CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html>     <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# schema: http://schema.org/"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 7 (http://drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="/philosophy/post-modernism" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="/node/207" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="http://www.naturalism.org/sites/naturalism.org/files/swirl-logo.png" type="image/png" /> <title>Post-modernism and Anti-Foundationalism | Naturalism.org</title> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> <meta http-equiv="cleartype" content="on"> <style> @import url("http://www.naturalism.org/modules/system/system.base.css?qerjgs"); </style> <style> @import url("http://www.naturalism.org/modules/book/book.css?qerjgs"); @import url("http://www.naturalism.org/modules/comment/comment.css?qerjgs"); @import url("http://www.naturalism.org/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date.css?qerjgs"); @import url("http://www.naturalism.org/modules/field/theme/field.css?qerjgs"); @import url("http://www.naturalism.org/sites/all/modules/logintoboggan/logintoboggan.css?qerjgs"); @import url("http://www.naturalism.org/modules/node/node.css?qerjgs"); @import url("http://www.naturalism.org/modules/search/search.css?qerjgs"); @import url("http://www.naturalism.org/modules/user/user.css?qerjgs"); @import url("http://www.naturalism.org/sites/all/modules/extlink/extlink.css?qerjgs"); @import url("http://www.naturalism.org/sites/all/modules/views/css/views.css?qerjgs"); </style> <style> @import url("http://www.naturalism.org/sites/all/modules/colorbox/styles/default/colorbox_style.css?qerjgs"); @import url("http://www.naturalism.org/sites/all/modules/ctools/css/ctools.css?qerjgs"); @import url("http://www.naturalism.org/sites/all/modules/nice_menus/css/nice_menus.css?qerjgs"); @import url("http://www.naturalism.org/sites/naturalism.org/themes/naturalism/css/nice_menus.css?qerjgs"); @import url("http://www.naturalism.org/sites/all/modules/social_media_links/social_media_links.css?qerjgs"); @import url("http://www.naturalism.org/sites/naturalism.org/themes/naturalism/css/styles.css?qerjgs"); </style> <script src="http://www.naturalism.org/misc/jquery.js?v=1.4.4"></script> <script src="http://www.naturalism.org/misc/jquery-extend-3.4.0.js?v=1.4.4"></script> <script src="http://www.naturalism.org/misc/jquery-html-prefilter-3.5.0-backport.js?v=1.4.4"></script> <script src="http://www.naturalism.org/misc/jquery.once.js?v=1.2"></script> <script src="http://www.naturalism.org/misc/drupal.js?qerjgs"></script> <script src="http://www.naturalism.org/sites/all/modules/nice_menus/js/jquery.bgiframe.js?v=2.1"></script> <script src="http://www.naturalism.org/sites/all/modules/nice_menus/js/jquery.hoverIntent.js?v=0.5"></script> <script src="http://www.naturalism.org/sites/all/modules/nice_menus/js/superfish.js?v=1.4.8"></script> <script src="http://www.naturalism.org/sites/all/modules/nice_menus/js/nice_menus.js?v=1.0"></script> <script src="http://www.naturalism.org/sites/all/modules/admin_menu/admin_devel/admin_devel.js?qerjgs"></script> <script src="http://www.naturalism.org/sites/all/modules/extlink/extlink.js?qerjgs"></script> <script src="http://www.naturalism.org/sites/all/libraries/colorbox/jquery.colorbox-min.js?qerjgs"></script> <script src="http://www.naturalism.org/sites/all/modules/colorbox/js/colorbox.js?qerjgs"></script> <script src="http://www.naturalism.org/sites/all/modules/colorbox/styles/default/colorbox_style.js?qerjgs"></script> <script src="http://www.naturalism.org/sites/all/modules/google_analytics/googleanalytics.js?qerjgs"></script> <script>(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i["GoogleAnalyticsObject"]=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)})(window,document,"script","https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js","ga");ga("create", "UA-174790735-1", {"cookieDomain":".naturalism.org"});ga("set", "anonymizeIp", true);ga("send", "pageview");</script> <script src="http://www.naturalism.org/sites/all/modules/pullquote/pullquote.js?qerjgs"></script> <script src="http://www.naturalism.org/sites/naturalism.org/themes/naturalism/js/jquery.sticky.js?qerjgs"></script> <script src="http://www.naturalism.org/sites/naturalism.org/themes/naturalism/js/script.js?qerjgs"></script> <script>jQuery.extend(Drupal.settings, {"basePath":"\/","pathPrefix":"","ajaxPageState":{"theme":"naturalism","theme_token":"uh5BnHmr-zwFYceY7sI2fzT1QCmYWuY40zRQWKaPJ9k","js":{"misc\/jquery.js":1,"misc\/jquery-extend-3.4.0.js":1,"misc\/jquery-html-prefilter-3.5.0-backport.js":1,"misc\/jquery.once.js":1,"misc\/drupal.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/nice_menus\/js\/jquery.bgiframe.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/nice_menus\/js\/jquery.hoverIntent.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/nice_menus\/js\/superfish.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/nice_menus\/js\/nice_menus.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/admin_menu\/admin_devel\/admin_devel.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/extlink\/extlink.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/colorbox\/jquery.colorbox-min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/colorbox\/js\/colorbox.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/colorbox\/styles\/default\/colorbox_style.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/google_analytics\/googleanalytics.js":1,"0":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/pullquote\/pullquote.js":1,"sites\/naturalism.org\/themes\/naturalism\/js\/jquery.sticky.js":1,"sites\/naturalism.org\/themes\/naturalism\/js\/script.js":1},"css":{"modules\/system\/system.base.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.menus.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.messages.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.theme.css":1,"modules\/book\/book.css":1,"modules\/comment\/comment.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/date\/date_api\/date.css":1,"modules\/field\/theme\/field.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/logintoboggan\/logintoboggan.css":1,"modules\/node\/node.css":1,"modules\/search\/search.css":1,"modules\/user\/user.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/extlink\/extlink.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/views\/css\/views.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/colorbox\/styles\/default\/colorbox_style.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/ctools\/css\/ctools.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/nice_menus\/css\/nice_menus.css":1,"sites\/naturalism.org\/themes\/naturalism\/css\/nice_menus.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/social_media_links\/social_media_links.css":1,"sites\/naturalism.org\/themes\/naturalism\/css\/styles.css":1,"sites\/naturalism.org\/themes\/naturalism\/system.menus.css":1,"sites\/naturalism.org\/themes\/naturalism\/system.messages.css":1,"sites\/naturalism.org\/themes\/naturalism\/system.theme.css":1}},"colorbox":{"opacity":"0.85","current":"{current} of {total}","previous":"\u00ab Prev","next":"Next \u00bb","close":"Close","maxWidth":"98%","maxHeight":"98%","fixed":true,"mobiledetect":true,"mobiledevicewidth":"480px"},"nice_menus_options":{"delay":800,"speed":"slow"},"extlink":{"extTarget":"_blank","extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":0,"extSubdomains":1,"extExclude":"","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":".region-bottom","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":0,"extAlertText":"This link will take you to an external web site. We are not responsible for their content.","mailtoClass":"mailto","mailtoLabel":"(link sends e-mail)"},"googleanalytics":{"trackOutbound":1,"trackMailto":1,"trackDownload":1,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|exe|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|sea|sit|tar|tgz|torrent|txt|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|z|zip","trackColorbox":1,"trackDomainMode":1},"urlIsAjaxTrusted":{"\/philosophy\/post-modernism":true}});</script>  </head> <body class="html not-front not-logged-in one-sidebar sidebar-first page-node page-node- page-node-207 node-type-category-page section-philosophy" > <p id="skip-link"> <a href="#main-menu" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Jump to navigation</a> </p> <div id="page"> <div id="page_top"> </div> <div class="region region-above-header blocks-cols-3"> <div id="block-nice-menus-2" class="block block-nice-menus first odd"><div class="inner"> <div class="block-content"> <ul class="nice-menu nice-menu-down nice-menu-menu-secondary-menu" id="nice-menu-2"><li class="type-page menu__item menu-2742 menu-path-node-33 first odd "><a href="/about" title="" class="type-page menu__link">About</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item menu-2743 menu-path-node-34 even "><a href="/consulting" title="" class="type-page menu__link">Consulting</a></li> <li class="menu__item menu-345 menu-path-contact odd last"><a href="/contact" title="" class="menu__link menu_icon menu-345">Contact</a></li> </ul> </div> </div></div><div id="block-search-form" class="block block-search even" role="search"><div class="inner"> <div class="block-content"> <form onsubmit="if(this.search_block_form.value=='Search'){ alert('Please enter a search term'); return false; }" action="/philosophy/post-modernism" method="post" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="container-inline"> <h2 class="element-invisible">Search form</h2> <div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-search-block-form"> <label class="element-invisible" for="edit-search-block-form--2">Search </label> <input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." onblur="if (this.value == '') {this.value = 'Search';}" onfocus="if (this.value == 'Search') {this.value = '';}" type="text" id="edit-search-block-form--2" name="search_block_form" value="Search" size="20" maxlength="128" class="form-text" /> </div> <div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><input type="image" id="edit-submit" name="submit" src="/sites/naturalism.org/themes/naturalism/images/search.png" class="form-submit" /></div><input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-AcjsWk6IG54N5lfJDxhhBUV341h35oYaEO71pYeGQF0" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="search_block_form" /> </div> </div></form> </div> </div></div><div id="block-social-media-links-social-media-links" class="block block-social-media-links last odd"><div class="inner"> <div class="block-content"> <ul class="social-media-links platforms inline horizontal"><li class="facebook first"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/2218407727/" title="Facebook"><img src="http://www.naturalism.org/sites/all/libraries/webtoolkit/24x24/facebook.png" alt="Facebook icon" /></a></li><li class="rss last"><a href="http://www.naturalism.org/rss.xml" title="RSS"><img src="http://www.naturalism.org/sites/all/libraries/webtoolkit/24x24/rss.png" alt="RSS icon" /></a></li></ul> </div> </div></div> </div> <header class="header" id="header" role="banner"> <a href="/" title="Home" rel="home" class="header__logo" id="logo"><img src="http://www.naturalism.org/sites/naturalism.org/files/naturalism-logo.png" alt="Home" class="header__logo-image" /></a> <div class="header__name-and-slogan" id="name-and-slogan"> <h1 class="header__site-name" id="site-name"> <a href="/" title="Home" class="header__site-link" rel="home"><span>Naturalism.org</span></a> </h1> <div class="header__site-slogan" id="site-slogan">Nature is enough</div> </div> </header> <div id="main"> <div id="content" class="column" role="main"> <a id="main-content"></a> <h1 class="page__title title" id="page-title">Post-modernism and Anti-Foundationalism</h1> <article class="node-207 node node-category-page node-promoted view-mode-full clearfix" about="/philosophy/post-modernism" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document"> <header> <span property="dc:title" content="Post-modernism and Anti-Foundationalism" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span><span property="sioc:num_replies" content="0" datatype="xsd:integer" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span> </header> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p>Although post-modernism is rightly criticized for its claim that science is simply a white, male, Western privileging of certain culturally-bound discourses, the anti-foundationalist turn in philosophy is congenial to science and naturalism. The articles in this section take an anti-foundationalist, mildly culturally relativist stance in debates about religion, rationality, morality, and human rights, while respecting science as the arbiter of factual claims about the world. </p> <p>What isn't relative to cultures is the rational requirement to be an empiricist when seeking factual truths. On the assumption that you want to act successfully on your own behalf and those you care about, taking faith, tradition, authority, revelation or intuition as your guides to factual questions is to be irrational; it's to shirk your cognitive responsibilities. So don't let any appeals to relativism deflect you from taking stock of the available evidence when evaluating matters of fact.</p> </div></div></div><span property="dc:title" content="Post-modernism and Anti-Foundationalism" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span> </article> <div id="block-views-articles-block" class="block block-views even"><div class="inner"> <h2 class="block__title block-title">Articles in this Section</h2> <div class="block-content"> <div class="view view-articles view-id-articles view-display-id-block view-dom-id-d3d7b8f5ce0792f45ee1b47c0b598a0e"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/philosophy/post-modernism/enlightenment-2.0">Empiricism and Equality: Prospects for Enlightenment 2.0</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-field-short-descriaption"> <div class="field-content">Analyzes questions raised at the Beyond Belief 2 conference about the nature and role of religion in modern culture.</div> </div></li> <li class="views-row views-row-2 views-row-even"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/philosophy/post-modernism/humanism-and-postmodernism-a-reconciliation">Humanism and Postmodernism: A Reconciliation</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-field-short-descriaption"> <div class="field-content">Humanism should be subject to the same sort of scrutiny that it brings to bear on its religious antagonists. This essay originally appeared in the Humanist.</div> </div></li> <li class="views-row views-row-3 views-row-odd"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/philosophy/post-modernism/relativism-and-the-limits-of-rationality">Relativism and the Limits of Rationality </a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-field-short-descriaption"> <div class="field-content">Addresses the threat of relativism to the common conviction that our values and knowledge are ultimately justifiable or grounded in something external to our conditioned ways of valuing and knowing.</div> </div></li> <li class="views-row views-row-4 views-row-even views-row-last"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/philosophy/post-modernism/reply-to-haughness">Reply to Haughness</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-field-short-descriaption"> <div class="field-content">Published in The Humanist (July/August 1993) in response to Norman Haughness, "Postmodern Anti-foundationalism Examined: A Reconciliation Refused."</div> </div></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div><div id="block-views-criminal-justice-block" class="block block-views last odd"><div class="inner"> <h2 class="block__title block-title">Related Content from Other Sections</h2> <div class="block-content"> <div class="view view-criminal-justice view-id-criminal_justice view-display-id-block view-dom-id-5425c52cc3035a8ab673d1c3658ab3c5"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <span class="views-field views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/applied-naturalism/politics/culture-and-objectivity">Culture and Objectivity,</a></span> </span> <span class="views-field views-field-type"> <span class="field-content">Article</span> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-field-short-descriaption"> <div class="field-content">An essay on multiculturalism and how the desire for social validation of diversity can result in empirically questionable claims.</div> </div></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> <div id="navigation"> <nav id="main-menu" role="navigation" tabindex="-1"> <ul class="nice-menu nice-menu-down nice-menu-main-menu" id="nice-menu-0"><li class="menu__item menu-218 menu-path-front first odd "><a href="/" title="" class="menu__link menu_icon menu-218">Home</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item menu-2812 menuparent menu-path-node-35 even "><a href="/worldview-naturalism" class="type-page menu__link">Worldview Naturalism</a><ul><li class="type-page menu__item menu-3363 menu-path-node-35 first odd "><a href="/worldview-naturalism" title="" class="type-page menu__link">Overview</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item menu-2862 menu-path-node-43 even "><a href="/worldview-naturalism/naturalism-in-a-nutshell" class="type-page menu__link">Naturalism in a Nutshell</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item menu-3282 menu-path-node-212 odd "><a href="/worldview-naturalism/systematizing-naturalism" class="type-page menu__link">Systematizing Naturalism</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item menu-3246 menu-path-node-176 even "><a href="/worldview-naturalism/tenets-of-naturalism" class="type-page menu__link">Tenets of Naturalism</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item menu-3279 menu-path-node-209 odd "><a href="/worldview-naturalism/cognitive-commitments" title="A dialog on the cognitive commitments of naturalism" class="type-page menu__link">Cognitive Commitments</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item menu-2863 menu-path-node-44 even "><a href="/worldview-naturalism/history-of-naturalism" class="type-page menu__link">History of Naturalism</a></li> <li class="type-faq menu__item menu-3322 menu-path-node-123 odd "><a href="/worldview-naturalism/faq" class="type-faq menu__link">FAQ</a></li> <li class="type-faq menu__item menu-3535 menu-path-node-241 even "><a href="/worldview-naturalism/common-misconceptions" class="type-faq menu__link">Common Misconceptions</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item menu-4309 menu-path-node-371 odd "><a href="/worldview-naturalism/naturalism-and-well-being" title="Chapter for "Beyond Religion," Macmillan Interdisciplinary Handbooks" class="type-page menu__link">Naturalism and Well-Being</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item menu-4308 menu-path-node-369 even last"><a href="/worldview-naturalism/encountering-naturalism-a-worldview-and-its-uses" class="type-page menu__link">Encountering Naturalism: A Worldview and Its Uses</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="type-page menu__item menu-2813 menuparent menu-path-node-36 odd "><a href="/applied-naturalism" class="type-page menu__link">Applied Naturalism</a><ul><li class="type-page menu__item menu-3364 menu-path-node-36 first odd "><a href="/applied-naturalism" title="" class="type-page menu__link">Overview</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item menu-3252 menu-path-node-182 even "><a href="/applied-naturalism/living-in-the-light-of-naturalism" class="type-category_page menu__link">Living in the Light of Naturalism</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item menu-3204 menu-path-node-168 odd "><a href="/applied-naturalism/consequences-of-naturalism" class="type-page menu__link">Consequences of Naturalism</a></li> <li class="type-lexicon menu__item menu-3271 menu-path-node-124 even "><a href="/applied-naturalism/a-naturalistic-lexicon-of-responsibility" class="type-lexicon menu__link">A Naturalistic Lexicon of Responsibility</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item menu-3247 menu-path-node-177 odd "><a href="/applied-naturalism/the-viability-of-naturalism" class="type-page menu__link">The Viability of Naturalism</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item menu-3241 menu-path-node-171 even "><a href="/applied-naturalism/criminal-justice" class="type-category_page menu__link">Criminal Justice</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item menu-3248 menu-path-node-178 odd "><a href="/applied-naturalism/environment" class="type-category_page menu__link">Environment</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item menu-2896 menu-path-node-78 even "><a href="/applied-naturalism/mental-and-behavioral-health" class="type-category_page menu__link">Behavioral Health</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item menu-3190 menu-path-node-156 odd "><a href="/applied-naturalism/politics" class="type-category_page menu__link">Politics</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item menu-3269 menu-path-node-199 even "><a href="/applied-naturalism/social-justice" class="type-category_page menu__link">Social Justice</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item menu-3267 menu-path-node-197 odd "><a href="/applied-naturalism/social-policy" class="type-category_page menu__link">Social Policy</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item menu-3555 menu-path-node-195 even last"><a href="/applied-naturalism/science" class="type-category_page menu__link">Science</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="type-page menu__item menu-2814 menuparent menu-path-node-37 active-trail even "><a href="/philosophy" class="type-page menu__link">Philosophy</a><ul><li class="type-page menu__item menu-3360 menu-path-node-37 first odd "><a href="/philosophy" title="" class="type-page menu__link">Overview</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item menu-3278 menu-path-node-208 even "><a href="/philosophy/atheism" class="type-category_page menu__link">Atheism</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item menu-3146 menu-path-node-126 odd "><a href="/philosophy/consciousness" class="type-category_page menu__link">Consciousness</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item menu-2884 menu-path-node-66 even "><a href="/philosophy/death" class="type-category_page menu__link">Death</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item menu-3280 menu-path-node-210 odd "><a href="/philosophy/epistemology" class="type-category_page menu__link">Epistemology</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item menu-3281 menu-path-node-211 even "><a href="/philosophy/faith-and-theology" class="type-category_page menu__link">Naturalism vs. Theology</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item menu-2889 menu-path-node-71 odd "><a href="/philosophy/free-will" class="type-category_page menu__link">Free Will</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item menu-3331 menu-path-node-220 even "><a href="/philosophy/morality" class="type-category_page menu__link">Morality</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item menu-3633 menu-path-node-310 odd "><a href="/philosophy/new-age" class="type-category_page menu__link">New Age</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item menu-3277 menu-path-node-207 active-trail even "><a href="/philosophy/post-modernism" class="type-category_page menu__link is-active-trail active-trail active">Post-Modernism</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item menu-3817 menu-path-node-313 odd last"><a href="/philosophy/worldview-naturalism-in-depth" class="type-category_page menu__link">Worldview Naturalism In Depth</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item menu-3361 menuparent menu-path-node-222 odd "><a href="/spirituality" class="type-category_page menu__link">Spirituality</a><ul><li class="type-category_page menu__item menu-3362 menu-path-node-222 first odd "><a href="/spirituality" title="" class="type-category_page menu__link">Overview</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item menu-3519 menu-path-node-238 even "><a href="/spirituality/naturalistic-spirituality" class="type-page menu__link">Naturalistic Spirituality</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item menu-3859 menu-path-node-336 odd "><a href="/spirituality/naturalists-unite" class="type-page menu__link">Naturalists, Unite!</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item menu-3521 menu-path-node-240 even "><a href="/spirituality/no-hindrance" class="type-page menu__link">No Hindrance</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item menu-3520 menu-path-node-239 odd last"><a href="/spirituality/spirituality-without-faith" class="type-page menu__link">Spirituality Without Faith</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="type-page menu__item menu-2816 menuparent menu-path-node-39 even last"><a href="/resources" class="type-page menu__link">Resources</a><ul><li class="type-page menu__item menu-3365 menu-path-node-39 first odd "><a href="/resources" title="" class="type-page menu__link">Overview</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item menu-2866 menu-path-node-48 even "><a href="/resources/books" class="type-page menu__link">Books</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item menu-2867 menu-path-node-49 odd "><a href="/resources/book-reviews" class="type-page menu__link">Book Reviews</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item menu-2870 menu-path-node-52 even "><a href="/resources/talks" class="type-page menu__link">Talks</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item menu-2875 menu-path-node-57 odd "><a href="/resources/links" class="type-page menu__link">Links</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item menu-2877 menu-path-node-59 even "><a href="/resources/translations" class="type-category_page menu__link">Translations</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item menu-3597 menu-path-node-276 odd last"><a href="/resources/moving-forward" class="type-category_page menu__link">Moving Forward</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </nav> <div class="region region-navigation blocks-cols-1"> <div id="block-easy-breadcrumb-easy-breadcrumb" class="block block-easy-breadcrumb first last odd"><div class="inner"> <div class="block-content"> <div itemscope class="easy-breadcrumb" itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"> <span itemprop="title"><a href="/philosophy" class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-1">Philosophy</a></span> <span class="easy-breadcrumb_segment-separator">></span> <span itemprop="title"><a href="/philosophy/post-modernism" class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-title">Post Modernism</a></span> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <aside class="sidebars"> <section class="region region-sidebar-first column sidebar blocks-cols-1"> <div id="block-menu-block-1" class="block block-menu-block first last odd" role="navigation"><div class="inner"> <h2 class="block__title block-title"><a href="/philosophy" class="active-trail">Philosophy</a></h2> <div class="block-content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-1 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-2"> <ul class="menu"><li class="type-page menu__item is-leaf first leaf menu-mlid-3360"><a href="/philosophy" title="" class="type-page menu__link">Overview</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-collapsed collapsed menu-mlid-3278"><a href="/philosophy/atheism" class="type-category_page menu__link">Atheism</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-collapsed collapsed menu-mlid-3146"><a href="/philosophy/consciousness" class="type-category_page menu__link">Consciousness</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-collapsed collapsed menu-mlid-2884"><a href="/philosophy/death" class="type-category_page menu__link">Death</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-collapsed collapsed menu-mlid-3280"><a href="/philosophy/epistemology" class="type-category_page menu__link">Epistemology</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-collapsed collapsed menu-mlid-3281"><a href="/philosophy/faith-and-theology" class="type-category_page menu__link">Naturalism vs. Theology</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-collapsed collapsed menu-mlid-2889"><a href="/philosophy/free-will" class="type-category_page menu__link">Free Will</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-collapsed collapsed menu-mlid-3331"><a href="/philosophy/morality" class="type-category_page menu__link">Morality</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-collapsed collapsed menu-mlid-3633"><a href="/philosophy/new-age" class="type-category_page menu__link">New Age</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-active is-active-trail is-expanded expanded active-trail active menu-mlid-3277"><a href="/philosophy/post-modernism" class="type-category_page menu__link is-active-trail active-trail active">Post-Modernism</a><ul class="menu"><li class="type-page menu__item is-leaf first leaf menu-mlid-3324"><a href="/philosophy/post-modernism/enlightenment-2.0" class="type-page menu__link">Enlightenment 2.0</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-3326"><a href="/philosophy/post-modernism/humanism-and-postmodernism-a-reconciliation" class="type-page menu__link">Humanism and Postmodernism: A Reconciliation</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-3325"><a href="/philosophy/post-modernism/relativism-and-the-limits-of-rationality" class="type-page menu__link">Relativism and the Limits of Rationality</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item is-leaf last leaf menu-mlid-3327"><a href="/philosophy/post-modernism/reply-to-haughness" class="type-page menu__link">Reply to Haughness</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-collapsed last collapsed menu-mlid-3817"><a href="/philosophy/worldview-naturalism-in-depth" class="type-category_page menu__link">Worldview Naturalism In Depth</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div></div> </section> </aside> </div> <div id="footer-wrapper"> <footer id="footer" class="region region-footer blocks-cols-6"> <div id="block-menu-block-8" class="block block-menu-block first odd" role="navigation"><div class="inner"> <h2 class="block__title block-title"><a href="/" class="block-title-link" title="Home">Home</a></h2> <div class="block-content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-8 menu-name-menu-secondary-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu"><li class="type-page menu__item is-leaf first leaf menu-mlid-2742"><a href="/about" title="" class="type-page menu__link">About</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-2743"><a href="/consulting" title="" class="type-page menu__link">Consulting</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf last leaf menu-mlid-345"><a href="/contact" title="" class="menu__link menu_icon menu-345">Contact</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div></div><div id="block-menu-block-3" class="block block-menu-block even" role="navigation"><div class="inner"> <h2 class="block__title block-title">Worldview Naturalism</h2> <div class="block-content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-3 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-2812 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu"><li class="type-page menu__item is-leaf first leaf menu-mlid-3363"><a href="/worldview-naturalism" title="" class="type-page menu__link">Overview</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-2862"><a href="/worldview-naturalism/naturalism-in-a-nutshell" class="type-page menu__link">Naturalism in a Nutshell</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-3282"><a href="/worldview-naturalism/systematizing-naturalism" class="type-page menu__link">Systematizing Naturalism</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-3246"><a href="/worldview-naturalism/tenets-of-naturalism" class="type-page menu__link">Tenets of Naturalism</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-3279"><a href="/worldview-naturalism/cognitive-commitments" title="A dialog on the cognitive commitments of naturalism" class="type-page menu__link">Cognitive Commitments</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-2863"><a href="/worldview-naturalism/history-of-naturalism" class="type-page menu__link">History of Naturalism</a></li> <li class="type-faq menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-3322"><a href="/worldview-naturalism/faq" class="type-faq menu__link">FAQ</a></li> <li class="type-faq menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-3535"><a href="/worldview-naturalism/common-misconceptions" class="type-faq menu__link">Common Misconceptions</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-4309"><a href="/worldview-naturalism/naturalism-and-well-being" title="Chapter for "Beyond Religion," Macmillan Interdisciplinary Handbooks" class="type-page menu__link">Naturalism and Well-Being</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item is-leaf last leaf menu-mlid-4308"><a href="/worldview-naturalism/encountering-naturalism-a-worldview-and-its-uses" class="type-page menu__link">Encountering Naturalism: A Worldview and Its Uses</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div></div><div id="block-menu-block-4" class="block block-menu-block odd" role="navigation"><div class="inner"> <h2 class="block__title block-title">Applied Naturalism</h2> <div class="block-content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-4 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-2813 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu"><li class="type-page menu__item is-leaf first leaf menu-mlid-3364"><a href="/applied-naturalism" title="" class="type-page menu__link">Overview</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-3252"><a href="/applied-naturalism/living-in-the-light-of-naturalism" class="type-category_page menu__link">Living in the Light of Naturalism</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-3204"><a href="/applied-naturalism/consequences-of-naturalism" class="type-page menu__link">Consequences of Naturalism</a></li> <li class="type-lexicon menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-3271"><a href="/applied-naturalism/a-naturalistic-lexicon-of-responsibility" class="type-lexicon menu__link">A Naturalistic Lexicon of Responsibility</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-3247"><a href="/applied-naturalism/the-viability-of-naturalism" class="type-page menu__link">The Viability of Naturalism</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-3241"><a href="/applied-naturalism/criminal-justice" class="type-category_page menu__link">Criminal Justice</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-3248"><a href="/applied-naturalism/environment" class="type-category_page menu__link">Environment</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-2896"><a href="/applied-naturalism/mental-and-behavioral-health" class="type-category_page menu__link">Behavioral Health</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-3190"><a href="/applied-naturalism/politics" class="type-category_page menu__link">Politics</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-3269"><a href="/applied-naturalism/social-justice" class="type-category_page menu__link">Social Justice</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-3267"><a href="/applied-naturalism/social-policy" class="type-category_page menu__link">Social Policy</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-parent is-leaf last leaf has-children menu-mlid-3555"><a href="/applied-naturalism/science" class="type-category_page menu__link">Science</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div></div><div id="block-menu-block-5" class="block block-menu-block even" role="navigation"><div class="inner"> <h2 class="block__title block-title">Philosophy</h2> <div class="block-content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-5 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-2814 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu"><li class="type-page menu__item is-leaf first leaf menu-mlid-3360"><a href="/philosophy" title="" class="type-page menu__link">Overview</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-3278"><a href="/philosophy/atheism" class="type-category_page menu__link">Atheism</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-3146"><a href="/philosophy/consciousness" class="type-category_page menu__link">Consciousness</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-2884"><a href="/philosophy/death" class="type-category_page menu__link">Death</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-3280"><a href="/philosophy/epistemology" class="type-category_page menu__link">Epistemology</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-3281"><a href="/philosophy/faith-and-theology" class="type-category_page menu__link">Naturalism vs. Theology</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-2889"><a href="/philosophy/free-will" class="type-category_page menu__link">Free Will</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-3331"><a href="/philosophy/morality" class="type-category_page menu__link">Morality</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-3633"><a href="/philosophy/new-age" class="type-category_page menu__link">New Age</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-active is-active-trail is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children active-trail active menu-mlid-3277"><a href="/philosophy/post-modernism" class="type-category_page menu__link is-active-trail active-trail active">Post-Modernism</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-parent is-leaf last leaf has-children menu-mlid-3817"><a href="/philosophy/worldview-naturalism-in-depth" class="type-category_page menu__link">Worldview Naturalism In Depth</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div></div><div id="block-menu-block-9" class="block block-menu-block odd" role="navigation"><div class="inner"> <h2 class="block__title block-title">Spirituality</h2> <div class="block-content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-9 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-3361 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu"><li class="type-category_page menu__item is-leaf first leaf menu-mlid-3362"><a href="/spirituality" title="" class="type-category_page menu__link">Overview</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-3519"><a href="/spirituality/naturalistic-spirituality" class="type-page menu__link">Naturalistic Spirituality</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-3859"><a href="/spirituality/naturalists-unite" class="type-page menu__link">Naturalists, Unite!</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-3521"><a href="/spirituality/no-hindrance" class="type-page menu__link">No Hindrance</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item is-leaf last leaf menu-mlid-3520"><a href="/spirituality/spirituality-without-faith" class="type-page menu__link">Spirituality Without Faith</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div></div><div id="block-menu-block-7" class="block block-menu-block last even" role="navigation"><div class="inner"> <h2 class="block__title block-title">Resources</h2> <div class="block-content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-7 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-2816 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu"><li class="type-page menu__item is-leaf first leaf menu-mlid-3365"><a href="/resources" title="" class="type-page menu__link">Overview</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-2866"><a href="/resources/books" class="type-page menu__link">Books</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-2867"><a href="/resources/book-reviews" class="type-page menu__link">Book Reviews</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-2870"><a href="/resources/talks" class="type-page menu__link">Talks</a></li> <li class="type-page menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-2875"><a href="/resources/links" class="type-page menu__link">Links</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-2877"><a href="/resources/translations" class="type-category_page menu__link">Translations</a></li> <li class="type-category_page menu__item is-parent is-leaf last leaf has-children menu-mlid-3597"><a href="/resources/moving-forward" class="type-category_page menu__link">Moving Forward</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div></div> </footer> </div> </div> <div id="bottom-wrapper"> <div class="region region-bottom blocks-cols-2"> <div id="block-block-2" class="block block-block float-left first odd"><div class="inner"> <div class="block-content"> <small>© 1998 - 2025 Thomas W. Clark / Site by <a href="http://justmagicdesign.com" target="_blank" title="Visit JustMagicDesign.com">Just Magic Design</a> / <a href="/credits" title="Photo and Icon Attribution">Credits</a></small> </div> </div></div><div id="block-block-3" class="block block-block width-third float-right last even"><div class="inner"> <div class="block-content"> <small> <span id="login-line"> <a href="/user?destination=node/207">log in</a></span> </small> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </body> </html>