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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Physical property of chemicals</div> <p>The <b>color of chemicals</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Physical_property" title="Physical property">physical property</a> of chemicals that in most cases comes from the <a href="/wiki/Excited_state" title="Excited state">excitation of electrons</a> due to an absorption of energy performed by the chemical. </p><p>The study of chemical structure by means of energy absorption and release is generally referred to as <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_of_chemicals&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meso-tetraphenylporphyrin_UV-vis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Meso-tetraphenylporphyrin_UV-vis.JPG/300px-Meso-tetraphenylporphyrin_UV-vis.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Meso-tetraphenylporphyrin_UV-vis.JPG/450px-Meso-tetraphenylporphyrin_UV-vis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Meso-tetraphenylporphyrin_UV-vis.JPG/600px-Meso-tetraphenylporphyrin_UV-vis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet-visible_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy">UV-vis</a> spectrum for a compound that appears orange in <a href="/wiki/Dimethylformamide" title="Dimethylformamide">Dimethylformamide</a></figcaption></figure> <p>All atoms and molecules are capable of absorbing and releasing energy in the form of <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a>, accompanied by a change of quantum state. The amount of energy absorbed or released is the difference between the energies of the two quantum states. There are various types of quantum state, including, for example, the rotational and vibrational states of a molecule. However the release of energy visible to the human eye, commonly referred to as visible light, spans the wavelengths approximately 380 nm to 760 nm, depending on the individual, and photons in this range usually accompany a change in <a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">atomic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Molecular_orbital" title="Molecular orbital">molecular orbital</a> quantum state. The perception of light is governed by three types of <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a> receptors in the eye, which are sensitive to different ranges of wavelength within this band. </p><p>The relationship between energy and wavelength is determined by the <a href="/wiki/Planck-Einstein_relation" class="mw-redirect" title="Planck-Einstein relation">Planck-Einstein relation</a> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=hf={\frac {hc}{\lambda }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mi>f</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> <mi>λ</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=hf={\frac {hc}{\lambda }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0499af04969f410034ec66c5ee50b9bbea6076af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:13.772ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=hf={\frac {hc}{\lambda }}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <i>E</i> is the energy of the <a href="/wiki/Quantum" title="Quantum">quantum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a>), <i>f</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> of the light wave, <i>h</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">Planck constant</a>, <i>λ</i> is the wavelength and <i>c</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>. </p><p>The relationships between the energies of the various quantum states are treated by <a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">atomic orbital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molecular_orbital" title="Molecular orbital">molecular orbital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ligand_field_theory" title="Ligand field theory">Ligand Field Theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crystal_field_theory" title="Crystal field theory">Crystal Field Theory</a>. If photons of a particular wavelength are absorbed by matter, then when we observe light reflected from or transmitted through that matter, what we see is the <a href="/wiki/Complementary_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Complementary color">complementary color</a>, made up of the other visible wavelengths remaining. For example, <a href="/wiki/Beta-carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-carotene">beta-carotene</a> has maximum absorption at 454 nm (blue light), consequently what visible light remains appears orange . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colors_by_wavelength">Colors by wavelength</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_of_chemicals&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Colors by wavelength"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>What is seen by the eye is not the color absorbed, but the <a href="/wiki/Complementary_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Complementary color">complementary color</a> from the removal of the absorbed <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a>. This spectral perspective was first noted in <a href="/wiki/Atomic_spectroscopy" title="Atomic spectroscopy">atomic spectroscopy</a>. </p><p>Below is a rough table of wavelengths, colors and complementary colors. This utilizes the scientific <a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMY</a> and <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB</a> <a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">color wheels</a> rather than the traditional <a href="/wiki/RYB_color_model" title="RYB color model">RYB</a> color wheel.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Wavelength<br />(nm) </th> <th colspan="2">Color </th> <th colspan="2">Complementary<br />color </th></tr> <tr> <td>400–424 </td> <td style="background:#7400D2"> </td> <td>violet </td> <td style="background:#FFFF00"> </td> <td>yellow </td></tr> <tr> <td>424–491 </td> <td style="background:#0000FF"> </td> <td>blue </td> <td style="background:#FFA500"> </td> <td>orange </td></tr> <tr> <td>491–570 </td> <td style="background:#008000"> </td> <td>green </td> <td style="background:#FF0000"> </td> <td>red </td></tr> <tr> <td>570–585 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF00"> </td> <td>yellow </td> <td style="background:#7400D2"> </td> <td>violet </td></tr> <tr> <td>585–647 </td> <td style="background:#FFA500"> </td> <td>orange </td> <td style="background:#0000FF"> </td> <td>blue </td></tr> <tr> <td>647–700 </td> <td style="background:#FF0000"> </td> <td>red </td> <td style="background:#008000"> </td> <td>green </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This can only be used as a very rough guide, for instance if a narrow range of wavelengths within the band <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6993647000000000000♠"></span>647–700 nm</span> is absorbed, then the blue and green receptors will be fully stimulated, making cyan, and the red receptor will be partially stimulated, diluting the cyan to a greyish hue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_category">By category</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_of_chemicals&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: By category"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vast majority of simple inorganic (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a>) and organic compounds (e.g. ethanol) are colorless. <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metal</a> compounds are often colored because of transitions of electrons between <a href="/wiki/D-orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="D-orbital">d-orbitals</a> of different energy. (see <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal#Colored_compounds" title="Transition metal">Transition metal#Colored compounds</a>). Organic compounds tend to be colored when there is extensive <a href="/wiki/Conjugated_system" title="Conjugated system">conjugation</a>, causing the energy gap between the <a href="/wiki/HOMO/LUMO" class="mw-redirect" title="HOMO/LUMO">HOMO and LUMO</a> to decrease, bringing the absorption band from the UV to the visible region. Similarly, color is due to the energy absorbed by the compound, when an electron transitions from the HOMO to the LUMO. <a href="/wiki/Lycopene" title="Lycopene">Lycopene</a> is a classic example of a compound with extensive conjugation (11 conjugated double bonds), giving rise to an intense red color (lycopene is responsible for the color of <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>). <a href="/wiki/Charge-transfer_complexes" class="mw-redirect" title="Charge-transfer complexes">Charge-transfer complexes</a> tend to have very intense colors for different reasons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_of_chemicals&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Colors of metallic ions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Formula </th> <th colspan="2">Color </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium(II)</a> </td> <td>Mg<sup>2+</sup> </td> <td colspan="2">colorless </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium(III)</a> </td> <td>Sc<sup>3+</sup> </td> <td style="background:#C0C0C0"> </td> <td>silver </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium(III)</a> </td> <td>Ti<sup>3+</sup> </td> <td style="background:#7400D2"> </td> <td>purple </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium(IV)</a> </td> <td>Ti<sup>4+</sup> </td> <td style="background:#C0C0C0"> </td> <td>silver </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanyl" title="Titanyl">Titanyl</a> </td> <td>TiO<sup>2+</sup> </td> <td colspan="2">colorless </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium(II)</a> </td> <td>V<sup>2+</sup> </td> <td style="background:#CB75FF"> </td> <td>light purple </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium(III)</a> </td> <td>V<sup>3+</sup> </td> <td style="background:#59C178"> </td> <td>dark grey-green </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanadyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanadyl">Vanadyl(IV)</a> </td> <td>VO<sup>2+</sup> </td> <td style="background:#2C80FE"> </td> <td>blue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium(IV)</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanadite (page does not exist)">vanadite</a>) </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">V<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">9</sub></span></span></span> </td> <td style="background:#9B7313"> </td> <td>brown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium(V)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pervanadyl" title="Pervanadyl">pervanadyl</a>) </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">VO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> </td> <td style="background:#FFEC00"> </td> <td>yellow </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metavanadate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metavanadate (page does not exist)">Metavanadate</a> </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">VO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> </td> <td colspan="2">colorless </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthovanadate" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthovanadate">Orthovanadate</a> </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">VO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> </td> <td colspan="2">colorless </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium(II)</a> </td> <td>Cr<sup>2+</sup> </td> <td style="background:#009cff"> </td> <td>bright blue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium(III)</a> </td> <td>Cr<sup>3+</sup> </td> <td style="background:#80D094"> </td> <td>blue-green-grey </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_hydroxide" title="Chromium(III) hydroxide">Chromium(III) hydroxide</a> </td> <td>Cr(OH)<sub>6</sub><sup>3−</sup> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFCC"> </td> <td>yellowish </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monochromate" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromate">Monochromate</a> </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">CrO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> </td> <td style="background:#FFF904"> </td> <td>yellow </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dichromate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichromate">Dichromate</a> </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">Cr<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">7</sub></span></span></span> </td> <td style="background:#FE6305"> </td> <td>orange </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese(II)</a> </td> <td>Mn<sup>2+</sup> </td> <td style="background:#FFBFF4"> </td> <td>pale pink </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese(III)</a> </td> <td>Mn<sup>3+</sup> </td> <td style="background:#D70047"> </td> <td>crimson </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganate" title="Manganate">Manganate(V)</a> </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">MnO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> </td> <td style="background:#284B86"> </td> <td>deep blue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganate" title="Manganate">Manganate(VI)</a> </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">MnO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> </td> <td style="background:#318858"> </td> <td>dark green </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganate" title="Manganate">Manganate(VII)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Permanganate" title="Permanganate">permanganate</a>) </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">MnO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> </td> <td style="background:#AA00AE"> </td> <td>deep purple </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron(II)</a> </td> <td>Fe<sup>2+</sup> </td> <td style="background:#98e9c0"> </td> <td>greenish </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_fluoride" title="Cobalt(II) fluoride">Cobalt(II) fluoride</a> </td> <td>Co<sup>2+</sup> </td> <td style="background:#fa27c0"> </td> <td>pink </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt(III)_amine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cobalt(III) amine (page does not exist)">Cobalt(III) amine</a> </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">Co(NH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span></span> </td> <td style="background:#e08905"> </td> <td>yellow/orange </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel(II)</a> </td> <td>Ni<sup>2+</sup> </td> <td style="background:#18fe7a"> </td> <td>light green </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel(II)_amine_complex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nickel(II) amine complex (page does not exist)">Nickel(II) amine complex</a> </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">Ni(NH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span></span> </td> <td style="background:#a39bff"> </td> <td>lavender/blue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copper(I)_amine_complex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copper(I) amine complex (page does not exist)">Copper(I) amine complex</a> </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">Cu(NH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> </td> <td colspan="2">colorless </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper(II)</a> </td> <td>Cu<sup>2+</sup> </td> <td style="background:#007efd"> </td> <td>blue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copper(II)_amine_complex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copper(II) amine complex (page does not exist)">Copper(II) amine complex</a> </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">Cu(NH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> </td> <td style="background:#4904ca"> </td> <td>indigo-blue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_chloride" title="Copper(II) chloride">Copper(II) chloride</a> </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">CuCl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> </td> <td style="background:#01e735"></td> <td>blue-green </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc(II)</a> </td> <td>Zn<sup>2+</sup> </td> <td colspan="2">colorless </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver(I)</a> </td> <td>Ag<sup>+</sup> </td> <td colspan="2">colorless </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver(III) in conc. HNO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td>Ag<sup>3+</sup> </td> <td style="background:#7d6f51"> </td> <td>dark brown </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>However, elemental colors will vary depending on what they are complexed with, often as well as their chemical state. An example with vanadium(III); VCl<sub>3</sub> has a distinctive reddish hue, whilst V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> appears black. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salts">Salts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_of_chemicals&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Salts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Predicting the color of a compound can be extremely complicated. Some examples include: </p> <ul><li>Cobalt chloride is pink or blue depending on the state of hydration (blue dry, pink with water) so it is used as a moisture indicator in silica gel.</li> <li>Zinc oxide is white, but at higher temperatures becomes yellow, returning to white as it cools.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Colors of various salts </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Formula of the corresponding salts<br /> </th> <th>Color </th> <th>Picture </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_chloride_hexahydrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate">Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate</a> </td> <td>FeCl<sub>3</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O </td> <td>yellow/brown </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron(III)_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate"><img alt="Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Iron%28III%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg/100px-Iron%28III%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Iron%28III%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg/150px-Iron%28III%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Iron%28III%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg/200px-Iron%28III%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="434" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron(III)_chloride_anhydrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iron(III) chloride anhydrate (page does not exist)">Iron(III) chloride anhydrate</a> </td> <td>FeCl<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>black </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron(III)_chloride_anhydrate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iron(III) chloride anhydrate"><img alt="Iron(III) chloride anhydrate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iron%28III%29_chloride_anhydrate.jpg/100px-Iron%28III%29_chloride_anhydrate.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iron%28III%29_chloride_anhydrate.jpg/150px-Iron%28III%29_chloride_anhydrate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iron%28III%29_chloride_anhydrate.jpg/200px-Iron%28III%29_chloride_anhydrate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium_(III)_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium (III) sulfate">Chromium (III) sulfate</a> </td> <td>Cr<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>dark green </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromium(III)_sulfate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromium(III) sulfate"><img alt="Chromium(III) sulfate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chromium%28III%29_sulfate.jpg/100px-Chromium%28III%29_sulfate.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chromium%28III%29_sulfate.jpg/150px-Chromium%28III%29_sulfate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chromium%28III%29_sulfate.jpg/200px-Chromium%28III%29_sulfate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2531" data-file-height="1900" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copper(II)_sulfate_anhydrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copper(II) sulfate anhydrate (page does not exist)">Copper(II) sulfate anhydrate</a> </td> <td>CuSO<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>white </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Copper_sulfate_anhydrous.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anhydrous copper(II) sulfate"><img alt="Anhydrous copper(II) sulfate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Copper_sulfate_anhydrous.jpg/100px-Copper_sulfate_anhydrous.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Copper_sulfate_anhydrous.jpg/150px-Copper_sulfate_anhydrous.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Copper_sulfate_anhydrous.jpg/200px-Copper_sulfate_anhydrous.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="447" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_sulfate_pentahydrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate">Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate</a> </td> <td>CuSO<sub>4</sub>·5H<sub>2</sub>O </td> <td>blue </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Copper_sulfate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Large crystals of copper sulfate"><img alt="Large crystals of copper sulfate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Copper_sulfate.jpg/100px-Copper_sulfate.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Copper_sulfate.jpg/150px-Copper_sulfate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Copper_sulfate.jpg/200px-Copper_sulfate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="922" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copper(II)_benzoate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copper(II) benzoate (page does not exist)">Copper(II) benzoate</a> </td> <td>Cu(C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>blue </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Benzoat-Cu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Powdered copper benzoate"><img alt="Powdered copper benzoate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Benzoat-Cu.jpg/100px-Benzoat-Cu.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Benzoat-Cu.jpg/150px-Benzoat-Cu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Benzoat-Cu.jpg/200px-Benzoat-Cu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1581" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_chloride" title="Cobalt(II) chloride">Cobalt(II) chloride</a> </td> <td>CoCl<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>dep blue </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cobalt(II)_chloride.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cobalt(II) chloride"><img alt="Cobalt(II) chloride" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cobalt%28II%29_chloride.jpg/100px-Cobalt%28II%29_chloride.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cobalt%28II%29_chloride.jpg/150px-Cobalt%28II%29_chloride.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cobalt%28II%29_chloride.jpg/200px-Cobalt%28II%29_chloride.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_chloride_hexahydrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate">Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate</a> </td> <td>CoCl<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O </td> <td>deep magenta </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cobalt(II)_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate"><img alt="Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cobalt%28II%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg/100px-Cobalt%28II%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cobalt%28II%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg/150px-Cobalt%28II%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cobalt%28II%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg/200px-Cobalt%28II%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="706" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_chloride" title="Manganese(II) chloride">Manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate</a> </td> <td>MnCl<sub>2</sub>·4H<sub>2</sub>O </td> <td>pink </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manganese(II)_chloride_tetrahydrate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate"><img alt="Manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Manganese%28II%29_chloride_tetrahydrate.jpg/100px-Manganese%28II%29_chloride_tetrahydrate.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Manganese%28II%29_chloride_tetrahydrate.jpg/150px-Manganese%28II%29_chloride_tetrahydrate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Manganese%28II%29_chloride_tetrahydrate.jpg/200px-Manganese%28II%29_chloride_tetrahydrate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="447" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_chloride" title="Copper(II) chloride">Copper(II) chloride dihydrate</a> </td> <td>CuCl<sub>2</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O </td> <td>blue-green </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Copper(II)_chloride_dihydrate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="copper(II) chloride dihydrate"><img alt="copper(II) chloride dihydrate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Copper%28II%29_chloride_dihydrate.jpg/100px-Copper%28II%29_chloride_dihydrate.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Copper%28II%29_chloride_dihydrate.jpg/150px-Copper%28II%29_chloride_dihydrate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Copper%28II%29_chloride_dihydrate.jpg/200px-Copper%28II%29_chloride_dihydrate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="424" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel(II)_chloride_hexahydrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate (page does not exist)">Nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate</a> </td> <td>NiCl<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O </td> <td>green </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nickel_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate"><img alt="Nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Nickel_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg/100px-Nickel_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Nickel_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg/150px-Nickel_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Nickel_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg/200px-Nickel_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="372" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_iodide" title="Lead(II) iodide">Lead(II) iodide</a> </td> <td>PbI<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>yellow </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jodid_olovnat%C3%BD.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lead(II) iodide"><img alt="Lead(II) iodide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Jodid_olovnat%C3%BD.PNG/100px-Jodid_olovnat%C3%BD.PNG" decoding="async" width="100" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Jodid_olovnat%C3%BD.PNG/150px-Jodid_olovnat%C3%BD.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Jodid_olovnat%C3%BD.PNG/200px-Jodid_olovnat%C3%BD.PNG 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="249" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_dichromate" title="Ammonium dichromate">Ammonium dichromate</a> </td> <td>(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> </td> <td>orange </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ammonium-dichromate-sample.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ammonium dichromate"><img alt="Ammonium dichromate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ammonium-dichromate-sample.jpg/100px-Ammonium-dichromate-sample.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ammonium-dichromate-sample.jpg/150px-Ammonium-dichromate-sample.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ammonium-dichromate-sample.jpg/200px-Ammonium-dichromate-sample.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="1122" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ions_in_flame">Ions in flame</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_of_chemicals&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ions in flame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Atomic_spectroscopy" title="Atomic spectroscopy">Atomic spectroscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flame_test" title="Flame test">Flame test</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Colors of metal ions in flame<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Formula </th> <th colspan="2">Color </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td>Li </td> <td style="background:#FF0000"> </td> <td>red </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td>Na </td> <td style="background:#fdee00"> </td> <td>yellow/orange </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td>Mg </td> <td style="background:#f4f4f0"> </td> <td>brilliant white </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td>K </td> <td style="background:#ca8ef2"> </td> <td>lilac/violet </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td>Ca </td> <td style="background:#cb4154"> </td> <td>brick red </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td>Rb </td> <td style="background:#c71585"> </td> <td>red-violet </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td>Sr </td> <td style="background:#FF0000"> </td> <td>red </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td>Cs </td> <td style="background:#8eb5fd"> </td> <td>light blue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td>Ba </td> <td style="background:#64ff22"> </td> <td>green/yellow </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td>Cu </td> <td style="background:#8eb5fd"> </td> <td>Blue/Green(Often with white flashes) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td>Pb </td> <td style="background:#f4f4f0"> </td> <td>Grey/White </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gases">Gases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_of_chemicals&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Colors of various gases </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Formula </th> <th colspan="2">Color </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub> </td> <td colspan="2">colorless </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td>O<sub>2</sub> </td> <td style="background:#d0ebff"> </td> <td>pale blue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a> </td> <td>O<sub>3</sub> </td> <td style="background:#d0ebff"> </td> <td>pale blue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td>F<sub>2</sub> </td> <td style="background:#fffc8c"> </td> <td>pale yellow </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td>Cl<sub>2</sub> </td> <td style="background:#c5f72d"> </td> <td>greenish yellow </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td>Br<sub>2</sub> </td> <td style="background:#ca4302"> </td> <td>red/brown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td>I<sub>2</sub> </td> <td style="background:#9c01ad"> </td> <td>dark purple </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_dioxide" title="Chlorine dioxide">Chlorine dioxide</a> </td> <td>ClO<sub>2</sub> </td> <td style="background:#fff900"> </td> <td>intense yellow </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_monoxide" title="Dichlorine monoxide">Dichlorine monoxide</a> </td> <td>Cl<sub>2</sub>O </td> <td style="background:#d1ac3a"> </td> <td>brown/yellow </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">Nitrogen dioxide</a> </td> <td>NO<sub>2</sub> </td> <td style="background:#ca6409"> </td> <td>dark brown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trifluoronitrosomethane" title="Trifluoronitrosomethane">Trifluoronitrosomethane</a> </td> <td>CF<sub>3</sub>NO </td> <td style="background:#473eff"> </td> <td>deep blue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diazomethane" title="Diazomethane">Diazomethane</a> </td> <td>CH<sub>2</sub>N<sub>2</sub> </td> <td style="background:#fffc8c"> </td> <td>yellow </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bead_tests">Bead tests</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_of_chemicals&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bead tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bead_test" title="Bead test">Bead test</a></div> <p>A variety of colors, often similar to the colors found in a <a href="/wiki/Flame_test" title="Flame test">flame test</a>, are produced in a bead test, which is a qualitative test for determining metals. A <a href="/wiki/Platinum_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum loop">platinum loop</a> is moistened and dipped in a fine powder of the substance in question and <a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">borax</a>. The loop with the adhered powders is then heated in a flame until it fuses and the color of the resulting bead observed. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Colors exhibited by metals in the bead test </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metal</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_flame" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidizing flame">Oxidizing flame</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Reducing_flame" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing flame">Reducing flame</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">Aluminum</a></td> <td>colorless (hot and cold), opaque</td> <td>colorless, opaque </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a></td> <td>colorless, yellow or brown (hot)</td> <td>gray and opaque </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a></td> <td>colorless</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a></td> <td>colorless, yellow or brownish (hot)</td> <td>gray and opaque </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a></td> <td>colorless</td> <td>gray and opaque </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a></td> <td>colorless</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a></td> <td>red (hot)</td> <td>colorless (hot and cold) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a></td> <td>dark yellow (hot), green (cold)</td> <td>green (hot and cold) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a></td> <td>blue (hot and cold)</td> <td>blue (hot and cold) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></td> <td>green (hot), blue (cold)</td> <td>red, opaque (cold), colorless (hot) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></td> <td>golden (hot), silver (cold)</td> <td>red (hot and cold) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a></td> <td>yellow or brownish red (hot and cold)</td> <td>green (hot and cold) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a></td> <td>colorless, yellow or brownish (hot)</td> <td>gray and opaque </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></td> <td>colorless</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></td> <td>violet (hot and cold)</td> <td>colorless (hot and cold) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></td> <td>colorless</td> <td>yellow or brown (hot) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a></td> <td>brown, red (cold)</td> <td>gray and opaque (cold) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a></td> <td>colorless (hot and cold), opaque</td> <td>colorless, opaque </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></td> <td>colorless</td> <td>gray and opaque </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a></td> <td>colorless</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a></td> <td>colorless (hot and cold), opaque</td> <td>colorless, opaque </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></td> <td>colorless</td> <td>yellow (hot), violet (cold) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a></td> <td>colorless</td> <td>brown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a></td> <td>yellow or brownish (hot)</td> <td>green </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a></td> <td>colorless</td> <td>green </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_of_chemicals&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sapdesignguild.org/resources/glossary_color/index1.html">"SAP Fiori | SAP Community"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SAP+Fiori+%26%23124%3B+SAP+Community&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sapdesignguild.org%2Fresources%2Fglossary_color%2Findex1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+of+chemicals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/group1/flametests.html">Flame Tests</a> at chemguide.co.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i>. 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title="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromesthesia" title="Chromesthesia">Chromesthesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonochromatism" title="Sonochromatism">Sonochromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_calibration" title="Color calibration">Color calibration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_constancy" title="Color constancy">Color constancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_task" title="Color task">Color task</a> <ul><li><a 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_psychology" title="Color psychology">Color psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_symbolism" title="Color symbolism">Color symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_preferences" title="Color preferences">Color preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCscher_color_test" title="Lüscher color test">Lüscher color test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruithof_curve" title="Kruithof curve">Kruithof curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">Political color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">National colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobia" title="Chromophobia">Chromophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_reproduction" title="Color reproduction">Color reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">Color cast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_color_display" title="Multi-primary color display">Multi-primary color display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattron" title="Quattron">Quattron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">Color model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Color mapping">Color mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/100px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/150px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/200px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Color<br />philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_scheme" title="Color scheme">Color scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Color tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colors">Monochromatic colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colors" title="Complementary colors">Complementary colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colors" title="Analogous colors">Analogous colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colors (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychromatic colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_mixing" title="Color mixing">Color mixing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">Primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_color" title="Secondary color">Secondary color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_solid" title="Color solid">Color solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">Color wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">Color triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_analysis" title="Color analysis">Color analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_realism_(art_style)" title="Color realism (art style)">Color realism (art style)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></i> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">Color terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms" title="Color term">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_color_naming_debate" title="Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Color history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture" title="Color in Chinese culture">Color in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colors_of_Japan" title="Traditional colors of Japan">Traditional colors of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">Human skin color</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">Colorfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Color Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of colors: A–F">List of colors: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of colors: G–M">List of colors: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_N%E2%80%93Z" title="List of colors: N–Z">List of colors: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors (compact)">List of colors (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">List of colors by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_palettes" title="List of color palettes">List of color palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">List of Crayola crayon colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_chart" title="Color chart">Color chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">List of RAL colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">Contrast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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