从欧洲)向西航行也能到达东方的市场。</figcaption></figure> <p>由于之前的探索屡遭挫折,人们开始怀疑这次探险是否真能取得成功。随着<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3" title="冬季">冬季</a>严寒的到来,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>凛冽的寒风变得愈加频繁,在这一片荒芜人烟的地域,一股不满的情绪在船员裡迅速弥漫开来。各船的船长们开始抱怨麦哲伦的缄默:“既不向高级官员征询意见,也不给出未来的行程安排”。<sup id="cite_ref-Navarrete_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Navarrete-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>另外,舰队的食物配给也被缩减。注意到了这些紧张气氛的麦哲伦,决定在到达圣胡利安港后的1520年4月1日<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%95%E6%9E%9D%E4%B8%BB%E6%97%A5" title="棕枝主日">棕枝主日</a>当天,将船员们集中在一起举行宴会。然而,只有部分船员参加了这次宴会,维多利亚号的船长路易斯·德门多萨、康塞普西翁号的船长加斯帕尔·克萨达(<span style="font-size:smaller;">Gaspar Quesada</span>)与圣安东尼奥的船长安东尼奥·德科卡都拒绝出席宴会。到这时,情况变得不可挽回了,由于不能冒失去最大的一艘船圣安东尼奥号的危险,麦哲伦撤下了它的船长科卡,并让自己的亲戚阿尔瓦罗·德梅斯基塔(<span style="font-size:smaller;">Álvaro de Mesquita</span>)取代了他的位置。 </p><p>当天夜里,克萨达、科卡与卡塔赫纳主动采取了行动:他们的支持者通过小艇登上了圣安东尼奥号。在登上甲板后,他们直闯梅斯基塔的房间,夺取了该船的控制权。船上的助理舵手胡安·德埃洛里亚加因为反抗而被克萨达刺伤。没过多久,船上的葡萄牙籍船员们便全部遭到囚禁了。未反对该次兵变的船员被赏以食物和酒品。这次行动非常迅速,并获得了成功。叛变者们回到了自己的船上,并让<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="胡安·塞瓦斯蒂安·埃尔卡诺">胡安·塞瓦斯蒂安·埃尔卡诺</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>掌管了圣安东尼奥号。在旗舰特立尼达号上,麦哲伦上将直到第二天天明才知道发生了什么事。他在这次兵变中总共失去了三艘船:康塞普西翁号、维多利亚号与圣安东尼奥号。 </p><p>麦哲伦看穿了叛变者们的优柔寡断:他们没有趁机提出要求,也没有制定好行动计划。于是,麦哲伦派出了一支由特立尼达号的警官贡萨洛·戈麦斯·德埃斯皮诺萨(<span style="font-size:smaller;">Gonzalo Gómez de Espinosa</span>)率领的5人分队,乘坐小艇前往维多利亚号向门多萨递交信件,没有发现危险的门多萨让他们上了船。埃斯皮诺萨在门多萨阅览信件的时候刺死了他,而<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="杜阿尔特·巴尔博扎" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Duarte Barbosa"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%9A%E6%89%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="杜阿尔特·巴尔博扎(页面不存在)">杜阿尔特·巴尔博扎</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duarte_Barbosa" class="extiw" title="en:Duarte Barbosa"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Duarte Barbosa</span></a></span>)</span></span>率领的60人也顺利登船,并重新控制了维多利亚号。至此,维多利亚号上的叛乱已被镇压。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="“万圣海峡”"><span id=".E2.80.9C.E4.B8.87.E5.9C.A3.E6.B5.B7.E5.B3.A1.E2.80.9D"></span>“万圣海峡”</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节:“万圣海峡”"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strait_of_Magellan.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Strait_of_Magellan.jpeg/350px-Strait_of_Magellan.jpeg" decoding="async" width="350" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Strait_of_Magellan.jpeg/525px-Strait_of_Magellan.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Strait_of_Magellan.jpeg/700px-Strait_of_Magellan.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>图为<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E4%BC%A6%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="麦哲伦海峡">麦哲伦海峡</a>。海峡东起大西洋的比尔赫内斯角,西至太平洋的希望角。全长570公里,最窄处仅2公里。麦哲伦的舰队用了一个月才驶出海峡。</figcaption></figure> <p>在圣胡利安港停泊的同时,麦哲伦还让霍安·塞拉诺(<span style="font-size:smaller;">Joan Serrano</span>)率领圣地亚哥号朝南探索附近的地区。圣地亚哥号最远航行到了由冰川融冰形成的<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%85%8B%E9%AD%AF%E6%96%AF%E6%B2%B3_(%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7)" title="聖克魯斯河 (阿根廷)">圣克鲁斯河</a>入海口。在这里,这艘船由于风暴而沉没。8月24号,剩下的四艘船从圣胡利安港出发,在航行两天后抵达了塞拉诺发现的河口,并在这里停留了近两个月,以等待夏天的来临。然而,麦哲伦并不知道,他们距离那个海峡只有一步之遥了。 </p><p>10月18日,舰队启锚并继续朝南航行。在三天后的圣乌苏拉和11,000位处女日时,舰队抵达了一处海角(即比尔赫内斯角<span style="font-size:smaller;">(Vírgenes)</span>)。在绕过海角向西航行后,他们发现了一片两侧林立着<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%AC%E5%B4%96" title="悬崖">悬崖</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-disambig" title="雪山">雪山</a>的海湾,看上去似乎没有尽头。按例行程序,麦哲伦派圣安东尼奥号与康塞普西翁号深入海湾内部探索,特立尼达号和维多利亚号则负责外海的探索。圣安东尼奥号的船长<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃斯特万·戈麦斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Esteban Gómez"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%87%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E9%BA%A6%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃斯特万·戈麦斯(页面不存在)">埃斯特万·戈麦斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteban_G%C3%B3mez" class="extiw" title="en:Esteban Gómez"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Esteban Gómez</span></a></span>)</span></span>私自违背了麦哲伦的命令,在其余人不知情的情况下率船返回了西班牙。于是,麦哲伦的舰队里便又少了一艘船。在经历了对圣安东尼奥号“沉没”的短暂恐惧后,康塞普西翁号带回了好消息:这条水道裡有着<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E6%B1%90" title="潮汐">潮汐</a>,而且水也带有咸味——也就是说,这条水道并不是河流。在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%9C%A3%E8%8A%82" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="万圣节">万圣节</a>当天,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>三艘船进入了海峡内部。海峡内密布着众多分支、弯道和海湾,这不仅拖慢了舰队的行程,还令舰队面临危险:除了持续不断的寒风外,船员们还必须时刻留意着附近的礁石和浅滩。舰队在海峡内部发现了一处河口,并将之命名为德拉斯萨尔迪纳斯(<span style="font-size:smaller;">de las Sardinas</span>)。在该处,麦哲伦派出一艘小船去探索前方的航道,三天后,小船顺利返回并带来了好消息:他们发现了出口:这个出口被命名为希望角(<span style="font-size:smaller;">Cabo Deseado</span>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabo_Deseado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabo Deseado(页面不存在)">Cabo Deseado</a> 。 </p><p>麦哲伦的舰队不但成功地找到了穿过南美洲通往<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B" title="太平洋">太平洋</a>的海峡;而且还完成了人类历史上的首次环球航行——在经过三年的艰苦航行后,维多利亚号在<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="胡安·塞瓦斯蒂安·埃尔卡诺">胡安·塞瓦斯蒂安·埃尔卡诺</a>的率领下重返欧洲。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="葡萄牙垄断地位的衰落"><span id=".E8.91.A1.E8.90.84.E7.89.99.E5.9E.84.E6.96.AD.E5.9C.B0.E4.BD.8D.E7.9A.84.E8.A1.B0.E8.90.BD"></span>葡萄牙垄断地位的衰落</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节:葡萄牙垄断地位的衰落"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>尽管西班牙的竞争对葡萄牙的垄断造成了威胁,但葡萄牙的探索与殖民依然在继续进行着。葡萄牙人是第一批抵达<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>并与该国展开贸易的欧洲人。<sup id="cite_ref-jap_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jap-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="曼努埃尔一世 (葡萄牙)">曼努埃尔一世</a>国王的统治下,葡萄牙王国为继续控制其宣称拥有的土地和贸易路线制定了详细的计划,他们的策略是在通往东方的主要航道上修建一系列的要塞。这样的要塞与殖民地有<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%AC%E9%BB%83%E9%87%91%E6%B5%B7%E5%B2%B8" title="英屬黃金海岸">黃金海岸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%89%E8%BE%BE" title="罗安达">罗安达</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%A1%91%E6%AF%94%E5%85%8B" title="莫桑比克">莫桑比克</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E7%BB%99%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="桑给巴尔">桑给巴尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%B7%B4%E8%90%A8" title="蒙巴萨">蒙巴萨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%B2%9B" title="索科特拉岛">索科特拉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E6%9C%A8%E5%85%B9%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="霍尔木兹海峡">霍尔木兹</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E4%B9%B0" title="孟买">孟买</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A6" title="果阿邦">果阿</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E5%90%84%E7%AD%94" title="加尔各答">加尔各答</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%94%B2" title="马六甲">马六甲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="澳门">澳门</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="帝汶">帝汶</a>。此外,葡萄牙人还统治着<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a>,这片土地于1500年由葡萄牙人<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E7%93%A6%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94" title="佩德罗·阿尔瓦雷斯·卡布拉尔">佩德罗·阿尔瓦雷斯·卡布拉尔</a>发现<sup id="cite_ref-PAC_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAC-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。根据1494年的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%BE%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="托德西利亚斯条约">托德西利亚斯条约</a>》,巴西被“划分”在了葡萄牙的一侧。 </p><p>葡萄牙的本土位于伊比利亚半岛沿海地区,难以向内陆扩张。随着时间的过去,过于窄小的本土极大地限制了它的扩张能力,令它无论在财政还是人力上都显得越来越力不从心。此外,分布于全世界的葡萄牙要塞长期面临着人力与装备缺乏的处境。因此,葡萄牙无法与其他更加强大的势力竞争,其殖民地与贸易注定要被他国蚕食,它在东方贸易中的垄断地位已不再长久。葡萄牙在东方霸权的衰落肇因于<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0" title="荷兰">荷兰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>的探索的展开:这三个国家在《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="在其他之中" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Inter caetera"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A8%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="在其他之中(页面不存在)">在其他之中</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_caetera" class="extiw" title="en:Inter caetera"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Inter caetera</span></a></span>)</span></span>》的时候并未参与其中,因此它们没有遵守葡西间条约的必要。1580年,西班牙国王<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%8A%9B%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99)" title="腓力二世 (西班牙)">腓力二世</a>以葡萄牙前国王<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E6%98%82_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="塞巴斯蒂昂 (葡萄牙)">塞巴斯蒂昂</a>的合法继承人的身份兼任了葡萄牙的国王(腓力二世是葡萄牙国王曼努埃尔一世的外孙)。合并后的帝国又因为过于庞大而失掉了它的绝对优势,无法应对来自新兴势力的竞争。 </p><p>在西非、中东与远东地区,英国与荷兰逐渐蚕食掉了葡萄牙的一部分殖民地。<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E4%B9%B0" title="孟买">孟买</a>在后来被作为结婚礼物赠送给了英国。只有澳门、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6" title="东帝汶">东帝汶</a>、果阿、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89" title="安哥拉">安哥拉</a>、莫桑比克与巴西还在葡萄牙的实际控制之下。荷兰人曾经夺取了巴西将近一半的土地,但最终还是被葡萄牙人夺回了。<sup id="cite_ref-artehistoria_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artehistoria-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="新兴国家的竞争"><span id=".E6.96.B0.E5.85.B4.E5.9B.BD.E5.AE.B6.E7.9A.84.E7.AB.9E.E4.BA.89"></span>新兴国家的竞争</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节:新兴国家的竞争"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>非伊比利亚半岛的国家并不认同《托德西利亚斯条约》。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0" title="荷兰">荷兰</a>(从西班牙取得独立后)与<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>均有着航海的传统;而尽管<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="伊比利亚">伊比利亚</a>国家对它们严加防范,但法、荷、英三国最终还是得到了伊比利亚的新技术与新海图。 </p><p>曾为西班牙人工作的意大利航海家<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%8D%9A%E6%89%98" title="乔瓦尼·卡博托">乔瓦尼·卡博托</a>率领了法、荷、英三国派出的第一支探险船队。受英国资助的卡博托率领他的船队开启了英法共同探索<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="北美洲">北美洲</a>的时代。大部分西班牙人都忽视了辽阔的美洲大陆北部,认为那里遍布游牧民族且未建立庞大帝国,较之<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="中美洲">中美</a>更难以控制。卡博托、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E8%92%82%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="雅克·卡蒂亚">雅克·卡蒂亚</a>和其他航海者希望在北方找到通往富庶东方的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E6%B0%B4%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="西北水道">水道</a>,但他们都没有成功。水道并没有找到,然而这些探索却展示了别的可能性:17世纪初,来自中欧与北欧的殖民者登上了北美洲东岸,建立起了最早的一批北美殖民地。 </p><p>法、荷、英三国还在非洲与<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%8B" title="印度洋">印度洋</a>与葡萄牙展开了竞争。荷兰、法国与英国的船队活跃于这些地区,对葡萄牙的垄断地位造成了极大的威胁。随着贸易的展开,西欧三国的贸易份额一步步地上升,而葡西的则不断下降。除了贸易竞争外,法、荷、英三國还在当地成立了自己的军队,在葡西旧殖民地的附近建立起了自己的新殖民地。此外,他们还带头对《托德西利亚斯条约》中西班牙一侧的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B" title="太平洋">太平洋</a>与北美洲未知之地进行了探索:荷兰探险家<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%89%AC%E6%9D%BE" title="威廉·扬松">威廉·扬松</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC" title="阿贝尔·塔斯曼">阿贝尔·塔斯曼</a>发现了<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚">澳大利亚</a>的海岸,<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="詹姆斯·库克">詹姆斯·库克</a>船长对太平洋沿岸进行了测绘,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%BB%96%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%99%BD%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="维他斯·白令">维他斯·白令</a>发现了以他姓氏命名的<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BB%A4%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="白令海峡">白令海峡</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Bering_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bering-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="英国的探索"><span id=".E8.8B.B1.E5.9B.BD.E7.9A.84.E6.8E.A2.E7.B4.A2"></span>英国的探索</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节:英国的探索"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Great_Britain_(1707%E2%80%931800).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大英帝国">大英帝国</a>国旗</figcaption></figure> <p>1577年到1580年,英国的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%9B%B7%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="弗朗西斯·德雷克">弗朗西斯·德雷克</a>爵士完成了人类历史上的第二次环球航行。<sup id="cite_ref-Drake_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drake-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>另一位著名的英国航海家是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E9%81%9C" title="亨利·哈德遜">亨利·哈德逊</a>(<span style="font-size:smaller;">1565年-1611年</span>),他在北美洲的探險主要有,在1609年對<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E9%9F%A6%E6%8B%89%E6%89%8E%E8%AF%BA" title="乔瓦尼·达韦拉扎诺">乔瓦尼·达韦拉扎诺</a>於1524年所發現的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E9%81%9C%E6%B2%B3" title="哈德遜河">哈德遜河</a>流域進行探查,之後在1610年到達<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E9%80%8A%E6%B9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="哈德逊湾">哈德遜灣</a>,使得此兩處地點冠其姓氏命名。<sup id="cite_ref-Hudson_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudson-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>英国航海家<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="詹姆斯·库克">詹姆斯·库克</a>(<span style="font-size:smaller;">1728年-1779年</span>)曾三度远征<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B" title="太平洋">太平洋</a>。在航行中,他对太平洋的海岸线以及大平洋中的众多岛屿进行了精确的测绘,令它们首次出现在欧洲的地图中。库克发现了<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚">澳大利亚</a>东岸,并声称其为<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大英帝国">大英帝国</a>的领土;他完成环球航行,发现了<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B0" title="新西兰">新西兰</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="紐芬蘭島">纽芬兰</a>;此外,他还是最早发现<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%B7%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="夏威夷群岛">夏威夷群岛</a>的欧洲人。<sup id="cite_ref-Cook_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="法国的探索"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E5.9B.BD.E7.9A.84.E6.8E.A2.E7.B4.A2"></span>法国的探索</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节:法国的探索"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavelier_de_la_salle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cavelier_de_la_salle.jpg/170px-Cavelier_de_la_salle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cavelier_de_la_salle.jpg/255px-Cavelier_de_la_salle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cavelier_de_la_salle.jpg/340px-Cavelier_de_la_salle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>卡弗利耶·德拉萨勒</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E5%85%A7-%E7%BE%85%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%BC%97%E5%88%A9%E8%80%B6%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E8%96%A9%E5%8B%92" title="勒內-羅貝爾·卡弗利耶·德·拉薩勒">勒內-羅貝爾·卡弗利耶·德·拉薩勒</a>(<span style="font-size:smaller;">1643年-1687年</span>)是一位著名的法国探险家,他对<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="北美洲">北美大陆</a>进行了深入的探索。他曾横渡<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%A4%A7%E6%B9%96" title="五大湖">五大湖</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94" class="mw-redirect" title="密西西比">密西西比</a>河,并对<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%81%E5%8C%97%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="魁北克">魁北克</a>与密西西比河河口之间的地区进行了探索。<sup id="cite_ref-Salle_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salle-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>第一位完成环球航行的法国人是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E6%89%98%E4%B8%87%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%B9%B2%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="路易·安托万·德布干维尔">路易·安托万·德布干维尔</a>(<span style="font-size:smaller;">1729年-1811年</span>),他探索了<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E7%BB%B4%E5%A8%9C%E6%96%AF%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="马维娜斯群岛">马维娜斯群岛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%BA%AA%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="大溪地">大溪地</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%91%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="萨摩亚群岛">萨摩亚群岛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%80%E7%BD%97%E9%97%A8%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="所罗门群岛">所罗门群岛</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%B5%AB%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%BA%95%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="新赫布里底群岛">新赫布里底群岛</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Louis_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louis-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>另一位著名的法国航海家是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="让-弗朗索瓦·德拉彼鲁兹" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A9-%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%BD%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%85%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="让-弗朗索瓦·德拉彼鲁兹(页面不存在)">让-弗朗索瓦·德拉彼鲁兹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup,_comte_de_La_P%C3%A9rouse" class="extiw" title="en:Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse</span></a></span>)</span></span>(<span style="font-size:smaller;">1741年-1788年</span>)。拉彼鲁兹继承了布干维尔与库克探索太平洋的未竟之业。他探索了<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="菲律宾群岛">菲律宾群岛</a>与澳门,并发现了以他姓氏为名的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%BD%BC%E9%AD%AF%E8%8C%B2%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="拉彼魯茲海峽">拉彼鲁兹海峡</a>。1788年,他来到了<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%80%E7%BD%97%E9%97%A8%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="所罗门群岛">所罗门</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="圣克鲁斯群岛">圣克鲁斯群岛</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="瓦尼科罗岛" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vanikolo Islands"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E7%BD%97%E5%B2%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦尼科罗岛(页面不存在)">瓦尼科罗岛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanikolo_Islands" class="extiw" title="en:Vanikolo Islands"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vanikolo Islands</span></a></span>)</span></span>,之后便杳无踪迹。直到1826年,人们才在当地发现了他船只的遗迹。<sup id="cite_ref-Galoup_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galoup-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="荷兰的探索"><span id=".E8.8D.B7.E5.85.B0.E7.9A.84.E6.8E.A2.E7.B4.A2"></span>荷兰的探索</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节:荷兰的探索"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osterinsel_Uebersicht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Osterinsel_Uebersicht.jpg/220px-Osterinsel_Uebersicht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Osterinsel_Uebersicht.jpg/330px-Osterinsel_Uebersicht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Osterinsel_Uebersicht.jpg/440px-Osterinsel_Uebersicht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>图中所示为复活节岛</figcaption></figure> <p>第一位完成环球航行的荷兰人是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%97" title="海盗">海盗</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%E8%AF%BA%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9" title="奥利维尔·范诺尔特">奥利维尔·范诺尔特</a>(<span style="font-size:smaller;">1558年-1627年</span>)。<sup id="cite_ref-Noort_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noort-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>1596年,<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%A6%E6%94%AF" title="威廉·巴伦支">威廉·巴伦支</a>(<span style="font-size:smaller;">1550年-1597年</span>)发现了<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="斯瓦尔巴群岛">斯瓦尔巴群岛</a>。此外,后人为纪念巴伦支,还将新地岛与<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="斯瓦尔巴群岛">斯瓦尔巴群岛</a>之间的陆缘海命名为<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%A6%E6%94%AF%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="巴伦支海">巴伦支海</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Barents_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barents-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>1616年,荷兰航海家<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%B1%AA%E6%BB%95" title="威廉·斯豪滕">威廉·斯豪滕</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E6%A2%85%E7%88%BE" title="雅各布·勒梅爾">雅各布·勒梅尔</a>在横渡太平洋的航行中发现了<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%81%A9%E8%A7%92" title="合恩角">合恩角</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Hornos_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornos-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>荷兰探险家<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC" title="阿贝尔·塔斯曼">阿贝尔·塔斯曼</a>(<span style="font-size:smaller;">1603年-1659年</span>)发现了<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E6%96%AF%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="塔斯马尼亚岛">塔斯马尼亚岛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B0" title="新西兰">新西兰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%A4%E5%8A%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="汤加">汤加</a>群岛和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E6%B5%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="斐济">斐济</a>群岛。<sup id="cite_ref-Tasman_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tasman-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>另一位著名的荷兰探险家<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E6%A0%BC%E6%B8%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="雅各布·罗格温">雅各布·罗格温</a>(<span style="font-size:smaller;">1659年-1729年</span>)则发现了<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E6%B4%BB%E8%8A%82%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="复活节岛">复活节岛</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%91%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="萨摩亚">萨摩亚群岛</a>的一部分岛屿。<sup id="cite_ref-Jacob_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacob-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="探索的结束與其影響"><span id=".E6.8E.A2.E7.B4.A2.E7.9A.84.E7.BB.93.E6.9D.9F.E8.88.87.E5.85.B6.E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF"></span>探索的结束與其影響</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节:探索的结束與其影響"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kepler-world.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Kepler-world.jpg/350px-Kepler-world.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Kepler-world.jpg/525px-Kepler-world.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Kepler-world.jpg/700px-Kepler-world.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3433" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>1627年的一幅<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE" title="世界地图">世界地图</a></figcaption></figure> <p>地理大发现时代结束于17世纪末。在15世纪中叶,人类知识总合中已知的陆地面积只占全体陆地的2/5,航海区域亦只有全部海域的1/10;但到了17世纪末,人类知识总合中已知的陆地和海域都已达到全体的9/10。<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_31_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang_31-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>当然,远洋探索依然继续着。直到19世纪,欧洲人才开始探索<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%86%B0%E6%B4%8B" title="北冰洋">北冰洋</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%86%B0%E6%B4%8B" title="南冰洋">南冰洋</a>。 </p><p>過去地理大發現曾被認為是緣於歐洲科技的瞬間躍進,或者少數航海先驅的英雄行徑。當代史家則逐漸傾向認為,這是從十一世紀以來,歐洲內部經濟、文化與科技逐漸成熟的結果。<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>地理大发现对全世界,尤其是欧洲产生了前所未有的巨大影响,它让地中海沿岸的经济活动进入了数千年来最活跃的时期。起初,地中海的权力和财富掌握在位于意大利与<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="希腊">希腊</a>人手里;随着<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1" title="君士坦丁堡">君士坦丁堡</a>的陷落,<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="奧斯曼土耳其帝國">奧斯曼土耳其帝國</a>开始显赫于地中海;后来,葡萄牙与西班牙进行了<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E5%A4%8D%E5%A4%B1%E5%9C%B0%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="收复失地运动">收复失地运动</a>,发现了新航路并进行了环球航行,<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="意大利城邦">意大利城邦</a>失去了他们对东方贸易的垄断,欧洲的重心转移到伊比利亚半岛上。19世纪,西欧的法、英、荷三国开始活跃,他们主导了大西洋的经济活动,其中一部分国家的影响力延续至今。 </p><p>随着远洋探索的展开,跨洋的商业活动变得越来越频繁,海外貿易累積的財富激發歐洲人在美洲和亞洲的殖民事業,促使<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="資本主義">資本主義</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="工業革命">工業革命</a>的發展,最終直接、間接地激發了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="帝國主義">帝國主義</a>。此外,在歐洲社會結構方面,商人们先后取代了南欧与西欧的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲封建制度">封建</a>领主,成为社会中最具权势的阶层。在英国、法国及其他欧洲国家,<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="资产阶级">资产阶级</a>逐步控制了本国的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a>和政府。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="名稱爭議"><span id=".E5.90.8D.E7.A8.B1.E7.88.AD.E8.AD.B0"></span>名稱爭議</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节:名稱爭議"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Section_OR plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/20px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/30px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此章节<b>可能包含<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%9D%9E%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%9B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="Wikipedia:非原创研究">原创研究</a>或<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89" title="Wikipedia:可供查證">未查证内容</a>。</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>地理大發現的稱呼,乃是指西方國家第一次看見美洲大陸的一種說法。當時的西方人認為他們發現「新大陸」,連上面的原住民也是「新住民」。但是嚴格來說,美洲大陸上的原住民早就住在那裡上萬年,美洲大陸也是一直存在著,亦有<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E4%BA%BA%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="維京人殖民北美">維京人殖民北美</a>,只是歐亞大陸(所謂的舊大陸)的居民在此之前完全不知情。把「找到」美洲大陸的舉動稱為「發現」,这种欧洲中心论的观点似乎是說那群人原本不存在、不是人,等到歐洲人來臨才「被發現」及「被賦予存在」的意思。這樣的說法對於美洲大陸原住民不尊敬,在嚴格的歷史用語上有所斟酌。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节:注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 40em; -webkit-column-width: 40em; column-width: 40em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-经度-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-经度_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-经度_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">在几个世纪中,这一情况都是<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="数学家">数学家</a>和航海者们面临的难题,亦为当时的帝国崛起制造了障碍。经度测定已成为了当务之急:远洋航行缺乏精确测量工具的支持,从而无法准确测定航船的位置。直接导致了时间和负重量上的浪费,以及频繁发生的船只失事事故。这一问题直到18世纪英国钟表匠约翰·哈里森发明<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E9%92%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="航海天文钟">航海天文钟</a>后才得以解决。自那以后,在任何时刻离港的任何船只,都可通过比较航船的当地时间与本初子午线的时间,直接计算出航船所在的经度。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">导致<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8F%E8%A1%80%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="坏血病">坏血病</a>在船员间的传播。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“丝绸之路”一名最早出自德国地理学者<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E5%B8%8C%E9%9C%8D%E8%8A%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="费迪南·冯·李希霍芬">费迪南·冯·李希霍芬</a>。“丝绸之路”虽以“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9D%E7%BB%B8" title="丝绸">丝绸</a>”——当时<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中国</a>的一大主要出口产品——为名,但这条贸易路线上运送的货物绝不仅此一种,其他的货物还包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="玻璃">玻璃</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%8A%E7%91%9A" title="珊瑚">珊瑚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E7%89%99" title="象牙">象牙</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E7%9A%AE" title="毛皮">毛皮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E7%93%B7" class="mw-disambig" title="陶瓷">陶瓷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%A1%E7%BF%A0" title="翡翠">翡翠</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%96%99" title="香料">香料</a>等。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">位于红海与波斯湾之间的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="阿拉伯半岛">阿拉伯半岛</a>上,划分有多个国家,其中面积最大的一国为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" title="沙特阿拉伯">沙特阿拉伯</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">更准确地说,应为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="南中国海">南中国海</a>。南中国海与<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="东中国海">东中国海</a>共同组成了中国海,且都属于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B" title="太平洋">太平洋</a>的一部分。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚">叙利亚</a>北部的一城市,于1986年成为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="世界文化遗产">世界文化遗产</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">撒马尔罕位于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="乌兹别克斯坦">乌兹别克斯坦</a>境内。于2001年成为世界文化遗产。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">传统上认为,西安是丝绸之路东段的终点。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">早在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="古埃及">古埃及</a>时,亚洲的香料便在西方广为人知;其时,香料贸易已成为利润最高的贸易领域。因此,派遣探险队去寻求更好的价格,成为了当时欧洲强权们的战略常态。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">成吉思汗之孙忽必烈汗在位时,<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="蒙古帝国">蒙古帝国</a>的疆域西起多瑙河、东及黄河、北达西伯利亚、南临波斯湾,整个<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9D%E7%BB%B8%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" title="丝绸之路">丝绸之路</a>都在其控制之下。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“Cathay”(契丹)是<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97" title="马可·波罗">马可·波罗</a>用来描述中国北方的词汇。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">在当时,环球航行被视作是莫大的壮举。实际上,<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="查理五世 (神圣罗马帝国)">卡洛斯一世</a>曾将一面刻有地球的盾徽赏赐给<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="胡安·塞瓦斯蒂安·埃尔卡诺">胡安·塞瓦斯蒂安·埃尔卡诺</a>,上面还镌刻着拉丁文“Primus circumdedisti me”(汝为绕我航行之第一人)。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%B4%A2%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%80%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="阿方索·德阿尔布开克">阿方索·德阿尔布开克</a>对马六甲港的征服确立了葡萄牙的统治地位。马六甲海峡是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="南中国海">南中国海</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%8B" title="印度洋">印度洋</a>间的唯一通道,而马六甲港在扼守海峡的海上交通上发挥着战略性的作用。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">可能正是这一事件让他彻底醒悟。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">这些人拥有着航海探索的绝密地图和文件,那个时代的国王们对这些档案的保密都特别重视,以防止其他国家抢在自己前面去开辟新殖民地。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faleiro-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faleiro_59-0"><sup><b>16.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faleiro_59-1"><sup><b>16.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faleiro_59-2"><sup><b>16.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">法莱罗并没有参加麦哲伦的环球航行,但因为他在天文学和航海学上的知识,而成为了麦哲伦传奇中的一位极为重要的人物。他在麦哲伦启航前离开了船队,个中原因至今还没有一个定论。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/navegaport/g05.html">Instituto Camoes. <i>Faleiro, Francisco e Rui</i></a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20071215172208/http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/navegaport/g05.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">大南海即<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B" title="太平洋">太平洋</a>,第一位发现太平洋的欧洲人巴尔沃亚将<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E9%A6%AC%E5%9C%B0%E5%B3%BD" title="巴拿馬地峽">巴拿马地峡</a>以南的海洋称为“大南海”。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">需注意的是,并非只有麦哲伦一人提出过寻找海峡的计划,但只有他取得了成功。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">这并没有任何夸大之辞。麦哲伦在航行中遇到的各种各样的情况使他成为了当时最伟大的航海家:间谍、宫廷阴谋、风暴、沉船、兵变、大发现、饥饿、众多船员的疾病和死亡,以及他个人的悲剧性结局。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">实际上,卡塔赫纳对舰队离开加拿利群岛后没有直接航向巴西感到奇怪。麦哲伦决定这样做的原因并不清楚,有一部分学者认为这是麦哲伦躲避葡萄牙私掠船的策略。然而,这一观点并没有任何实证支持,但可以肯定的是,科斯塔的刺杀未遂事件让麦哲伦对自己周围的人更加不信任。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">在每一天的夜幕即将降临时,每一艘船都要集中到旗舰的周围,以通告新的情况和接受新的命令,并按照礼仪规则向麦哲伦敬礼:“上帝保佑你,海军上将先生、导师与亲切的伙伴”<small>(原文:«Dios vos salve, señor capitán general y maestre, e buena compañía»)</small>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">特立尼达号上的水手长弗朗西斯科·德阿尔沃<span style="font-size:smaller;">(Francisco de Albo)</span>于此开始记录他的日志,为后人提供了极具价值的技术、天文和航海上的资料。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">据皮加费塔的记述,圣阿戈斯蒂纽角便是<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E6%A3%AE%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E6%B6%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B9%B3%E6%9D%BE" title="比森特·亚涅斯·平松">比森特·亚涅斯·平松</a>在1500年1月26日发现的孔索拉西翁角<span style="font-size:smaller;">(Cabo de Consolación)</span>,又名为圣玛丽亚-德拉孔索拉西翁角<span style="font-size:smaller;">(Cabo de Santa María de la Consolación)</span>。但后一说法至今尚存争议。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">即<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%93%9C%E6%B9%96" title="尼加拉瓜湖">尼加拉瓜湖</a>,由<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E7%B4%A2%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="胡安·迪亚斯·德索利斯">胡安·迪亚斯·德索利斯</a>发现。河口由<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%AD%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="乌拉圭河">乌拉圭河</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A3%E6%B2%B3" title="巴拉那河">巴拉那河</a>共同注入,最宽处达219公里。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">位于<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7" title="阿根廷">阿根廷</a>境内,北临贝尔梅哈角<span style="font-size:smaller;">(Punta Bermeja)</span>,南及<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="瓦尔德斯半岛">瓦尔德斯半岛</a>的北端,开口处宽达118公里。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">参见当地<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanjulian.gov.ar/">政府网站</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160303194609/http://www.sanjulian.gov.ar/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>),<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="西班牙語">(西班牙文)</span>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">舰队所在之处位于南半球:当北半球为<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E5%AD%A3" title="春季">春季</a>时,南半球为<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8B%E5%AD%A3" title="秋季">秋季</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">原文:“Ni tomaba consejo de sus oficiales ni les daba la derrota que habían de seguir”.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">先前是康塞普西翁号上的一名军官。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">因此,这条海峡被麦哲伦命名为“万圣海峡”——亦即今日的麦哲伦海峡。而据皮加费塔记述,这条海峡还被称为“巴塔哥尼亚海峡”<span style="font-size:smaller;">(Estrecho Patagónico)</span>。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节:参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节:引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Zhang_31-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang_31_3-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang_31_3-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Research_on_Age_of_Discovery">张箭</a>,31-32页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-印刷术-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-印刷术_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720181057/http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/gutenberg/imprenta.htm">Gutenberg y la imprenta [古腾堡与印刷术]</a>. <a href="#biografiasyvidas">Biografiasyvidas.com</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-07-21</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/gutenberg/imprenta.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2008-07-20).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.btitle=Gutenberg+y+la+imprenta&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Biografiasyvidas.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biografiasyvidas.com%2Fmonografia%2Fgutenberg%2Fimprenta.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">德利奥·坎提莫里,《第八章:意大利与教皇统治》,《<a href="#Cambridge_Modern_History">新编剑桥世界近代史(第2卷)</a>》,334页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080202114413/http://www.jmarcano.com/planeta/monzon.html">Los Monzones [季风]</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-07-22</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmarcano.com/planeta/monzon.html">原始内容</a>存档于2008-02-02) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">(西班牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.btitle=Los+Monzones&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jmarcano.com%2Fplaneta%2Fmonzon.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080204224315/http://www.jmarcano.com/planeta/monzon2.html#3">Vientos superficiales en el Hemisferio Norte [北半球的地表风]</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-07-22</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmarcano.com/planeta/monzon2.html#3">原始内容</a>存档于2008-02-04) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">(西班牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.btitle=Vientos+superficiales+en+el+Hemisferio+Norte&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jmarcano.com%2Fplaneta%2Fmonzon2.html%233&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080531090907/http://www.musulmanesandaluces.org/hemeroteca/39/comercio%20y%20rutas%20del%20Islam.htm">Comercio y rutas comerciales del Islam [伊斯兰的商业与贸易路线]</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-07-22</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musulmanesandaluces.org/hemeroteca/39/comercio%20y%20rutas%20del%20Islam.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2008-05-31) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">(西班牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.btitle=Comercio+y+rutas+comerciales+del+Islam&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musulmanesandaluces.org%2Fhemeroteca%2F39%2Fcomercio%2520y%2520rutas%2520del%2520Islam.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-意大利-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-意大利_16-0"><sup><b>7.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-意大利_16-1"><sup><b>7.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080214190412/http://iris.cnice.mec.es/kairos/ensenanzas/eso/media/sigloxi_xv_01_04.html">Europa del siglo XI al XV [11世纪到15世纪的欧洲]</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="西班牙政府">西班牙</a><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西班牙教育、体育与社会政策部" data-lang-code="es" data-lang-name="西班牙语" data-foreign-title="Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia de España"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E3%80%81%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E4%B8%8E%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西班牙教育、体育与社会政策部(页面不存在)">教育科学部</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">西班牙语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministerio_de_Educaci%C3%B3n_y_Ciencia_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia de España"><span lang="es" dir="auto">Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia de España</span></a></span>)</span></span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-07-21</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iris.cnice.mec.es/kairos/ensenanzas/eso/media/sigloxi_xv_01_04.html">原始内容</a>存档于2008-02-14) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">(西班牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.btitle=Europa+del+siglo+XI+al+XV&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E3%80%81%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E4%B8%8E%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E9%83%A8%22+data-lang-code%3D%22es%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Ministerio+de+Educaci%C3%B3n+y+Ciencia+de+Espa%C3%B1a%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3E%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%83%A8%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22es%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EMinisterio+de+Educaci%C3%B3n+y+Ciencia+de+Espa%C3%B1a%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firis.cnice.mec.es%2Fkairos%2Fensenanzas%2Feso%2Fmedia%2Fsigloxi_xv_01_04.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boorstin, <a href="#Los_Descubridores">op. cit.</a> 原文:“telón de acero”.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Research_on_Age_of_Discovery">张箭</a>,42页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">参见“<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="威尼斯土耳其战争">威尼斯土耳其战争</a>”。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Research_on_Age_of_Discovery">张箭</a>,63页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Joseph Pérez. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/79161618323583619754491/p0000001.htm">Isabel la Católica, África y América [伊莎贝拉一世,非洲与美洲]</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-07-24</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080306125706/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/79161618323583619754491/p0000001.htm">存档</a>于2008-03-06) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">(西班牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.au=Joseph+P%C3%A9rez&rft.btitle=Isabel+la+Cat%C3%B3lica%2C+%C3%81frica+y+Am%C3%A9rica&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cervantesvirtual.com%2Fservlet%2FSirveObras%2F79161618323583619754491%2Fp0000001.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cncatholic.org/catholic/200506/1643.html">蒙元军西进与教宗使节的东来</a>. 天主教公教网. 2005-06-17 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-09-19</span>]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.btitle=%E8%92%99%E5%85%83%E5%86%9B%E8%A5%BF%E8%BF%9B%E4%B8%8E%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E4%BD%BF%E8%8A%82%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%9C%E6%9D%A5&rft.date=2005-06-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%85%AC%E6%95%99%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cncatholic.org%2Fcatholic%2F200506%2F1643.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2017年12月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Research_on_Age_of_Discovery">张箭</a>,43页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ByVZH-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ByVZH_26-0"><sup><b>15.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ByVZH_26-1"><sup><b>15.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/z/zheng_he.htm">Zheng He [郑和]</a>. Biografiasyvidas.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-07-24</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080927070754/http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/z/zheng_he.htm">存档</a>于2008-09-27) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">(西班牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.btitle=Zheng+He&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Biografiasyvidas.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biografiasyvidas.com%2Fbiografia%2Fz%2Fzheng_he.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#On_Zhenghe's_Exploration">郑一钧</a>,219-223页.引文出自<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%A6%83%E7%81%B5%E5%BA%94%E4%B9%8B%E8%AE%B0%E7%A2%91" title="天妃灵应之记碑">天妃灵应之记碑</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">张廷玉. 《明史·列传第一百九十二·宦官一》. <q>成祖疑惠帝亡海外,欲踪迹之。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.au=%E5%BC%A0%E5%BB%B7%E7%8E%89&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E4%BC%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%99%BE%E4%B9%9D%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%C2%B7%E5%AE%A6%E5%AE%98%E4%B8%80%E3%80%8B&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>亦参见<a href="#Research_on_Age_of_Discovery">张箭</a>,153页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#On_Zhenghe's_Exploration">郑一钧</a>,225页,亦参见<a href="#Research_on_Age_of_Discovery">张箭</a>,154页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#On_Zhenghe's_Exploration">郑一钧</a>,225-226页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#On_Zhenghe's_Exploration">郑一钧</a>,227页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#On_Zhenghe's_Exploration">郑一钧</a>,127-145页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DC-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DC_33-0"><sup><b>22.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DC_33-1"><sup><b>22.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DC_33-2"><sup><b>22.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905082222/http://www.discoverychannel.co.uk/ancient_china/famous/zheng_he/index.shtml">Ancient China</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="探索频道">探索频道</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-07-24</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverychannel.co.uk/ancient_china/famous/zheng_he/index.shtml">原始内容</a>存档于2008-09-05) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.btitle=Ancient+China&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverychannel.co.uk%2Fancient_china%2Ffamous%2Fzheng_he%2Findex.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#On_Zhenghe's_Exploration">郑一钧</a>,157页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《坤輿萬國全圖解密:明代測繪世界》李兆良著,台北:聯經出版公司(2012) <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789570839760" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9789570839760</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080914033153/http://www.juventudrebelde.cu/secciones/en-red/2007/enero/colon_o_zheng.htm">Colón o Zheng He: ¿Quién llegó primero a América? [哥伦布和郑和:谁先到的美洲?]</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-07-24</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juventudrebelde.cu/secciones/en-red/2007/enero/colon_o_zheng.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2008-09-14) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">(西班牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.btitle=Col%C3%B3n+o+Zheng+He%3A+%C2%BFQui%C3%A9n+lleg%C3%B3+primero+a+Am%C3%A9rica%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juventudrebelde.cu%2Fsecciones%2Fen-red%2F2007%2Fenero%2Fcolon_o_zheng.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>亦参见孟席斯的《1421:中国发现世界》一书。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#On_Zhenghe's_Exploration">郑一钧</a>,44-45页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zheng_89-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zheng_89_38-0"><sup><b>27.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zheng_89_38-1"><sup><b>27.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#On_Zhenghe's_Exploration">郑一钧</a>,89页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#On_Zhenghe's_Exploration">郑一钧</a>,390页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#On_Zhenghe's_Exploration">郑一钧</a>,400页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#On_Zhenghe's_Exploration">郑一钧</a>,409页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#On_Zhenghe's_Exploration">郑一钧</a>,414页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Research_on_Age_of_Discovery">张箭</a>,153-154页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#On_Zhenghe's_Exploration">郑一钧</a>,416页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115071358/https://www.1xuezhe.exuezhe.com/Qk/art/293924?dbcode=1&flag=2">论郑和下西洋对中国海外开拓事业的破坏</a>. 厦门大学学报. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-10-04</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.1xuezhe.exuezhe.com/Qk/art/293924?dbcode=1&flag=2">原始内容</a>存档于2021-11-15) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.btitle=%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%91%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%8B%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E5%BC%80%E6%8B%93%E4%BA%8B%E4%B8%9A%E7%9A%84%E7%A0%B4%E5%9D%8F&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%8E%A6%E9%97%A8%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%A5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.1xuezhe.exuezhe.com%2FQk%2Fart%2F293924%3Fdbcode%3D1%26flag%3D2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I.A. 麦格雷戈,《第二十章:欧洲与东方》,《<a href="#Cambridge_Modern_History">新编剑桥世界近代史(第2卷)</a>》,780页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhang_36-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zhang_36_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Research_on_Age_of_Discovery">张箭</a>,36-37页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Research_on_Age_of_Discovery">张箭</a>,57-58页;亦参见<a href="#The_Age_of_Discovery">阿诺德</a>,8页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#The_Age_of_Discovery">阿诺德</a>,9-10页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Research_on_Age_of_Discovery">张箭</a>,80-81页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Research_on_Age_of_Discovery">张箭</a>,82页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Research_on_Age_of_Discovery">张箭</a>,83-84页.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/n/nunez_de_balboa.htm">Vasco Núñez de Balboa [瓦斯科·努涅斯·德巴尔沃亚]</a>. Biografiasyvidas.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-08-20</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820051249/http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/n/nunez_de_balboa.htm">存档</a>于2008-08-20) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">(西班牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.btitle=Vasco+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez+de+Balboa&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Biografiasyvidas.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biografiasyvidas.com%2Fbiografia%2Fn%2Fnunez_de_balboa.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mann, Charles C.; 曼恩 (Mann, Charles C.). 1493 : wu zhong da jiao huan zhang liang de shi jie shi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/852933652">1493:物种大交换开创的世界史</a> Chu ban. Xin bei shi: Wei cheng chu ban. 2013. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-986-88793-8-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-986-88793-8-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-986-88793-8-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/852933652"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 852933652</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.atitle=1493+%3A+wu+zhong+da+jiao+huan+zhang+liang+de+shi+jie+shi&rft.au=%E6%9B%BC%E6%81%A9+%28Mann%2C+Charles+C.%29&rft.au=Mann%2C+Charles+C.&rft.btitle=1493%EF%BC%9A%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2%E5%BC%80%E5%88%9B%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8F%B2&rft.date=2013&rft.edition=Chu+ban&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-986-88793-8-6&rft.place=Xin+bei+shi&rft.pub=Wei+cheng+chu+ban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F852933652&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F852933652&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">智利大学. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=VUcFAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA513">Anales de la Universidad de Chile [智利大学编年史]</a>. Imprenta del Siglo. 1862年 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-09-14</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141001162656/http://books.google.com/books?id=VUcFAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA513">存档</a>于2014-10-01) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">(西班牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.au=%E6%99%BA%E5%88%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=Anales+de+la+Universidad+de+Chile&rft.date=1862&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Imprenta+del+Siglo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVUcFAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA513&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Navarrete-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Navarrete_64-0"><sup><b>45.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Navarrete_64-1"><sup><b>45.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández de Navarrete, <a href="#Colección_de_los_viajes_y_descubrimientos">op. cit.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jap-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jap_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080819194608/http://kodokan.galeon.com/japon/histojap.html">Historia del Japón [日本历史]</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-02-13</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kodokan.galeon.com/japon/histojap.html">原始内容</a>存档于2008-08-19) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">(西班牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.btitle=Historia+del+Jap%C3%B3n&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkodokan.galeon.com%2Fjapon%2Fhistojap.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PAC-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PAC_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/c/cabral_pedro_alvares.htm">Pedro Álvares Cabral [佩德罗·阿尔瓦雷斯·卡布拉尔]</a>. Biografiasyvidas.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-09-10</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080714185158/http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/c/cabral_pedro_alvares.htm">存档</a>于2008-07-14) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">(西班牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.btitle=Pedro+%C3%81lvares+Cabral&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Biografiasyvidas.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biografiasyvidas.com%2Fbiografia%2Fc%2Fcabral_pedro_alvares.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-artehistoria-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-artehistoria_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080209104637/http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/historia/contextos/1842.htm">El siglo XVII [十七世纪]</a>. Junta de Castilla y León. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-09-11</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/historia/contextos/1842.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2008-02-09) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">(西班牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.btitle=El+siglo+XVII&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Junta+de+Castilla+y+Le%C3%B3n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artehistoria.jcyl.es%2Fhistoria%2Fcontextos%2F1842.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bering-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bering_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080922044555/http://www.biografica.info/linea-de-tiempo.php?crono=404">Cronología. Período 1728-1730 [1728-1730年年表]</a>. Biografica.info. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-09-11</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografica.info/linea-de-tiempo.php?crono=404">原始内容</a>存档于2008-09-22) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">(西班牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.btitle=Cronolog%C3%ADa.+Per%C3%ADodo+1728-1730&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Biografica.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biografica.info%2Flinea-de-tiempo.php%3Fcrono%3D404&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drake-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drake_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/d/drake.htm">Sir Francis Drake [弗朗西斯·德雷克爵士]</a>. Biografiasyvidas.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-09-12</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080810014840/http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/d/drake.htm">存档</a>于2008-08-10) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">(西班牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.btitle=Sir+Francis+Drake&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Biografiasyvidas.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biografiasyvidas.com%2Fbiografia%2Fd%2Fdrake.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hudson-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hudson_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sobrehistoria.com/henry-hudson-la-conexion-entre-europa-y-asia/">Henry Hudson, la conexion entre Europa y Asia [亨利·哈德逊:连接欧亚的桥梁]</a>. Sobrehistoria.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-09-12</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080928114409/http://sobrehistoria.com/henry-hudson-la-conexion-entre-europa-y-asia/">存档</a>于2008-09-28) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">(西班牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.btitle=Henry+Hudson%2C+la+conexion+entre+Europa+y+Asia&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Sobrehistoria.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsobrehistoria.com%2Fhenry-hudson-la-conexion-entre-europa-y-asia%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cook_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viajeros.com/article344.html">James Cook: el explorador de los mares [詹姆斯·库克:大洋的探索者]</a>. Viajeros.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-09-13</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080908133811/http://www.viajeros.com/article344.html">存档</a>于2008-09-08) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">(西班牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.btitle=James+Cook%3A+el+explorador+de+los+mares&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Viajeros.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.viajeros.com%2Farticle344.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salle-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salle_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517031327/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761565370/La_Salle.html">Robert Cavelier de la Salle [罗贝尔·卡弗利耶·德拉萨勒]</a>. Encarta. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-09-12</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761565370/La_Salle.html">原始内容</a>存档于2008-05-17) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.btitle=Robert+Cavelier+de+la+Salle&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Encarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761565370%2FLa_Salle.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Louis-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Louis_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/b/bougainville.htm">Louis-Antoine Bougainville [路易-安托万·德布干维尔]</a>. Biografiasyvidas.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-09-12</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081007044019/http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/b/bougainville.htm">存档</a>于2008-10-07) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">(西班牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.btitle=Louis-Antoine+Bougainville&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Biografiasyvidas.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biografiasyvidas.com%2Fbiografia%2Fb%2Fbougainville.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galoup-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Galoup_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307085937/http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/historia/personajes/5970.htm">Jean-François de La Pérouse [让-弗朗索瓦·德拉彼鲁兹]</a>. Junta de Castilla y León. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-09-12</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/historia/personajes/5970.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2008-03-07) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">(西班牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.btitle=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois+de+La+P%C3%A9rouse&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Junta+de+Castilla+y+Le%C3%B3n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artehistoria.jcyl.es%2Fhistoria%2Fpersonajes%2F5970.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noort-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Noort_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828170834/http://www.woodentallships.com/circumnavigation-van-noort.htm">Oliverio van Noort [奥利维尔·范诺尔特]</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-09-12</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woodentallships.com/circumnavigation-van-noort.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2008-08-28) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">(西班牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.btitle=Oliverio+van+Noort&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.woodentallships.com%2Fcircumnavigation-van-noort.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barents-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barents_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/b/barents.htm">Willem Barents [威廉·巴伦支]</a>. Biografiasyvidas.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-09-12</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704105820/http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/b/barents.htm">存档</a>于2008-07-04) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">(西班牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.btitle=Willem+Barents&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Biografiasyvidas.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biografiasyvidas.com%2Fbiografia%2Fb%2Fbarents.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hornos-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hornos_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmundo.es/especiales/2002/08/uve/destinosaventura/lunes.html">Un infierno llamado Cabo de Hornos [地狱合恩角]</a>. Elmundo.es. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-09-12</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090127061311/http://www.elmundo.es/especiales/2002/08/uve/destinosaventura/lunes.html">存档</a>于2009-01-27) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">(西班牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.btitle=Un+infierno+llamado+Cabo+de+Hornos&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Elmundo.es&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Fespeciales%2F2002%2F08%2Fuve%2Fdestinosaventura%2Flunes.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tasman-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tasman_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/t/tasman.htm">Abel Janszoon Tasman [阿贝尔·塔斯曼]</a>. Biografiasyvidas.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-09-12</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201161117/http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/t/tasman.htm">存档</a>于2008-12-01) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">(西班牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.btitle=Abel+Janszoon+Tasman&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Biografiasyvidas.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biografiasyvidas.com%2Fbiografia%2Ft%2Ftasman.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacob-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jacob_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/r/roggeveen.htm">Jacob Roggeveen [雅各布·罗格温]</a>. Biografiasyvidas.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-09-12</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081012021526/http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/r/roggeveen.htm">存档</a>于2008-10-12) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">(西班牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.btitle=Jacob+Roggeveen&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Biografiasyvidas.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biografiasyvidas.com%2Fbiografia%2Fr%2Froggeveen.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">大衛·阿諾德(David Arnold)著,王國璋譯,1999,《地理大發現1400-1600》,頁133。台北:麥田出版。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>来源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节:来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <li id="Los_Descubridores"><cite class="citation book">Boorstin, Daniel J. <span></span><i>Los Descubridores</i><span></span> [发现者]. Editorial Crítica. 1986. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/8474232961" title="Special:网络书源/8474232961">ISBN 84-7423-296-1</a>,<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9788474232967" title="Special:网络书源/9788474232967">ISBN 978-84-7423-296-7</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">(西班牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.au=Boorstin%2C+Daniel+J&rft.btitle=Los+Descubridores&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Editorial+Cr%C3%ADtica&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <ul><li>Cipolla, Carlo. <i>European Culture and Overseas Expansion</i>.</li> <li>O'Sullivan, Daniel. <i>The Age of Discovery</i>.</li> <li>Parry J.H. <i>The Discovery of the Sea</i>.</li> <li>Boies Penrose. <i>Travel and Discovery in the Renaissane: 1420-1620</i>.</li></ul> </li><li id="Colección_de_los_viajes_y_descubrimientos"><cite class="citation book">Fernández de Navarrete, Martín. <span></span><i>Colección de los viajes y descubrimientos</i> (Tomo II) [旅行与发现集(第2卷)]. B.A.E. 1964 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">(西班牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez+de+Navarrete%2C+Mart%C3%ADn&rft.btitle=Colecci%C3%B3n+de+los+viajes+y+descubrimientos+%28Tomo+II%29&rft.date=1964&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=B.A.E.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <ul><li>Zweig, Stefan. <i>Magallanes. El hombre y su gesta</i>. Editorial Juventud, Barcelona 1945.</li></ul> </li><li id="Cambridge_Modern_History"><cite class="citation book">C.R. 埃尔顿 (编). 《新编剑桥世界近代史》. 中国社会科学院世界历史研究所组译. 中国社会科学出版社. 2003年1月 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(中国大陆)网页">(中文(中国大陆))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.au=C.R.+%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%96%B0%E7%BC%96%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2003-01&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7500429428" title="Special:网络书源/7500429428">第2卷:ISBN 7-5004-2942-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7500424965" title="Special:网络书源/7500424965">第3卷:ISBN 7-5004-2496-5</a></li></ul> </li><li id="biografiasyvidas"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="西班牙語">(西班牙文)</span><i>Biografias y Vidas</i>[传记与生平]:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.biografiasyvidas.com(">http://www.biografiasyvidas.com(</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200628025120/http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</span>(互联网网站).</li> <li id="Research_on_Age_of_Discovery"><cite class="citation book">张箭. 《地理大发现研究》. 北京: 商务印书馆. 2002年2月. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7-100-03361-6" title="Special:网络书源/7-100-03361-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 7-100-03361-6</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(中国大陆)网页">(中文(中国大陆))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.au=%E5%BC%A0%E7%AE%AD&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2002-02&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7-100-03361-6&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E5%8D%B0%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li id="On_Zhenghe's_Exploration"><cite class="citation book">郑一钧. 《论郑和下西洋》 修订版. 北京: 海洋出版社. 2005年11月. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7-5027-6375-9" title="Special:网络书源/7-5027-6375-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 7-5027-6375-9</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(中国大陆)网页">(中文(中国大陆))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.au=%E9%83%91%E4%B8%80%E9%92%A7&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%AE%BA%E9%83%91%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%8B%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2005-11&rft.edition=%E4%BF%AE%E8%AE%A2%E7%89%88&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7-5027-6375-9&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li id="The_Age_of_Discovery"><cite class="citation book">戴维·阿诺德. 《地理大发现》. 由闻英翻译. 上海: 上海译文出版社. 2003年12月. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7-5327-3227-4" title="Special:网络书源/7-5327-3227-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 7-5327-3227-4</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(中国大陆)网页">(中文(中国大陆))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.au=%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%AF%BA%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2003-12&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7-5327-3227-4&rft.place=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7&rft.pub=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%AF%91%E6%96%87%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸閱讀"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.96.B1.E8.AE.80"></span>延伸閱讀</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节:延伸閱讀"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80540462"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite id="Brook_2007" class="citation book">Brook, Timothy. Vermeer's Hat: The Seventeenth Century and the Dawn of the Global World reissue. Bloomsbury Press. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-59691-444-0" title="Special:网络书源/1-59691-444-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 1-59691-444-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.au=Brook%2C+Timothy&rft.btitle=Vermeer%27s+Hat%3A+The+Seventeenth+Century+and+the+Dawn+of+the+Global+World&rft.date=2007&rft.edition=reissue&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-59691-444-0&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Cipolla1970" class="citation book">Cipolla, Carlo. European Culture and Overseas Expansion. Pelican, London. 1970.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.au=Cipolla%2C+Carlo&rft.btitle=European+Culture+and+Overseas+Expansion&rft.date=1970&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Pelican%2C+London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="DeVoto" class="citation book">DeVoto, Bernard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=F5Nx4hETrnAC&lpg=1">The Course of Empire</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 1998 [1952] <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-06-16</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-395-92498-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-395-92498-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-395-92498-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.au=DeVoto%2C+Bernard&rft.btitle=The+Course+of+Empire&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-395-92498-7&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DF5Nx4hETrnAC%26lpg%3D1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Diamond_1998" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" class="mw-redirect" title="Jared Diamond">Diamond, Jared</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gunsgermssteelsh0000diam">Guns, Germs and Steel</a>. Vintage. 1998. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-09-930278-0" title="Special:网络书源/0-09-930278-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-09-930278-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.btitle=Guns%2C+Germs+and+Steel&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-09-930278-0&rft.pub=Vintage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgunsgermssteelsh0000diam&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Hall_1991" class="citation book">Hall, Robert L. Savoring Africa in the New World. In Seeds of Change: Five Hundred Years Since Columbus. Herman J. Viola and Carolyn Margolis, eds. Smithsonian Institution Press. 1991. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-56098-036-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-56098-036-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-56098-036-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/27568307"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 27568307</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.btitle=Savoring+Africa+in+the+New+World.+In+Seeds+of+Change%3A+Five+Hundred+Years+Since+Columbus&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-56098-036-0&rft.pub=Herman+J.+Viola+and+Carolyn+Margolis%2C+eds.+Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27568307&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Love_2006" class="citation book">Love, Ronald S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=r_5Jsi20qcUC&lpg=1">Maritime Exploration in the Age of Discovery, 1415–1800</a>. Greenwood Press. 2006 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-06-16</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-313-32043-8" title="Special:网络书源/0-313-32043-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-313-32043-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.au=Love%2C+Ronald+S.&rft.btitle=Maritime+Exploration+in+the+Age+of+Discovery%2C+1415%E2%80%931800&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-313-32043-8&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dr_5Jsi20qcUC%26lpg%3D1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Rice_1970" class="citation book">Rice, Eugene, F., Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundationsofear00rice">The Foundations of Early Modern Europe: 1460–1559</a>. W.W. Norton & Co. 1994 [1970]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-393-96304-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-393-96304-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-393-96304-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.aufirst=Eugene%2C+F.%2C+Jr&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.btitle=The+Foundations+of+Early+Modern+Europe%3A+1460%E2%80%931559&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-393-96304-7&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoundationsofear00rice&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Wright_1947" class="citation journal">Wright, John K. Terrae Incognitae: The Place of the Imagination in Geography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. March 1947, <b>37</b> (1): 1–15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-5608"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0004-5608</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00045604709351940"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1080/00045604709351940</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&rft.atitle=Terrae+Incognitae%3A+The+Place+of+the+Imagination+in+Geography&rft.au=Wright%2C+John+K.&rft.date=1947-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0004-5608&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Association+of+American+Geographers&rft.pages=1-15&rft.volume=37&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00045604709351940&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节:外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源:<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Age_of_Discovery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Age of Discovery"><span style="font-weight:bold;">地理大发现</span></a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170427081217/http://fortnightlyreview.co.uk/2012/06/explore-duchesne/">The Faustian Impulse and European Exploration</a>, <i>The Fortnightly Review</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zinnedproject.org/teaching-materials/">Bill Bigelow, "Discover Columbus: Re-reading the Past"</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20161226032553/http://zinnedproject.org/teaching-materials/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>), 6-page lesson plan for high school students, 1998, Zinn Education Project/Rethinking Schools</li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="欧洲历史" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="史前欧洲">史前欧洲</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="旧石器时代欧洲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Paleolithic Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A7%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="旧石器时代欧洲(页面不存在)">旧石器时代欧洲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Paleolithic Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Paleolithic Europe</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新石器时代欧洲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neolithic Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新石器时代欧洲(页面不存在)">新石器时代欧洲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Neolithic Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neolithic Europe</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="铜器时代欧洲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bronze Age Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9C%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="铜器时代欧洲(页面不存在)">铜器时代欧洲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Bronze Age Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bronze Age Europe</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E7%90%B4%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="爱琴文明">爱琴文明</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="铁器时代欧洲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Iron Age Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%81%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="铁器时代欧洲(页面不存在)">铁器时代欧洲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Iron Age Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Iron Age Europe</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="古典时代">古典时代</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="古希腊">古希腊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="罗马共和国">罗马共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8C%96%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="希臘化時代">希臘化時代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">羅馬帝國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F" title="古典时代晚期">古典时代晚期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="早期基督教">早期基督教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="三世紀危機">三世紀危機</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%B0%E8%90%BD" title="罗马帝国的衰落">罗马帝国的衰落</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="中世纪">中世纪</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F" title="中世纪前期">中世纪前期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B7%E5%BE%99" title="民族大遷徙">民族大遷徙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="東羅馬帝國">拜占庭帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%8C%96" title="基督教化">基督教传播</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="維京時代">維京時代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E8%BE%85%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="基辅罗斯">基辅罗斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%B8%AD%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="中世紀中期">中世紀中期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="神圣罗马帝国">神圣罗马帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E8%BB%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%81" title="十字軍東征">十字軍東征</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)" title="封建制度 (歐洲)">封建制度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%BE%8C%E6%9C%9F" title="中世紀後期">中世紀後期</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="近代早期欧洲">近代早期</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="文艺复兴">文艺复兴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="百年战争">百年战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="宗教改革">宗教改革</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">地理大发现</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="巴洛克艺术">巴洛克艺术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="三十年戰爭">三十年戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%B0%88%E5%88%B6" title="君主專制">君主專制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥斯曼帝国">奥斯曼帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="葡萄牙帝國">葡萄牙帝國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西班牙帝國">西班牙帝國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="近代早期的法國">近代法国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6" title="波蘭立陶宛聯邦">波蘭立陶宛聯邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="瑞典帝國">瑞典帝國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="荷蘭共和國">荷蘭共和國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大英帝国">大英帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%9C%8B" title="哈布斯堡君主國">哈布斯堡君主國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国">俄罗斯帝国</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">现代史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E8%92%99%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="啟蒙時代">启蒙运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E9%9A%BE%E9%A2%98" title="李约瑟难题">大分流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="法国大革命">法国大革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E5%B4%99%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="拿破崙戰爭">拿破崙戰爭</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="欧洲民族主义的崛起" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rise of nationalism in Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欧洲民族主义的崛起(页面不存在)">民族主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Rise of nationalism in Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rise of nationalism in Europe</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="塞尔维亚起义">塞尔维亚革命</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848%E5%B9%B4%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="1848年革命">1848年革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96" title="工業化">工業化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战">第一次世界大战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="十月革命">十月革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E9%97%B4%E6%9C%9F" title="战间期">战间期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">第二次世界大战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="冷战">冷战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%80%E9%AB%94%E5%8C%96" title="歐洲一體化">歐洲一體化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A%E5%82%B5%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="歐洲主權債務危機">歐洲主權債務危機</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85" title="2019冠状病毒病欧洲疫情">冠狀病毒歐洲疫情</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD" title="俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭">俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">参见</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2" title="西方美术史">欧洲艺术史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="欧洲基因史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Genetic history of Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欧洲基因史(页面不存在)">欧洲基因史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Genetic history of Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Genetic history of Europe</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地中海地区史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of the Mediterranean region"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地中海地区史(页面不存在)">地中海地区史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" class="extiw" title="en:History of the Mediterranean region"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of the Mediterranean region</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="欧洲联盟历史">欧洲联盟史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西方文明史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Western civilization"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西方文明史(页面不存在)">西方文明史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" class="extiw" title="en:History of Western civilization"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Western civilization</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="欧洲海事史">欧洲海事史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="欧洲军事史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Military history of Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="歐洲軍事史">欧洲军事史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Military history of Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Military history of Europe</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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