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id="toc-Jets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Jets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbital_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbital_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Orbital characteristics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orbital_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Orbital characteristics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Orbital_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Short_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Short period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Long period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oort_cloud_and_Hills_cloud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oort_cloud_and_Hills_cloud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Oort cloud and Hills cloud </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oort_cloud_and_Hills_cloud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exocomets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exocomets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Exocomets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exocomets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_comets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_comets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Effects of comets </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects_of_comets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effects of comets subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_comets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Connection_to_meteor_showers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connection_to_meteor_showers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Connection to meteor showers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connection_to_meteor_showers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comets_and_impact_on_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comets_and_impact_on_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Comets and impact on life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comets_and_impact_on_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fear_of_comets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fear_of_comets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Fear of comets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fear_of_comets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fate_of_comets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fate_of_comets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Fate of comets </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fate_of_comets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Fate of comets subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Fate_of_comets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Departure_(ejection)_from_Solar_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Departure_(ejection)_from_Solar_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Departure (ejection) from Solar System </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Departure_(ejection)_from_Solar_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extinction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extinction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Extinction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extinction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breakup_and_collisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breakup_and_collisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Breakup and collisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breakup_and_collisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Nomenclature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 History of study </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_study-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History of study subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_observations_and_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_observations_and_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Early observations and thought </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_observations_and_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Scientific approach </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacecraft_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacecraft_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Spacecraft missions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacecraft_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Classification </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Classification subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Great_comets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_comets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Great comets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_comets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sungrazing_comets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sungrazing_comets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Sungrazing comets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sungrazing_comets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unusual_comets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unusual_comets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Unusual comets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unusual_comets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Largest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Centaurs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centaurs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Centaurs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centaurs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Observation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Observation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Observation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Observation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Lost </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 In literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Comet</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 173 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-173" aria-hidden="true" > 173 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komeet" title="Komeet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Komeet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komet" title="Komet – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Komet" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="धूमकेतु – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="धूमकेतु" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C4%93ta" title="Comēta – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Comēta" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%86%D8%A8" title="مذنب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مذنب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cometa" title="Cometa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cometa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Գիսաւորներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գիսաւորներ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81" title="ধূমকেতু – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ধূমকেতু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cometa" title="Cometa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cometa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguaveve" title="Jaguaveve – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jaguaveve" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kometa" title="Kometa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kometa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2" title="قویروقلو اولدوز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قویروقلو اولدوز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81" title="ধূমকেতু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধূমকেতু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%A9t" title="Komét – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Komét" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tn%CC%82g-b%C3%B3e-chhi%E2%81%BF" title="Tn̂g-bóe-chhiⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tn̂g-bóe-chhiⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Комета – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Комета" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Камета – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Камета" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Камэта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Камэта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="पुच्छल तारा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पुच्छल तारा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kometa" title="Kometa – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kometa" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Комета – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Комета" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komet" title="Komet – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Komet" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kometa" title="Kometa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kometa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steredenn-lostek" title="Steredenn-lostek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Steredenn-lostek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Һүүлтэй одон – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Һүүлтэй одон" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cometa" title="Cometa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cometa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BB%C4%83_%D1%85%D3%B3%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Вутлă хӳре – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вутлă хӳре" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kometa" title="Kometa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kometa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comed" title="Comed – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Comed" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komet" title="Komet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Komet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komehta" title="Komehta – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Komehta" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komet" title="Komet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Komet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8E%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%80%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A6" title="ގިނިހިލަ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ގިނިހިލަ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="लामपुच्छ्रे तारा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="लामपुच्छ्रे तारा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komeet" title="Komeet – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Komeet" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Κομήτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κομήτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cum%C3%A9ta" title="Cuméta – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Cuméta" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cometa" title="Cometa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cometa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kometo" title="Kometo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kometo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kometa" title="Kometa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kometa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="دنباله‌دار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دنباله‌دار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhaarru_(taara)" title="Jhaarru (taara) – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Jhaarru (taara)" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A8te" title="Comète – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Comète" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komeet" title="Komeet – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Komeet" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comete" title="Comete – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Comete" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3im%C3%A9ad" title="Cóiméad – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cóiméad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reul_earballach" title="Reul earballach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Reul earballach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cometa" title="Cometa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cometa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A7%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%81" title="ધૂમકેતુ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ધૂમકેતુ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82" title="धुमकेतू – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="धुमकेतू" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/So-p%C3%A1-s%C3%AAn" title="So-pá-sên – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="So-pá-sên" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%9C%EC%84%B1" title="혜성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="혜성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2" title="Գիսաստղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գիսաստղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="धूमकेतु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धूमकेतु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komet" title="Komet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Komet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komet" title="Komet – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Komet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kometo" title="Kometo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kometo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet" title="Comet – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Comet" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandus" title="Bandus – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bandus" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komet" title="Komet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cometa" title="Cometa – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cometa" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comete" title="Comete – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Comete" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%C3%A6%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Къæдзилджын стъалы – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Къæдзилджын стъалы" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBhaqanyezi" title="UBhaqanyezi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UBhaqanyezi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halastjarna" title="Halastjarna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Halastjarna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cometa" title="Cometa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cometa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98" title="שביט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שביט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%A8t" title="Komèt – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Komèt" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81" title="ಧೂಮಕೇತು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಧೂಮಕೇತು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kometa" title="Kometa – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kometa" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="კომეტა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კომეტა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Комета – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Комета" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steren_lostek" title="Steren lostek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Steren lostek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyotamkia" title="Nyotamkia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nyotamkia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%A8t" title="Komèt – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Komèt" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Комета – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Комета" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumeta" title="Cumeta – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Cumeta" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cometes" title="Cometes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cometes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C4%93ta" title="Komēta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Komēta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%A9it" title="Koméit – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Koméit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Комета – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Комета" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kometa" title="Kometa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kometa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komeet" title="Komeet – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Komeet" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cometa" title="Cometa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cometa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komiettu" title="Komiettu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Komiettu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cometa" title="Cometa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cometa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cst%C3%B6k%C3%B6s" title="Üstökös – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Üstökös" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Комета – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Комета" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4meta" title="Kômeta – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kômeta" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81" title="ധൂമകേതു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ധൂമകേതു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kometa" title="Kometa – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kometa" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82" title="धूमकेतू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="धूमकेतू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="კომეტა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კომეტა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A8" title="مزنب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مزنب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komet" title="Komet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Komet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komet" title="Komet – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Komet" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C4%93ng-chi%C5%AB-s%C4%ADng" title="Chēng-chiū-sĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chēng-chiū-sĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B6%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ကြယ်တံခွန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြယ်တံခွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popocacitlalin" title="Popocacitlalin – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Popocacitlalin" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komeet" title="Komeet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Komeet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="लामपुछ्रे तारा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लामपुछ्रे तारा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81" title="तःहाःनगु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तःहाःनगु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%97%E6%98%9F" title="彗星 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="彗星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Комета – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Комета" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komeet" title="Komeet – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Komeet" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komet" title="Komet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Komet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komet" title="Komet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Komet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conm%C3%A8te" title="Conmète – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Conmète" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komete" title="Komete – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Komete" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cometa" title="Cometa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cometa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qorsaa" title="Qorsaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Qorsaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kometa" title="Kometa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kometa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9B%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪੂਛਲ ਤਾਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੂਛਲ ਤਾਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%DA%86%DA%BE%D9%84_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="پونچھل سیارا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پونچھل سیارا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%90%E1%80%B6%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F" title="ဆာႏတံꩻခွေါန်ႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဆာႏတံꩻခွေါန်ႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8D_%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="لکۍ لرونکی ستوری – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لکۍ لرونکی ستوری" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamit" title="Kamit – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kamit" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%ABtta" title="Comëtta – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Comëtta" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komeet" title="Komeet – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Komeet" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kometa" title="Kometa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kometa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cometa" title="Cometa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cometa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kometa" title="Kometa – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kometa" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komeet" title="Komeet – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Komeet" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet%C4%83" title="Cometă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cometă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquchinchay" title="Aquchinchay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Aquchinchay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Комета – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Комета" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Комета – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Комета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Комета – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Комета" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="धूमकेतुः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="धूमकेतुः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coudu" title="Coudu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Coudu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komete" title="Komete – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Komete" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kometa" title="Kometa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kometa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumeta" title="Cumeta – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cumeta" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="වල්ගාතරුව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වල්ගාතරුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet" title="Comet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Comet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%87%DA%99_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="پوڇڙ تارا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پوڇڙ تارا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%A9ta" title="Kométa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kométa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komet" title="Komet – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Komet" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کلکدار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کلکدار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Комета – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Комета" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kometa" title="Kometa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kometa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%A9t" title="Komét – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Komét" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komeetta" title="Komeetta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Komeetta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komet" title="Komet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Komet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kometa" title="Kometa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kometa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF" title="வால்வெள்ளி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வால்வெள்ளி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmil_(tasnallunt)" title="Asmil (tasnallunt) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asmil (tasnallunt)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Комета – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Комета" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95" title="తోకచుక్క – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తోకచుక్క" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ดาวหาง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวหาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cier_ay%C9%94l" title="Cier ayɔl – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Cier ayɔl" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Комета – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Комета" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuyruklu_y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z" title="Kuyruklu yıldız – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuyruklu yıldız" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kometa" title="Kometa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kometa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Комета – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Комета" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%92" title="دم دار سیارے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دم دار سیارے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%DB%87%D9%82%D9%84%DB%87%D9%82_%D9%8A%DB%87%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%87%D8%B2" title="قۇيرۇقلۇق يۇلتۇز – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قۇيرۇقلۇق يۇلتۇز" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndaundeiqsauqbaet" title="Ndaundeiqsauqbaet – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ndaundeiqsauqbaet" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cometa" title="Cometa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cometa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4ndt%C3%A4htaz" title="Händtähtaz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Händtähtaz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_ch%E1%BB%95i" title="Sao chổi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sao chổi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoele_al_cawe" title="Stoele al cawe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Stoele al cawe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%83%E6%A7%8D" title="欃槍 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="欃槍" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kometa" title="Kometa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kometa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%97%E6%98%9F" title="彗星 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="彗星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%98" title="קאמעט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאמעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%97%E6%98%9F" title="彗星 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="彗星" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0lout%C5%BEvaizd%C4%97" title="Šloutžvaizdė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Šloutžvaizdė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%97%E6%98%9F" title="彗星 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="彗星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang_sapu" title="Bintang sapu – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bintang sapu" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komet" title="Komet – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Komet" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunv%C3%ADv%C3%A1n%C9%94" title="Sunvívánɔ – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Sunvívánɔ" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Комета – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Комета" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Руски</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3559#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jupiter-family_comet&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter-family comet">Jupiter-family comet</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Natural object in space that releases gas</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the astronomical object. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Comet_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Comet (disambiguation)">Comet (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_Hale-Bopp_1995O1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Comet_Hale-Bopp_1995O1.jpg/220px-Comet_Hale-Bopp_1995O1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Comet_Hale-Bopp_1995O1.jpg/330px-Comet_Hale-Bopp_1995O1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Comet_Hale-Bopp_1995O1.jpg/440px-Comet_Hale-Bopp_1995O1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Comet <a href="/wiki/Hale-Bopp" class="mw-redirect" title="Hale-Bopp">Hale-Bopp</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#FFFACD;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Small solar system body</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Found</th><td class="infobox-data">Star systems</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size range</th><td class="infobox-data">typically less than 10 km wide (nucleus)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Density</th><td class="infobox-data">0.6 g/cm3 (average)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#FFFACD;">External links</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="inline"><img alt="inline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Comets" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Comets">Media category</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikidata-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="inline"><img alt="inline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/22px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/33px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/44px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3559" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q3559">Q3559</a></td></tr></tbody></table> A comet is an icy, <a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">small Solar System body</a> that warms and begins to release gases when passing close to the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, a process called <a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">outgassing</a>. This produces an extended, gravitationally unbound atmosphere or <a href="/wiki/Coma_(cometary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coma (cometary)">coma</a> surrounding the nucleus, and sometimes a <a href="/wiki/Comet_tail" title="Comet tail">tail</a> of gas and dust gas blown out from the coma. These phenomena are due to the effects of <a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">solar radiation</a> and the outstreaming <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> plasma acting upon the nucleus of the comet. <a href="/wiki/Comet_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet nuclei">Comet nuclei</a> range from a few hundred meters to tens of kilometers across and are composed of loose collections of ice, dust, and small rocky particles. The coma may be up to 15 times Earth's diameter, while the tail may stretch beyond one <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical unit</a>. If sufficiently close and bright, a comet may be seen from Earth without the aid of a telescope and can <a href="/wiki/Subtended_angle" title="Subtended angle">subtend</a> an arc of up to 30° (60 Moons) across the sky. Comets have been observed and recorded since ancient times by many cultures and religions. Comets usually have highly <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentric</a> elliptical orbits, and they have a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">orbital periods</a>, ranging from several years to potentially several millions of years. <a href="#Short_period">Short-period comets</a> originate in the <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> or its associated <a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">scattered disc</a>, which lie beyond the orbit of <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>. <a href="#Long_period">Long-period comets</a> are thought to originate in the <a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a>, a spherical cloud of icy bodies extending from outside the Kuiper belt to halfway to the nearest star.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Long-period comets are set in motion towards the Sun by <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_perturbation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational perturbation">gravitational perturbations</a> from <a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars#Future_and_past" title="List of nearest stars">passing stars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Galactic_tide" title="Galactic tide">galactic tide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbolic comet">Hyperbolic comets</a> may pass once through the inner Solar System before being flung to interstellar space. The appearance of a comet is called an apparition. <a href="/wiki/Extinct_comets" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct comets">Extinct comets</a> that have passed close to the Sun many times have lost nearly all of their <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatile</a> ices and dust and may come to resemble small asteroids.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Asteroids are thought to have a different origin from comets, having formed inside the orbit of Jupiter rather than in the outer Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> However, the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Main-belt_comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Main-belt comet">main-belt comets</a> and active <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(minor_planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centaur (minor planet)">centaur</a> minor planets has blurred the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid#Terminology" title="Asteroid">distinction between asteroids and comets</a>. In the early 21st century, the discovery of some minor bodies with long-period comet orbits, but characteristics of inner solar system asteroids, were called <a href="/wiki/Manx_comet" title="Manx comet">Manx comets</a>. They are still classified as comets, such as C/2014 S3 (PANSTARRS).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Twenty-seven Manx comets were found from 2013 to 2017.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> As of November 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comet&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are 4,584 known comets.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> However, this represents a very small fraction of the total potential comet population, as the reservoir of comet-like bodies in the outer Solar System (in the <a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a>) is about one trillion.<a href="#cite_note-Erickson2003-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Couper2014-10">[10]</a> Roughly one comet per year is visible to the <a href="/wiki/Naked_eye" title="Naked eye">naked eye</a>, though many of those are faint and unspectacular.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Particularly bright examples are called "<a href="/wiki/Great_comet" title="Great comet">great comets</a>". Comets have been visited by uncrewed probes such as NASA's <a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a>, which blasted a crater on Comet <a href="/wiki/Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">Tempel 1</a> to study its interior, and the European Space Agency's <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a>, which became the first to land a robotic spacecraft on a comet.<a href="#cite_note-Philae-12">[12]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle_-_cometa_(British_Library_Cotton_MS_Tiberius_A_VI,_folio_10v).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle_-_cometa_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Tiberius_A_VI%2C_folio_10v%29.jpg/220px-Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle_-_cometa_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Tiberius_A_VI%2C_folio_10v%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle_-_cometa_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Tiberius_A_VI%2C_folio_10v%29.jpg/330px-Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle_-_cometa_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Tiberius_A_VI%2C_folio_10v%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle_-_cometa_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Tiberius_A_VI%2C_folio_10v%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="117" /></a><figcaption>A comet was mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a> that allegedly made an appearance in 729 AD.</figcaption></figure> The word comet derives from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> cometa from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> comēta or comētēs. That, in turn, is a <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> κομήτης 'wearing long hair', and the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> notes that the term (ἀστὴρ) κομήτης already meant 'long-haired star, comet' in Greek. Κομήτης was derived from κομᾶν (koman) 'to wear the hair long', which was itself derived from κόμη (komē) 'the hair of the head' and was used to mean 'the tail of a comet'.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical symbol">astronomical symbol</a> for comets (represented in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>) is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>U+2604 ☄ COMET, consisting of a small disc with three hairlike extensions.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Structure_of_a_comet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Structure_of_a_comet.jpg/220px-Structure_of_a_comet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Structure_of_a_comet.jpg/330px-Structure_of_a_comet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Structure_of_a_comet.jpg/440px-Structure_of_a_comet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Structure of a comet</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nucleus">Nucleus</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_Hartley_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Comet_Hartley_2.jpg/220px-Comet_Hartley_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Comet_Hartley_2.jpg/330px-Comet_Hartley_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Comet_Hartley_2.jpg/440px-Comet_Hartley_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1683" data-file-height="1171" /></a><figcaption>Nucleus of <a href="/wiki/103P/Hartley" title="103P/Hartley">103P/Hartley</a> as imaged during a <a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">spacecraft flyby</a>. The nucleus is about 2 km in length.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comet_nucleus" title="Comet nucleus">Comet nucleus</a></div> The solid, core structure of a comet is known as the nucleus. Cometary nuclei are composed of an amalgamation of <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comet_dust" title="Comet dust">dust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">water ice</a>, and frozen <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> As such, they are popularly described as "dirty snowballs" after <a href="/wiki/Fred_Whipple" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Whipple">Fred Whipple</a>'s model.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Comets with a higher dust content have been called "icy dirtballs".<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The term "icy dirtballs" arose after observation of <a href="/wiki/Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">Comet 9P/Tempel 1</a> collision with an "impactor" probe sent by NASA Deep Impact mission in July 2005. Research conducted in 2014 suggests that comets are like "<a href="/wiki/Fried_ice_cream" title="Fried ice cream">deep fried ice cream</a>", in that their surfaces are formed of dense crystalline ice mixed with <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a>, while the interior ice is colder and less dense.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150210-19">[19]</a> The surface of the nucleus is generally dry, dusty or rocky, suggesting that the ices are hidden beneath a surface crust several metres thick. The nuclei contains a variety of organic compounds, which may include <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a>, and perhaps more complex molecules such as long-chain <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In 2009, it was confirmed that the amino acid <a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">glycine</a> had been found in the comet dust recovered by NASA's <a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust mission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In August 2011, a report, based on <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> studies of <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a> found on Earth, was published suggesting <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> components (<a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">adenine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a>, and related organic molecules) may have been formed on <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a> and comets.<a href="#cite_note-Callahan-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Steigerwald-24">[24]</a> The outer surfaces of cometary nuclei have a very low <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a>, making them among the least reflective objects found in the Solar System. The <a href="/wiki/Giotto_(spacecraft)" title="Giotto (spacecraft)">Giotto</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probe</a> found that the nucleus of <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a> (1P/Halley) reflects about four percent of the light that falls on it,<a href="#cite_note-dark-25">[25]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a> discovered that <a href="/wiki/19P/Borrelly" title="19P/Borrelly">Comet Borrelly</a>'s surface reflects less than 3.0%;<a href="#cite_note-dark-25">[25]</a> by comparison, <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">asphalt</a> reflects seven percent. The dark surface material of the nucleus may consist of complex organic compounds. Solar heating drives off lighter <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatile</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a>, leaving behind larger organic compounds that tend to be very dark, like <a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">tar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">crude oil</a>. The low reflectivity of cometary surfaces causes them to absorb the heat that drives their <a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">outgassing</a> processes.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Comet nuclei with radii of up to 30 kilometers (19 mi) have been observed,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> but ascertaining their exact size is difficult.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The nucleus of <a href="/wiki/322P/SOHO" title="322P/SOHO">322P/SOHO</a> is probably only 100–200 meters (330–660 ft) in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-soho1-29">[29]</a> A lack of smaller comets being detected despite the increased sensitivity of instruments has led some to suggest that there is a real lack of comets smaller than 100 meters (330 ft) across.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Known comets have been estimated to have an average density of 0.6 g/cm3 (0.35 oz/cu in).<a href="#cite_note-Britt2006-31">[31]</a> Because of their low mass, comet nuclei do not <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">become spherical</a> under their own <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> and therefore have irregular shapes.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_wild_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Comet_wild_2.jpg/220px-Comet_wild_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Comet_wild_2.jpg/330px-Comet_wild_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Comet_wild_2.jpg/440px-Comet_wild_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="259" /></a><figcaption>Comet <a href="/wiki/81P/Wild" title="81P/Wild">81P/Wild</a> exhibits jets on light side and dark side, stark relief, and is dry.</figcaption></figure> Roughly six percent of the <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_asteroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-Earth asteroid">near-Earth asteroids</a> are thought to be the <a href="/wiki/Extinct_comet" title="Extinct comet">extinct nuclei of comets</a> that no longer experience outgassing,<a href="#cite_note-dormant-33">[33]</a> including <a href="/wiki/14827_Hypnos" title="14827 Hypnos">14827 Hypnos</a> and <a href="/wiki/3552_Don_Quixote" title="3552 Don Quixote">3552 Don Quixote</a>. Results from the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a> spacecraft show that the nucleus of <a href="/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko">67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko</a> has no magnetic field, which suggests that magnetism may not have played a role in the early formation of <a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">planetesimals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-esa20150414-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-nature20150414-35">[35]</a> Further, the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)#Instruments" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">ALICE spectrograph</a> on Rosetta determined that <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> (within 1 km (0.62 mi) above the <a href="/wiki/Comet_nucleus" title="Comet nucleus">comet nucleus</a>) produced from <a href="/wiki/Photoionization" title="Photoionization">photoionization</a> of water molecules by <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">solar radiation</a>, and not <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> from the Sun as thought earlier, are responsible for the degradation of water and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> released from the comet nucleus into its coma.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150602-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-AA-20150602-37">[37]</a> Instruments on the Philae lander found at least sixteen organic compounds at the comet's surface, four of which (<a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">acetamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">methyl isocyanate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propionaldehyde" title="Propionaldehyde">propionaldehyde</a>) have been detected for the first time on a comet.<a href="#cite_note-wapo20150730-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-esa20150730-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20150731-40">[40]</a> <table class="wikitable center" style="text-align: center; width: 530px; margin: 0.1em auto;"> <caption>Properties of some comets </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="120">Name </th> <th width="120">Dimensions (km) </th> <th width="120">Density (<a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">g</a>/cm3) </th> <th width="120">Mass (<a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a>)<a href="#cite_note-mass-41">[41]</a> </th> <th>Refs </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a> </td> <td>15 × 8 × 8 </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td>3×1014 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">Tempel 1</a> </td> <td>7.6 × 4.9 </td> <td>0.62 </td> <td>7.9×1013 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Britt2006-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/19P/Borrelly" title="19P/Borrelly">19P/Borrelly</a> </td> <td>8 × 4 × 4 </td> <td>0.3 </td> <td>2.0×1013 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Britt2006-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/81P/Wild" title="81P/Wild">81P/Wild</a> </td> <td>5.5 × 4.0 × 3.3 </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td>2.3×1013 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Britt2006-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-wild2-45">[45]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko">67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko</a> </td> <td>4.1 × 3.3 × 1.8 </td> <td>0.47 </td> <td>1.0×1013 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coma">Coma</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coma_(cometary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coma (cometary)">Coma (cometary)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubble%27s_Last_Look_at_Comet_ISON_Before_Perihelion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hubble%27s_Last_Look_at_Comet_ISON_Before_Perihelion.jpg/220px-Hubble%27s_Last_Look_at_Comet_ISON_Before_Perihelion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hubble%27s_Last_Look_at_Comet_ISON_Before_Perihelion.jpg/330px-Hubble%27s_Last_Look_at_Comet_ISON_Before_Perihelion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hubble%27s_Last_Look_at_Comet_ISON_Before_Perihelion.jpg/440px-Hubble%27s_Last_Look_at_Comet_ISON_Before_Perihelion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3925" data-file-height="3912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble</a> image of <a href="/wiki/Comet_ISON" title="Comet ISON">Comet ISON</a> shortly before <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_borrelly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Comet_borrelly.jpg/220px-Comet_borrelly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Comet_borrelly.jpg/330px-Comet_borrelly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Comet_borrelly.jpg/440px-Comet_borrelly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/19P/Borrelly" title="19P/Borrelly">Comet Borrelly</a> exhibits jets, but has no surface ice.</figcaption></figure> The streams of dust and gas thus released form a huge and extremely thin atmosphere around the comet called the "coma". The force exerted on the coma by the Sun's <a href="/wiki/Radiation_pressure" title="Radiation pressure">radiation pressure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> cause an enormous "tail" to form pointing away from the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The coma is generally made of water and dust, with water making up to 90% of the <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatiles</a> that outflow from the nucleus when the comet is within 3 to 4 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical units</a> (450,000,000 to 600,000,000 km; 280,000,000 to 370,000,000 mi) of the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-Combi2004-50">[50]</a> The <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">H2O</a> parent molecule is destroyed primarily through <a href="/wiki/Photodissociation" title="Photodissociation">photodissociation</a> and to a much smaller extent <a href="/wiki/Photoionization" title="Photoionization">photoionization</a>, with the solar wind playing a minor role in the destruction of water compared to <a href="/wiki/Photochemistry" title="Photochemistry">photochemistry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Combi2004-50">[50]</a> Larger dust particles are left along the comet's orbital path whereas smaller particles are pushed away from the Sun into the comet's tail by <a href="/wiki/Radiation_pressure" title="Radiation pressure">light pressure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Although the solid nucleus of comets is generally less than 60 kilometers (37 mi) across, the coma may be thousands or millions of kilometers across, sometimes becoming larger than the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> For example, about a month after an outburst in October 2007, comet <a href="/wiki/17P/Holmes" class="mw-redirect" title="17P/Holmes">17P/Holmes</a> briefly had a tenuous dust atmosphere larger than the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-atmosphere2-53">[53]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1811" title="Great Comet of 1811">Great Comet of 1811</a> had a coma roughly the diameter of the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-primer-54">[54]</a> Even though the coma can become quite large, its size can decrease about the time it crosses the orbit of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> around 1.5 astronomical units (220,000,000 km; 140,000,000 mi) from the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-primer-54">[54]</a> At this distance the solar wind becomes strong enough to blow the gas and dust away from the coma, and in doing so enlarging the tail.<a href="#cite_note-primer-54">[54]</a> Ion tails have been observed to extend one astronomical unit (150 million km) or more.<a href="#cite_note-atmosphere2-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA20119-CometChristensen-C2006W3-CO2-WISE-20100420.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/PIA20119-CometChristensen-C2006W3-CO2-WISE-20100420.jpg/220px-PIA20119-CometChristensen-C2006W3-CO2-WISE-20100420.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/PIA20119-CometChristensen-C2006W3-CO2-WISE-20100420.jpg/330px-PIA20119-CometChristensen-C2006W3-CO2-WISE-20100420.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/PIA20119-CometChristensen-C2006W3-CO2-WISE-20100420.jpg/440px-PIA20119-CometChristensen-C2006W3-CO2-WISE-20100420.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption>C/2006 W3 (Christensen) emitting carbon gas (IR image)</figcaption></figure> Both the coma and tail are illuminated by the Sun and may become visible when a comet passes through the inner Solar System, the dust reflects sunlight directly while the gases glow from <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ionisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-le-55">[55]</a> Most comets are too faint to be visible without the aid of a <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a>, but a few each decade become bright enough to be visible to the naked eye.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Occasionally a comet may experience a huge and sudden outburst of gas and dust, during which the size of the coma greatly increases for a period of time. This happened in 2007 to <a href="/wiki/17P/Holmes" class="mw-redirect" title="17P/Holmes">Comet Holmes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-atmosphere1-57">[57]</a> In 1996, comets were found to emit <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> This greatly surprised astronomers because X-ray emission is usually associated with very <a href="/wiki/Black-body_radiation" title="Black-body radiation">high-temperature bodies</a>. The X-rays are generated by the interaction between comets and the solar wind: when highly charged solar wind ions fly through a cometary atmosphere, they collide with cometary atoms and molecules, "stealing" one or more electrons from the atom in a process called "charge exchange". This exchange or transfer of an electron to the solar wind ion is followed by its de-excitation into the ground state of the ion by the emission of X-rays and <a href="/wiki/Far_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Far ultraviolet">far ultraviolet</a> photons.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bow_shock">Bow shock</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Bow_shock" title="Bow shock">Bow shocks</a> form as a result of the interaction between the solar wind and the cometary ionosphere, which is created by the ionization of gases in the coma. As the comet approaches the Sun, increasing outgassing rates cause the coma to expand, and the sunlight ionizes gases in the coma. When the solar wind passes through this ion coma, the bow shock appears. The first observations were made in the 1980s and 1990s as several spacecraft flew by comets <a href="/wiki/21P/Giacobini%E2%80%93Zinner" title="21P/Giacobini–Zinner">21P/Giacobini–Zinner</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> 1P/Halley,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> and <a href="/wiki/26P/Grigg%E2%80%93Skjellerup" title="26P/Grigg–Skjellerup">26P/Grigg–Skjellerup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> It was then found that the bow shocks at comets are wider and more gradual than the sharp planetary bow shocks seen at, for example, Earth. These observations were all made near <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a> when the bow shocks already were fully developed. The <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a> spacecraft observed the bow shock at comet <a href="/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko">67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko</a> at an early stage of bow shock development when the outgassing increased during the comet's journey toward the Sun. This young bow shock was called the "infant bow shock". The infant bow shock is asymmetric and, relative to the distance to the nucleus, wider than fully developed bow shocks.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tails">Tails</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comet_tail" title="Comet tail">Comet tail</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cometorbit01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cometorbit01.svg/280px-Cometorbit01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cometorbit01.svg/420px-Cometorbit01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cometorbit01.svg/560px-Cometorbit01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Typical direction of tails during a comet's orbit near the Sun</figcaption></figure> In the outer <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, comets remain frozen and inactive and are extremely difficult or impossible to detect from Earth due to their small size. Statistical detections of inactive comet nuclei in the <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> have been reported from observations by the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a><a href="#cite_note-Cochran1995-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cochran1998-65">[65]</a> but these detections have been questioned.<a href="#cite_note-Brown1997-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jewitt1996-67">[67]</a> As a comet approaches the inner Solar System, <a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">solar radiation</a> causes the volatile materials within the comet to vaporize and stream out of the nucleus, carrying dust away with them. The streams of dust and gas each form their own distinct tail, pointing in slightly different directions. The tail of dust is left behind in the comet's orbit in such a manner that it often forms a curved tail called the type II or dust tail.<a href="#cite_note-le-55">[55]</a> At the same time, the ion or type I tail, made of gases, always points directly away from the Sun because this gas is more strongly affected by the solar wind than is dust, following magnetic field lines rather than an orbital trajectory.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> On occasions—such as when Earth passes through a comet's orbital plane, the <a href="/wiki/Antitail" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitail">antitail</a>, pointing in the opposite direction to the ion and dust tails, may be seen.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_Parts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Comet_Parts.svg/170px-Comet_Parts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Comet_Parts.svg/255px-Comet_Parts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Comet_Parts.svg/340px-Comet_Parts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1942" data-file-height="2679" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of a comet showing the <a href="/wiki/Antitail" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitail">dust trail</a>, the dust tail, and the ion gas tail formed by <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>.</figcaption></figure> The observation of antitails contributed significantly to the discovery of solar wind.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The ion tail is formed as a result of the ionization by solar ultra-violet radiation of particles in the coma. Once the particles have been ionized, they attain a net positive electrical charge, which in turn gives rise to an "induced <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a>" around the comet. The comet and its induced magnetic field form an obstacle to outward flowing solar wind particles. Because the relative orbital speed of the comet and the solar wind is supersonic, a <a href="/wiki/Bow_shock" title="Bow shock">bow shock</a> is formed upstream of the comet in the flow direction of the solar wind. In this bow shock, large concentrations of cometary ions (called "pick-up ions") congregate and act to "load" the solar magnetic field with plasma, such that the field lines "drape" around the comet forming the ion tail.<a href="#cite_note-pp_864-71">[71]</a> If the ion tail loading is sufficient, the magnetic field lines are squeezed together to the point where, at some distance along the ion tail, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_reconnection" title="Magnetic reconnection">magnetic reconnection</a> occurs. This leads to a "tail disconnection event".<a href="#cite_note-pp_864-71">[71]</a> This has been observed on a number of occasions, one notable event being recorded on 20 April 2007, when the ion tail of <a href="/wiki/Encke%27s_Comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Encke's Comet">Encke's Comet</a> was completely severed while the comet passed through a <a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">coronal mass ejection</a>. This event was observed by the <a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO space probe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a> scientists reported that the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a> of the planet <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> streams outwards in a manner similar to the ion tail seen streaming from a comet under similar conditions."<a href="#cite_note-ESA-20130129-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Space-20130130-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jets">Jets</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hartley2jets2_epoxi_big.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hartley2jets2_epoxi_big.jpg/170px-Hartley2jets2_epoxi_big.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hartley2jets2_epoxi_big.jpg/255px-Hartley2jets2_epoxi_big.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hartley2jets2_epoxi_big.jpg/340px-Hartley2jets2_epoxi_big.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2047" data-file-height="2220" /></a><figcaption>Gas and snow jets of <a href="/wiki/103P/Hartley" title="103P/Hartley">103P/Hartley</a></figcaption></figure> Uneven heating can cause newly generated gases to break out of a weak spot on the surface of comet's nucleus, like a geyser.<a href="#cite_note-jets-75">[75]</a> These streams of gas and dust can cause the nucleus to spin, and even split apart.<a href="#cite_note-jets-75">[75]</a> In 2010 it was revealed <a href="/wiki/Dry_ice" title="Dry ice">dry ice</a> (frozen carbon dioxide) can power jets of material flowing out of a comet nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Infrared imaging of Hartley 2 shows such jets exiting and carrying with it dust grains into the coma.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orbital_characteristics">Orbital characteristics</h2></div> Most comets are <a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Solar System bodies">small Solar System bodies</a> with elongated <a href="/wiki/Elliptical_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptical orbit">elliptical orbits</a> that take them close to the Sun for a part of their orbit and then out into the further reaches of the Solar System for the remainder.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Comets are often classified according to the length of their <a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">orbital periods</a>: The longer the period the more elongated the ellipse. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_period"> Short period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_numbered_comets" title="List of numbered comets">List of numbered comets</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Halley-type_comets" title="List of Halley-type comets">List of Halley-type comets</a></div> <a href="/wiki/List_of_periodic_comets" title="List of periodic comets">Periodic comets</a> or short-period comets are generally defined as those having orbital periods of less than 200 years.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> They usually orbit more-or-less in the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a> plane in the same direction as the planets.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Their orbits typically take them out to the region of the outer planets (<a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> and beyond) at <a href="/wiki/Aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphelion">aphelion</a>; for example, the aphelion of Halley's Comet is a little beyond the orbit of <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>. Comets whose aphelia are near a major planet's orbit are called its "family".<a href="#cite_note-Wilson1909-81">[81]</a> Such families are thought to arise from the planet capturing formerly long-period comets into shorter orbits.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> At the shorter orbital period extreme, Encke's Comet has an orbit that does not reach the orbit of Jupiter, and is known as an Encke-type comet. Short-period comets with orbital periods less than 20 years and low inclinations (up to 30 degrees) to the ecliptic are called traditional Jupiter-family comets (JFCs).<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-britastro-84">[84]</a> Those like Halley, with orbital periods of between 20 and 200 years and inclinations extending from zero to more than 90 degrees, are called Halley-type comets (HTCs).<a href="#cite_note-Morbidelli2006-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-jewitt2002-86">[86]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comet&action=edit">[update]</a>, 70 Encke-type comets, 100 HTCs, and 755 JFCs have been reported.<a href="#cite_note-SSD-JPL-87">[87]</a> Recently discovered <a href="/wiki/Main-belt_comets" class="mw-redirect" title="Main-belt comets">main-belt comets</a> form a distinct class, orbiting in more circular orbits within the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20221118-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Because their elliptical orbits frequently take them close to the giant planets, comets are subject to further <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">gravitational perturbations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Short-period comets have a tendency for their aphelia to coincide with a <a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">giant planet</a>'s semi-major axis, with the JFCs being the largest group.<a href="#cite_note-britastro-84">[84]</a> It is clear that comets coming in from the <a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a> often have their orbits strongly influenced by the gravity of giant planets as a result of a close encounter. Jupiter is the source of the greatest perturbations, being more than twice as massive as all the other planets combined. These perturbations can deflect long-period comets into shorter orbital periods.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Based on their orbital characteristics, short-period comets are thought to originate from the <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(minor_planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centaur (minor planet)">centaurs</a> and the Kuiper belt/<a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">scattered disc</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> —a disk of objects in the trans-Neptunian region—whereas the source of long-period comets is thought to be the far more distant spherical Oort cloud (after the Dutch astronomer <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hendrik_Oort" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Hendrik Oort">Jan Hendrik Oort</a> who hypothesized its existence).<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Vast swarms of comet-like bodies are thought to orbit the Sun in these distant regions in roughly circular orbits. Occasionally the gravitational influence of the outer planets (in the case of Kuiper belt objects) or nearby stars (in the case of Oort cloud objects) may throw one of these bodies into an elliptical orbit that takes it inwards toward the Sun to form a visible comet. Unlike the return of periodic comets, whose orbits have been established by previous observations, the appearance of new comets by this mechanism is unpredictable.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> When flung into the orbit of the sun, and being continuously dragged towards it, tons of matter are stripped from the comets which greatly influence their lifetime; the more stripped, the shorter they live and vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_period">Long period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_long-period_comets" title="List of long-period comets">List of long-period comets</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_near-parabolic_comets" title="List of near-parabolic comets">List of near-parabolic comets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_hyperbolic_comets" title="List of hyperbolic comets">List of hyperbolic comets</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_Kohoutek_orbit_p391.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Comet_Kohoutek_orbit_p391.svg/220px-Comet_Kohoutek_orbit_p391.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Comet_Kohoutek_orbit_p391.svg/330px-Comet_Kohoutek_orbit_p391.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Comet_Kohoutek_orbit_p391.svg/440px-Comet_Kohoutek_orbit_p391.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Orbits of <a href="/wiki/Comet_Kohoutek" title="Comet Kohoutek">Comet Kohoutek</a> (red) and Earth (blue), illustrating the high <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentricity</a> of its orbit and its rapid motion when close to the Sun.</figcaption></figure> Long-period comets have highly <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentric</a> orbits and periods ranging from 200 years to thousands or even millions of years.<a href="#cite_note-SBP-97">[97]</a> An eccentricity greater than 1 when near perihelion does not necessarily mean that a comet will leave the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-Elenin2011-98">[98]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/C/2006_P1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2006 P1">Comet McNaught</a> had a heliocentric osculating eccentricity of 1.000019 near its perihelion passage <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">epoch</a> in January 2007 but is bound to the Sun with roughly a 92,600-year orbit because the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentricity</a> drops below 1 as it moves farther from the Sun. The future orbit of a long-period comet is properly obtained when the <a href="/wiki/Osculating_orbit" title="Osculating orbit">osculating orbit</a> is computed at an epoch after leaving the planetary region and is calculated with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Barycentric_coordinates_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barycentric coordinates (astronomy)">center of mass of the Solar System</a>. By definition long-period comets remain gravitationally bound to the Sun; those comets that are ejected from the Solar System due to close passes by major planets are no longer properly considered as having "periods". The orbits of long-period comets take them far beyond the outer planets at aphelia, and the plane of their orbits need not lie near the ecliptic. Long-period comets such as <a href="/wiki/C/1999_F1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1999 F1">C/1999 F1</a> and <a href="/wiki/C/2017_T2_(PANSTARRS)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2017 T2 (PANSTARRS)">C/2017 T2 (PANSTARRS)</a> can have aphelion distances of nearly 70,000 AU (0.34 pc; 1.1 ly) with orbital periods estimated around 6 million years. Single-apparition or non-periodic comets are similar to long-period comets because they have <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_trajectory" title="Parabolic trajectory">parabolic</a> or slightly <a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_trajectory" title="Hyperbolic trajectory">hyperbolic</a> trajectories<a href="#cite_note-SBP-97">[97]</a> when near perihelion in the inner Solar System. However, gravitational perturbations from giant planets cause their orbits to change. Single-apparition comets have a hyperbolic or parabolic <a href="/wiki/Osculating_orbit" title="Osculating orbit">osculating orbit</a> which allows them to permanently exit the Solar System after a single pass of the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The Sun's <a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a> has an <a href="/wiki/Unstable" class="mw-redirect" title="Unstable">unstable</a> maximum boundary of 230,000 AU (1.1 pc; 3.6 ly).<a href="#cite_note-Chebotarev1964-100">[100]</a> Only a few hundred comets have been seen to reach a hyperbolic orbit (e > 1) when near perihelion<a href="#cite_note-e1-101">[101]</a> that using a heliocentric unperturbed <a href="/wiki/Two-body_problem" title="Two-body problem">two-body</a> <a href="/wiki/Curve_fitting" title="Curve fitting">best-fit</a> suggests they may escape the Solar System. As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comet&action=edit">[update]</a>, only two objects have been discovered with an <a href="/wiki/Eccentricity_(mathematics)" title="Eccentricity (mathematics)">eccentricity</a> significantly greater than one: <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBOumuamua" title="ʻOumuamua">1I/ʻOumuamua</a> and <a href="/wiki/2I/Borisov" title="2I/Borisov">2I/Borisov</a>, indicating an origin outside the Solar System. While ʻOumuamua, with an eccentricity of about 1.2, showed no optical signs of cometary activity during its passage through the inner Solar System in October 2017, changes to its trajectory—which suggests <a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">outgassing</a>—indicate that it is probably a comet.<a href="#cite_note-Oumuamua-102">[102]</a> On the other hand, 2I/Borisov, with an estimated eccentricity of about 3.36, has been observed to have the coma feature of comets, and is considered the first detected <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_object" title="Interstellar object">interstellar comet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnn-104">[104]</a> Comet <a href="/wiki/C/1980_E1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1980 E1">C/1980 E1</a> had an orbital period of roughly 7.1 million years before the 1982 perihelion passage, but a 1980 encounter with Jupiter accelerated the comet giving it the largest eccentricity (1.057) of any known solar comet with a reasonable observation arc.<a href="#cite_note-C/1980E1-jpl-105">[105]</a> Comets not expected to return to the inner Solar System include <a href="/wiki/C/1980_E1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1980 E1">C/1980 E1</a>, <a href="/wiki/C/2000_U5" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2000 U5">C/2000 U5</a>, <a href="/wiki/C/2001_Q4_(NEAT)" title="C/2001 Q4 (NEAT)">C/2001 Q4 (NEAT)</a>, <a href="/wiki/C/2009_R1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2009 R1">C/2009 R1</a>, <a href="/wiki/C/1956_R1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1956 R1">C/1956 R1</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C/2007_F1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2007 F1">C/2007 F1</a> (LONEOS). Some authorities use the term "periodic comet" to refer to any comet with a periodic orbit (that is, all short-period comets plus all long-period comets),<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> whereas others use it to mean exclusively short-period comets.<a href="#cite_note-SBP-97">[97]</a> Similarly, although the literal meaning of "non-periodic comet" is the same as "single-apparition comet", some use it to mean all comets that are not "periodic" in the second sense (that is, to include all comets with a period greater than 200 years). Early observations have revealed a few genuinely hyperbolic (i.e. non-periodic) trajectories, but no more than could be accounted for by perturbations from Jupiter. Comets from <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar space">interstellar space</a> are moving with velocities of the same order as the relative velocities of stars near the Sun (a few tens of km per second). When such objects enter the Solar System, they have a positive <a href="/wiki/Specific_orbital_energy" title="Specific orbital energy">specific orbital energy</a> resulting in a positive <a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_excess_velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbolic excess velocity">velocity at infinity</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{\infty }\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∞</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{\infty }\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4439fe0f5c56e071edb64af0bd2c916211475fe4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:3.003ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{\infty }\!}">) and have notably hyperbolic trajectories. A rough calculation shows that there might be four hyperbolic comets per century within Jupiter's orbit, give or take one and perhaps two orders of <a href="/wiki/Order_of_magnitude" title="Order of magnitude">magnitude</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="width: 600px; text-align: center; font-size: 1em; margin: 0.4em auto;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbolic comet">Hyperbolic comet</a> discoveries<a href="#cite_note-e1-name-108">[108]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>2007</th> <th>2008</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2012</th> <th>2013</th> <th>2014</th> <th>2015</th> <th>2016</th> <th>2017</th> <th>2018</th> <th>2019</th> <th>2020 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <td>12</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>4</td> <td>13</td> <td>10</td> <td>16</td> <td>9</td> <td>16</td> <td>5</td> <td>18</td> <td>10</td> <td>15</td> <td>17 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oort_cloud_and_Hills_cloud">Oort cloud and Hills cloud</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_objects_in_the_Solar_System_ESA25188647.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Small_objects_in_the_Solar_System_ESA25188647.jpg/330px-Small_objects_in_the_Solar_System_ESA25188647.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Small_objects_in_the_Solar_System_ESA25188647.jpg/495px-Small_objects_in_the_Solar_System_ESA25188647.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Small_objects_in_the_Solar_System_ESA25188647.jpg/660px-Small_objects_in_the_Solar_System_ESA25188647.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1465" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a> thought to surround the Solar System. Showed with Kuiper Belt and Asteroid Belt for comparison.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></div> The Oort cloud is thought to occupy a vast space starting from between 2,000 and 5,000 AU (0.03 and 0.08 ly)<a href="#cite_note-book-109">[109]</a> to as far as 50,000 AU (0.79 ly)<a href="#cite_note-Morbidelli2006-85">[85]</a> from the Sun. This cloud encases the celestial bodies that start at the middle of the Solar System—the Sun, all the way to outer limits of the Kuiper Belt. The Oort cloud consists of viable materials necessary for the creation of celestial bodies. The Solar System's planets exist only because of the planetesimals (chunks of leftover space that assisted in the creation of planets) that were condensed and formed by the gravity of the Sun. The eccentric made from these trapped planetesimals is why the Oort Cloud even exists.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Some estimates place the outer edge at between 100,000 and 200,000 AU (1.58 and 3.16 ly).<a href="#cite_note-book-109">[109]</a> The region can be subdivided into a spherical outer Oort cloud of 20,000–50,000 AU (0.32–0.79 ly), and a doughnut-shaped inner cloud, the Hills cloud, of 2,000–20,000 AU (0.03–0.32 ly).<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The outer cloud is only weakly bound to the Sun and supplies the long-period (and possibly Halley-type) comets that fall to inside the orbit of <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Morbidelli2006-85">[85]</a> The inner Oort cloud is also known as the Hills cloud, named after <a href="/wiki/Jack_G._Hills" title="Jack G. Hills">Jack G. Hills</a>, who proposed its existence in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-hills1981-112">[112]</a> Models predict that the inner cloud should have tens or hundreds of times as many cometary nuclei as the outer halo;<a href="#cite_note-hills1981-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-levison2001-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Donahue1991-114">[114]</a> it is seen as a possible source of new comets that resupply the relatively tenuous outer cloud as the latter's numbers are gradually depleted. The Hills cloud explains the continued existence of the Oort cloud after billions of years.<a href="#cite_note-Julio1997-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exocomets">Exocomets</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exocomet" title="Exocomet">Exocomet</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Exocomet" title="Exocomet">Exocomets</a> beyond the Solar System have been detected and may be common in the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>.<a href="#cite_note-berk-116">[116]</a> The first exocomet system detected was around <a href="/wiki/Beta_Pictoris" title="Beta Pictoris">Beta Pictoris</a>, a very young <a href="/wiki/A-type_main-sequence_star" title="A-type main-sequence star">A-type main-sequence star</a>, in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-Space-20130107-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beust1990-118">[118]</a> A total of 11 such exocomet systems have been identified as of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comet&action=edit">[update]</a>, using the <a href="/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopy" title="Absorption spectroscopy">absorption spectrum</a> caused by the large clouds of gas emitted by comets when passing close to their star.<a href="#cite_note-berk-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Space-20130107-117">[117]</a> For ten years the <a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a> was responsible for searching for planets and other forms outside of the solar system. The first transiting exocomets were found in February 2018 by a group consisting of professional astronomers and <a href="/wiki/Citizen_science" title="Citizen science">citizen scientists</a> in light curves recorded by the Kepler Space Telescope.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> After Kepler Space Telescope retired in October 2018, a new telescope called TESS Telescope has taken over Kepler's mission. Since the launch of TESS, astronomers have discovered the transits of comets around the star Beta Pictoris using a light curve from TESS.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Since TESS has taken over, astronomers have since been able to better distinguish exocomets with the spectroscopic method. New planets are detected by the white light curve method which is viewed as a symmetrical dip in the charts readings when a planet overshadows its parent star. However, after further evaluation of these light curves, it has been discovered that the asymmetrical patterns of the dips presented are caused by the tail of a comet or of hundreds of comets.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_of_comets">Effects of comets</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V18_D201_Shower_of_perseids_sept_6_and_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PSM_V18_D201_Shower_of_perseids_sept_6_and_7.jpg/220px-PSM_V18_D201_Shower_of_perseids_sept_6_and_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PSM_V18_D201_Shower_of_perseids_sept_6_and_7.jpg/330px-PSM_V18_D201_Shower_of_perseids_sept_6_and_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PSM_V18_D201_Shower_of_perseids_sept_6_and_7.jpg/440px-PSM_V18_D201_Shower_of_perseids_sept_6_and_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="1178" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of <a href="/wiki/Perseids" title="Perseids">Perseid meteors</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connection_to_meteor_showers">Connection to meteor showers</h3></div> As a comet is heated during close passes to the Sun, <a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">outgassing</a> of its icy components releases solid debris too large to be swept away by <a href="/wiki/Radiation_pressure" title="Radiation pressure">radiation pressure</a> and the solar wind.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> If Earth's orbit sends it through that trail of debris, which is composed mostly of fine grains of rocky material, there is likely to be a <a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">meteor shower</a> as Earth passes through. Denser trails of debris produce quick but intense meteor showers and less dense trails create longer but less intense showers. Typically, the density of the debris trail is related to how long ago the parent comet released the material.<a href="#cite_note-sciam19990920-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-natgeo20190207-126">[126]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Perseids" title="Perseids">Perseid meteor shower</a>, for example, occurs every year between 9 and 13 August, when Earth passes through the orbit of <a href="/wiki/Comet_Swift%E2%80%93Tuttle" title="Comet Swift–Tuttle">Comet Swift–Tuttle</a>. Halley's Comet is the source of the <a href="/wiki/Orionids" title="Orionids">Orionid shower</a> in October.<a href="#cite_note-showers-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comets_and_impact_on_life">Comets and impact on life</h3></div> Many comets and asteroids collided with Earth in its early stages. Many scientists think that comets bombarding the young Earth about 4 billion years ago brought the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">vast quantities of water</a> that now fill Earth's oceans, or at least a significant portion of it. Others have cast doubt on this idea.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The detection of organic molecules, including <a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150210-19">[19]</a> in significant quantities in comets has led to speculation that comets or <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a> may have brought the precursors of life—or even life itself—to Earth.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In 2013 it was suggested that impacts between rocky and icy surfaces, such as comets, had the potential to create the <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> that make up <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> through <a href="/wiki/Shock_synthesis" title="Shock synthesis">shock synthesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The speed at which the comets entered the atmosphere, combined with the magnitude of energy created after initial contact, allowed smaller molecules to condense into the larger macro-molecules that served as the foundation for life.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In 2015, scientists found significant amounts of molecular oxygen in the outgassings of comet 67P, suggesting that the molecule may occur more often than had been thought, and thus less an indicator of life as has been supposed.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> It is suspected that comet impacts have, over long timescales, delivered significant quantities of water to Earth's <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, some of which may have survived as <a href="/wiki/Lunar_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar ice">lunar ice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Comet and <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">meteoroid</a> impacts are thought to be responsible for the existence of <a href="/wiki/Tektite" title="Tektite">tektites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australite" title="Australite">australites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fear_of_comets">Fear of comets</h3></div> Fear of comets as <a href="/wiki/Act_of_God" title="Act of God">acts of God</a> and signs of impending doom was highest in Europe from AD 1200 to 1650.<a href="#cite_note-ley196710-136">[136]</a> The year after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1618" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Comet of 1618">Great Comet of 1618</a>, for example, <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Arthusius" title="Gotthard Arthusius">Gotthard Arthusius</a> published a pamphlet stating that it was a sign that the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Judgment">Day of Judgment</a> was near.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> He listed ten pages of comet-related disasters, including "earthquakes, floods, changes in river courses, hail storms, hot and dry weather, poor harvests, epidemics, war and treason and high prices".<a href="#cite_note-ley196710-136">[136]</a> By 1700 most scholars concluded that such events occurred whether a comet was seen or not. Using <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a>'s records of comet sightings, however, <a href="/wiki/William_Whiston" title="William Whiston">William Whiston</a> in 1711 wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1680" title="Great Comet of 1680">Great Comet of 1680</a> had a periodicity of 574 years and was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">worldwide flood in the Book of Genesis</a>, by pouring water on Earth. His announcement revived for another century fear of comets, now as direct threats to the world instead of signs of disasters.<a href="#cite_note-ley196710-136">[136]</a> Spectroscopic analysis in 1910 found the toxic gas <a href="/wiki/Cyanogen" title="Cyanogen">cyanogen</a> in the tail of Halley's Comet,<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> causing panicked buying of gas masks and quack "anti-comet pills" and "anti-comet umbrellas" by the public.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fate_of_comets">Fate of comets</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Departure_(ejection)_from_Solar_System">Departure (ejection) from Solar System</h3></div> If a comet is traveling fast enough, it may leave the Solar System. Such comets follow the open path of a hyperbola, and as such, they are called hyperbolic comets. Solar comets are only known to be ejected by <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">interacting</a> with another object in the Solar System, such as Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> An example of this is Comet <a href="/wiki/C/1980_E1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1980 E1">C/1980 E1</a>, which was shifted from an orbit of 7.1 million years around the Sun, to a hyperbolic trajectory, after a 1980 close pass by the planet Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-barycenter-141">[141]</a> Interstellar comets such as <a href="/wiki/%27Oumuamua" class="mw-redirect" title="'Oumuamua">1I/ʻOumuamua</a> and <a href="/wiki/2I/Borisov" title="2I/Borisov">2I/Borisov</a> never orbited the Sun and therefore do not require a 3rd-body interaction to be ejected from the Solar System. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extinction">Extinction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Extinct_comet" title="Extinct comet">Extinct comet</a></div> Jupiter-family comets and long-period comets appear to follow very different fading laws. The JFCs are active over a lifetime of about 10,000 years or ~1,000 orbits whereas long-period comets fade much faster. Only 10% of the long-period comets survive more than 50 passages to small perihelion and only 1% of them survive more than 2,000 passages.<a href="#cite_note-dormant-33">[33]</a> Eventually most of the volatile material contained in a comet nucleus evaporates, and the comet becomes a small, dark, inert lump of rock or rubble that can resemble an asteroid.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Some asteroids in elliptical orbits are now identified as extinct comets.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Roughly six percent of the near-Earth asteroids are thought to be extinct comet nuclei.<a href="#cite_note-dormant-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breakup_and_collisions">Breakup and collisions</h3></div> The nucleus of some comets may be fragile, a conclusion supported by the observation of comets splitting apart.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> A significant cometary disruption was that of <a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9</a>, which was discovered in 1993. A close encounter in July 1992 had broken it into pieces, and over a period of six days in July 1994, these pieces fell into Jupiter's atmosphere—the first time astronomers had observed a collision between two objects in the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Other splitting comets include <a href="/wiki/3D/Biela" class="mw-redirect" title="3D/Biela">3D/Biela</a> in 1846 and <a href="/wiki/73P/Schwassmann%E2%80%93Wachmann" title="73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann">73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann</a> from 1995 to 2006.<a href="#cite_note-spitzer2006-150">[150]</a> Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Ephorus" title="Ephorus">Ephorus</a> reported that a comet split apart as far back as the winter of 372–373 BC.<a href="#cite_note-great-151">[151]</a> Comets are suspected of splitting due to thermal stress, internal gas pressure, or impact.<a href="#cite_note-split-152">[152]</a> Comets <a href="/wiki/42P/Neujmin" title="42P/Neujmin">42P/Neujmin</a> and <a href="/wiki/53P/Van_Biesbroeck" title="53P/Van Biesbroeck">53P/Van Biesbroeck</a> appear to be fragments of a parent comet. Numerical integrations have shown that both comets had a rather close approach to Jupiter in January 1850, and that, before 1850, the two orbits were nearly identical.<a href="#cite_note-DPS35-153">[153]</a> Another group of comets that is the result of fragmentation episodes is the Liller comet family made of C/1988 A1 (Liller), C/1996 Q1 (Tabur), C/2015 F3 (SWAN), C/2019 Y1 (ATLAS), and <a href="/wiki/C/2023_V5_(Leonard)" title="C/2023 V5 (Leonard)">C/2023 V5 (Leonard)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sekanina-2016-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-de_la_Fuente_Marcos-2023-155">[155]</a> Some comets have been observed to break up during their perihelion passage, including great comets <a href="/wiki/Comet_West" title="Comet West">West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comet_Ikeya%E2%80%93Seki" title="Comet Ikeya–Seki">Ikeya–Seki</a>. Biela's Comet was one significant example when it broke into two pieces during its passage through the perihelion in 1846. These two comets were seen separately in 1852, but never again afterward. Instead, spectacular <a href="/wiki/Meteor_showers" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteor showers">meteor showers</a> were seen in 1872 and 1885 when the comet should have been visible. A minor meteor shower, the <a href="/wiki/Andromedids" title="Andromedids">Andromedids</a>, occurs annually in November, and it is caused when Earth crosses the orbit of Biela's Comet.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Some comets meet a more spectacular end – either falling into the Sun<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> or colliding with a planet or other body. Collisions between comets and planets or moons were common in the early Solar System: some of the many craters on the Moon, for example, may have been caused by comets. A recent collision of a comet with a planet occurred in July 1994 when Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 broke up into pieces and collided with Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:792px;max-width:792px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:226px;max-width:226px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:176px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter_showing_SL9_impact_sites.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jupiter_showing_SL9_impact_sites.jpg/224px-Jupiter_showing_SL9_impact_sites.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jupiter_showing_SL9_impact_sites.jpg/336px-Jupiter_showing_SL9_impact_sites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jupiter_showing_SL9_impact_sites.jpg/448px-Jupiter_showing_SL9_impact_sites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="540" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Brown spots mark impact sites of <a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9</a> on Jupiter</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:186px;max-width:186px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:176px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Schwassmann-Wachmann3-B-HST.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Schwassmann-Wachmann3-B-HST.gif/184px-Schwassmann-Wachmann3-B-HST.gif" decoding="async" width="184" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Schwassmann-Wachmann3-B-HST.gif/276px-Schwassmann-Wachmann3-B-HST.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Schwassmann-Wachmann3-B-HST.gif 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="353" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The break up of <a href="/wiki/73P/Schwassmann%E2%80%93Wachmann" title="73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann">73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann</a> within three days (1995)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:238px;max-width:238px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:176px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:C2015D1-SOHO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/C2015D1-SOHO.jpg/236px-C2015D1-SOHO.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/C2015D1-SOHO.jpg/354px-C2015D1-SOHO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/C2015D1-SOHO.jpg/472px-C2015D1-SOHO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="360" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ghost tail of C/2015 D1 (SOHO) after passage at the Sun</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:176px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:14060-Asteroid-P2013R3-Disintegration-20140306.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/14060-Asteroid-P2013R3-Disintegration-20140306.jpg/132px-14060-Asteroid-P2013R3-Disintegration-20140306.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/14060-Asteroid-P2013R3-Disintegration-20140306.jpg/198px-14060-Asteroid-P2013R3-Disintegration-20140306.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/14060-Asteroid-P2013R3-Disintegration-20140306.jpg/264px-14060-Asteroid-P2013R3-Disintegration-20140306.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Disintegration of <a href="/wiki/Main-belt_comet#Activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Main-belt comet">P/2013 R3</a> (2014)<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140306-159">[159]</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Naming_of_comets" title="Naming of comets">Naming of comets</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halley%27s_Comet,_1910.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Halley%27s_Comet%2C_1910.JPG/220px-Halley%27s_Comet%2C_1910.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Halley%27s_Comet%2C_1910.JPG/330px-Halley%27s_Comet%2C_1910.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Halley%27s_Comet%2C_1910.JPG/440px-Halley%27s_Comet%2C_1910.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a> in 1910</figcaption></figure> The names given to comets have followed several different conventions over the past two centuries. Prior to the early 20th century, most comets were referred to by the year when they appeared, sometimes with additional adjectives for particularly bright comets; thus, the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1680" title="Great Comet of 1680">Great Comet of 1680</a>", the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1882" title="Great Comet of 1882">Great Comet of 1882</a>", and the "<a href="/wiki/Great_January_Comet_of_1910" title="Great January Comet of 1910">Great January Comet of 1910</a>". After <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a> demonstrated that the comets of 1531, 1607, and 1682 were the same body and successfully predicted its return in 1759 by calculating its orbit, that comet became known as <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Similarly, the second and third known periodic comets, <a href="/wiki/Encke%27s_Comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Encke's Comet">Encke's Comet</a><a href="#cite_note-KronkEncke-161">[161]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biela%27s_Comet" title="Biela's Comet">Biela's Comet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-KronkBiela-162">[162]</a> were named after the astronomers who calculated their orbits rather than their original discoverers. Later, periodic comets were usually named after their discoverers, but comets that had appeared only once continued to be referred to by the year of their appearance.<a href="#cite_note-harvcom-163">[163]</a> In the early 20th century, the convention of naming comets after their discoverers became common, and this remains so today. A comet can be named after its discoverers or an instrument or program that helped to find it.<a href="#cite_note-harvcom-163">[163]</a> For example, in 2019, astronomer <a href="/wiki/Gennadiy_Borisov" title="Gennadiy Borisov">Gennadiy Borisov</a> observed a comet that appeared to have originated outside of the solar system; the comet was named <a href="/wiki/2I/Borisov" title="2I/Borisov">2I/Borisov</a> after him.<a href="#cite_note-Christensen2019-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_study">History of study</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Observational_history_of_comets" title="Observational history of comets">Observational history of comets</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_observations_and_thought">Early observations and thought</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayeux_Tapestry_scene32_Halley_comet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene32_Halley_comet.jpg/235px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene32_Halley_comet.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene32_Halley_comet.jpg/353px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene32_Halley_comet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene32_Halley_comet.jpg/470px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene32_Halley_comet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2482" data-file-height="2583" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a> appeared in 1066, prior to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a>, and is depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tychonis_Brahe_De_mundi_aetherei_recentioribus_phaenomenis_liber_secundus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Tychonis_Brahe_De_mundi_aetherei_recentioribus_phaenomenis_liber_secundus.png/220px-Tychonis_Brahe_De_mundi_aetherei_recentioribus_phaenomenis_liber_secundus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Tychonis_Brahe_De_mundi_aetherei_recentioribus_phaenomenis_liber_secundus.png/330px-Tychonis_Brahe_De_mundi_aetherei_recentioribus_phaenomenis_liber_secundus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Tychonis_Brahe_De_mundi_aetherei_recentioribus_phaenomenis_liber_secundus.png 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Page from a treatise by <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a> depicting his <a href="/wiki/Geocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Geocentric">geocentric</a> view of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1577" title="Great Comet of 1577">Great Comet of 1577</a></figcaption></figure> From ancient sources, such as Chinese <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone" title="Oracle bone">oracle bones</a>, it is known that comets have been noticed by humans for millennia.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Until the sixteenth century, comets were usually considered bad <a href="/wiki/Omen" title="Omen">omens</a> of deaths of kings or noble men, or coming catastrophes, or even interpreted as attacks by heavenly beings against terrestrial inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (384–322 BC) was the first known scientist to use various theories and observational facts to employ a consistent, structured cosmological theory of comets. He believed that comets were atmospheric phenomena, due to the fact that they could appear outside of the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a> and vary in brightness over the course of a few days. Aristotle's cometary theory arose from his observations and cosmological theory that everything in the cosmos is arranged in a distinct configuration.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Part of this configuration was a clear separation between the celestial and terrestrial, believing comets to be strictly associated with the latter. According to Aristotle, comets must be within the sphere of the moon and clearly separated from the heavens. Also in the 4th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Myndus" title="Apollonius of Myndus">Apollonius of Myndus</a> supported the idea that comets moved like the planets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199748-169">[169]</a> Aristotelian theory on comets continued to be widely accepted throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, despite several discoveries from various individuals challenging aspects of it.<a href="#cite_note-:0-170">[170]</a> In the 1st century AD, <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a> questioned Aristotle's logic concerning comets. Because of their regular movement and imperviousness to wind, they cannot be atmospheric,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199726-171">[171]</a> and are more permanent than suggested by their brief flashes across the sky.<a href="#cite_note-172">[a]</a> He pointed out that only the tails are transparent and thus cloudlike, and argued that there is no reason to confine their orbits to the zodiac.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199726-171">[171]</a> In criticizing Apollonius of Myndus, Seneca argues, "A comet cuts through the upper regions of the universe and then finally becomes visible when it reaches the lowest point of its orbit."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199726–27-173">[172]</a> While Seneca did not author a substantial theory of his own,<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> his arguments would spark much debate among Aristotle's critics in the 16th and 17th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-:0-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[b]</a> In the 1st century AD, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> believed that comets were connected with political unrest and death.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> Pliny observed comets as "human like", often describing their tails with "long hair" or "long beard".<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> His system for classifying comets according to their color and shape was used for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-:2-179">[177]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">India</a>, by the 6th century AD astronomers believed that comets were apparitions that re-appeared periodically. This was the view expressed in the 6th century by the astronomers <a href="/wiki/Var%C4%81hamihira" title="Varāhamihira">Varāhamihira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhadrabahu_III" title="Bhadrabahu III">Bhadrabahu</a>, and the 10th-century astronomer <a href="/wiki/Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADotpala" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaṭṭotpala">Bhaṭṭotpala</a> listed the names and estimated periods of certain comets, but it is not known how these figures were calculated or how accurate they were.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> There is a claim that an Arab scholar in 1258 noted several recurrent appearances of a comet (or a type of comet), and though it's not clear if he considered it to be a single periodic comet, it might have been a comet with a period of around 63 years.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> In 1301, the Italian painter <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a> was the first person to accurately and anatomically portray a comet. In his work <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a>, Giotto's depiction of Halley's Comet in the place of the <a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a> would go unmatched in accuracy until the 19th century and be bested only with the invention of photography.<a href="#cite_note-:1-183">[181]</a> Astrological interpretations of comets proceeded to take precedence clear into the 15th century, despite the presence of modern scientific astronomy beginning to take root. Comets continued to forewarn of disaster, as seen in the <a href="/wiki/Luzerner_Schilling" title="Luzerner Schilling">Luzerner Schilling</a> chronicles and in the warnings of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Pope Callixtus III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-183">[181]</a> In 1578, German <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> bishop Andreas Celichius defined comets as "the thick smoke of human sins ... kindled by the hot and fiery anger of the <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Heavenly Judge</a>". The next year, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Dudith" title="Andreas Dudith">Andreas Dudith</a> stated that "If comets were caused by the sins of mortals, they would never be absent from the sky."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199732–33-184">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_approach">Scientific approach</h3></div> Crude attempts at a <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a> measurement of Halley's Comet were made in 1456, but were erroneous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199736-185">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Regiomontanus" title="Regiomontanus">Regiomontanus</a> was the first to attempt to calculate <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_parallax" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal parallax">diurnal parallax</a> by observing the <a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1472" title="Great Comet of 1472">Great Comet of 1472</a>. His predictions were not very accurate, but they were conducted in the hopes of estimating the distance of a comet from Earth.<a href="#cite_note-:2-179">[177]</a> In the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Maestlin" title="Michael Maestlin">Michael Maestlin</a> demonstrated that comets must exist outside of Earth's atmosphere by measuring the parallax of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1577" title="Great Comet of 1577">Great Comet of 1577</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> Within the precision of the measurements, this implied the comet must be at least four times more distant than from Earth to the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-ESO_part_I-187">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> Based on observations in 1664, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Alfonso_Borelli" title="Giovanni Alfonso Borelli">Giovanni Borelli</a> recorded the longitudes and latitudes of comets that he observed, and suggested that cometary orbits may be parabolic.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> Despite being a skilled astronomer, in his 1623 book <a href="/wiki/The_Assayer" title="The Assayer">The Assayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> rejected Brahe's theories on the parallax of comets and claimed that they may be a mere optical illusion, despite little personal observation.<a href="#cite_note-:2-179">[177]</a> In 1625, Maestlin's student <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> upheld that Brahe's view of cometary parallax was correct.<a href="#cite_note-:2-179">[177]</a> Additionally, mathematician <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bernoulli" title="Jacob Bernoulli">Jacob Bernoulli</a> published a treatise on comets in 1682. During the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a> comets were studied for their astrological significance in medical disciplines. Many healers of this time considered medicine and astronomy to be inter-disciplinary and employed their knowledge of comets and other astrological signs for diagnosing and treating patients.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Principia Mathematica</a> of 1687, proved that an object moving under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> by an inverse square law must trace out an orbit shaped like one of the <a href="/wiki/Conic_section" title="Conic section">conic sections</a>, and he demonstrated how to fit a comet's path through the sky to a parabolic orbit, using the comet of 1680 as an example.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> He describes comets as compact and durable solid bodies moving in oblique orbit and their tails as thin streams of vapor emitted by their nuclei, ignited or heated by the Sun. He suspected that comets were the origin of the life-supporting component of air.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> He pointed out that comets usually appear near the Sun, and therefore most likely orbit it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199726-171">[171]</a> On their luminosity, he stated, "The comets shine by the Sun's light, which they reflect," with their tails illuminated by "the Sun's light reflected by a smoke arising from [the coma]".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199726-171">[171]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newton_Comet1680.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Newton_Comet1680.jpg/290px-Newton_Comet1680.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Newton_Comet1680.jpg/435px-Newton_Comet1680.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Newton_Comet1680.jpg/580px-Newton_Comet1680.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption>The orbit of the comet of 1680, fitted to a <a href="/wiki/Parabola" title="Parabola">parabola</a>, as shown in <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Principia</a></figcaption></figure> In 1705, Edmond Halley (1656–1742) applied Newton's method to 23 cometary apparitions that had occurred between 1337 and 1698. He noted that three of these, the comets of 1531, 1607, and 1682, had very similar <a href="/wiki/Orbital_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital element">orbital elements</a>, and he was further able to account for the slight differences in their orbits in terms of gravitational perturbation caused by Jupiter and <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>. Confident that these three apparitions had been three appearances of the same comet, he predicted that it would appear again in 1758–59.<a href="#cite_note-Halley-193">[191]</a> Halley's predicted return date was later refined by a team of three French mathematicians: <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Clairaut" title="Alexis Clairaut">Alexis Clairaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lalande" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Lalande">Joseph Lalande</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nicole-Reine_Lepaute" title="Nicole-Reine Lepaute">Nicole-Reine Lepaute</a>, who predicted the date of the comet's 1759 perihelion to within one month's accuracy.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199793-195">[193]</a> When the comet returned as predicted, it became known as Halley's Comet.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; padding: 8px 12px;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> From his huge vapouring train perhaps to shake Reviving moisture on the numerous orbs, Thro' which his long ellipsis winds; perhaps To lend new fuel to declining suns, To light up worlds, and feed th' ethereal fire. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/James_Thomson_(poet,_born_1700)" title="James Thomson (poet, born 1700)">James Thomson</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Seasons_(Thomson_poem)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Seasons (Thomson poem)">The Seasons</a> (1730; 1748)<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a></cite> </div> As early as the 18th century, some scientists had made correct hypotheses as to comets' physical composition. In 1755, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> hypothesized in his <a href="/wiki/Universal_Natural_History_and_Theory_of_the_Heavens" title="Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens">Universal Natural History</a> that comets were condensed from "primitive matter" beyond the known planets, which is "feebly moved" by gravity, then orbit at arbitrary inclinations, and are partially vaporized by the Sun's heat as they near perihelion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199784–87-198">[196]</a> In 1836, the German mathematician <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Bessel" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel">Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel</a>, after observing streams of vapor during the appearance of Halley's Comet in 1835, proposed that the <a href="/wiki/Jet_force" title="Jet force">jet forces</a> of evaporating material could be great enough to significantly alter a comet's orbit, and he argued that the non-gravitational movements of Encke's Comet resulted from this phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> In the 19th century, the Astronomical Observatory of Padova was an epicenter in the observational study of comets. Led by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Santini" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Santini">Giovanni Santini</a> (1787–1877) and followed by Giuseppe Lorenzoni (1843–1914), this observatory was devoted to classical astronomy, mainly to the new comets and planets orbit calculation, with the goal of compiling a catalog of almost ten thousand stars. Situated in the Northern portion of Italy, observations from this observatory were key in establishing important geodetic, geographic, and astronomical calculations, such as the difference of longitude between Milan and Padua as well as Padua to Fiume.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> Correspondence within the observatory, particularly between Santini and another astronomer Giuseppe Toaldo, mentioned the importance of comet and planetary orbital observations.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> In 1950, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Lawrence_Whipple" title="Fred Lawrence Whipple">Fred Lawrence Whipple</a> proposed that rather than being rocky objects containing some ice, comets were icy objects containing some dust and rock.<a href="#cite_note-Whipple-202">[200]</a> This "dirty snowball" model soon became accepted and appeared to be supported by the observations of an armada of <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Giotto_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Giotto mission">Giotto</a> probe and the Soviet Union's <a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a>) that flew through the coma of Halley's Comet in 1986, photographed the nucleus, and observed jets of evaporating material.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> On 22 January 2014, <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA scientists</a> reported the detection, for the first definitive time, of <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a> <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a>, the largest object in the asteroid belt.<a href="#cite_note-KüppersO'Rourke2014-204">[202]</a> The detection was made by using the <a href="/wiki/Far-infrared_astronomy" title="Far-infrared astronomy">far-infrared abilities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel Space Observatory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140122-205">[203]</a> The finding is unexpected because comets, not asteroids, are typically considered to "sprout jets and plumes". According to one of the scientists, "The lines are becoming more and more blurred between comets and asteroids."<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140122-205">[203]</a> On 11 August 2014, astronomers released studies, using the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array" title="Atacama Large Millimeter Array">Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA)</a> for the first time, that detailed the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">HCN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">HNC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2CO</a>, and dust inside the <a href="/wiki/Coma_(cometary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coma (cometary)">comae</a> of comets <a href="/wiki/C/2012_F6_(Lemmon)" title="C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)">C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comet_ISON" title="Comet ISON">C/2012 S1 (ISON)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140811-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-AJL-20140811-207">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spacecraft_missions">Spacecraft missions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_comets_visited_by_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of comets visited by spacecraft">List of comets visited by spacecraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_comets" title="List of missions to comets">List of missions to comets</a></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Halley_Armada" title="Halley Armada">Halley Armada</a> describes the collection of spacecraft missions that visited and/or made observations of Halley's Comet 1980s perihelion. The space shuttle Challenger was intended to do a study of Halley's Comet in 1986, but exploded shortly after being launched.</li> <li>Deep Impact. Debate continues about how much ice is in a comet. In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a> spacecraft obtained high-resolution images of the surface of <a href="/wiki/19P/Borrelly" title="19P/Borrelly">Comet Borrelly</a>. It was found that the surface of comet Borrelly is hot and dry, with a temperature of between 26 and 71 °C (79 and 160 °F), and extremely dark, suggesting that the ice has been removed by solar heating and maturation, or is hidden by the soot-like material that covers Borrelly.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> In July 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a> probe blasted a crater on Comet <a href="/wiki/Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">Tempel 1</a> to study its interior. The mission yielded results suggesting that the majority of a comet's water ice is below the surface and that these reservoirs feed the jets of vaporized water that form the coma of Tempel 1.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> Renamed <a href="/wiki/EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a>, it made a flyby of <a href="/wiki/103P/Hartley" title="103P/Hartley">Comet Hartley 2</a> on 4 November 2010.</li> <li>Ulysses. In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses probe</a> unexpectedly passed through the tail of the comet <a href="/wiki/C/2006_P1_(McNaught)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2006 P1 (McNaught)">C/2006 P1</a> (McNaught) which was discovered in 2006. Ulysses was launched in 1990 and the intended mission was for Ulysses to orbit around the Sun for further study at all latitudes.</li> <li>Stardust. Data from the <a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust mission</a> show that materials retrieved from the tail of Wild 2 were crystalline and could only have been "born in fire", at extremely high temperatures of over 1,000 °C (1,830 °F).<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> Although comets formed in the outer Solar System, radial mixing of material during the early formation of the Solar System is thought to have redistributed material throughout the proto-planetary disk.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> As a result, comets contain crystalline grains that formed in the early, hot inner Solar System. This is seen in comet spectra as well as in sample return missions. More recent still, the materials retrieved demonstrate that the "comet dust resembles asteroid materials".<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> These new results have forced scientists to rethink the nature of comets and their distinction from asteroids.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a></li> <li>Rosetta. The <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a> probe orbited <a href="/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko">Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko</a>. On 12 November 2014, its lander Philae successfully landed on the comet's surface, the first time a spacecraft has ever landed on such an object in history.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_comets">Great comets</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_comet" title="Great comet">Great comet</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1577" title="Great Comet of 1577">Great Comet of 1577</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Von_einem_Schrecklichen_vnd_Wunderbarlichen_Cometen_so_sich_den_Dienstag_nach_Martini_dieses_lauffenden_M._D._Lxxvij._Jahrs_am_Himmel_erzeiget_hat_(grayscale).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Von_einem_Schrecklichen_vnd_Wunderbarlichen_Cometen_so_sich_den_Dienstag_nach_Martini_dieses_lauffenden_M._D._Lxxvij._Jahrs_am_Himmel_erzeiget_hat_%28grayscale%29.png/300px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Von_einem_Schrecklichen_vnd_Wunderbarlichen_Cometen_so_sich_den_Dienstag_nach_Martini_dieses_lauffenden_M._D._Lxxvij._Jahrs_am_Himmel_erzeiget_hat_%28grayscale%29.png/450px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Von_einem_Schrecklichen_vnd_Wunderbarlichen_Cometen_so_sich_den_Dienstag_nach_Martini_dieses_lauffenden_M._D._Lxxvij._Jahrs_am_Himmel_erzeiget_hat_%28grayscale%29.png/600px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="4814" data-file-height="3546" /></a><figcaption>Woodcut of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1577" title="Great Comet of 1577">Great Comet of 1577</a></figcaption></figure> Approximately once a decade, a comet becomes bright enough to be noticed by a casual observer, leading such comets to be designated as great comets.<a href="#cite_note-great-151">[151]</a> Predicting whether a comet will become a great comet is notoriously difficult, as many factors may cause a comet's brightness to depart drastically from predictions.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> Broadly speaking, if a comet has a large and active nucleus, will pass close to the Sun, and is not obscured by the Sun as seen from Earth when at its brightest, it has a chance of becoming a great comet. However, <a href="/wiki/Comet_Kohoutek" title="Comet Kohoutek">Comet Kohoutek</a> in 1973 fulfilled all the criteria and was expected to become spectacular but failed to do so.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Comet_West" title="Comet West">Comet West</a>, which appeared three years later, had much lower expectations but became an extremely impressive comet.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> The Great Comet of 1577 is a well-known example of a great comet. It passed near Earth as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_near-parabolic_comets" title="List of near-parabolic comets">non-periodic comet</a> and was seen by many, including well-known astronomers Tycho Brahe and <a href="/wiki/Taqi_ad-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ma%27ruf" title="Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf">Taqi ad-Din</a>. Observations of this comet led to several significant findings regarding cometary science, especially for Brahe. The late 20th century saw a lengthy gap without the appearance of any great comets, followed by the arrival of two in quick succession—<a href="/wiki/Comet_Hyakutake" title="Comet Hyakutake">Comet Hyakutake</a> in 1996, followed by <a href="/wiki/Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="mw-redirect" title="Hale–Bopp">Hale–Bopp</a>, which reached maximum brightness in 1997 having been discovered two years earlier. The first great comet of the 21st century was <a href="/wiki/C/2006_P1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2006 P1">C/2006 P1</a> (McNaught), which became visible to naked eye observers in January 2007. It was the brightest in over 40 years.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sungrazing_comets">Sungrazing comets</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sungrazing_comet" title="Sungrazing comet">Sungrazing comet</a></div> A sungrazing comet is a comet that passes extremely close to the Sun at perihelion, generally within a few million kilometers.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> Although small sungrazers can be completely evaporated during such a close approach to the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, larger sungrazers can survive many perihelion passages. However, the strong <a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">tidal forces</a> they experience often lead to their fragmentation.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> About 90% of the sungrazers observed with <a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> are members of the <a href="/wiki/Kreutz_sungrazer" title="Kreutz sungrazer">Kreutz group</a>, which all originate from one giant comet that broke up into many smaller comets during its first passage through the inner Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-Bailey-222">[220]</a> The remainder contains some sporadic sungrazers, but four other related groups of comets have been identified among them: the Kracht, Kracht 2a, Marsden, and Meyer groups. The Marsden and Kracht groups both appear to be related to <a href="/wiki/96P/Machholz" title="96P/Machholz">Comet 96P/Machholz</a>, which is the parent of two <a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">meteor streams</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Quadrantids" title="Quadrantids">Quadrantids</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arietids" title="Arietids">Arietids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ohtsuka-223">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unusual_comets">Unusual comets</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Fate_of_comets">§ Fate of comets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swastika#Comet" title="Swastika">Swastika § Comet</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euler-Diagram_bodies_in_the_Solar_System.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Euler-Diagram_bodies_in_the_Solar_System.jpg/300px-Euler-Diagram_bodies_in_the_Solar_System.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Euler-Diagram_bodies_in_the_Solar_System.jpg/450px-Euler-Diagram_bodies_in_the_Solar_System.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Euler-Diagram_bodies_in_the_Solar_System.jpg/600px-Euler-Diagram_bodies_in_the_Solar_System.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Euler_diagram" title="Euler diagram">Euler diagram</a> showing the types of bodies in the Solar System</figcaption></figure> Of the thousands of known comets, some exhibit unusual properties. Comet Encke (2P/Encke) orbits from outside the asteroid belt to just inside the orbit of the planet <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> whereas the Comet <a href="/wiki/29P/Schwassmann%E2%80%93Wachmann" title="29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann">29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann</a> currently travels in a nearly circular orbit entirely between the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron" title="2060 Chiron">2060 Chiron</a>, whose unstable orbit is between Saturn and <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, was originally classified as an asteroid until a faint coma was noticed.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/137P/Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy" class="mw-redirect" title="137P/Shoemaker–Levy">Comet Shoemaker–Levy 2</a> was originally designated asteroid 1990 UL3.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest">Largest</h3></div> The largest known periodic comet is <a href="/wiki/95P/Chiron" class="mw-redirect" title="95P/Chiron">95P/Chiron</a> at 200 km in diameter that comes to perihelion every 50 years just inside of Saturn's orbit at 8 AU. The largest known Oort cloud comet is suspected of being <a href="/wiki/Comet_Bernardinelli-Bernstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Bernardinelli-Bernstein">Comet Bernardinelli-Bernstein</a> at ≈150 km that will not come to perihelion until January 2031 just outside of Saturn's orbit at 11 AU. The <a href="/wiki/Comet_of_1729" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet of 1729">Comet of 1729</a> is estimated to have been ≈100 km in diameter and came to perihelion inside of Jupiter's orbit at 4 AU. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centaurs">Centaurs</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(minor_planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centaur (minor planet)">Centaur (minor planet)</a></div> Centaurs typically behave with characteristics of both asteroids and comets.<a href="#cite_note-Horner2004a-227">[225]</a> Centaurs can be classified as comets such as <a href="/wiki/60558_Echeclus" title="60558 Echeclus">60558 Echeclus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/166P/NEAT" title="166P/NEAT">166P/NEAT</a>. 166P/NEAT was discovered while it exhibited a coma, and so is classified as a comet despite its orbit, and <a href="/wiki/60558_Echeclus" title="60558 Echeclus">60558 Echeclus</a> was discovered without a coma but later became active,<a href="#cite_note-Choietal2006-228">[226]</a> and was then classified as both a comet and an asteroid (174P/Echeclus). One plan for <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a> involved sending it to a centaur, but NASA decided to destroy it instead.<a href="#cite_note-usra_0903-229">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observation">Observation</h2></div> A comet may be discovered photographically using a wide-field <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a> or visually with <a href="/wiki/Binoculars" title="Binoculars">binoculars</a>. However, even without access to optical equipment, it is still possible for the <a href="/wiki/Amateur_astronomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateur astronomer">amateur astronomer</a> to discover a sungrazing comet online by downloading images accumulated by some satellite observatories such as <a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-soho2-230">[228]</a> SOHO's 2000th comet was discovered by Polish amateur astronomer Michał Kusiak on 26 December 2010<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> and both discoverers of Hale–Bopp used amateur equipment (although Hale was not an amateur). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lost">Lost</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lost_comet" title="Lost comet">Lost comet</a></div> A number of periodic comets discovered in earlier decades or previous centuries are now <a href="/wiki/Lost_comet" title="Lost comet">lost comets</a>. Their orbits were never known well enough to predict future appearances or the comets have disintegrated. However, occasionally a "new" comet is discovered, and calculation of its orbit shows it to be an old "lost" comet. An example is Comet <a href="/wiki/11P/Tempel%E2%80%93Swift%E2%80%93LINEAR" title="11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR">11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR</a>, discovered in 1869 but unobservable after 1908 because of perturbations by Jupiter. It was not found again until accidentally rediscovered by <a href="/wiki/LINEAR" class="mw-redirect" title="LINEAR">LINEAR</a> in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-kronk-232">[230]</a> There are at least 18 comets that fit this category.<a href="#cite_note-Meyer-233">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comets_in_fiction" title="Comets in fiction">Comets in fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_impact_events" title="Category:Fiction about impact events">Category:Fiction about impact events</a></div> The depiction of comets in <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> is firmly rooted in the long Western tradition of seeing comets as harbingers of doom and as omens of world-altering change.<a href="#cite_note-Van_Riper_29-234">[232]</a> Halley's Comet alone has caused a slew of sensationalist publications of all sorts at each of its reappearances. It was especially noted that the birth and death of some notable persons coincided with separate appearances of the comet, such as with writers <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> (who correctly speculated that he'd "go out with the comet" in 1910)<a href="#cite_note-Van_Riper_29-234">[232]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a>, to whose life <a href="/wiki/Mary_Chapin_Carpenter" title="Mary Chapin Carpenter">Mary Chapin Carpenter</a> dedicated the song "<a href="/wiki/Halley_Came_to_Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="Halley Came to Jackson">Halley Came to Jackson</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Van_Riper_29-234">[232]</a> In times past, bright comets often inspired panic and hysteria in the general population, being thought of as bad omens. More recently, during the passage of Halley's Comet in 1910, Earth passed through the comet's tail, and erroneous newspaper reports inspired a fear that <a href="/wiki/Cyanogen" title="Cyanogen">cyanogen</a> in the tail might poison millions,<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> whereas the appearance of Comet Hale–Bopp in 1997 triggered the mass suicide of the <a href="/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_(religious_group)" title="Heaven's Gate (religious group)">Heaven's Gate</a> cult.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impact of comets</a> has been depicted as a threat overcome by technology and heroism (as in the 1998 films <a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(film)" title="Deep Impact (film)">Deep Impact</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armageddon_(1998_film)" title="Armageddon (1998 film)">Armageddon</a>), or as a trigger of global apocalypse (<a href="/wiki/Lucifer%27s_Hammer" title="Lucifer's Hammer">Lucifer's Hammer</a>, 1979) or zombies (<a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Comet" title="Night of the Comet">Night of the Comet</a>, 1984).<a href="#cite_note-Van_Riper_29-234">[232]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Off_on_a_Comet" title="Off on a Comet">Off on a Comet</a> a group of people are stranded on a comet orbiting the Sun, while a large crewed space expedition visits Halley's Comet in Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/2061:_Odyssey_Three" title="2061: Odyssey Three">2061: Odyssey Three</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2></div> The long-period comet first recorded by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Pons" title="Jean-Louis Pons">Pons</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> on 15 July 1825 inspired <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Sigourney" title="Lydia Sigourney">Lydia Sigourney</a>'s humorous poem <a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Poems_Sigourney_1827/The_Comet_of_1825" class="extiw" title="s:Poems Sigourney 1827/The Comet of 1825">The Comet of 1825</a>. in which all the celestial bodies argue over the comet's appearance and purpose. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_C2020F3_NEOWISE_over_California_desert_landscape.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Comet C/2020 F3 NEOWISE, July 2020"><img alt="Comet C/2020 F3 NEOWISE, July 2020" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Comet_C2020F3_NEOWISE_over_California_desert_landscape.png/174px-Comet_C2020F3_NEOWISE_over_California_desert_landscape.png" decoding="async" width="116" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Comet_C2020F3_NEOWISE_over_California_desert_landscape.png/262px-Comet_C2020F3_NEOWISE_over_California_desert_landscape.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Comet_C2020F3_NEOWISE_over_California_desert_landscape.png/349px-Comet_C2020F3_NEOWISE_over_California_desert_landscape.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2400" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Comet_Neowise" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Neowise">Comet C/2020 F3 NEOWISE</a>, July 2020</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 254.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 252.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_P1_McNaught02_-_23-01-07-edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Comet C/2006 P1 (McNaught) taken from Victoria, Australia 2007"><img alt="Comet C/2006 P1 (McNaught) taken from Victoria, Australia 2007" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Comet_P1_McNaught02_-_23-01-07-edited.jpg/379px-Comet_P1_McNaught02_-_23-01-07-edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="253" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Comet_P1_McNaught02_-_23-01-07-edited.jpg/568px-Comet_P1_McNaught02_-_23-01-07-edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Comet_P1_McNaught02_-_23-01-07-edited.jpg/757px-Comet_P1_McNaught02_-_23-01-07-edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="1067" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Comet <a href="/wiki/C/2006_P1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2006 P1">C/2006 P1</a> (McNaught) taken from Victoria, Australia 2007</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Comet_of_1882.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Great Comet of 1882 is a member of the Kreutz group"><img alt="The Great Comet of 1882 is a member of the Kreutz group" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Great_Comet_of_1882.jpg/339px-Great_Comet_of_1882.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Great_Comet_of_1882.jpg/508px-Great_Comet_of_1882.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Great_Comet_of_1882.jpg/678px-Great_Comet_of_1882.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="710" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1882" title="Great Comet of 1882">Great Comet of 1882</a> is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Kreutz_sungrazer" title="Kreutz sungrazer">Kreutz group</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 262.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Comet_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Austrian astronomer Edmund Weiss sketched the Great Comet of 1861"><img alt="Austrian astronomer Edmund Weiss sketched the Great Comet of 1861" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Great_Comet_1861.jpg/391px-Great_Comet_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="261" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Great_Comet_1861.jpg/587px-Great_Comet_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Great_Comet_1861.jpg/782px-Great_Comet_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="686" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Austrian astronomer <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Weiss" title="Edmund Weiss">Edmund Weiss</a> sketched the <a href="/wiki/C/1861_J1" title="C/1861 J1">Great Comet of 1861</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:X-rays_from_Hyakutake.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Comet Hyakutake (X-ray, ROSAT satellite)"><img alt="Comet Hyakutake (X-ray, ROSAT satellite)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/X-rays_from_Hyakutake.jpg/262px-X-rays_from_Hyakutake.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/X-rays_from_Hyakutake.jpg/393px-X-rays_from_Hyakutake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/X-rays_from_Hyakutake.jpg/524px-X-rays_from_Hyakutake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="665" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hyakutake" title="Comet Hyakutake">Comet Hyakutake</a> (<a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT">ROSAT</a> satellite)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Asteroid_P2013_P5_v2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Active asteroid" 311P/PANSTARRS with several tails[236]"><img alt=""Active asteroid" 311P/PANSTARRS with several tails[236]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Asteroid_P2013_P5_v2.jpg/357px-Asteroid_P2013_P5_v2.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Asteroid_P2013_P5_v2.jpg/535px-Asteroid_P2013_P5_v2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Asteroid_P2013_P5_v2.jpg/713px-Asteroid_P2013_P5_v2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="735" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Active asteroid" <a href="/wiki/311P/PANSTARRS" class="mw-redirect" title="311P/PANSTARRS">311P/PANSTARRS</a> with several tails<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 350.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 348.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA-14090-Comet-C2013A1-SidingSpring-Hubble-20140311.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Comet Siding Spring (Hubble; 11 March 2014)"><img alt="Comet Siding Spring (Hubble; 11 March 2014)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/NASA-14090-Comet-C2013A1-SidingSpring-Hubble-20140311.jpg/523px-NASA-14090-Comet-C2013A1-SidingSpring-Hubble-20140311.jpg" decoding="async" width="349" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/NASA-14090-Comet-C2013A1-SidingSpring-Hubble-20140311.jpg/785px-NASA-14090-Comet-C2013A1-SidingSpring-Hubble-20140311.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/NASA-14090-Comet-C2013A1-SidingSpring-Hubble-20140311.jpg/1046px-NASA-14090-Comet-C2013A1-SidingSpring-Hubble-20140311.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="596" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/C/2013_A1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2013 A1">Comet Siding Spring</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble</a>; 11 March 2014)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Comets_WISE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosaic of 20 comets discovered by the WISE space telescope"><img alt="Mosaic of 20 comets discovered by the WISE space telescope" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Comets_WISE.jpg/328px-Comets_WISE.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Comets_WISE.jpg/491px-Comets_WISE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Comets_WISE.jpg/655px-Comets_WISE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3754" data-file-height="3004" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mosaic of 20 comets discovered by the <a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a> space telescope</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 232.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22419-Neowise-1stFourYearsDataFromDec2013-20180420.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="NEOWISE – Comets appear in yellow in Neowise's first four years of collecting data (December 2013 to December 2017)"><img alt="NEOWISE – Comets appear in yellow in Neowise's first four years of collecting data (December 2013 to December 2017)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/PIA22419-Neowise-1stFourYearsDataFromDec2013-20180420.gif/349px-PIA22419-Neowise-1stFourYearsDataFromDec2013-20180420.gif" decoding="async" width="233" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/PIA22419-Neowise-1stFourYearsDataFromDec2013-20180420.gif/524px-PIA22419-Neowise-1stFourYearsDataFromDec2013-20180420.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/PIA22419-Neowise-1stFourYearsDataFromDec2013-20180420.gif/698px-PIA22419-Neowise-1stFourYearsDataFromDec2013-20180420.gif 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="548" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/NEOWISE" class="mw-redirect" title="NEOWISE">NEOWISE</a> – Comets appear in yellow in <a href="/wiki/Neowise" class="mw-redirect" title="Neowise">Neowise</a>'s first four years of collecting data (December 2013 to December 2017)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lovejoy-hi1a_srem_dec12_14.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="The STEREO solar observatory filmed Comet Lovejoy moving against the solar wind as it approached the Sun in December 2011"><img alt="The STEREO solar observatory filmed Comet Lovejoy moving against the solar wind as it approached the Sun in December 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Lovejoy-hi1a_srem_dec12_14.gif" decoding="async" width="214" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="223" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> solar observatory filmed <a href="/wiki/C/2011_W3" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2011 W3"> Comet Lovejoy</a> moving against the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> as it approached the Sun in December 2011</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ITS_Impact.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="View from Deep Impact's impactor in its last moments before hitting Comet Tempel 1, July 4, 2005"><img alt="View from Deep Impact's impactor in its last moments before hitting Comet Tempel 1, July 4, 2005" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/ITS_Impact.gif/262px-ITS_Impact.gif" decoding="async" width="175" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/ITS_Impact.gif/393px-ITS_Impact.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/ITS_Impact.gif 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">View from <a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a>'s impactor in its last moments before hitting <a href="/wiki/Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">Comet Tempel 1</a>, July 4, 2005</div> </li> </ul> <dl><dt>Videos</dt></dl> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 312.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 310.66666666667px;"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/NASA_Developing_Comet_Harpoon_for_Sample_Return.ogv/466px--NASA_Developing_Comet_Harpoon_for_Sample_Return.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="311" height="175" data-durationhint="224" data-mwtitle="NASA_Developing_Comet_Harpoon_for_Sample_Return.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/NASA_Developing_Comet_Harpoon_for_Sample_Return.ogv/NASA_Developing_Comet_Harpoon_for_Sample_Return.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/NASA_Developing_Comet_Harpoon_for_Sample_Return.ogv/NASA_Developing_Comet_Harpoon_for_Sample_Return.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/NASA_Developing_Comet_Harpoon_for_Sample_Return.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/NASA_Developing_Comet_Harpoon_for_Sample_Return.ogv/NASA_Developing_Comet_Harpoon_for_Sample_Return.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/NASA_Developing_Comet_Harpoon_for_Sample_Return.ogv/NASA_Developing_Comet_Harpoon_for_Sample_Return.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video></div> <div class="gallerytext">NASA is developing a comet harpoon for returning samples to Earth</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 326px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 324px;"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Encke_tail_rip_off.ogv/486px--Encke_tail_rip_off.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="324" height="175" data-durationhint="8" data-mwtitle="Encke_tail_rip_off.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Encke_tail_rip_off.ogv/Encke_tail_rip_off.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="512" data-height="276" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Encke_tail_rip_off.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="512" data-height="276" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Encke_tail_rip_off.ogv/Encke_tail_rip_off.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="138" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Encke_tail_rip_off.ogv/Encke_tail_rip_off.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="230" /></video></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> solar observatory filmed <a href="/wiki/Comet_Encke" title="Comet Encke">Comet Encke</a> momentarily losing its tail, April 20, 2007</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Splash_(book)" title="The Big Splash (book)">The Big Splash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_vintages" title="Comet vintages">Comet vintages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impact_craters_on_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="List of impact craters on Earth">List of impact craters on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_impact_structures_on_Earth" title="List of possible impact structures on Earth">List of possible impact structures on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Lists of comets</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> "I do not think that a comet is just a sudden fire, but that it is among the eternal works of nature." (<a href="#CITEREFSaganDruyan1997">Sagan & Druyan 1997</a>, p. 26) </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Seneca is quoted as stating, "Why ... are we surprised that comets, such a rare spectacle in the universe, are not yet grasped by fixed laws and that their beginning and end are not known, when their return is at vast intervals? ... The time will come when diligent research over very long periods of time will bring to light things which now lie hidden."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199737–38-175">[174]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/ask/182-What-is-the-size-of-a-comet-">"Ask an Astronomer"</a>. 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Cronos (Valencia, Spain). 9: 59–84. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1139-711X">1139-711X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18543450">18543450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cronos+%28Valencia%2C+Spain%29&rft.atitle=Medical+astrology+in+Spain+during+the+seventeenth+century&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=59-84&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18543450&rft.issn=1139-711X&rft.aulast=Lanuza+Navarro&rft.aufirst=Tayra+M.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton1687" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton, Isaac</a> (1687). "Lib. 3, Prop. 41". <a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Society of London">Royal Society of London</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-07647-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-07647-1"><bdi>0-521-07647-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lib.+3%2C+Prop.+41&rft.btitle=Philosophi%C3%A6+Naturalis+Principia+Mathematica&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+London&rft.date=1687&rft.isbn=0-521-07647-1&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaganDruyan1997">Sagan & Druyan 1997</a>, pp. 306–307 </li> <li id="cite_note-Halley-193"><a href="#cite_ref-Halley_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalleio1704" class="citation journal cs1">Halleio, E. (1704). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/24/289-304/1882.full.pdf">"Astronomiae Cometicae Synopsis, Autore Edmundo Halleio apud Oxonienses. Geometriae Professore Saviliano, & Reg. Soc. S"</a> (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 24 (289–304): 1882–1899. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1704RSPT...24.1882H">1704RSPT...24.1882H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1704.0064">10.1098/rstl.1704.0064</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:186209887">186209887</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170430210149/http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/24/289-304/1882.full.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Astronomiae+Cometicae+Synopsis%2C+Autore+Edmundo+Halleio+apud+Oxonienses.+Geometriae+Professore+Saviliano%2C+%26+Reg.+Soc.+S&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=289%E2%80%93304&rft.pages=1882-1899&rft.date=1704&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A186209887%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1704.0064&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1704RSPT...24.1882H&rft.aulast=Halleio&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frstl.royalsocietypublishing.org%2Fcontent%2F24%2F289-304%2F1882.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> On 1758 November 14, Alexis Clairaut announced to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris his prediction of the date at which Halley's comet would return: <ul><li>Clairaut (January 1759) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5324346563;view=1up;seq=44">"Mémoire sur la cométe de 1682,"</a> Le Journal des Sçavans, pp. 38–45. On p. 44, Clairaut predicts that Halley's comet would return in mid April 1759. From <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5324346563;view=1up;seq=50">p. 44</a> (translated from French): " ... it seems to me that the expected comet must pass its perihelion towards the middle of next April." On p. 40, Clairaut states that his prediction might be slightly incorrect due to the presence of unknown planets beyond Saturn: "A body [i.e., Halley's comet] which passes into regions so remote, and which escapes our eyes during such long intervals, might be subjected to totally unknown forces; such as the action of other comets, or even of some planet always too far from the sun to ever be perceived."</li></ul> On 1759 April 7, the French astronomer <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Nicolas_Delisle" title="Joseph-Nicolas Delisle">Joseph-Nicolas Delisle</a> announced to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris that he and his assistant <a href="/wiki/Charles_Messier" title="Charles Messier">Charles Messier</a> had observed the return of Halley's comet, as predicted: <ul><li>de l'Isle (June 1759) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5324346563;view=1up;seq=360">"Lettre de M. de l'Isle ... contenant la découverte du retour de la Comète de 1682, ... "</a> (Letter from Mr. de l'Isle ... containing the discovery of the return of the comet of 1682), Le Journal des Sçavans, pp. 356–364.</li></ul> De l'Isle subsequently admitted that the comet's return had first been seen by a German amateur astronomer and farmer, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Palitzsch" title="Johann Georg Palitzsch">Georg Palitzsch</a>: <ul><li>de l'Isle (August 1759) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5324346563;view=1up;seq=527">"Seconde lettre de M. de l'Isle,"</a> Le Journal des Sçavans, pp. 523–529. From p. 526 (translated from French): " ... I received a letter from Heidelberg on the first of April in the evening, in which it is written to me that there had been published at Leipzig on the 24th of January of this year a German memoir in which it is said that this comet had been seen in Saxony by a peasant, named Palisch, on the 25th and 26th of December of last year; I can hardly conceive how this peasant could have discovered it, this comet ... "</li></ul> The story behind the rediscovery of Halley's comet was given by Joseph Lalande in: <ul><li>Delalande, Tables astronomiques de M. Halley, ... Et l'Histoire de la Comete de 1759. [Astronomical tables of Mr. Halley, ... and the history of the comet of 1759.] (Paris, France: Durand, 1759), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015006990892;view=1up;seq=105">pp. 91 ff.</a> Lalande acknowledged the contributions of Madame Lepaute to predicting the return of Halley's comet on p. 110. From <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015006990892;view=1up;seq=124">p. 110</a> (translated from French): " ... but it must be admitted that this immense series of details would have seemed frightening to me if Madame LEPAUTE, [who has] long applied [herself] successfully to astronomical calculations, had not shared in the work."</li></ul> See also: <ul><li>Broughton, Peter (1985) "The first predicted return of comet Halley", Journal for the History of Astronomy, 16 : 123–132. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1985JHA....16..123B">Astrophysics Data System</a></li> <li>Clairaut, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WQRbq4SA_zkC&pg=PP7">Théorie du mouvement des comètes, ...</a> [Theory of the movement of comets, ...] (Paris, France: Michel Lambert, 1760); see especially the preface.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199793-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199793_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaganDruyan1997">Sagan & Druyan 1997</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2008" class="citation book cs1">Wong, Yau-Chuen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DFgMAaU3vA8C&pg=PA35">The Greatest Comets in History: Broom Stars and Celestial Scimitars</a>. Springer. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-09513-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-09513-4"><bdi>978-0-387-09513-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greatest+Comets+in+History%3A+Broom+Stars+and+Celestial+Scimitars&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-387-09513-4&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Yau-Chuen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDFgMAaU3vA8C%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKillop1942" class="citation book cs1">McKillop, Alan Dugald (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F--di9y22yUC&pg=PA67">The Background of Thomson's Seasons</a>. U of Minnesota Press. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5950-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5950-0"><bdi>978-0-8166-5950-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Background+of+Thomson%27s+Seasons&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1942&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-5950-0&rft.aulast=McKillop&rft.aufirst=Alan+Dugald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF--di9y22yUC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199784–87-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199784–87_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaganDruyan1997">Sagan & Druyan 1997</a>, pp. 84–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaganDruyan1997">Sagan & Druyan 1997</a>, p. 126 </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigatto2009" class="citation journal cs1">Pigatto, Luisa (December 2009). "The correspondence of Giovanni Santini and Giuseppe Lorenzoni, directors of the Astronomical Observatory of Padua in the 19th Century". Annals of Geophysics. 52: 595–604.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Geophysics&rft.atitle=The+correspondence+of+Giovanni+Santini+and+Giuseppe+Lorenzoni%2C+directors+of+the+Astronomical+Observatory+of+Padua+in+the+19th+Century&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=595-604&rft.date=2009-12&rft.aulast=Pigatto&rft.aufirst=Luisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Pigatto, L. (1988): Santini e gli strumenti della Specola, in Giovanni Santini astronomo, "Atti e Memorie dell'Accademia Patavina di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti", (Padova), XCIX (1986–1987), 187–198. </li> <li id="cite_note-Whipple-202"><a href="#cite_ref-Whipple_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhipple1950" class="citation journal cs1">Whipple, F. L. (1950). "A comet model. I. The acceleration of Comet Encke". 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OUP Oxford. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162235-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162235-9"><bdi>978-0-19-162235-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic+Universe%3AA+Grand+Tour+of+Modern+Science&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2005-10-13&rft.isbn=978-0-19-162235-9&rft.aulast=Calder&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE4NfZ9FDcc8C%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KüppersO'Rourke2014-204"><a href="#cite_ref-KüppersO'Rourke2014_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKüppersO'RourkeBockelée-MorvanZakharov2014" class="citation journal cs1">Küppers, Michael; O'Rourke, Laurence; <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Bockel%C3%A9e-Morvan" title="Dominique Bockelée-Morvan">Bockelée-Morvan, Dominique</a>; Zakharov, Vladimir; Lee, Seungwon; von Allmen, Paul; Carry, Benoît; Teyssier, David; Marston, Anthony; Müller, Thomas; Crovisier, Jacques; Barucci, M. Antonietta; Moreno, Raphael (2014). "Localized sources of water vapour on the dwarf planet (1) Ceres". Nature. 505 (7484): 525–527. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.505..525K">2014Natur.505..525K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature12918">10.1038/nature12918</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24451541">24451541</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4448395">4448395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Localized+sources+of+water+vapour+on+the+dwarf+planet+%281%29+Ceres&rft.volume=505&rft.issue=7484&rft.pages=525-527&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4448395%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Natur.505..525K&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature12918&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24451541&rft.aulast=K%C3%BCppers&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=O%27Rourke%2C+Laurence&rft.au=Bockel%C3%A9e-Morvan%2C+Dominique&rft.au=Zakharov%2C+Vladimir&rft.au=Lee%2C+Seungwon&rft.au=von+Allmen%2C+Paul&rft.au=Carry%2C+Beno%C3%AEt&rft.au=Teyssier%2C+David&rft.au=Marston%2C+Anthony&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Crovisier%2C+Jacques&rft.au=Barucci%2C+M.+Antonietta&rft.au=Moreno%2C+Raphael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-20140122-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20140122_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20140122_205-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington2014" class="citation web cs1">Harrington, J.D. 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Retrieved 20 August 2013. <q>According to material the group posted on its Internet site, the timing of the suicides were probably related to the arrival of the Hale–Bopp comet, which members seemed to regard as a cosmic emissary beckoning them to another world</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Families+Learning+of+39+Cultists+Who+Died+Willingly&rft.date=1997-03-29&rft.aulast=Ayres&rft.aufirst=B.+Drummond+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F03%2F29%2Fus%2Ffamilies-learning-of-39-cultists-who-died-willingly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrin1987" class="citation news cs1">Brin, David (6 December 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-12-06-bk-26609-story.html">"The View From Halley's Comet – 2061: Odyssey Three by Arthur C. Clarke"</a>. Los Angeles Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+View+From+Halley%27s+Comet+%E2%80%93+2061%3A+Odyssey+Three+by+Arthur+C.+Clarke&rft.date=1987-12-06&rft.aulast=Brin&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1987-12-06-bk-26609-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/2013/news-2013-52.html">"NASA's Hubble Sees Asteroid Spout Six Comet-like Tails"</a>. Hubblesite.org. NASA. 7 November 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hubblesite.org&rft.atitle=NASA%27s+Hubble+Sees+Asteroid+Spout+Six+Comet-like+Tails&rft.date=2013-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhubblesite.org%2Fcontents%2Fnews-releases%2F2013%2Fnews-2013-52.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaganDruyan1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Sagan, Carl</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ann_Druyan" title="Ann Druyan">Druyan, Ann</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LhkoowKFaTsC">Comet</a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3078-0105-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3078-0105-0"><bdi>978-0-3078-0105-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comet&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-3078-0105-0&rft.aulast=Sagan&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Druyan%2C+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLhkoowKFaTsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchechner1997" class="citation book cs1">Schechner, Sara J. (1997). Comets, Popular Culture, and the Birth of Modern Cosmology. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01150-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01150-9"><bdi>978-0-691-01150-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comets%2C+Popular+Culture%2C+and+the+Birth+of+Modern+Cosmology&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01150-9&rft.aulast=Schechner&rft.aufirst=Sara+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandtChapman2004" class="citation book cs1">Brandt, John C. & Chapman, Robert D. (2004). Introduction to Comets (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80863-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80863-7"><bdi>978-0-521-80863-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Comets&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80863-7&rft.aulast=Brandt&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.au=Chapman%2C+Robert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/small-bodies/comets/overview/">Comets</a> at NASA's Solar System Exploration</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icq.eps.harvard.edu/">International Comet Quarterly</a> by Harvard University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smallbodies.ru/en/">Catalogue of the Solar System Small Bodies Orbital Evolution</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalmaglab.org/education/magnet-academy/watch-play/demos/make-a-comet">Science Demos: Make a Comet</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_High_Magnetic_Field_Laboratory" title="National High Magnetic Field Laboratory">National High Magnetic Field Laboratory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bibnum.obspm.fr/exhibits/show/cometes">Comets: from myths to reality</a>, exhibition on <a href="/wiki/Paris_Observatory" title="Paris Observatory">Paris Observatory</a> digital library</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Comets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Comets" title="Template:Comets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Comets" title="Template talk:Comets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Comets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Comets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_nucleus" title="Comet nucleus">Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coma_(cometary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coma (cometary)">Coma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_tail" title="Comet tail">Tails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antitail" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitail">Antitail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_dust" title="Comet dust">Comet dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">Meteor shower</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Hyakutake_Color.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake)"><img alt="Comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hyakutake_Color.jpg/100px-Hyakutake_Color.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hyakutake_Color.jpg/150px-Hyakutake_Color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hyakutake_Color.jpg/200px-Hyakutake_Color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_(32755885495).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/100px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/150px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/200px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="3200" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Orbital_characteristics">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_periodic_comets" title="List of periodic comets">Periodic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_numbered_comets" title="List of numbered comets">Numbered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_comet" title="Lost comet">Lost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_long-period_comets" title="List of long-period comets">Long period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Halley-type_comets" title="List of Halley-type comets">Halley-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter-family_comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter-family comet">Jupiter-family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Encke-type_comets" title="Category:Encke-type comets">Encke-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">Main-belt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-periodic_comets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of non-periodic comets">Non-periodic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_near-parabolic_comets" title="List of near-parabolic comets">Near-parabolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hyperbolic_comets" title="List of hyperbolic comets">Hyperbolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comets_with_no_meaningful_orbit" title="List of comets with no meaningful orbit">Unknown-orbit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_comet" title="Great comet">Great Comet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungrazing_comet" title="Sungrazing comet">Sungrazing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kreutz_sungrazer" title="Kreutz sungrazer">Kreutz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_comet" title="Extinct comet">Extinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exocomet" title="Exocomet">Exocomet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_object" title="Interstellar object">Interstellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_comets" title="Naming of comets">Naming of comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_history_of_comets" title="Observational history of comets">Observational history of comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(minor_planet)#Similarities_to_comets" class="mw-redirect" title="Centaur (minor planet)">Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Discoverers_of_comets" title="Category:Discoverers of comets">Comet discoverers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comets_discovered_by_the_LINEAR_project" title="List of comets discovered by the LINEAR project">LINEAR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_atmosphere" title="Extraterrestrial atmosphere">Extraterrestrial atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_comets" title="List of missions to comets">List of missions to comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comets_visited_by_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of comets visited by spacecraft">List of comets visited by spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Latest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2024_S1_(ATLAS)" title="C/2024 S1 (ATLAS)">C/2024 S1 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_P1_(Nishimura)" title="C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)">C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_H2_(Lemmon)" title="C/2023 H2 (Lemmon)">C/2023 H2 (Lemmon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_E1_(ATLAS)" title="C/2023 E1 (ATLAS)">C/2023 E1 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_A3_(Tsuchinshan%E2%80%93ATLAS)" title="C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS)">C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2022_E3_(ZTF)" title="C/2022 E3 (ZTF)">C/2022 E3 (ZTF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_O3_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2021 O3 (PanSTARRS)">C/2021 O3 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_J1_(Maury-Attard)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard)">C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_A1_(Leonard)" title="C/2021 A1 (Leonard)">C/2021 A1 (Leonard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2020_F8_(SWAN)" title="C/2020 F8 (SWAN)">C/2020 F8 (SWAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2020_F5_(MASTER)" title="C/2020 F5 (MASTER)">C/2020 F5 (MASTER)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_NEOWISE" title="Comet NEOWISE">C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_Y4_(ATLAS)" title="C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)">C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_Y1_(ATLAS)" title="C/2019 Y1 (ATLAS)">C/2019 Y1 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_U6_(Lemmon)" title="C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)">C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2I/Borisov" title="2I/Borisov">2I/Borisov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P/2019_LD2_(ATLAS)" title="P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS)">P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_Y1_(Iwamoto)" title="C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)">C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_C2_(Lemmon)" title="C/2018 C2 (Lemmon)">C/2018 C2 (Lemmon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2017_U7" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2017 U7">C/2017 U7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2017_K2_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)">C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2016_U1_(NEOWISE)" title="C/2016 U1 (NEOWISE)">C/2016 U1 (NEOWISE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_V2_(Johnson)" title="C/2015 V2 (Johnson)">C/2015 V2 (Johnson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_G2_(MASTER)" title="C/2015 G2 (MASTER)">C/2015 G2 (MASTER)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_ER61_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)">C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_UN271_(Bernardinelli%E2%80%93Bernstein)" title="C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli–Bernstein)">C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli–Bernstein)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q2_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)">C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q1_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)">C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Culture and speculation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter_comet" title="Antimatter comet">Antimatter comet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comets_in_fiction" title="Comets in fiction">Comets in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_vintages" title="Comet vintages">Comet vintages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Lists_of_comets_(more)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Lists of comets</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_comets" title="Category:Lists of comets">more</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_numbered_comets" title="List of numbered comets">Periodic comets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Until 1985 (all)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">1P/Halley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Encke" title="Comet Encke">2P/Encke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biela%27s_Comet" title="Biela's Comet">3D/Biela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4P/Faye" title="4P/Faye">4P/Faye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5D/Brorsen" title="5D/Brorsen">5D/Brorsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6P/d%27Arrest" title="6P/d'Arrest">6P/d'Arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7P/Pons%E2%80%93Winnecke" title="7P/Pons–Winnecke">7P/Pons–Winnecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8P/Tuttle" title="8P/Tuttle">8P/Tuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">9P/Tempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10P/Tempel" title="10P/Tempel">10P/Tempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11P/Tempel%E2%80%93Swift%E2%80%93LINEAR" title="11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR">11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12P/Pons%E2%80%93Brooks" title="12P/Pons–Brooks">12P/Pons–Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13P/Olbers" title="13P/Olbers">13P/Olbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14P/Wolf" title="14P/Wolf">14P/Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15P/Finlay" title="15P/Finlay">15P/Finlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16P/Brooks" title="16P/Brooks">16P/Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Holmes" title="Comet Holmes">17P/Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18D/Perrine%E2%80%93Mrkos" title="18D/Perrine–Mrkos">18D/Perrine–Mrkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19P/Borrelly" title="19P/Borrelly">19P/Borrelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20D/Westphal" title="20D/Westphal">20D/Westphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21P/Giacobini%E2%80%93Zinner" title="21P/Giacobini–Zinner">21P/Giacobini–Zinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22P/Kopff" title="22P/Kopff">22P/Kopff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23P/Brorsen%E2%80%93Metcalf" title="23P/Brorsen–Metcalf">23P/Brorsen–Metcalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24P/Schaumasse" title="24P/Schaumasse">24P/Schaumasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25D/Neujmin" title="25D/Neujmin">25D/Neujmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26P/Grigg%E2%80%93Skjellerup" title="26P/Grigg–Skjellerup">26P/Grigg–Skjellerup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27P/Crommelin" title="27P/Crommelin">27P/Crommelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28P/Neujmin" title="28P/Neujmin">28P/Neujmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29P/Schwassmann%E2%80%93Wachmann" title="29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann">29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30P/Reinmuth" title="30P/Reinmuth">30P/Reinmuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31P/Schwassmann%E2%80%93Wachmann" title="31P/Schwassmann–Wachmann">31P/Schwassmann–Wachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32P/Comas_Sol%C3%A0" title="32P/Comas Solà">32P/Comas Solà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/33P/Daniel" title="33P/Daniel">33P/Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/34D/Gale" title="34D/Gale">34D/Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/35P/Herschel%E2%80%93Rigollet" title="35P/Herschel–Rigollet">35P/Herschel–Rigollet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/36P/Whipple" title="36P/Whipple">36P/Whipple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/37P/Forbes" title="37P/Forbes">37P/Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38P/Stephan%E2%80%93Oterma" title="38P/Stephan–Oterma">38P/Stephan–Oterma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39P/Oterma" title="39P/Oterma">39P/Oterma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40P/V%C3%A4is%C3%A4l%C3%A4" title="40P/Väisälä">40P/Väisälä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/41P/Tuttle%E2%80%93Giacobini%E2%80%93Kres%C3%A1k" title="41P/Tuttle–Giacobini–Kresák">41P/Tuttle–Giacobini–Kresák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/42P/Neujmin" title="42P/Neujmin">42P/Neujmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/43P/Wolf%E2%80%93Harrington" title="43P/Wolf–Harrington">43P/Wolf–Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44P/Reinmuth" title="44P/Reinmuth">44P/Reinmuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/45P/Honda%E2%80%93Mrkos%E2%80%93Pajdu%C5%A1%C3%A1kov%C3%A1" title="45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková">45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/46P/Wirtanen" title="46P/Wirtanen">46P/Wirtanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/47P/Ashbrook%E2%80%93Jackson" title="47P/Ashbrook–Jackson">47P/Ashbrook–Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/48P/Johnson" title="48P/Johnson">48P/Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/49P/Arend%E2%80%93Rigaux" title="49P/Arend–Rigaux">49P/Arend–Rigaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50P/Arend" title="50P/Arend">50P/Arend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/51P/Harrington" title="51P/Harrington">51P/Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/52P/Harrington%E2%80%93Abell" title="52P/Harrington–Abell">52P/Harrington–Abell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/53P/Van_Biesbroeck" title="53P/Van Biesbroeck">53P/Van Biesbroeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/54P/de_Vico%E2%80%93Swift%E2%80%93NEAT" title="54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT">54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/55P/Tempel%E2%80%93Tuttle" title="55P/Tempel–Tuttle">55P/Tempel–Tuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/56P/Slaughter%E2%80%93Burnham" title="56P/Slaughter–Burnham">56P/Slaughter–Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/57P/du_Toit%E2%80%93Neujmin%E2%80%93Delporte" title="57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte">57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/58P/Jackson%E2%80%93Neujmin" title="58P/Jackson–Neujmin">58P/Jackson–Neujmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/59P/Kearns%E2%80%93Kwee" title="59P/Kearns–Kwee">59P/Kearns–Kwee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/60P/Tsuchinshan" title="60P/Tsuchinshan">60P/Tsuchinshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/61P/Shajn%E2%80%93Schaldach" title="61P/Shajn–Schaldach">61P/Shajn–Schaldach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/62P/Tsuchinshan" title="62P/Tsuchinshan">62P/Tsuchinshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/63P/Wild" title="63P/Wild">63P/Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/64P/Swift%E2%80%93Gehrels" title="64P/Swift–Gehrels">64P/Swift–Gehrels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/65P/Gunn" title="65P/Gunn">65P/Gunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/66P/du_Toit" title="66P/du Toit">66P/du Toit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko">67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/68P/Klemola" title="68P/Klemola">68P/Klemola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/69P/Taylor" title="69P/Taylor">69P/Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70P/Kojima" title="70P/Kojima">70P/Kojima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/71P/Clark" title="71P/Clark">71P/Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/72P/Denning%E2%80%93Fujikawa" title="72P/Denning–Fujikawa">72P/Denning–Fujikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/73P/Schwassmann%E2%80%93Wachmann" title="73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann">73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/74P/Smirnova%E2%80%93Chernykh" title="74P/Smirnova–Chernykh">74P/Smirnova–Chernykh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/75D/Kohoutek" title="75D/Kohoutek">75D/Kohoutek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/76P/West%E2%80%93Kohoutek%E2%80%93Ikemura" title="76P/West–Kohoutek–Ikemura">76P/West–Kohoutek–Ikemura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/77P/Longmore" title="77P/Longmore">77P/Longmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/78P/Gehrels" title="78P/Gehrels">78P/Gehrels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/79P/du_Toit%E2%80%93Hartley" title="79P/du Toit–Hartley">79P/du Toit–Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/80P/Peters%E2%80%93Hartley" title="80P/Peters–Hartley">80P/Peters–Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/81P/Wild" title="81P/Wild">81P/Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/82P/Gehrels" title="82P/Gehrels">82P/Gehrels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/83D/Russell" title="83D/Russell">83D/Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/84P/Giclas" title="84P/Giclas">84P/Giclas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/85D/Boethin" title="85D/Boethin">85D/Boethin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">After 1985 (notable)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/88P/Howell" title="88P/Howell">88P/Howell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/92P/Sanguin" title="92P/Sanguin">92P/Sanguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/96P/Machholz" title="96P/Machholz">96P/Machholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/97P/Metcalf%E2%80%93Brewington" title="97P/Metcalf–Brewington">97P/Metcalf–Brewington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/103P/Hartley" title="103P/Hartley">103P/Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4015_Wilson%E2%80%93Harrington" title="4015 Wilson–Harrington">107P/Wilson–Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/108P/Ciffr%C3%A9o" title="108P/Ciffréo">108P/Ciffréo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Swift%E2%80%93Tuttle" title="Comet Swift–Tuttle">109P/Swift–Tuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/122P/de_Vico" title="122P/de Vico">122P/de Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/126P/IRAS" title="126P/IRAS">126P/IRAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/141P/Machholz" title="141P/Machholz">141P/Machholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/144P/Kushida" title="144P/Kushida">144P/Kushida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/147P/Kushida%E2%80%93Muramatsu" title="147P/Kushida–Muramatsu">147P/Kushida–Muramatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/153P/Ikeya%E2%80%93Zhang" title="153P/Ikeya–Zhang">153P/Ikeya–Zhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/156P/Russell%E2%80%93LINEAR" title="156P/Russell–LINEAR">156P/Russell–LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/161P/Hartley%E2%80%93IRAS" title="161P/Hartley–IRAS">161P/Hartley–IRAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/162P/Siding_Spring" title="162P/Siding Spring">162P/Siding Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/168P/Hergenrother" title="168P/Hergenrother">168P/Hergenrother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/169P/NEAT" title="169P/NEAT">169P/NEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/177P/Barnard" title="177P/Barnard">177P/Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/178P/Hug%E2%80%93Bell" title="178P/Hug–Bell">178P/Hug–Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/205P/Giacobini" title="205P/Giacobini">205P/Giacobini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/209P/LINEAR" title="209P/LINEAR">209P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/238P/Read" title="238P/Read">238P/Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/246P/NEAT" title="246P/NEAT">246P/NEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/249P/LINEAR" title="249P/LINEAR">249P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/252P/LINEAR" title="252P/LINEAR">252P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/255P/Levy" title="255P/Levy">255P/Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/273P/Pons%E2%80%93Gambart" title="273P/Pons–Gambart">273P/Pons–Gambart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/289P/Blanpain" title="289P/Blanpain">289P/Blanpain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/311P/PanSTARRS" title="311P/PanSTARRS">311P/PanSTARRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/322P/SOHO" title="322P/SOHO">322P/SOHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/323P/SOHO" title="323P/SOHO">323P/SOHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/332P/Ikeya%E2%80%93Murakami" title="332P/Ikeya–Murakami">332P/Ikeya–Murakami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/333P/LINEAR" title="333P/LINEAR">333P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/354P/LINEAR" title="354P/LINEAR">354P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(457175)_2008_GO98" title="(457175) 2008 GO98">362P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/460P/PanSTARRS" title="460P/PanSTARRS">460P/PanSTARRS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid#Terminology" title="Asteroid">Comet-like asteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/596_Scheila" title="596 Scheila">596 Scheila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron" title="2060 Chiron">2060 Chiron</a> (95P)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4015_Wilson%E2%80%93Harrington" title="4015 Wilson–Harrington">4015 Wilson–Harrington</a> (107P)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7968_Elst%E2%80%93Pizarro" title="7968 Elst–Pizarro">7968 Elst–Pizarro</a> (133P)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/165P/LINEAR" title="165P/LINEAR">165P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/166P/NEAT" title="166P/NEAT">166P/NEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/167P/CINEOS" title="167P/CINEOS">167P/CINEOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/60558_Echeclus" title="60558 Echeclus">60558 Echeclus</a> (174P)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/118401_LINEAR" title="118401 LINEAR">118401 LINEAR</a> (176P)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/238P/Read" title="238P/Read">238P/Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/259P/Garradd" title="259P/Garradd">259P/Garradd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/311P/PanSTARRS" title="311P/PanSTARRS">311P/PanSTARRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/324P/La_Sagra" title="324P/La Sagra">324P/La Sagra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/331P/Gibbs" title="331P/Gibbs">331P/Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/354P/LINEAR" title="354P/LINEAR">354P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/358P/PANSTARRS" class="mw-redirect" title="358P/PANSTARRS">358P/PANSTARRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P/2013_R3_(Catalina-PANSTARRS)" class="mw-redirect" title="P/2013 R3 (Catalina-PANSTARRS)">P/2013 R3 (Catalina-PANSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(300163)_2006_VW139" title="(300163) 2006 VW139">(300163) 2006 VW139</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Lost_comet" title="Lost comet">Lost</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Recovered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9P/Tempel" class="mw-redirect" title="9P/Tempel">9P/Tempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11P/Tempel%E2%80%93Swift%E2%80%93LINEAR" title="11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR">11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15P/Finlay" title="15P/Finlay">15P/Finlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Holmes" title="Comet Holmes">17P/Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27P/Crommelin" title="27P/Crommelin">27P/Crommelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/54P/de_Vico%E2%80%93Swift%E2%80%93NEAT" title="54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT">54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/55P/Tempel%E2%80%93Tuttle" title="55P/Tempel–Tuttle">55P/Tempel–Tuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/57P/du_Toit%E2%80%93Neujmin%E2%80%93Delporte" title="57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte">57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/69P/Taylor" title="69P/Taylor">69P/Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/72P/Denning%E2%80%93Fujikawa" title="72P/Denning–Fujikawa">72P/Denning–Fujikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/80P/Peters%E2%80%93Hartley" title="80P/Peters–Hartley">80P/Peters–Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/97P/Metcalf%E2%80%93Brewington" title="97P/Metcalf–Brewington">97P/Metcalf–Brewington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4015_Wilson%E2%80%93Harrington" title="4015 Wilson–Harrington">107P/Wilson–Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/113P/Spitaler" title="113P/Spitaler">113P/Spitaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/122P/de_Vico" title="122P/de Vico">122P/de Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/157P/Tritton" title="157P/Tritton">157P/Tritton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/205P/Giacobini" title="205P/Giacobini">205P/Giacobini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/206P/Barnard%E2%80%93Boattini" title="206P/Barnard–Boattini">206P/Barnard–Boattini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/226P/Pigott%E2%80%93LINEAR%E2%80%93Kowalski" title="226P/Pigott–LINEAR–Kowalski">226P/Pigott–LINEAR–Kowalski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/271P/van_Houten%E2%80%93Lemmon" title="271P/van Houten–Lemmon">271P/van Houten–Lemmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/289P/Blanpain" title="289P/Blanpain">289P/Blanpain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Destroyed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biela%27s_Comet" title="Biela's Comet">3D/Biela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">D/1993 F2 (Shoemaker–Levy 9)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Not found</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lexell%27s_Comet" title="Lexell's Comet">D/1770 L1 (Lexell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5D/Brorsen" title="5D/Brorsen">5D/Brorsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18D/Perrine%E2%80%93Mrkos" title="18D/Perrine–Mrkos">18D/Perrine–Mrkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20D/Westphal" title="20D/Westphal">20D/Westphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25D/Neujmin" title="25D/Neujmin">25D/Neujmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/34D/Gale" title="34D/Gale">34D/Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/75D/Kohoutek" title="75D/Kohoutek">75D/Kohoutek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/83D/Russell" title="83D/Russell">83D/Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/85D/Boethin" title="85D/Boethin">85D/Boethin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets_and_comets_visited_by_spacecraft#List_of_comets_visited_by_spacecraft" title="List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft">Visited by spacecraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21P/Giacobini%E2%80%93Zinner" title="21P/Giacobini–Zinner">21P/Giacobini–Zinner</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">1P/Halley</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/26P/Grigg%E2%80%93Skjellerup" title="26P/Grigg–Skjellerup">26P/Grigg–Skjellerup</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/19P/Borrelly" title="19P/Borrelly">19P/Borrelly</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/81P/Wild" title="81P/Wild">81P/Wild</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">9P/Tempel</a> (2005, 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_McNaught" title="Comet McNaught">C/2006 P1</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/103P/Hartley" title="103P/Hartley">103P/Hartley</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko">67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_near-parabolic_comets" title="List of near-parabolic comets">Near-Parabolic comets (notable)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Until 1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Comet" title="Caesar's Comet">C/-43 K1 (Caesar's Comet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X/1106_C1" title="X/1106 C1">X/1106 C1 (Great Comet of 1106)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1264" title="Great Comet of 1264">C/1264 N1 (Great Comet of 1264)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1402" title="Great Comet of 1402">C/1402 D1 (Great Comet of 1402)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1472" title="Great Comet of 1472">C/1471 Y1 (Great Comet of 1472)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1577" title="Great Comet of 1577">C/1577 V1 (Great Comet of 1577)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1652_Y1" title="C/1652 Y1">C/1652 Y1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1680" title="Great Comet of 1680">C/1680 V1 (Great Comet of 1680, Kirsch's Comet, Newton's Comet)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1702_H1" title="C/1702 H1">C/1702 H1 (Comet of 1702)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_of_1729" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet of 1729">C/1729 P1 (Comet of 1729, Comet Sarabat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1744" title="Great Comet of 1744">C/1743 X1 (Great Comet of 1744, Comet Klinkenberg-Chéseaux)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1760_A1" title="C/1760 A1">C/1760 A1 (Great Comet of 1760)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1769_P1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1769 P1">C/1769 P1 (Great Comet of 1769)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1807_R1" title="C/1807 R1">C/1807 R1 (Great Comet of 1807)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1811" title="Great Comet of 1811">C/1811 F1 (Great Comet of 1811)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1819" title="Great Comet of 1819">C/1819 N1 (Great Comet of 1819)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1823" title="Great Comet of 1823">C/1823 Y1 (Great Comet of 1823)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1843" title="Great Comet of 1843">C/1843 D1 (Great March Comet of 1843)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1847_T1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1847 T1">C/1847 T1 (Miss Mitchell's Comet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Donati" title="Comet Donati">C/1858 L1 (Comet Donati)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1861_G1_(Thatcher)" title="C/1861 G1 (Thatcher)">C/1861 G1 (Comet Thatcher)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1861_J1" title="C/1861 J1">C/1861 J1 (Great Comet of 1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1865_B1" title="C/1865 B1">C/1865 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1865)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X/1872_X1" title="X/1872 X1">X/1872 X1 (Pogson's Comet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1874_H1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1874 H1">C/1874 H1 (Comet Coggia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1881_K1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1881 K1">C/1881 K1 (Comet Tebbutt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1882" title="Great Comet of 1882">C/1882 R1 (Great Comet of 1882)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Southern_Comet_of_1887" title="Great Southern Comet of 1887">C/1887 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1901" title="Great Comet of 1901">C/1901 G1 (Great Comet of 1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_January_Comet_of_1910" title="Great January Comet of 1910">C/1910 A1 (Great January Comet of 1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1911_O1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1911 O1">C/1911 O1 (Brooks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1911_S3" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1911 S3">C/1911 S3 (Beljawsky)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Skjellerup%E2%80%93Maristany" title="Comet Skjellerup–Maristany">C/1927 X1 (Skjellerup–Maristany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1931_P1_(Ryves)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1931 P1 (Ryves)">C/1931 P1 (Ryves)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1941_B2_(de_Kock-Paraskevopoulos)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos)">C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1947_X1_(Southern_Comet)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet)">C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1948_V1" title="C/1948 V1">C/1948 V1 (Eclipse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Arend%E2%80%93Roland" title="Comet Arend–Roland">C/1956 R1 (Arend–Roland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1957_P1_(Mrkos)" title="C/1957 P1 (Mrkos)">C/1957 P1 (Mrkos)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C/1961_O1_(Wilson-Hubbard)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard) (page does not exist)">C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard)</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1961_O1_(Wilson-Hubbard)" class="extiw" title="de:C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard)">de</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Humason" title="Comet Humason">C/1961 R1 (Humason)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1962_C1_(Seki-Lines)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines)">C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1963_A1_(Ikeya)" title="C/1963 A1 (Ikeya)">C/1963 A1 (Ikeya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Pereyra" title="Comet Pereyra">C/1963 R1 (Pereyra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1964_N1_(Ikeya)" title="C/1964 N1 (Ikeya)">C/1964 N1 (Ikeya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Ikeya%E2%80%93Seki" title="Comet Ikeya–Seki">C/1965 S1 (Ikeya-Seki)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C/1969_T1_(Tago-Sato-Kosaka)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka) (page does not exist)">C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka)</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1969_T1_(Tago-Sato-Kosaka)" class="extiw" title="de:C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka)">de</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Bennett" title="Comet Bennett">C/1969 Y1 (Bennett)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_White%E2%80%93Ortiz%E2%80%93Bolelli" title="Comet White–Ortiz–Bolelli">C/1970 K1 (White–Ortiz–Bolelli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Kohoutek" title="Comet Kohoutek">C/1973 E1 (Kohoutek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_West" title="Comet West">C/1975 V1 (West)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1980_E1_(Bowell)" title="C/1980 E1 (Bowell)">C/1980 E1 (Bowell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_IRAS%E2%80%93Araki%E2%80%93Alcock" title="Comet IRAS–Araki–Alcock">C/1983 H1 (IRAS–Araki–Alcock)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1989_W1_(Aarseth-Brewington)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1989 W1 (Aarseth-Brewington)">C/1989 W1 (Aarseth-Brewington)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1989_X1_(Austin)" title="C/1989 X1 (Austin)">C/1989 X1 (Austin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Skorichenko%E2%80%93George" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Skorichenko–George">C/1989 Y1 (Skorichenko–George)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">After 1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/1990_K1_(Levy)" title="C/1990 K1 (Levy)">C/1990 K1 (Levy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1992_J1_(Spacewatch)" title="C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch)">C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch–Rabinowitz)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_McNaught%E2%80%93Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet McNaught–Russell">C/1993 Y1 (McNaught–Russell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" title="Comet Hale–Bopp">C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hyakutake" title="Comet Hyakutake">C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Zhu%E2%80%93Balam" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Zhu–Balam">C/1997 L1 (Zhu–Balam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Stonehouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Stonehouse">C/1998 H1 (Stonehouse)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C/1998_J1_(SOHO)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C/1998 J1 (SOHO) (page does not exist)">C/1998 J1 (SOHO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1999_F1_(Catalina)" title="C/1999 F1 (Catalina)">C/1999 F1 (Catalina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1999_S4_(LINEAR)" title="C/1999 S4 (LINEAR)">C/1999 S4 (LINEAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2000_WM1_(LINEAR)" title="C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR)">C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2001_A2_(LINEAR)" title="C/2001 A2 (LINEAR)">C/2001 A2 (LINEAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2001_OG108" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2001 OG108">C/2001 OG108 (LONEOS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2001_Q4_(NEAT)" title="C/2001 Q4 (NEAT)">C/2001 Q4 (NEAT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2002_T7" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2002 T7">C/2002 T7 (LINEAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2002_V1_(NEAT)" title="C/2002 V1 (NEAT)">C/2002 V1 (NEAT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2004_F4_(Bradfield)" title="C/2004 F4 (Bradfield)">C/2004 F4 (Bradfield)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Machholz" title="Comet Machholz">C/2004 Q2 (Machholz)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Pojma%C5%84ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Pojmański">C/2006 A1 (Pojmański)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2006_M4_(SWAN)" title="C/2006 M4 (SWAN)">C/2006 M4 (SWAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_McNaught" title="Comet McNaught">C/2006 P1 (McNaught)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_E2_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy)">C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_F1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2007 F1">C/2007 F1 (LONEOS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Lulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Lulin">C/2007 N3 (Lulin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_Q3_(Siding_Spring)" title="C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring)">C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_W1_(Boattini)" title="C/2007 W1 (Boattini)">C/2007 W1 (Boattini)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Yi%E2%80%93SWAN" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Yi–SWAN">C/2009 F6 (Yi–SWAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2009_R1_(McNaught)" title="C/2009 R1 (McNaught)">C/2009 R1 (McNaught)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2010_X1_(Elenin)" title="C/2010 X1 (Elenin)">C/2010 X1 (Elenin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2011_L4" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2011 L4">C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2011_W3_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy)">C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2012_E2_(SWAN)" title="C/2012 E2 (SWAN)">C/2012 E2 (SWAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2012_F6_(Lemmon)" title="C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)">C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2012_K1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2012 K1">C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_ISON" title="Comet ISON">C/2012 S1 (ISON)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_A1_(Siding_Spring)" title="C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)">C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_R1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2013 R1">C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_US10_(Catalina)" title="C/2013 US10 (Catalina)">C/2013 US10 (Catalina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_V5_(Oukaimeden)" title="C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden)">C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_E2_(Jacques)" title="C/2014 E2 (Jacques)">C/2014 E2 (Jacques)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q1_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)">C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q2_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)">C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_ER61_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)">C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_V2_(Johnson)" title="C/2015 V2 (Johnson)">C/2015 V2 (Johnson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2017_K2_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)">C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBOumuamua" title="ʻOumuamua">1I/2017 U1 ʻOumuamua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_Y1_(Iwamoto)" title="C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)">C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2I/Borisov" title="2I/Borisov">2I/Borisov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_U6_(Lemmon)" title="C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)">C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_Y4_(ATLAS)" title="C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)">C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2020_F3_(NEOWISE)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE)">C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2020_F8_(SWAN)" title="C/2020 F8 (SWAN)">C/2020 F8 (SWAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_A1_(Leonard)" title="C/2021 A1 (Leonard)">C/2021 A1 (Leonard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2022_E3_(ZTF)" title="C/2022 E3 (ZTF)">C/2022 E3 (ZTF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_A3_(Tsuchinshan%E2%80%93ATLAS)" title="C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS)">C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_P1_(Nishimura)" title="C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)">C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">After 1910 (by name)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/1989_W1_(Aarseth-Brewington)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1989 W1 (Aarseth-Brewington)">Aarseth-Brewington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Arend%E2%80%93Roland" title="Comet Arend–Roland">Arend–Roland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1989_X1_(Austin)" title="C/1989 X1 (Austin)">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1911_S3" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1911 S3">Beljawsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Bennett" title="Comet Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_W1_(Boattini)" title="C/2007 W1 (Boattini)">Boattini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2I/Borisov" title="2I/Borisov">Borisov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1980_E1_(Bowell)" title="C/1980 E1 (Bowell)">Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2004_F4_(Bradfield)" title="C/2004 F4 (Bradfield)">Bradfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1911_O1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1911 O1">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalina_Sky_Survey" title="Catalina Sky Survey">Catalina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/1999_F1_(Catalina)" title="C/1999 F1 (Catalina)">C/1999 F1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_US10" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2013 US10">C/2013 US10</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1941_B2_(de_Kock-Paraskevopoulos)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos)">de Kock–Paraskevopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1948_V1" title="C/1948 V1">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2010_X1_(Elenin)" title="C/2010 X1 (Elenin)">Elenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" title="Comet Hale–Bopp">Hale-Bopp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Humason" title="Comet Humason">Humason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hyakutake" title="Comet Hyakutake">Hyakutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaoru_Ikeya" title="Kaoru Ikeya">Ikeya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/1963_A1_(Ikeya)" title="C/1963 A1 (Ikeya)">C/1963 A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1964_N1_(Ikeya)" title="C/1964 N1 (Ikeya)">C/1964 N1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Ikeya%E2%80%93Seki" title="Comet Ikeya–Seki">Ikeya-Seki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_IRAS%E2%80%93Araki%E2%80%93Alcock" title="Comet IRAS–Araki–Alcock">IRAS–Araki–Alcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_ISON" title="Comet ISON">ISON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_Y1_(Iwamoto)" title="C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)">Iwamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_E2_(Jacques)" title="C/2014 E2 (Jacques)">Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_V2_(Johnson)" title="C/2015 V2 (Johnson)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Kohoutek" title="Comet Kohoutek">Kohoutek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lemmon_Observatory" title="Mount Lemmon Observatory">Lemmon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2012_F6_(Lemmon)" title="C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)">C/2012 F6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_C2_(Lemmon)" title="C/2018 C2 (Lemmon)">C/2018 C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_U6_(Lemmon)" title="C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)">C/2019 U6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_A1_(Leonard)" title="C/2021 A1 (Leonard)">Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1990_K1_(Levy)" title="C/1990 K1 (Levy)">Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Near-Earth_Asteroid_Research" title="Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research">LINEAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/1999_S4_(LINEAR)" title="C/1999 S4 (LINEAR)">C/1999 S4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2000_WM1_(LINEAR)" title="C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR)">C/2000 WM1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2001_A2_(LINEAR)" title="C/2001 A2 (LINEAR)">C/2001 A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2002_T7" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2002 T7">C/2002 T7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_Observatory_Near-Earth-Object_Search" title="Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search">LONEOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2001_OG108" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2001 OG108">C/2001 OG108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_F1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2007 F1">C/2007 F1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Lovejoy" title="Terry Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_E2_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy)">C/2007 E2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2011_W3_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy)">C/2011 W3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_R1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2013 R1">C/2013 R1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q2_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)">C/2014 Q2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Lulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Lulin">Lulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Machholz" title="Comet Machholz">Machholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._McNaught" title="Robert H. McNaught">McNaught</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_McNaught" title="Comet McNaught">C/2006 P1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2009_R1_(McNaught)" title="C/2009 R1 (McNaught)">C/2009 R1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_McNaught%E2%80%93Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet McNaught–Russell">McNaught–Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1957_P1_(Mrkos)" title="C/1957 P1 (Mrkos)">Mrkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Tracking" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking">NEAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2001_Q4_(NEAT)" title="C/2001 Q4 (NEAT)">C/2001 Q4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2002_V1_(NEAT)" title="C/2002 V1 (NEAT)">C/2002 V1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_NEOWISE" title="Comet NEOWISE">NEOWISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_P1_(Nishimura)" title="C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)">Nishimura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_V5_(Oukaimeden)" title="C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden)">Oukaimeden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBOumuamua" title="ʻOumuamua">ʻOumuamua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-STARRS" title="Pan-STARRS">Pan-STARRS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2011_L4" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2011 L4">C/2011 L4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2012_K1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2012 K1">C/2012 K1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/311P/PanSTARRS" title="311P/PanSTARRS">311P/PanSTARRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q1_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)">C/2014 Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_ER61_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)">C/2015 ER61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2017_K2" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2017 K2">C/2017 K2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Pereyra" title="Comet Pereyra">Pereyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Pojma%C5%84ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Pojmański">Pojmański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryves_Comet" title="Ryves Comet">Ryves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1962_C1_(Seki-Lines)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines)">Seki–Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siding_Spring_Observatory" title="Siding Spring Observatory">Siding Spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_Q3_(Siding_Spring)" title="C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring)">C/2007 Q3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_A1_(Siding_Spring)" title="C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)">C/2013 A1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Skjellerup%E2%80%93Maristany" title="Comet Skjellerup–Maristany">Skjellerup–Maristany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Skorichenko%E2%80%93George" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Skorichenko–George">Skorichenko–George</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C/1998_J1_(SOHO)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C/1998 J1 (SOHO) (page does not exist)">SOHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1947_X1_(Southern_Comet)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet)">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1992_J1_(Spacewatch)" title="C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch)">Spacewatch–Rabinowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Stonehouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Stonehouse">Stonehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory#Instruments" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SWAN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2006_M4_(SWAN)" title="C/2006 M4 (SWAN)">C/2006 M4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2012_E2_(SWAN)" title="C/2012 E2 (SWAN)">C/2012 E2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2020_F8_(SWAN)" title="C/2020 F8 (SWAN)">C/2020 F8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C/1969_T1_(Tago-Sato-Kosaka)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka) (page does not exist)">Tago-Sato-Kosaka</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1969_T1_(Tago-Sato-Kosaka)" class="extiw" title="de:C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka)">de</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_A3_(Tsuchinshan%E2%80%93ATLAS)" title="C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS)">Tsuchinshan–ATLAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_West" title="Comet West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_White%E2%80%93Ortiz%E2%80%93Bolelli" title="Comet White–Ortiz–Bolelli">White–Ortiz–Bolelli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C/1961_O1_(Wilson-Hubbard)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard) (page does not exist)">Wilson–Hubbard</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1961_O1_(Wilson-Hubbard)" class="extiw" title="de:C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard)">de</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Yi%E2%80%93SWAN" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Yi–SWAN">Yi–SWAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Zhu%E2%80%93Balam" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Zhu–Balam">Zhu–Balam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2022_E3_(ZTF)" title="C/2022 E3 (ZTF)">ZTF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Comets" title="Category:Comets">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meteorites_and_meteoritics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meteorites" title="Template:Meteorites"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meteorites" title="Template talk:Meteorites"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meteorites" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meteorites"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meteorites_and_meteoritics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">Meteorites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meteoritics" title="Meteoritics">meteoritics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">Meteorite</a>...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_meteoritics" title="Glossary of meteoritics">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorite_fall" title="Meteorite fall">Fall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolide" title="Bolide">bolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impactite" title="Impactite">impactite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorite_fall_statistics" title="Meteorite fall statistics">statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strewn_field" title="Strewn field">strewn field</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorite_find" title="Meteorite find">Find</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meteorite_hunting" title="Meteorite hunting">hunting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_meteorites_on_Earth" title="List of largest meteorites on Earth">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrometeorite" title="Micrometeorite">Micrometeorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorite#Notable_meteorites" title="Meteorite">Notable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent_body" title="Parent body">Parent body</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meteorite_classification" title="Meteorite classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_type,_class,clan,_group_and_grouplet" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Category:Meteorite_types" title="Category:Meteorite types">type</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Meteorite_classes" title="Category:Meteorite classes">class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Meteorite_clans" title="Category:Meteorite clans">clan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Meteorite_groups" title="Category:Meteorite groups">group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Meteorite_grouplets" title="Category:Meteorite grouplets">grouplet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chondrite" title="Chondrite">Chondrite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonaceous_chondrite" title="Carbonaceous chondrite">Carbonaceous</a> <ul><li>CB</li> <li>CH</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CI_chondrite" title="CI chondrite">CI</a></li> <li>CK</li> <li>CM</li> <li>CO</li> <li>CR</li> <li>CV</li> <li>C ungrouped</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enstatite_chondrite" title="Enstatite chondrite">Enstatite</a> <ul><li>EH</li> <li>EL</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondrite#Kakangari_chondrites" title="Chondrite">Kakangari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_chondrite" title="Ordinary chondrite">Ordinary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H_chondrite" title="H chondrite">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_chondrite" title="L chondrite">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LL_chondrite" title="LL chondrite">LL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondrite#Rumuruti_chondrites" title="Chondrite">Rumuruti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Achondrite" title="Achondrite">Achondrite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Primitive_achondrite" title="Primitive achondrite">Primitive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acapulcoite" title="Acapulcoite">Acapulcoite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachinite" title="Brachinite">Brachinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IAB_meteorites" class="mw-redirect" title="IAB meteorites">IAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IIICD_meteorite" title="IIICD meteorite">IIICD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodranite" title="Lodranite">Lodranite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureilite" title="Ureilite">Ureilite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winonaite" title="Winonaite">Winonaite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asteroidal_achondrite" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroidal achondrite">Asteroidal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angrite" title="Angrite">Angrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubrite" title="Aubrite">Aubrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HED_meteorite" title="HED meteorite">HED</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diogenite" title="Diogenite">Diogenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucrite" title="Eucrite">Eucrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howardite" title="Howardite">Howardite</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_meteorite" title="Lunar meteorite">Lunar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_breccia" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact breccia">Impact breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_basalts" class="mw-redirect" title="Mare basalts">Mare basalts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_meteorites" title="List of lunar meteorites">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Martian_meteorite" title="Martian meteorite">Martian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Africa_7034" title="Northwest Africa 7034">Basaltic Breccia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Africa_7034" title="Northwest Africa 7034">NWA 7034</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chassignites" class="mw-redirect" title="Chassignites">Chassignites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidun_meteorite" title="Kaidun meteorite">Kaidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhlite" title="Nakhlite">Nakhlites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopyroxenite" title="Orthopyroxenite">Orthopyroxenite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001" title="Allan Hills 84001">ALH84001</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_meteorite#Shergottites" title="Martian meteorite">Shergottites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Martian_meteorites" title="List of Martian meteorites">Martian meteorites list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meteorites_on_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of meteorites on Mars">Meteorites on Mars list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron_meteorite" title="Iron meteorite">Iron</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>IC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IIAB_meteorites" title="IIAB meteorites">IIAB</a></li> <li>IIC</li> <li>IID</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IIE_iron_meteorite" title="IIE iron meteorite">IIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IIG_meteorite" title="IIG meteorite">IIG</a></li> <li>IIIAB</li> <li>IIIE</li> <li>IIIF</li> <li>IVA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IVB_meteorite" title="IVB meteorite">IVB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stony-iron_meteorite" title="Stony-iron meteorite">Stony-iron</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesosiderite" title="Mesosiderite">Mesosiderite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallasite" title="Pallasite">Pallasite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallasite_main_group" title="Pallasite main group">Main group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Station_group" title="Eagle Station group">Eagle Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroxene_pallasite_grouplet" title="Pyroxene pallasite grouplet">Pyroxene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ataxite" title="Ataxite">Ataxite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexahedrite" title="Hexahedrite">Hexahedrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octahedrite" title="Octahedrite">Octahedrite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphoterite" title="Amphoterite">Amphoterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonmagmatic_meteorite" title="Nonmagmatic meteorite">Nonmagmatic meteorite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">Mineralogy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">petrology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Characteristics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meteorite_shock_stage" title="Meteorite shock stage">shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_known_weight" title="Total known weight">TKW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorite_weathering" title="Meteorite weathering">weathering</a></li></ul></li> <li>Grains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chondrule" title="Chondrule">chondrule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presolar_grains" title="Presolar grains">presolar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meteorite_minerals" title="List of meteorite minerals">Minerals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium%E2%80%93aluminium-rich_inclusion" title="Calcium–aluminium-rich inclusion">Ca–Al-rich inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials" title="Extraterrestrial materials">extraterrestrial materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoric_iron" title="Meteoric iron">meteoric iron</a></li></ul></li> <li>Patterns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neumann_lines" title="Neumann lines">Neumann lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widmanst%C3%A4tten_pattern" title="Widmanstätten pattern">Widmanstätten</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CI1_fossils" title="CI1 fossils">CI1 fossils</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Meteorites by <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meteorites_by_find_location" title="Category:Meteorites by find location">find location</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meteorites_by_type" title="Category:Meteorites by type">type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meteorite_prizes" title="Category:Meteorite prizes">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meteoritics_publications" title="Category:Meteoritics publications">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meteorite_organizations" title="Category:Meteorite organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">Atmospheric entry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Comet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteor">Meteor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">shower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solar_System" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System" title="Template:Solar System"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System" title="Template talk:Solar System"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solar_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="The Sun, the planets, their moons, and several trans-Neptunian objects" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Solar_System_Template_2.png" decoding="async" width="666" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="36" usemap="#ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136" /><map name="ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136"><area href="/wiki/Sun" shape="rect" coords="0,0,90,35" alt="The Sun" title="The Sun" /><area href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" shape="circle" coords="112,18,6" alt="Mercury" title="Mercury" /><area href="/wiki/Venus" shape="circle" coords="153,18,8" alt="Venus" title="Venus" /><area href="/wiki/Moon" shape="circle" coords="204,10,4" alt="The Moon" title="The Moon" /><area href="/wiki/Earth" shape="circle" coords="195,18,8" alt="Earth" title="Earth" /><area href="/wiki/Mars" shape="circle" coords="233,18,8" alt="Mars" title="Mars" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" shape="circle" coords="241,13,3" alt="Phobos and Deimos" title="Phobos and Deimos" /><area href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="271,18,5" alt="Ceres" title="Ceres" /><area href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" shape="rect" coords="256,0,288,35" alt="The main asteroid belt" title="The main asteroid belt" /><area href="/wiki/Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="316,19,15" alt="Jupiter" title="Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="329,6,6" alt="Moons of Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" shape="rect" coords="298,18,335,20" alt="Rings of Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Saturn" shape="circle" coords="372,18,12" alt="Saturn" title="Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" shape="circle" coords="381,7,6" alt="Moons of Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" shape="rect" coords="353,5,389,31" alt="Rings of Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Uranus" shape="circle" coords="418,18,12" alt="Uranus" title="Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" shape="circle" coords="427,10,6" alt="Moons of Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" shape="rect" coords="408,4,429,34" alt="Rings of Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Neptune" shape="circle" coords="462,18,12" alt="Neptune" title="Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" shape="circle" coords="471,10,5" alt="Moons of Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" shape="rect" coords="441,9,485,28" alt="Rings of Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Pluto" shape="circle" coords="504,18,12" alt="Pluto" title="Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" shape="circle" coords="510,13,8" alt="Moons of Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Haumea" shape="circle" coords="534,18,12" alt="Haumea" title="Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" shape="circle" coords="540,13,8" alt="Moons of Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Makemake" shape="circle" coords="567,18,12" alt="Makemake" title="Makemake" /><area href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" shape="circle" coords="571,13,8" alt="S/2015 (136472) 1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1" /><area href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" shape="rect" coords="490,0,580,35" alt="The Kuiper Belt" title="The Kuiper Belt" /><area href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="596,18,12" alt="Eris" title="Eris" /><area href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" shape="circle" coords="602,13,8" alt="Dysnomia" title="Dysnomia" /><area href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" shape="rect" coords="581,0,610,35" alt="The Scattered Disc" title="The Scattered Disc" /><area href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" shape="rect" coords="623,0,640,35" alt="The Hills Cloud" title="The Hills Cloud" /><area href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" shape="rect" coords="641,0,666,35" alt="The Oort Cloud" title="The Oort Cloud" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Planets,dwarfs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Terrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">Giants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Earth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth" title="Claimed moons of Earth">other near-Earth objects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter#List" title="Moons of Jupiter">all 95</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas" title="Mimas">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn#List" title="Moons of Saturn">all 146</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Uranus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus#List" title="Moons of Uranus">all 28</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">Neptune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune#List" title="Moons of Neptune">all 16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(moon)" title="Nix (moon)">Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(moon)" title="Hydra (moon)">Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(moon)" title="Kerberos (moon)">Kerberos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx_(moon)" title="Styx (moon)">Styx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea">Haumea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka_(moon)" title="Hiʻiaka (moon)">Hiʻiaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaka_(moon)" title="Namaka (moon)">Namaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">Weywot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">S/2015 (136472) 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">Xiangliu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Rings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Earth" title="Rings of Earth">Earth</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Saturnian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Rhea" title="Rings of Rhea">Rhean</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Chariklo" title="Rings of Chariklo">Charikloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron#Rings" title="2060 Chiron">Chironean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">Uranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">Neptunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea#Ring" title="Haumea">Haumean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar#Rings" title="Quaoar">Quaoarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocloid" title="Damocloid">Damocloids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Minor planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names" title="Meanings of minor-planet names">names and meanings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">moons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li>Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mercury-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mercury-crossing minor planets">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Venus-crossing minor planets">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_asteroids" title="List of Earth-crossing asteroids">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mars-crossing minor planets">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saturn-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Saturn-crossing minor planets">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uranus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Uranus-crossing minor planets">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neptune-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Neptune-crossing minor planets">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_ND15" title="2013 ND15">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_trojan" title="Earth trojan">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trojan" title="Mars trojan">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)">Trojan camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)">Greek camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojan_moons" title="Co-orbital configuration">Saturn Moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_trojans" title="Uranus trojans">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">Hygiea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_1%E2%80%931000" title="List of minor planets: 1–1000">first 1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">PHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exceptional_asteroids" title="List of exceptional asteroids">exceptional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_gap" title="Kirkwood gap">Kirkwood gap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune trojans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">Cubewanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">Plutinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sednoid" title="Sednoid">Sednoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hypothetical_Solar_System_objects" title="List of hypothetical Solar System objects">Hypothetical objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five-planet_Nice_model" title="Five-planet Nice model">Fifth giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Phaeton (hypothetical planet)">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_V" title="Planet V">Planet V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune#Planet_X" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planet X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsatellite" title="Subsatellite">Subsatellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyche_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Tyche (hypothetical planet)">Tyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Vulcan (hypothetical planet)">Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanoid" title="Vulcanoid">Vulcanoids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_exploration" title="Outline of space exploration">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System" title="Discovery and exploration of the Solar System">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_models_of_the_Solar_System" title="Historical models of the Solar System">historical models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">programs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mercury" title="Exploration of Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Moon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Exploration" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid#Exploration" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_comets" title="List of missions to comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn" title="Exploration of Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus" title="Exploration of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Neptune" title="Exploration of Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_space_exploration" title="Deep space exploration">Deep space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation, evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk#Excretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Excretion disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">Circumstellar disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatlicue_(star)" title="Coatlicue (star)">Coatlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">Debris disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust" title="Exozodiacal dust">Exozodiacal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials" title="Extraterrestrial materials">Extraterrestrial materials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Sample curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample-return mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_line_(astrophysics)" title="Frost line (astrophysics)">Frost/Ice/Snow line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">Interplanetary dust cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium/space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">Interstellar cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space#Interstellar_space" title="Outer space">Interstellar space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_cliff" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper cliff">Kuiper cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#Formation_of_planets" title="Nebular hypothesis">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision#Formation_of_planets" title="Stellar collision">Merging stars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Ring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit" title="Roche limit">Roche limit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit#Roche_limit,_Hill_sphere_and_radius_of_the_planet" title="Roche limit">vs. Hill sphere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_pile" title="Rubble pile">Rubble pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">Possible dwarf planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System" title="List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System">Gravitationally rounded objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">Minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_model" title="Solar System model">Solar System models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects" title="List of Solar System objects">Solar System objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">by discovery date</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Interstellar and circumstellar molecules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlet" title="Moonlet">Moonlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syzygy_(astronomy)" title="Syzygy (astronomy)">Syzygy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">Tidal locking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;padding:0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Solar_System" title="Outline of the Solar System">Outline of the Solar System</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/28px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/42px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/56px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Interstellar_Cloud" title="Local Interstellar Cloud">Local Interstellar Cloud</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a> → <a href="/wiki/Gould_Belt" title="Gould Belt">Gould Belt</a> → <a href="/wiki/Orion_Arm" title="Orion Arm">Orion Arm</a> → <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> → <a href="/wiki/Satellite_galaxies_of_the_Milky_Way" title="Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way">Milky Way subgroup</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Group" title="Local Group">Local Group</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Sheet" title="Local Sheet">Local Sheet</a> → <a href="/wiki/Virgo_Supercluster" title="Virgo Supercluster">Virgo Supercluster</a> → <a href="/wiki/Laniakea_Supercluster" title="Laniakea Supercluster">Laniakea Supercluster</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Hole" title="Local Hole">Local Hole</a> → <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">Observable universe</a> → <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a> Each arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of". </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Small_Solar_System_bodies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Small_Solar_System_bodies" title="Template:Small Solar System bodies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Small_Solar_System_bodies" title="Template talk:Small Solar System bodies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Small_Solar_System_bodies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Small Solar System bodies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Small_Solar_System_bodies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Minor planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_designation" title="Minor-planet designation">Designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor-planet_groups" title="List of minor-planet groups">Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names" title="Meanings of minor-planet names">Meanings of names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">Active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten_asteroid" title="Aten asteroid">Aten asteroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter trojan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_spectral_types" title="Asteroid spectral types">Spectral types</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Distant_minor_planet" title="Distant minor planet">Distant minor planet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune trojan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocloid" title="Damocloid">Damocloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Comets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_comet" title="Extinct comet">Extinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_comet" title="Great comet">Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Halley-type_comets" title="List of Halley-type comets">Halley-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hyperbolic_comets" title="List of hyperbolic comets">Hyperbolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_long-period_comets" title="List of long-period comets">Long-period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_comet" title="Lost comet">Lost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_near-parabolic_comets" title="List of near-parabolic comets">Near-parabolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_periodic_comets" title="List of periodic comets">Periodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungrazing_comet" title="Sungrazing comet">Sungrazing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Comet at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Comet" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Comet">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Comets" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Comets">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Comets" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Comets">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Comet" class="extiw" title="q:Comet">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Astronomy/Comets" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Astronomy/Comets">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Solar_System/Comets" class="extiw" title="b:Solar System/Comets">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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[\"CITEREFBowdoin_Van_Riper2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrandtChapman2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBrin1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrinkworthThomas\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrittConsolmagnoMerline2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownKulkarniLiggett1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalder2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCallahanSmithCleavesRuzicka2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrollOstlie1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChang2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChebotarev1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristensen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClavin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClay_SherrodKoed2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCochranLevisonSternDuncan1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCochranLevisonTamblynStern1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoffey2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCombiHarrisSmyth2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCordiner2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCouperDinwiddieFarndonHenbest2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidsson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelsemme2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonahue1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuncan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuncanQuinnTremaine1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunham2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDutch\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElenin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElsilaGlavinDworkin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErickson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEylesHarrisonDavisWaltham2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFamighetti1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarmer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeldmanA\u0026#039;HearnBertauxFeaga2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernández2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernández2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernéndez1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGohd2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenberg1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGringauzGombosiRemizovApáthy1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrossman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunellGoetzSimon_WedlundLindkvist2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHahnChambersHahn1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalleio1704\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanslmeier2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHarper\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrington2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarringtonVillard2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeidarzadeh2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHellman1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHills1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorizons_output\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornerEvansBailey2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIshiiBradleyDaiChi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaggard2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJewitt\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJewitt2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJewitt2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJewittLuuChen1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoardarBhattacharyaBhattacharya2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesSmithSlavinTsurutani1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordans2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelleyMilone2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalil_Konsul2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoupelis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKronk\"] = 9,\n [\"CITEREFKüppersO\u0026#039;RourkeBockelée-MorvanZakharov2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLallementBertauxSzegöNemeth2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLang2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanuza_Navarro2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevisonDonesDuncan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevisonDonnes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLey1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLicht1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLisseChristianDennerlMeech2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLisseDennerlEnglhauserHarden1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyzenga1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyzenga1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalik2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinsPriceGoldmanSephton2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcFadden1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcFaddenCochranBarkerCruikshank1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGlynnChapman1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKillop1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeech1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMobberley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuir2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeubauerMarschallPohlGlassmeier1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewton1687\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOort1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpik1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPappalardoSpiker2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParks2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPasachoff2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPigatto2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPittichovaMeechValsecchiPittich2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRandall2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRappaportVanderburgJacobsLaCourse2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReddy2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRidpath2008\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFRincon2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocheleau2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaganDruyan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSagdeevElyasbergMoroz1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchechner1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchiermeier2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSekaninaKracht2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarr2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteigerwald2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephensMeechKleynaKeane2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrickland2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_BoekelMinLeinertWaters2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeverka1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeaverFeldmana\u0026#039;HearnArpigny1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhipple1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitehouse2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitmanMorbidelliJedicke2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitney2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeomans2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoshikawaNakanoYoshikawa2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiebaZwintzKenworthyKennedy2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZubritskyNeal-Jones2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_la_Fuente_Marcosde_la_Fuente_Marcos2023\"] = 1,\n [\"Short-period_comet\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Chem2\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite APOD\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 36,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 65,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 95,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Comets\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 16,\n [\"E\"] = 5,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"H2O\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 8,\n [\"Infobox astronomical formation\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 9,\n [\"Main\"] = 13,\n [\"Meteorites\"] = 1,\n [\"Mp\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OED\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 11,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small Solar System bodies\"] = 1,\n [\"Solar System\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 2,\n [\"Unichar\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Ws\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","16.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","13.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","200","11.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","160","8.9"],["recursiveClone 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