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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" title="Besoek die Tuisblad [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Tuisblad</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gebruikersportaal" title="Meer oor die projek, wat jy kan doen, nuttige skakels"><span>Gebruikersportaal</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Geselshoekie" title="Agtergrondinligting oor aktuele sake"><span>Geselshoekie</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Onlangse_wysigings" title="'n Lys van onlangse wysigings [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Onlangse wysigings</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Lukraak" title="Laai 'n lukrake bladsye [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Lukrake bladsy</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Vind meer uit oor iets"><span>Hulp</span></a></li><li id="n-Sandput" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sandput"><span>Sandput</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Voorkoms" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voorkoms</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Drama" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Drama" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Drama" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Drama" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis_van_Westerse_drama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis_van_Westerse_drama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geskiedenis van Westerse drama</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geskiedenis_van_Westerse_drama-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Geskiedenis van Westerse drama subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis_van_Westerse_drama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Klassieke_Griekse_drama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klassieke_Griekse_drama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Klassieke Griekse drama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klassieke_Griekse_drama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klassieke_Romeinse_drama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klassieke_Romeinse_drama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Klassieke Romeinse drama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klassieke_Romeinse_drama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middeleeue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middeleeue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Middeleeue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middeleeue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elizabethaanse_en_Jakobeaanse_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elizabethaanse_en_Jakobeaanse_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Elizabethaanse en Jakobeaanse era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elizabethaanse_en_Jakobeaanse_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moderne_en_postmoderne_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moderne_en_postmoderne_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Moderne en postmoderne era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moderne_en_postmoderne_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asiatiese_drama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asiatiese_drama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Asiatiese drama</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asiatiese_drama-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Asiatiese drama subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asiatiese_drama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indië" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indië"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Indië</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indië-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sanskrit_teater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanskrit_teater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Sanskrit teater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanskrit_teater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moderne_Indiese_drama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moderne_Indiese_drama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Moderne Indiese drama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moderne_Indiese_drama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dramavorme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dramavorme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dramavorme</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dramavorme-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Dramavorme subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dramavorme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pantomime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pantomime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pantomime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pantomime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kreatiewe_drama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kreatiewe_drama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Kreatiewe drama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kreatiewe_drama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sien_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sien_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sien ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sien_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bronne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Drama</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 101 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">101 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="دراما – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دراما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="دراما – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دراما" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%95" title="নাটক – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নাটক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dram_(%C9%99d%C9%99bi_n%C3%B6v)" title="Dram (ədəbi növ) – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dram (ədəbi növ)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B)" title="Драма (род літаратуры) – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Драма (род літаратуры)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Драма – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Драма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Драма – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Драма" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%95" title="নাটক – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাটক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Драма – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Драма" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="دراما – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دراما" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Benedesorbies" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Benedesorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Δραματική ποίηση – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δραματική ποίηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramo_(verko)" title="Dramo (verko) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dramo (verko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaatika" title="Dramaatika – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dramaatika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="درام – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draama" title="Draama – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Draama" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drame_(genre)" title="Drame (genre) – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Drame (genre)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toaniel" title="Toaniel – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Toaniel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A1ma%C3%ADocht" title="Drámaíocht – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Drámaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_yaratmas%C4%B1" title="Drama yaratması – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Drama yaratması" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%B2" title="戲 – Gan-Sjinees" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="戲" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dram_(t%C3%A9at)" title="Dram (téat) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Dram (téat)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A0ma" title="Dràma – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Dràma" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khell" title="Khell – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Khell" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%94" title="דרמה – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דרמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95" title="नाटक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नाटक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A1ma" title="Dráma – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dráma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%BC" title="Դրամատիկական սեռ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դրամատիկական սեռ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Թատրերգութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Թատրերգութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramato" title="Dramato – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dramato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramma" title="Dramma – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dramma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E" title="ドラマ – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドラマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="დრამა – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დრამა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88" title="드라마 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="드라마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(fictio)" title="Drama (fictio) – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Drama (fictio)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C4%81ma" title="Drāma – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Drāma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Madurees" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Драма – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Драма" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="നാടകം – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാടകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%87%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ပြဇာတ် – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပြဇာတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95" title="नाटक – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नाटक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95" title="नाटक – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नाटक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(kunst_en_cultuur)" title="Drama (kunst en cultuur) – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Drama (kunst en cultuur)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE" title="ਡਰਾਮਾ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡਰਾਮਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramat" title="Dramat – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dramat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ڈراما – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈراما" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dram%C4%83" title="Dramă – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dramă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B)" title="Драма (род литературы) – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Драма (род литературы)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Драма – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Драма" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88" title="ڊرامو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڊرامو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA" title="නාට්‍ය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නාට්‍ය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A1ma" title="Dráma – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dráma" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatika" title="Dramatika – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dramatika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Драма – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Драма" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Sundanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatik" title="Dramatik – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dramatik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maigizo" title="Maigizo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maigizo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நாடகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நாடகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE" title="డ్రామా – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డ్రామా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D2%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%91%D1%82)" title="Драма (ҷинси адабиёт) – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Драма (ҷинси адабиёт)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="นาฏกรรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นาฏกรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80" title="Драматичний твір – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Драматичний твір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ڈراما – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈراما" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BB%8Bch" title="Kịch – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kịch" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Drama" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%8F%E5%89%A7" title="戏剧 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="戏剧" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="დრამა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დრამა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90" title="דראמא – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דראמא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%B2%E5%8A%87" title="戲劇 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="戲劇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AC-chhut" title="Hì-chhut – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hì-chhut" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%B2%E5%8A%87" title="戲劇 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="戲劇" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25372#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Drama" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Drama"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Drama"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Drama" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Drama" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="'n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesiale bladsye</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&oldid=2694886" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Drama&id=2694886&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDrama"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDrama"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Drama"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Drama&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Drama" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25372" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Drama-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Drama-icon.svg/200px-Drama-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Drama-icon.svg/300px-Drama-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Drama-icon.svg/400px-Drama-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>Talia en Malpomeme</figcaption></figure> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" cellspacing="5" style="float: right; clear: right; color: black; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa; width: 22em; margin: 0 0 1.0em 1.0em; padding: 0.2em; border-spacing: 0.4em 0; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 88%; width:auto;" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-title" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; font-size: 145%; line-height: 1.15em; font-weight: bold; font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Letterkunde" title="Letterkunde">Letterkunde</a></th> </tr><tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding-top: 0.2em; font-weight: bold;">Vernaamste vorms</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding:0.2em 0 0.7em;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Roman" title="Roman">Roman</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Po%C3%ABsie" title="Poësie">Gedig</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Drama</a> </p> <a href="/wiki/Kortverhaal" title="Kortverhaal">Kortverhaal</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Novelle" title="Novelle">Novelle</a></td> </tr><tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding-top: 0.2em; font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">Genres</a></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding:0.2em 0 0.7em;"> <p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Drama</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Epiek" title="Epiek">Epiek</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Hygliteratuur" title="Hygliteratuur">Hygliteratuur</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Komedie" title="Komedie">Komedie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Liriek" title="Liriek">Liriek</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Mito-po%C3%ABsis" title="Mito-poësis">Mito-poësis</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nonsens-literatuur" title="Nonsens-literatuur">Nonsens</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Ridderroman" title="Ridderroman">Ridderroman</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a> </p> <a href="/wiki/Tragedie" title="Tragedie">Tragedie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Tragikomedie" title="Tragikomedie">Tragikomedie</a></td> </tr><tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding-top: 0.2em; font-weight: bold;">Media</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding:0.2em 0 0.7em;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Opvoering" title="Opvoering">Opvoering</a> (<a href="/wiki/Toneelstuk" title="Toneelstuk">toneelstuk</a>) </p> <a href="/wiki/Boek" title="Boek">Boek</a></td> </tr><tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding-top: 0.2em; font-weight: bold;">Tegnieke</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding:0.2em 0 0.7em;"> <a href="/wiki/Prosa" title="Prosa">Prosa</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Po%C3%ABsie" title="Poësie">Poësie</a></td> </tr><tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding-top: 0.2em; font-weight: bold;">Geskiedenis en Lyste</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding:0.2em 0 0.7em;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hooftrekke_van_letterkunde" title="Hooftrekke van letterkunde">Hooftrekke van letterkunde</a> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woordelys_van_liter%C3%AAre_terme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woordelys van literêre terme (bladsy bestaan nie)">Woordelys van terme</a> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatuurgeskiedenis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literatuurgeskiedenis (bladsy bestaan nie)">Geskiedenis</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moderne_literatuurgeskiedenis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moderne literatuurgeskiedenis (bladsy bestaan nie)">hedendaags</a>) </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_boeke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van boeke (bladsy bestaan nie)">Boeke</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Lys_van_outeurs" title="Lys van outeurs">Skrywers</a> </p> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_liter%C3%AAre_toekennings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van literêre toekennings (bladsy bestaan nie)">Letterkunde</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lys_van_po%C3%ABsie_toekennings" title="Lys van poësie toekennings">Poësie toekennings</a></td> </tr><tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding-top: 0.2em; font-weight: bold;">Bespreking</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding:0.2em 0 0.7em;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Literatuurkritiek" title="Literatuurkritiek">Kritiek</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Algemene_Literatuurwetenskap" class="mw-redirect" title="Algemene Literatuurwetenskap">Teorie</a> </p> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatuursosiologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literatuursosiologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sosiologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liter%C3%AAre_tydskrif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literêre tydskrif (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tydskrifte</a></td> </tr><tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Letterkunde" title="Sjabloon:Letterkunde"><span title="Sien hierdie sjabloon" style="">s</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Letterkunde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Letterkunde (bladsy bestaan nie)"><span title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style="">b</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Letterkunde&action=edit"><span title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";">w</span></a></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Drama</b> is die besondere modus van <a href="/wiki/Fiksie" title="Fiksie">fiksie</a> verteenwoordig in <a href="/wiki/Opvoering" title="Opvoering">toneelspel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElam198098_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElam198098-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die term is afkomstig van die Griekse woord <span lang="grc" title="Antieke Grieks language text">δρᾶμα</span>, <i>drama</i> wat "aktiwiteit" beteken, en weer afgelei is van die werkwoord vir "om te doen" of "om op te tree" (Grieks: <span lang="grc" title="Antieke Grieks language text">δράω</span>, <i>draō</i>). Die opvoer van drama in die teater, uitgevoer deur <a href="/wiki/Akteur" title="Akteur">akteurs</a> op ’n verhoog voor ’n <a href="/wiki/Gehoor" title="Gehoor">gehoor</a>, voorveronderstel samewerkende metodes van produksie en ’n kollektiewe vorm van ontvangs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfister197711_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfister197711-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die vroeë moderne <a href="/wiki/Tragedie" title="Tragedie">tragedie</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1601" title="1601">1601</a>) deur <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Teater_in_Ou_Griekeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Teater in Ou Griekeland">klassieke Ateense</a> tragedie <i>Koning Oedipus</i> (c. 429 v.C.) deur <a href="/wiki/Sophokles" title="Sophokles">Sophokles</a> val onder die meesterwerke van die dramakuns. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFergusson19492–3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFergusson19492–3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ’n Moderne voorbeeld is <i>Long Day's Journey Into Night</i> deur <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a> (1956).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die twee maskers geassosieer met drama verteenwoordig die tradisionele <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a>-onderskeiding tussen <a href="/wiki/Komedie" title="Komedie">komedie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Tragedie" title="Tragedie">tragedie</a>. Dit is simbole vir die Ou Griekse <a href="/wiki/Muse" title="Muse">muses</a>, Talia en Melpomene. Talia was die muse van komedie (laggende gesig), terwyl Melpomene die muse van tragedie was (huilende gesig). Drama is algemeen as ’n <a href="/wiki/Po%C3%ABsie" title="Poësie">poësie</a>-genre beskou en het gestaan teenoor die <a href="/wiki/Epiek" title="Epiek">Epiek</a> en <a href="/wiki/Liriek" title="Liriek">Liriek</a> sedert <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> se <i>Poëtika</i> (circa 335 v.C.)—die vroegste werk oor dramateorie.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die gebruik van "drama" in die beperkte sin om ’n spesifieke <i>soort</i> <a href="/wiki/Toneelstuk" title="Toneelstuk">toneelstuk</a> aan te dui, dateer uit die 19de eeu. Drama in hierdie sin verwys na ’n toneelstuk wat nie ’n komedie of tragedie is nie — byvoorbeeld, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Zola</a> se <i>Thérèse Raquin</i> (<a href="/wiki/1873" title="1873">1873</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Anton_Tsjechof" title="Anton Tsjechof">Tsjechof</a> se <i>Ivanov</i> (<a href="/wiki/1887" title="1887">1887</a>). Dit is hierdie beperkte sin wat die <a href="/wiki/Rolprent" title="Rolprent">rolprent</a>- en <a href="/wiki/Televisie" title="Televisie">televisiebedryf</a> asook rolprentstudies aangeneem het om "drama" te beskryf as ’n <a href="/wiki/Rolprentgenres" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolprentgenres">genre</a> binne hulle onderskeie rigtings.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Radiodrama" is in beide sinne gebruik — oorspronklik uitgesaai as lewendige optrede, en ook al gebruik om die ernstiger kant van dramatiese uitsette van <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> te beskryf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanham1998894–900_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanham1998894–900-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drama word dikwels met <a href="/wiki/Musiek" title="Musiek">musiek</a> en <a href="/wiki/Dans" title="Dans">dans</a> gekombineer: die drama in <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> word algemeen enduit gesing; musiekspele sluit gewoonlik beide gesproke dialoog en liedere in; en sekere vorme van drama het bykomende musiek of musikale begeleiding wat die dialoog ondersteun (byvoorbeeld melodrama en Japannese No-spel).<sup id="cite_ref-cgt_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gedurende sekere periodes in die geskiedenis (<a href="/wiki/Antieke_Rome" title="Antieke Rome">Ou Roomse</a> en moderne <a href="/wiki/Romantiek" title="Romantiek">romantiek</a>) is sekere dramas geskryf om gelees eerder as om opgevoer te word.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Met improvisasie bestaan die drama nie vooraf nie en kunstenaars maak spontaan ’n dramateks op tydens uitvoering voor die gehoor.<sup id="cite_ref-impro_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-impro-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis_van_Westerse_drama">Geskiedenis van Westerse drama</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis van Westerse drama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenis van Westerse drama"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klassieke_Griekse_drama">Klassieke Griekse drama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Klassieke Griekse drama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Klassieke Griekse drama"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Westerse drama se oorsprong lê in <a href="/wiki/Klassieke_Griekeland" title="Klassieke Griekeland">Klassieke Griekeland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die <a href="/wiki/Teater_in_Ou_Griekeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Teater in Ou Griekeland">teaterkultuur</a> van die Atheense <a href="/wiki/Polis_(stad)" title="Polis (stad)">stad-staat</a> het drie genres in drama opgelewer: <a href="/wiki/Tragedie" title="Tragedie">tragedie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Komedie" title="Komedie">komedie</a> en die saterspel. Hul oorsprong is duister, hoewel dit teen die vyfde eeu v.C. geïnstitusionaliseer is in wedstryde wat gehou is as deel van feesvieringe vir die god <a href="/wiki/Dionysos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysos">Dionysos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200313–15_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200313–15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanham1998441–447_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanham1998441–447-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historici is bekend met die name van heelwat Ou Griekse dramaturge, onder andere Thespis, wat die krediet kry vir die skep van akteurs ("<i>hipokriete</i>") wat praat (eerder as sing) en ’n karakter (eerder as homself) vertolk, in wisselwerking met die koor en die se leier ("<i>coryphaeus</i>"), tradisioneel deel van die opvoering van nie-dramatiese poësie (ditirambes, <a href="/wiki/Liriek" title="Liriek">liriek</a> en <a href="/wiki/Epiek" title="Epiek">epiek</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slegs ’n klein gedeelte van die werke van vyf dramatici het egter tot vandag oorleef: ons het ’n klein aantal volledige tekste deur die tragici <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophokles" title="Sophokles">Sophokles</a> en <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, en die komedieskrywers <a href="/wiki/Aristofanes" title="Aristofanes">Aristofanes</a> en, vanaf die laat 4de eeu, Menander.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aeschylus se geskiedkundige tragedie <i> <a href="/wiki/Die_Perse" title="Die Perse">Die Perse</a> </i> is die oudste oorlewende drama, alhoewel toe dit eerste prys gewen het by die Stads-Dionysia in 472 v.C., was hy alreeds 25 jaar lank aan die skryf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanham19988_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanham19988-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200315–16_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200315–16-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die kompetisie ("<i>agon</i>") vir tragedies kon so ver terug as vroeg 534 v.C. begin het; amptelike dokumente ("<i>didaskaliai</i>") kom vanaf 501 v.C. te voorskyn, met die saterspel se bekendstelling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200313,_15_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200313,_15-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanham1998442_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanham1998442-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daar is van tragedieskrywers vereis om ’n tetralogie van toneelstukke te lewer (hoewel die individuele werke nie noodwendig aan mekaar gekoppel is deur storie of tema nie), wat gewoonlik uit drie tragedies bestaan het en een saterspel (hoewel uitsonderings gemaak is, soos Euripides se <i>Alkestis</i> in 438 v.C.). Komedie is amptelik met ’n prys erken in die kompetisie vanaf 487 tot 486 v.C. </p><p>Vyf komedieskrywers het aan die Groot Dionysia deelgeneem (hoewel dit tydens die <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesiese_oorlog" title="Peloponnesiese oorlog">Peloponnesiese oorlog</a> tot drie verminder kon gewees het), elk met ’n enkele komedie.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200318_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200318-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanham1998444–445_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanham1998444–445-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attiese komedie word tradisioneel verdeel tussen "ou komedie" (5de eeu v.C.), "middelkomedie" (4de eeu v.C.) en "nuwe komedie" (laat 4de eeu tot 2de eeu v.C.).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanham1998444–445_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanham1998444–445-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klassieke_Romeinse_drama">Klassieke Romeinse drama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Klassieke Romeinse drama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Klassieke Romeinse drama"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Tragic_comic_masks_-_roman_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tragic_comic_masks_-_roman_mosaic.jpg/220px-Tragic_comic_masks_-_roman_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tragic_comic_masks_-_roman_mosaic.jpg/330px-Tragic_comic_masks_-_roman_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tragic_comic_masks_-_roman_mosaic.jpg/440px-Tragic_comic_masks_-_roman_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tragedie" title="Tragedie">Tragedie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Komedie" title="Komedie">komedie</a>, Romeinse <a href="/wiki/Mosa%C3%AFek" title="Mosaïek">mosaïek</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Met die uitbreiding van die <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Republiek" title="Romeinse Republiek">Romeinse Republiek</a> (509-27 v.C.) tot in verskeie Griekse gebiede tussen 270-240 v.C., kom Rome in aanraking met Griekse drama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200343_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200343-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In die later jare van die Republiek en deur middel van die <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_ryk" class="mw-redirect" title="Romeinse ryk">Romeinse ryk</a> (27 v.C.-476 n.C.), versprei teater weswaarts deur Europa, rondom die Middellandse See en bereik Engeland; <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_teater" title="Romeinse teater">Romeinse teater</a> was meer afwisselend, uitgebreid en gesofistikeerd as die van enige voorafgaande kultuur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200336,_47_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200336,_47-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoewel daar voortgegaan is met die opvoer van Griekse drama regdeur die Romeinse periode, merk die jaar 240 v.C. die begin van gereelde Romeinse drama.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sedert die ontstaan van die Ryk het belangstelling in vollengte drama afgeneem ten gunste van ’n groter verskeidenheid teatrale vermaaklikhede.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200346-47_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200346-47-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die eerste vername werke van Romeinse letterkunde is die <a href="/wiki/Tragedie" title="Tragedie">tragedies</a> en <a href="/wiki/Komedie" title="Komedie">komedies</a> wat Livius Andronikus vanaf 240 v.C. neergepen het.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200347_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200347-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vyf jaar later begin Gnaius Naevius ook met die skryf van dramas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200347_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200347-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geen toneelstukke van die twee het egter oorleef nie. Hoewel beide dramatici in die twee <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a> werke gelewer het word Andronikus meeste vereer vir sy tragedies en Naevius vir sy komedies; hulle opvolgers was geneig om in een van die twee te spesialiseer, wat gelei het tot ’n skeiding in die daaropvolgende ontwikkeling van die twee soorte drama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200347_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200347-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Met die begin van die 2de eeu v.C. was drama stewig gevestig in Rome en ’n skrywersgilde (<i>collegium poetarum</i>) was reeds gevestig.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200347–48_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200347–48-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die oorlewende Romeinse komedies is alles <i>fabula palliata</i> (komedies gebaseer op Griekse onderwerpe) en is afkomstig van twee dramaturge: Titus Maccius Plautus (Plautus) en Publius Terentius Afer (Terentius).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200348–49_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200348–49-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Met die herverwerking van die oorspronklike Griekse dramas het die Romeinse komedieskrywers die rol van die koor afgeskaf deur die drama in episodes te verdeel en musikale begeleiding tot die dialoog (tussen ’n derde van die dialoog in Plautus se komedies en twee derdes in die van Terentius) bekend te stel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200349_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200349-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die aksie van al die tonele geskied in die buitelug soos ’n straat en die verwikkelinge was dikwels die gevolg van afluistery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200349_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200349-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plautus, die gewilder een onder die twee, skryf tussen 205 en 184 v.C., en twintig van sy komedies bly behoue, waarvan sy klugte die bekendste is; hy is bewonder vir die vernuf van sy dialoog en sy gebruik van ’n verskeidenheid poëtiese metrums.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200348_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200348-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al ses van Terentius se komedies, tussen 166 en 160 v.C. geskryf, het behoue gebly; die kompleksiteit van sy plotte, waarin hy dikwels verskeie oorspronklik Griekse temas verweef het, is soms afgeskiet, maar sy dubbele plotte het ’n ingewikkelde vertoning van kontrasterende menslike optrede aangehelp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200348_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200348-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geen vroeë Romeinse tragedies het behoue gebly nie, hoewel dit hoogs aangeskrewe was in hulle dag; historici is bewus van drie vroeë tragedieskrywers — Quintus Ennius, Marcus Pacuvius en Lucius Accius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200349_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200349-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Uit die Ryk se tyd het die werke van twee tragedieskrywers behoue gebly — een onbekend en die ander die werk van die Stoïsynse filosoof, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Annaeus_Seneca" title="Lucius Annaeus Seneca">Lucius Annaeus Seneca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200350_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200350-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nege van Seneca se tragedies bly behoue, waarvan almal <i>fabula crepidata</i> is (tragedies aangepas vanuit Griekse oorspronklikes); sy <i>Phaedra</i> is byvoorbeeld gebaseer op Euripides se <i>Hippolutos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200349–50_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200349–50-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historici weet nie wie die enigste nog bestaande voorbeeld van die <i>fabula praetexta</i> (tragedies gebaseer op Romeinse onderwerpe), <i>Oktavia</i>, geskryf het nie, maar dit is vroeër verkeerdelik aan Seneca toegedeel omrede sy verskyning as karakter in die tragedie.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200350_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200350-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middeleeue">Middeleeue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Middeleeue" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Middeleeue"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tydens die <a href="/wiki/Middeleeuse_Teater_vir_Dramatiese_Kunste" class="mw-redirect" title="Middeleeuse Teater vir Dramatiese Kunste"> Middeleeue</a> het drama binne die Europese omgangstale moontlik ontwikkel vanuit godsdienstige uitbeeldings van die liturgie. Misteriespele is opgevoer in die buiteportale van katedrale of deur rondlopende spelers tydens feesdae. Mirakel- en misteriespele, saam met moraliteitspele en tussenspele ontwikkel later tot meer breedvoerige vorme van drama, soos wat op die <a href="/wiki/Elisabethaanse_teater" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabethaanse teater">Elisabethaanse verhoë</a> gesien kon word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elizabethaanse_en_Jakobeaanse_era">Elizabethaanse en Jakobeaanse era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Elizabethaanse en Jakobeaanse era" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Elizabethaanse en Jakobeaanse era"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Die hoofartikel vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="/wiki/Engelse_Renaissanceteater" class="mw-redirect" title="Engelse Renaissanceteater">Engelse Renaissanceteater</a>.</div></i></dd></dl> <p>Een van die groter bloeitydperke in <a href="/wiki/Engeland" title="Engeland">Engelse</a> drama het in die 16de en 17de eeu voorgekom. Heelwat van die toneelstukke is in versformaat geskryf, spesifiek jambiese pentameter. Bykomend tot Shakespeare was skrywers soos <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a>, Thomas Middleton,en Ben Jonson prominente toneelskrywers uit die tydperk. Net soos in die <a href="/wiki/Middeleeue" title="Middeleeue">Middeleeue</a>, het historiese spele die lewens van afgestorwe konings gevier en so die beeld van die Tudorvorste versterk. Outeurs uit die tydperk verkry van hulle storielyne uit <a href="/wiki/Griekse_mitologie" title="Griekse mitologie">Griekse</a> en <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_mitologie" title="Romeinse mitologie">Romeinse mitologie</a> of toneelstukke van gevierde Romeinse dramatici soos Plautus en Terentius. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moderne_en_postmoderne_era">Moderne en postmoderne era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Moderne en postmoderne era" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Moderne en postmoderne era"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die vername en innoverende bydraes van die <a href="/wiki/19de_eeu" title="19de eeu">19de-eeuse</a> Noorse dramaturg <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a> en die <a href="/wiki/20ste_eeu" title="20ste eeu"> 20ste-eeuse</a> Duitse teaterpraktisyn <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a> domineer moderne drama; elk inspireer ’n tradisie van nabootsers, wat heelwat van die grootste dramatici van moderne tye insluit.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die werke van beide dramaturge is, op hulle verskillende wyses, beide <a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">modernisties</a> en realisties, en inkorporeer formele eksperimentalisme, metateatrale en sosiale kritiek.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terme van die tradisionele teoretiese diskoers van genre is Ibsen se werk al beskryf as die hoogtepunt van "verligte tragedie", terwyl Brecht s'n weer vereenselwig is met ’n histories egte komedie.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ander belangrike moderne dramaturge sluit in Antonin Artaud, <a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">August Strindberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Tsjechof" title="Anton Tsjechof">Anton Tsjechof</a>, Frank Wedekind, Maurice Maeterlinck, Federico García Lorca, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a>, Luigi Pirandello, <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, Ernst Toller, <a href="/wiki/Wladimir_Majakofski" title="Wladimir Majakofski">Wladimir Majakofski</a>, Arthur Miller, Tennessee Williams, Jean Genet, Eugène Ionesco, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>, Harold Pinter, Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Dario Fo, Heiner Müller, en Caryl Churchill. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asiatiese_drama">Asiatiese drama</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Asiatiese drama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Asiatiese drama"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indië"><span id="Indi.C3.AB"></span>Indië</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Indië" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Indië"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB.jpg/305px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB.jpg" decoding="async" width="305" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB.jpg/458px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB.jpg/610px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>Akteur as Sugriva in die Koodiyattam vorm van Sanskrit-teater.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die vroegste vorm van <a href="/wiki/Indi%C3%AB" title="Indië">Indiese</a> drama is die Sanskrit drama, wat volgens oorlewering sy raamwerk direk vanaf Shiva ontvang het en hierdie tegnieke gebruik het om tot Vishnu te bid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmondSwannZarrilli199312_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmondSwannZarrilli199312-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tussen die 1ste en 10de eeu n.C. heers daar ’n periode van relatiewe vrede in die <a href="/wiki/Geskiedenis_van_Indi%C3%AB" title="Geskiedenis van Indië">Indiese geskiedenis</a> waartydens honderde moderne toneelstukke geskryf is.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandon199770_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandon199770-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmond1998516_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond1998516-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Met die Islamitiese verowerings wat begin het in die 10de en 11de eeu, is teater ontmoedig of algeheel verbied.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandon199772_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandon199772-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmond1998516_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond1998516-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in ’n poging om inheemse waardes en idees te hervestig, is dorpsteater aangemoedig regoor die subkontinent en ontwikkel dit binne ’n groot aantal streekstale vanaf die 15de tot die 19de eeu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandon199772_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandon199772-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmond1998516_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond1998516-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmondSwannZarrilli199312_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmondSwannZarrilli199312-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moderne Indiese teater ontwikkel in die tydperk van <a href="/wiki/Britse_Raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Britse Raj">koloniale heerskappy</a> onder die <a href="/wiki/Britse_Ryk" title="Britse Ryk">Britse Ryk</a>, vanaf die middel-19de tot middel-20ste eeu. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmond1998516_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond1998516-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmondSwannZarrilli199312_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmondSwannZarrilli199312-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sanskrit_teater">Sanskrit teater</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Sanskrit teater" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Sanskrit teater"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die vroegste oorlewende fragmente van Sanskrit drama dateer uit die 1ste eeu n.C.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandon1981xvii_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandon1981xvii-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmond1998516_–_517_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond1998516_–_517-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die oorvloed van argeologiese bewyse vanuit vroeëre tydperke lewer geen tekens op van die bestaan van ’n teatertradisie nie. </p><p>Die outydse <i>Vedas</i> (himnes van tussen 1500 tot 1000 v.C. wat van die vroegste voorbeelde is van literatuur in die wêreld) bevat geen leidraad daarvan nie (hoewel ’n klein aantal in die vorm van dialoog saamgestel is), en dit wil nie voorkom of die rituele uit die Vediese periode ontwikkel het tot die teater nie.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmond1998516_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond1998516-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die <i>Mahābhāṣya</i> deur Patañjali bevat die vroegste verwysing na wat miskien as die oorsprong van Sanskrit-drama genoem kan word.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmond1998517_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond1998517-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hierdie verhandeling oor <a href="/wiki/Grammatika" title="Grammatika">grammatika</a> uit 140 v.C. verskaf ’n aanvaarbare datum vir die begin van Indiese teater.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmond1998517_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond1998517-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die belangrikste bron van bewyse vir Sanskrit-teater is <i>’n Verhandeling oor teater</i> (<i>Nātyaśāstra</i>), ’n kompendium waarvan die datum van samestelling onbevestig is (skattings strek vanaf 200 v.C. tot 200 n.C.) en waarvan die outeurskap toegedig word aan Bharata Muni. Die <i>verhandeling</i> is die volledigste werk van dramaturgie in die <a href="/wiki/Ou_W%C3%AAreld" title="Ou Wêreld">Ou Wêreld</a>. Dit spreek toneelspel, <a href="/wiki/Dans" title="Dans">dans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musiek" title="Musiek">musiek</a>, toneelsamestelling, argitektuur, kostuumontwerp, teatergrimering, rekwisiete, organisering van geselskappe, die gehoor en kompetisies aan en gee ’n mitologiese rekenskap van die ontstaan van teater.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmond1998517_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond1998517-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sy drama word beskou as die grootste prestasie van Sanskrit-literatuur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandon(1981xvii_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandon(1981xvii-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit maak gebruik van stereotipe karakters, soos die held (<i>nayaka</i>), heldin (<i>nayika</i>), of nar (<i>vidusaka</i>). Akteurs het moontlik in een spesifieke karakter gespesialiseer. Dit is deur konings sowel as dorpsvergaderings bevorder. Bekende vroeë dramatici sluit in Bhasa, Kalidasa (befaam vir <i>Vikrama en Urvashi</i>, <i>Malavika en Agnimitra</i>, en <i>Die erkenning van Shakuntala</i>), Śudraka (bekend vir <i>Die klein kleiwa</i>), Asvaghosa, Daṇḍin, en Keiser Harsha (beroemd vir <i>Nagananda</i>, <i>Ratnavali</i> en <i>Priyadarsika</i>). <i>Śakuntalā</i> (Engelse vertaling) beïnvloed <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a> se <i>Faust</i> (1808–1832).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandon(1981xvii_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandon(1981xvii-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moderne_Indiese_drama">Moderne Indiese drama</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Moderne Indiese drama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Moderne Indiese drama"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>, was ’n baanbrekende moderne toneelskrywer wat werke gelewer het bekend vir hul verkenning en vrae rondom nasionalisme, identiteit, spiritualisme en materiële hebsug.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanham19981051_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanham19981051-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sy toneelstukke is in <a href="/wiki/Bengaals" title="Bengaals">Bengaals</a> geskryf en sluit in <i>Chitra</i> (<i>Chitrangada</i>, 1892), <i>Die koning van die donker kamer</i> (<i>Raja</i>, 1910), <i>Die poskantoor</i> (<i>Dakghar</i>, 1913), en <i>Rooi oleander</i> (<i>Raktakarabi</i>, 1924).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanham19981051_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanham19981051-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Girish Karnad is ’n vername toneelskrywer wat ’n hele aantal toneelstukke geskryf het en geskiedenis en mitologie gebruik om kritiek te lewer op idees en ideale van kontemporêre relevansie. Karnad se talle toneelstukke soos Tughlaq, Hayavadana, Taledanda en Naga-Mandala lewer ’n belangrike bydra tot Indiese drama. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: China" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: China"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Stamp_of_USSR_2262.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Stamp_of_USSR_2262.jpg/220px-Stamp_of_USSR_2262.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Stamp_of_USSR_2262.jpg/330px-Stamp_of_USSR_2262.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Stamp_of_USSR_2262.jpg/440px-Stamp_of_USSR_2262.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="1763" /></a><figcaption>’n 1958 <a href="/wiki/U.S.S.R." class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.S.R.">U.S.S.R.</a> <a href="/wiki/Posse%C3%ABl" title="Posseël">posseël</a> wat Guan Hanqing herdenk, een van die groot Chinese dramatici, bekend vir sy "zaju"-toneelstukke.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sjinese teater het ’n lang en komplekse geskiedenis. Dit word deesdae dikwels Chinese opera genoem hoewel dit normaalweg spesifiek verwys na die populêre vorm bekend as Beijing-opera en Kunqu; daar is ook vele ander teatervorme in China, soos zaju. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Japan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Japan"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japannese No-spel is ’n ernstige dramavorm wat drama, musiek en dans kombineer vir die lewering van ’n volledige estetiese vertoning. Dit ontwikkel in die 14de en 15de eeu en maak gebruik van eie musiekinstrumente en toneelspeltegnieke, wat dikwels van pa na seun oorgedra is. Die akteurs was gewoonlik manlik (beide vir manlike en vroulike rolle), hoewel vroulike amateurs in No-spele opgetree het. No-spele is deur die regering ondersteun, spesifiek die weermag, met heelwat militêre bevelvoerders wat hulle eie geselskappe gehad het en soms self opgetree het.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kyogen is die komiese eweknie tot die No-spel. Dit plaas meer fokus op dialoog en minder op musiek, hoewel No-instrumentaliste soms in Kyogen verskyn. Kabukie-drama ontwikkel in die 17de eeu en is ’n ander komedievorm wat dans insluit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dramavorme">Dramavorme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Dramavorme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Dramavorme"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opera">Opera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Opera" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Opera"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Westerse opera</a> is ’n dramakunsvorm wat tydens die <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> ontstaan in ’n poging om die klassieke Griekse dramatradisie te laat herleef waarin musiek en teater gekombineer is. Deur die noue verweefdheid met <a href="/wiki/Klassieke_musiek" title="Klassieke musiek">Westerse klassieke musiek</a> het die opera groot veranderinge ondergaan in die afgelope vier eeue en bly dit ’n belangrike teatervorm tot vandag. Van belang is die groot invloed op die operatradisie deur die Duitse 19de-eeuse komponis <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>. Volgens hom was daar geen balans tussen musiek en teater in die operas uit sy tyd nie, aangesien die musiek as belangriker geag is as die drama-aspekte in die werke. Om die skakel met die tradisionele Griekse drama te herstel het hy die hele operaformaat in sy geheel vernuwe, en om die gelyke belangrikheid van musiek en drama in hierdie nuwe werke uit te lig het hy dit "musikale dramas" gedoop. </p><p>Sjinese opera is deur ’n meer konserwatiewe ontwikkeling oor ’n langer tydperk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pantomime">Pantomime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: Pantomime" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Pantomime"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die stories volg in die tradisie van fabels en volksvertellings. Daar is gewoonlik ’n les te leer, en met die hulp van die gehoor, red die held(in) die dag. Die soort toneelstuk maak gebruik van stereotipe karakters soos in maskeradestukke en wat ook in <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">commedia dell'arte</a> voorkom, en sluit die booswig, nar/dienskneg , die minnaars en so voorts in. Die toneelstukke plaas gewoonlik klem op morele dilemmas, en die goeie triomfeer altyd oor die slegte. Dit is ook hoogs vermaaklik wat dit ’n goeie metode maak om baie mense te bereik. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kreatiewe_drama">Kreatiewe drama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Wysig afdeling: Kreatiewe drama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Kreatiewe drama"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kreatiewe drama sluit drama-aktiwiteite en speletjies in, wat hoofsaaklik in opvoedkundige omgewings saam met kinders uitgevoer word. Die wortels lê in die vroeë 1900's in die Verenigde State. Winifred Ward word as die grondvester beskou van kreatiewe drama in die opvoedkunde met sy vestiging van die eerste akademiese gebruik van drama in Evanston, Illinois. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sien_ook">Sien ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Wysig afdeling: Sien ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Sien ook"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_ontstaan_van_die_drama" title="Die ontstaan van die drama">Die ontstaan van die drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toneelstuk" title="Toneelstuk">Toneelstuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermaak" title="Vermaak">Vermaak</a></li> <li>Melodrama</li> <li>Misteriespel</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElam198098-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElam198098_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElam1980">Elam 1980</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfister197711-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfister197711_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPfister1977">Pfister 1977</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFergusson19492–3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFergusson19492–3_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFergusson1949">Fergusson 1949</a>, p. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFBurt2008">Burt, Daniel S (2008), <i>The Drama 100: A Ranking of the Greatest Plays of All Time</i>, Facts on File, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8160-6073-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8160-6073-3">978-0-8160-6073-3</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Drama+100%3A+A+Ranking+of+the+Greatest+Plays+of+All+Time&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=Daniel+S&rft.au=Burt%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel+S&rft.date=2008&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6073-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis Fergusson skryf dat "a drama, as distinguished from a <a href="/wiki/Liriek" title="Liriek">lyric</a>, is not primarily a composition in the verbal medium; the words result, as one might put it, from the underlying structure of incident and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karakter_(kunste)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karakter (kunste) (bladsy bestaan nie)">character</a>. As <a href="/w/index.php?title=Po%C3%ABtika_(Aristoteles)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poëtika (Aristoteles) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Aristotle</a> remarks, 'the poet, or "maker" should be the maker of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plot_(narratief)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plot (narratief) (bladsy bestaan nie)">plots</a> rather than of verses; since he is a poet because he <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mimesis (bladsy bestaan nie)">imiates</a>, and what he imitates are actions'" (<a href="#CITEREFFergusson1949">Fergusson 1949</a>, p. 8).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sien ook Wikipedia se <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drama_films" class="extiw" title="en:List of drama films">Lys van drama-films</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanham1998894–900-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanham1998894–900_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanham1998">Banham 1998</a>, p. 894–900.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cgt-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cgt_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sien inskrywings vir "opera", "musical theatre, American", "melodrama" en "Nō" in (<a href="#CITEREFBanham1998">Banham 1998</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Manfred</i> deur <a href="/wiki/George_Gordon_Byron" class="mw-redirect" title="George Gordon Byron">Byron</a> is ’n goeie voorbeeld van ’n "dramagedig." Sien die inskrywings oor "Seneca" en "Byron (George)" in (<a href="#CITEREFBanham1998">Banham 1998</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-impro-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-impro_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sekere vorme van improvisasie, vernaam die <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a>, improviseer volgens die basis van 'lazzi' of vae algemene trekke van dramatiese aksie (<a href="#CITEREFGordon1983">Gordon 1983</a>) en (<a href="#CITEREFDuchartre1929">Duchartre 1929</a>). Alle improvisasievorme volg uit voorbeelde van oombliklike reaksie op mekaar, hul karakters se situasie (wat soms vooraf vasgestel word), en dikwels die interaksie met die gehoor. Die klassieke formulerings van <a href="/wiki/Improvisasieteater" title="Improvisasieteater">improvisasie in teater</a> het ontstaan met Joan Littlewood en Keith Johnstone in die VK en Viola Spolin in die VSA; sien (<a href="#CITEREFJohnstone1981">Johnstone 1981</a>) en (<a href="#CITEREFSpolin1967">Spolin 1967</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFBrown1998">Brown 1998</a>, p. 441), (<a href="#CITEREFCartledge1997">Cartledge 1997</a>, p. 3–5), (<a href="#CITEREFGoldhill1997">Goldhill 1997</a>, p. 54), en (<a href="#CITEREFLey2007">Ley 2007</a>, p. 206). Taxidou, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=9SNShKme-vsC&pg=PA104">p. 104</a> noem dat "most scholars now call 'Greek' tragedy 'Athenian' tragedy, which is historically correct" (<a href="#CITEREFTaxidou2004">Taxidou 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=9SNShKme-vsC&pg=PA104">p. 104</a>). Brown skryf dat <a href="/wiki/Teater_in_Ou_Griekeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Teater in Ou Griekeland">Ou Griekse drama</a> "was essentially the creation of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klassieke_Athene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klassieke Athene (bladsy bestaan nie)">classical Athens</a>: all the dramatists who were later regarded as classics were active at Athens in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE (the time of the <a href="/wiki/Atheense_demokrasie" title="Atheense demokrasie">Athenian democracy</a>), and all the surviving plays date from this period" (<a href="#CITEREFBrown1998">Brown 1998</a>, p. 441). "The dominant culture of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klassieke_Athene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klassieke Athene (bladsy bestaan nie)">Athens in the fifth century</a>", Goldhill skryf, "can be said to have invented <a href="/wiki/Teater" title="Teater">theatre</a>" (<a href="#CITEREFGoldhill1997">Goldhill 1997</a>, p. 54).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200313–15-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200313–15_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrockettHildy2003">Brockett & Hildy 2003</a>, p. 13–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanham1998441–447-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanham1998441–447_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanham1998">Banham 1998</a>, p. 441–447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFBanham1998">Banham 1998</a>, p. 441–444).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Die teorie dat <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prometheus_geboei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prometheus geboei (bladsy bestaan nie)">Prometheus geboei</a></i> nie deur <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> geskryf is nie sal die getal neem na ses dramatici wie se werke oorleef het.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanham19988-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanham19988_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanham1998">Banham 1998</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200315–16-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200315–16_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrockettHildy2003">Brockett & Hildy 2003</a>, p. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200313,_15-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200313,_15_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrockettHildy2003">Brockett & Hildy 2003</a>, p. 13, 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanham1998442-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanham1998442_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanham1998">Banham 1998</a>, p. 442.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200318-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200318_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrockettHildy2003">Brockett & Hildy 2003</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanham1998444–445-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanham1998444–445_21-0">21,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanham1998444–445_21-1">21,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanham1998">Banham 1998</a>, p. 444–445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200343-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200343_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrockettHildy2003">Brockett & Hildy 2003</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200336,_47-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200336,_47_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrockettHildy2003">Brockett & Hildy 2003</a>, p. 36, 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFBrockett2003">Brockett 2003</a>, p. 43).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200346-47-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200346-47_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrockettHildy2003">Brockett & Hildy 2003</a>, p. 46-47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200347-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200347_26-0">26,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200347_26-1">26,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200347_26-2">26,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrockettHildy2003">Brockett & Hildy 2003</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200347–48-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200347–48_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrockettHildy2003">Brockett & Hildy 2003</a>, p. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200348–49-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200348–49_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrockettHildy2003">Brockett & Hildy 2003</a>, p. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200349-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200349_29-0">29,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200349_29-1">29,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200349_29-2">29,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrockettHildy2003">Brockett & Hildy 2003</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200348-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200348_30-0">30,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200348_30-1">30,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrockettHildy2003">Brockett & Hildy 2003</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200350-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200350_31-0">31,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200350_31-1">31,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrockettHildy2003">Brockett & Hildy 2003</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200349–50-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockettHildy200349–50_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrockettHildy2003">Brockett & Hildy 2003</a>, p. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams (1993, 25–26) en Moi (2006, 17). Moi skryf dat "Ibsen is the most important playwright writing after Shakespeare. He is the founder of modern theater. His plays are world classics, staged on every continent, and studied in classrooms everywhere. In any given year, there are hundreds of Ibsen productions in the world." Ibseniete sluit in <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a> en <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a>; Brechtiane sluit in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dario_Fo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dario Fo (bladsy bestaan nie)">Dario Fo</a>, Joan Littlewood, <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Weiss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Weiss (bladsy bestaan nie)">Peter Weiss</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heiner_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heiner Müller (bladsy bestaan nie)">Heiner Müller</a>, Peter Hacks, Tony Kushner, Caryl Churchill, John Arden, Howard Brenton, Edward Bond, en David Hare.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moi (2006, 1, 23–26). Taxidou skryf: "It is probably historically more accurate, although methodologically less satisfactory, to read the Naturalist movement in the theatre in conjunction with the more anti-illusionist aesthetics of the theatres of the same period. These interlock and overlap in all sorts of complicated ways, even when they are vehemently denouncing each other (perhaps particularly when) in the favoured mode of the time, the manifesto" (<a href="#CITEREFTaxidou2007">Taxidou 2007</a>, p. 58).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams (1966) en Wright (1989).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmondSwannZarrilli199312-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmondSwannZarrilli199312_36-0">36,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmondSwannZarrilli199312_36-1">36,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmondSwannZarrilli199312_36-2">36,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichmondSwannZarrilli1993">Richmond, Swann & Zarrilli 1993</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandon199770-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandon199770_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrandon1997">Brandon 1997</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond1998516-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmond1998516_38-0">38,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmond1998516_38-1">38,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmond1998516_38-2">38,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmond1998516_38-3">38,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmond1998516_38-4">38,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichmond1998">Richmond 1998</a>, p. 516.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandon199772-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandon199772_39-0">39,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandon199772_39-1">39,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrandon1997">Brandon 1997</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandon1981xvii-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandon1981xvii_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrandon1981">Brandon 1981</a>, p. xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond1998516_–_517-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmond1998516_–_517_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichmond1998">Richmond 1998</a>, p. 516 – 517.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond1998517-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmond1998517_42-0">42,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmond1998517_42-1">42,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmond1998517_42-2">42,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichmond1998">Richmond 1998</a>, p. 517.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandon(1981xvii-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandon(1981xvii_43-0">43,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandon(1981xvii_43-1">43,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrandon(1981">Brandon (1981</a>, p. xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanham19981051-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanham19981051_44-0">44,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanham19981051_44-1">44,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanham1998">Banham 1998</a>, p. 1051.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050715090014/http://www.iijnet.or.jp/NOH-KYOGEN/english/english.html">"Background to Noh-Kyogen"</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iijnet.or.jp/NOH-KYOGEN/english/english.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 15 Julie 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">27 Februarie</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+to+Noh-Kyogen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iijnet.or.jp%2FNOH-KYOGEN%2Fenglish%2Fenglish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADrama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronne">Bronne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Wysig afdeling: Bronne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Bronne"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="editmode" style="width:30%; float:left; padding:0 3% 0 0; border:none; overflow:hidden; clear:left;"> <ul><li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFBanham,_Martin1998">Banham, Martin, ed. (1998), <i>The Cambridge Guide to Theatre.</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-521-43437-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-521-43437-8">0-521-43437-8</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Guide+to+Theatre.&rft.date=1998&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-521-43437-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFBaumerJames_R._Brandon1981">Baumer, Rachel Van M; James R. Brandon (1981), <i>Sanskrit Theatre in Performance</i>, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass (published 1993), <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-81-208-0772-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-81-208-0772-3">978-81-208-0772-3</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+Theatre+in+Performance&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Rachel+Van+M&rft.au=Baumer%2C%26%2332%3BRachel+Van+M&rft.au=James+R.+Brandon&rft.date=1981&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0772-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFBrandon1981">Brandon, James R (1981), "Introduction", <i>(<a href="#CITEREFBaumerBrandon1981">Baumer & Brandon 1981</a>, p. xvii–xx)</i></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Introduction&rft.atitle=%28%5B%5B%23CITEREFBaumerBrandon1981%7CBaumer+%26amp%3B+Brandon+1981%5D%5D%2C+p.%26nbsp%3Bxvii%E2%80%93xx%29&rft.aulast=Brandon&rft.aufirst=James+R&rft.au=Brandon%2C%26%2332%3BJames+R&rft.date=1981&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation"> <i>The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre.</i> (2nd, rev. ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge UP., 1997, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-58822-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-58822-5">978-0-521-58822-5</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Guide+to+Asian+Theatre.&rft.date=1997&rft.edition=2nd%2C+rev.&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP.&rft.isbn=978-0-521-58822-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFBrockettHildy2003">Brockett, Oscar G; Hildy, Franklin J. (2003), <i>History of the Theatre.</i> (Ninth edition, International edition ed.), Boston: Allyn and Bacon, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-205-41050-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-205-41050-2">0-205-41050-2</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Theatre.&rft.aulast=Brockett&rft.aufirst=Oscar+G&rft.au=Brockett%2C%26%2332%3BOscar+G&rft.au=Hildy%2C%26%2332%3BFranklin+J.&rft.date=2003&rft.edition=Ninth+edition%2C+International+edition&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Allyn+and+Bacon&rft.isbn=0-205-41050-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFBrown1998">Brown, Andrew (1998), "Ancient Greece", in Martin Banham, <i>The Cambridge Guide to Theatre</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge UP, pp. 441–447, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-521-43437-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-521-43437-8">0-521-43437-8</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greece&rft.atitle=The+Cambridge+Guide+to+Theatre&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Brown%2C%26%2332%3BAndrew&rft.date=1998&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B441%E2%80%93447&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.isbn=0-521-43437-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFCarlson1993">Carlson, Marvin (1993), <i>Theories of the Theatre: A Historical and Critical Survey from the Greeks to the Present.</i> (Expanded ed. ed.), Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8014-8154-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8014-8154-3">978-0-8014-8154-3</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theories+of+the+Theatre%3A+A+Historical+and+Critical+Survey+from+the+Greeks+to+the+Present.&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rft.au=Carlson%2C%26%2332%3BMarvin&rft.date=1993&rft.edition=Expanded+ed.&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8154-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFCartledge1997">Cartledge, Paul (1997), "'Deep Plays': Theatre as Process in Greek Civic Life.", <i>(<a href="#CITEREFEasterling1997c">Easterling 1997c</a>, p. 3–35)</i></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%27Deep+Plays%27%3A+Theatre+as+Process+in+Greek+Civic+Life.&rft.atitle=%28%5B%5B%23CITEREFEasterling1997c%7CEasterling+1997c%5D%5D%2C+p.%26nbsp%3B3%E2%80%9335%29&rft.aulast=Cartledge&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Cartledge%2C%26%2332%3BPaul&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFDuchartre1929">Duchartre, Pierre Louis (1929), <i>The Italian Comedy</i> (Unabridged republication ed.), New York: Dover (published 1966), <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/ISBN_0-486-21679-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/ISBN 0-486-21679-9">ISBN 0-486-21679-9</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Comedy&rft.aulast=Duchartre&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Louis&rft.au=Duchartre%2C%26%2332%3BPierre+Louis&rft.date=1929&rft.edition=Unabridged+republication&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover&rft.isbn=ISBN+0-486-21679-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFDukore1974">Dukore, Bernard F. (1974), <i>Dramatic Theory and Criticism: Greeks to Grotowski.</i>, Florence, Kentucky: Heinle & Heinle, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-03-091152-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-03-091152-4">0-03-091152-4</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dramatic+Theory+and+Criticism%3A+Greeks+to+Grotowski.&rft.aulast=Dukore&rft.aufirst=Bernard+F.&rft.au=Dukore%2C%26%2332%3BBernard+F.&rft.date=1974&rft.place=Florence%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=Heinle+%26+Heinle&rft.isbn=0-03-091152-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFDurantAriel_Durant1963"><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Durant</a>, Will; Ariel Durant (1963), <i>The Story of Civilization, Volume II: The Life of Greece. 11 vols.</i>, New York: Simon & Schuster</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Civilization%2C+Volume+II%3A+The+Life+of+Greece.+11+vols.&rft.aulast=%5B%5BWill+Durant%7CDurant%5D%5D&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.au=%5B%5BWill+Durant%7CDurant%5D%5D%2C%26%2332%3BWill&rft.au=Ariel+Durant&rft.date=1963&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="editmode" style="width:30%; float:left; padding:0 3% 0 0; border:none; overflow:hidden;"> <ul><li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFEasterling1997a">Easterling, P. E. (1997a), "A Show for Dionysus", <i>(<a href="#CITEREFEasterling1997c">Easterling 1997c</a>, p. 36–53)</i></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+Show+for+Dionysus&rft.atitle=%28%5B%5B%23CITEREFEasterling1997c%7CEasterling+1997c%5D%5D%2C+p.%26nbsp%3B36%E2%80%9353%29&rft.aulast=Easterling&rft.aufirst=P.+E.&rft.au=Easterling%2C%26%2332%3BP.+E.&rft.date=1997a&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFEasterling1997b">Easterling, P. E. (1997b), "Form and Performance", <i>(<a href="#CITEREFEasterling1997c">Easterling 1997c</a>, p. 151–177)</i></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Form+and+Performance&rft.atitle=%28%5B%5B%23CITEREFEasterling1997c%7CEasterling+1997c%5D%5D%2C+p.%26nbsp%3B151%E2%80%93177%29&rft.aulast=Easterling&rft.aufirst=P.+E.&rft.au=Easterling%2C%26%2332%3BP.+E.&rft.date=1997b&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFEasterling,_P._E.1997c">Easterling, P. E., ed. (1997c), <i>The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy. Cambridge Companions to Literature series.</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge UP., <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-521-42351-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-521-42351-1">0-521-42351-1</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Greek+Tragedy.+Cambridge+Companions+to+Literature+series.&rft.date=1997c&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP.&rft.isbn=0-521-42351-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFElam1980">Elam, Keir (1980), <i>The <a href="/wiki/Semiotiek" title="Semiotiek">Semiotics</a> of Theatre and Drama</i>, Londen en New York: Methuen, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/ISBN_0-416-72060-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/ISBN 0-416-72060-9">ISBN 0-416-72060-9</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%5B%5BSemiotiek%7CSemiotics%5D%5D+of+Theatre+and+Drama&rft.aulast=Elam&rft.aufirst=Keir&rft.au=Elam%2C%26%2332%3BKeir&rft.date=1980&rft.place=Londen+en+New+York&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.isbn=ISBN+0-416-72060-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFFrancis_Fergusson1949">Francis Fergusson (1949), <i>The Idea of a Theater: A Study of Ten Plays, The Art of Drama in a Changing Perspective.</i>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton UP (published 1968), <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-691-01288-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-691-01288-1">0-691-01288-1</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+a+Theater%3A+A+Study+of+Ten+Plays%2C+The+Art+of+Drama+in+a+Changing+Perspective.&rft.aulast=Francis+Fergusson&rft.au=Francis+Fergusson&rft.date=1949&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+UP&rft.isbn=0-691-01288-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFGoldhill1997">Goldhill, Simon (1997), "The Audience of Athenian Tragedy.", <i>(<a href="#CITEREFEasterling1997c">Easterling 1997c</a>, p. 54–68)</i></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Audience+of+Athenian+Tragedy.&rft.atitle=%28%5B%5B%23CITEREFEasterling1997c%7CEasterling+1997c%5D%5D%2C+p.%26nbsp%3B54%E2%80%9368%29&rft.aulast=Goldhill&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Goldhill%2C%26%2332%3BSimon&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFGordon1983">Gordon, Mel (1983), "Lazzi: The Comic Routines of the Commedia dell'Arte", <i>Performing Arts Journal Publications</i> (New York), <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-933826-69-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-933826-69-9">0-933826-69-9</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lazzi%3A+The+Comic+Routines+of+the+Commedia+dell%27Arte&rft.jtitle=Performing+Arts+Journal+Publications&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Mel&rft.au=Gordon%2C%26%2332%3BMel&rft.date=1983&rft.place=New+York&rft.isbn=0-933826-69-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFHarsh1944">Harsh, Philip Whaley (1944), <i>A Handbook of Classical Drama</i>, Stanford en Oxford: Stanford UP en Oxford UP</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Classical+Drama&rft.aulast=Harsh&rft.aufirst=Philip+Whaley&rft.au=Harsh%2C%26%2332%3BPhilip+Whaley&rft.date=1944&rft.place=Stanford+en+Oxford&rft.pub=Stanford+UP+en+Oxford+UP&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFJohnstone1981">Johnstone, Keith (1981), <i>Impro: Improvisation and the Theatre</i> (Rev. ed. ed.), London: Methuen (published 2007), <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/SBN_0-7136-8701-0" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/SBN 0-7136-8701-0">SBN 0-7136-8701-0</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Impro%3A+Improvisation+and+the+Theatre&rft.aulast=Johnstone&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Johnstone%2C%26%2332%3BKeith&rft.date=1981&rft.edition=Rev.+ed.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.isbn=SBN+0-7136-8701-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFLey2006">Ley, Graham (2006), <i>A Short Introduction to the Ancient Greek Theater.</i> (Rev. Ed ed.), Chicago en London: U of Chicago P, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-226-47761-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-226-47761-4">0-226-47761-4</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+Introduction+to+the+Ancient+Greek+Theater.&rft.aulast=Ley&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft.au=Ley%2C%26%2332%3BGraham&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=Rev.+Ed&rft.place=Chicago+en+London&rft.pub=U+of+Chicago+P&rft.isbn=0-226-47761-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFO'Brien2010">O'Brien, Nick (2010), <i>Stanislavski In Practise</i>, London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-415-56843-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-415-56843-2">978-0-415-56843-2</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stanislavski+In+Practise&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C%26%2332%3BNick&rft.date=2010&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=978-0-415-56843-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation"> <i>The Theatricality of Greek Tragedy: Playing Space and Chorus.</i>, Chicago en London: U of Chicago P, 2007, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-226-47757-6" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-226-47757-6">0-226-47757-6</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theatricality+of+Greek+Tragedy%3A+Playing+Space+and+Chorus.&rft.date=2007&rft.place=Chicago+en+London&rft.pub=U+of+Chicago+P&rft.isbn=0-226-47757-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="editmode" style="width:30%; float:left; padding:0 3% 0 0; border:none; overflow:hidden;"> <ul><li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFPfister1977">Pfister, Manfred (1977), John Halliday, ed., "The Theory and Analysis of Drama.", <i>European Studies in English Literature Series</i> (Cambridige: Cambridge University Press), 1988, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-521-42383-X" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-521-42383-X">0-521-42383-X</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Theory+and+Analysis+of+Drama.&rft.jtitle=European+Studies+in+English+Literature+Series&rft.aulast=Pfister&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft.au=Pfister%2C%26%2332%3BManfred&rft.date=1977&rft.place=Cambridige&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-521-42383-X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFRehm1992">Rehm, Rush (1992), "Greek Tragic Theatre", <i>Theatre Production Studies series</i> (London en New York: Routledge), <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-415-11894-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-415-11894-8">0-415-11894-8</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Greek+Tragic+Theatre&rft.jtitle=Theatre+Production+Studies+series&rft.aulast=Rehm&rft.aufirst=Rush&rft.au=Rehm%2C%26%2332%3BRush&rft.date=1992&rft.place=London+en+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=0-415-11894-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFRichmond1998">Richmond, Farley (1998), "India", <i>(<a href="#CITEREFBanham1998">Banham 1998</a>, p. 516–525)</i></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=India&rft.atitle=%28%5B%5B%23CITEREFBanham1998%7CBanham+1998%5D%5D%2C+p.%26nbsp%3B516%E2%80%93525%29&rft.aulast=Richmond&rft.aufirst=Farley&rft.au=Richmond%2C%26%2332%3BFarley&rft.date=1998&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFRichmondSwannZarrilli,1993">Richmond, Farley P.; Swann, Darius L.; Zarrilli,, Phillip B. (1993), <i>Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance.</i>, U of Hawaii P, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8248-1322-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8248-1322-2">978-0-8248-1322-2</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Theatre%3A+Traditions+of+Performance.&rft.aulast=Richmond&rft.aufirst=Farley+P.&rft.au=Richmond%2C%26%2332%3BFarley+P.&rft.au=Swann%2C%26%2332%3BDarius+L.&rft.au=Zarrilli%2C%2C%26%2332%3BPhillip+B.&rft.date=1993&rft.pub=U+of+Hawaii+P&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1322-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFSpolin1967">Spolin, Viola (1967), <i>Improvisation for the Theater.</i> (Third rev. ed ed.), Evanston, Il.: Northwestern University Press (published 1999), <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-8101-4008-X" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-8101-4008-X">0-8101-4008-X</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Improvisation+for+the+Theater.&rft.aulast=Spolin&rft.aufirst=Viola&rft.au=Spolin%2C%26%2332%3BViola&rft.date=1967&rft.edition=Third+rev.+ed&rft.place=Evanston%2C+Il.&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-8101-4008-X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFTaxidou2004">Taxidou, Olga (2004), <i>Tragedy, Modernity and Mourning.</i>, Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-7486-1987-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-7486-1987-9">0-7486-1987-9</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tragedy%2C+Modernity+and+Mourning.&rft.aulast=Taxidou&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft.au=Taxidou%2C%26%2332%3BOlga&rft.date=2004&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+UP&rft.isbn=0-7486-1987-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFWeimann1978">Weimann, Robert (1978), <i>Shakespeare and the Popular Tradition in the Theater: Studies in the Social Dimension of Dramatic Form and Function.</i>, Baltimore en London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-8018-3506-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-8018-3506-2">0-8018-3506-2</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare+and+the+Popular+Tradition+in+the+Theater%3A+Studies+in+the+Social+Dimension+of+Dramatic+Form+and+Function.&rft.aulast=Weimann&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Weimann%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&rft.date=1978&rft.place=Baltimore+en+London&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-8018-3506-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFWeimann2000">Weimann, Robert (2000), "Author's Pen and Actor's Voice: Playing and Writing in Shakespeare's Theatre", in Helen Higbee; William West, <i>Cambridge Studies in Renaissance Literature and Culture</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-521-78735-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-521-78735-1">0-521-78735-1</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Author%27s+Pen+and+Actor%27s+Voice%3A+Playing+and+Writing+in+Shakespeare%27s+Theatre&rft.atitle=Cambridge+Studies+in+Renaissance+Literature+and+Culture&rft.aulast=Weimann&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Weimann%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&rft.date=2000&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-521-78735-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drama"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div><p><br clear="left" /> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drama&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arlymasks.com/timeline.htm">Tydlyn van Griekse en Romeinse maskers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216185235/http://www.arlymasks.com/timeline.htm">Geargiveer</a> 16 Februarie 2012 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Wiktionary_small.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/12px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/24px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikiwoordeboek" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikiwoordeboek">Wikiwoordeboek</a> het 'n inskrywing vir <a href="https://af.wiktionary.org/wiki/drama" class="extiw" title="wikt:drama">drama</a>.</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25372&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25372&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulp:Normdata" title="Hulp:Normdata">Normdata</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25372" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85039316">sh85039316</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Latvia">LNB</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000294065&P_CON_LNG=ENG">000294065</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph119598&CON_LNG=ENG">ph119598</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ontsluit van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drama&oldid=2694886">https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drama&oldid=2694886</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Kategorie%C3%AB" title="Spesiaal:Kategorieë">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Drama" title="Kategorie:Drama">Drama</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Versteekte kategorieë: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_teks_in_Antieke_Grieks" title="Kategorie:Artikels met teks in Antieke Grieks">Artikels met teks in Antieke Grieks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_LCCN-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met LCCN-identifiseerders">Artikels met LCCN-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_LNB-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met LNB-identifiseerders">Artikels met LNB-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_NKC-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met NKC-identifiseerders">Artikels met NKC-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Normdata_met_3_elemente" title="Kategorie:Normdata met 3 elemente">Normdata met 3 elemente</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Die bladsy is laas op 27 Augustus 2024 om 12:11 bygewerk.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Die teks is beskikbaar onder die lisensie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Erkenning-Insgelyks Deel</a>. 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