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href="https://pennstate.academia.edu/">Pennsylvania State University</a>, <a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://pennstate.academia.edu/Departments/Anthropology/Documents">Anthropology</a>, <span class="u-tcGrayDarker">Faculty Member</span></div></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="Pat" data-follow-user-id="246909" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-unfollow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.unfollow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-unfollow-button" data-unfollow-user-id="246909"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">done</span>Following</button></div></div><div class="user-stats-container"><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followers"><p class="label">Followers</p><p class="data">1,200</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followees" data-broccoli-component="user-info.followees-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">165</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-coauthors" data-broccoli-component="user-info.coauthors-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-coauthors"><p class="label">Co-authors</p><p class="data">10</p></div></a><a href="/PatShipman/mentions"><div class="stat-container"><p class="label">Mentions</p><p class="data">5,566</p></div></a><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="user-bio-container"><div class="profile-bio fake-truncate js-profile-about" style="margin: 0px;">I am an anthropologist studying human evolution and a writer of books about scientific discoveries<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span><a class="ri-more-link js-profile-ri-list-card" data-click-track="profile-user-info-primary-research-interest" data-has-card-for-ri-list="246909">View All (30)</a></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="246909" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" 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The factual pillars of knowledge are of less interest to ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">always been intrigued by missing links. The factual pillars of knowledge are of less interest to me than the gaps between them, the spaces and the voids, the hidden connections. As my career has expanded from the sciences to the arts, my fascination with the ambiguous and the absent-without-leave has grown stronger. I was trained as a paleoanthropologist, one who deciphers the fossil evidence of the evolution and origin of humankind. The nature of the business is shaped by the fact that the number of relevant fossils is few compared with the significance they must bear. Complete skeletons are almost unknown; a single, complete bone of a rare species is cause enough for celebration. By necessity, paleoanthropologists become specialists in the art of deduction. We fit together the existing fragments and use our knowledge of anatomy to fill in the physical gaps in skulls and bones without creating features that did not exist. We interpret, infer, deduce, and test hypotheses about sizes of brains, functions of limbs, structures of hands, and the timing of the appearance of various physical or behavioral adaptations. The tangible facts we deal with are the fossils themselves and the dates when those creatures were alive. 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Peter Andrews</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Quarterly Review of Biology</span><span>, Dec 1, 1991</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="121421388"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="121421388"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 121421388; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=121421388]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=121421388]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 121421388; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='121421388']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 121421388, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=121421388]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":121421388,"title":"Owls, Caves and Fossils. 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The factual pillars of knowledge are of less interest to ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">always been intrigued by missing links. The factual pillars of knowledge are of less interest to me than the gaps between them, the spaces and the voids, the hidden connections. As my career has expanded from the sciences to the arts, my fascination with the ambiguous and the absent-without-leave has grown stronger. I was trained as a paleoanthropologist, one who deciphers the fossil evidence of the evolution and origin of humankind. The nature of the business is shaped by the fact that the number of relevant fossils is few compared with the significance they must bear. Complete skeletons are almost unknown; a single, complete bone of a rare species is cause enough for celebration. By necessity, paleoanthropologists become specialists in the art of deduction. We fit together the existing fragments and use our knowledge of anatomy to fill in the physical gaps in skulls and bones without creating features that did not exist. We interpret, infer, deduce, and test hypotheses about sizes of brains, functions of limbs, structures of hands, and the timing of the appearance of various physical or behavioral adaptations. The tangible facts we deal with are the fossils themselves and the dates when those creatures were alive. The discovery of new fossils drives the field, especially when they show surprising features, be they genuine novelties (&quot;I&#39;ve never seen teeth like that before!&quot;) or anatomy that contradicts our expectations of how that lineage evolved (&quot;Who would have thought that</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="121421387"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="121421387"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 121421387; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=121421387]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=121421387]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 121421387; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='121421387']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 121421387, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=121421387]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":121421387,"title":"Missing Links: A Scientist Reconstructs Biography","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"always been intrigued by missing links. The factual pillars of knowledge are of less interest to me than the gaps between them, the spaces and the voids, the hidden connections. As my career has expanded from the sciences to the arts, my fascination with the ambiguous and the absent-without-leave has grown stronger. I was trained as a paleoanthropologist, one who deciphers the fossil evidence of the evolution and origin of humankind. The nature of the business is shaped by the fact that the number of relevant fossils is few compared with the significance they must bear. Complete skeletons are almost unknown; a single, complete bone of a rare species is cause enough for celebration. By necessity, paleoanthropologists become specialists in the art of deduction. We fit together the existing fragments and use our knowledge of anatomy to fill in the physical gaps in skulls and bones without creating features that did not exist. We interpret, infer, deduce, and test hypotheses about sizes of brains, functions of limbs, structures of hands, and the timing of the appearance of various physical or behavioral adaptations. The tangible facts we deal with are the fossils themselves and the dates when those creatures were alive. The discovery of new fossils drives the field, especially when they show surprising features, be they genuine novelties (\u0026quot;I\u0026#39;ve never seen teeth like that before!\u0026quot;) or anatomy that contradicts our expectations of how that lineage evolved (\u0026quot;Who would have thought that","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2016,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"always been intrigued by missing links. The factual pillars of knowledge are of less interest to me than the gaps between them, the spaces and the voids, the hidden connections. As my career has expanded from the sciences to the arts, my fascination with the ambiguous and the absent-without-leave has grown stronger. I was trained as a paleoanthropologist, one who deciphers the fossil evidence of the evolution and origin of humankind. The nature of the business is shaped by the fact that the number of relevant fossils is few compared with the significance they must bear. Complete skeletons are almost unknown; a single, complete bone of a rare species is cause enough for celebration. By necessity, paleoanthropologists become specialists in the art of deduction. We fit together the existing fragments and use our knowledge of anatomy to fill in the physical gaps in skulls and bones without creating features that did not exist. We interpret, infer, deduce, and test hypotheses about sizes of brains, functions of limbs, structures of hands, and the timing of the appearance of various physical or behavioral adaptations. 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