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class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Arab League</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_League-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homeland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homeland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Homeland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homeland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Linguistic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Political</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_culture" title="Category:Arab culture">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle fn org country-name adr"><a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arabic culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maq%C4%81ma_21_(fols._58v%E2%80%9359r,_double-page_spread_as_a_unit),_Maqamat_al-Harari,_1237.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg/260px-Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg/390px-Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg/520px-Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_architecture" title="Category:Arabic architecture">Architecture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"><b>Styles</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_architecture" title="Nabataean architecture">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li></ul> <p><br /> <b>Features </b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfiz" title="Alfiz">Alfiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes"> Arabic dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">Horseshoe arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">Hypostyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Islamic ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwan" title="Liwan">Liwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">Riad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic#Arab" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">Multifoil arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagash painting">Nagash painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadad" title="Qadad">Qadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwaq_(arcade)" title="Riwaq (arcade)">Riwaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socarrat" title="Socarrat">Socarrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">Tadelakt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaulting" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaulting">Vaulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voussoir" title="Voussoir">Voussoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> <p><b>Types</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Bimaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">Mazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">Medina quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil">Sabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadirvan" title="Shadirvan">Shadirvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tekyeh">Tekyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Well house">Well house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_art" title="Category:Arabic art">Art</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"><b>Styles</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_art" title="Ancient South Arabian art">Ancient South Arabian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_art" title="Nabataean art">Nabataean art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_art" title="Fatimid art">Fatimid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate#Art" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk art</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Types</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_graffiti" title="Islamic graffiti">Arabic graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab carpet">Arab carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_pottery" title="Category:Arabic pottery">Arabic pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_wood_carving_in_Palestine" title="Olive wood carving in Palestine">Palestinian wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_embroidery" title="Islamic embroidery">Islamic embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving#Islamic_hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Islamic hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_glass" title="Islamic glass">Islamic glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving#Islamic_ivory" title="Ivory carving">Islamic ivory carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art#Islamic_brasswork" title="Islamic art">Islamic Metalwork</a></li></ul> <p><b>Features </b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Islamic_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque (Islamic art)">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_geometric_patterns" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic geometric patterns">Arabic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">Girih tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_glass" title="Hedwig glass">Hedwig glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswah" title="Kiswah">Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Arabic">Pseudo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Cuisine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabian_cuisine" title="Eastern Arabian cuisine">Khalij <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Arabian Peninsula)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Arab Mashriq <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Levant)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Mashriq <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Mesopotamia)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Mawset <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Egypt)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Mawset <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Sudan)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghreb cuisine">Arab Maghreb <span style="font-size: 85%;">(North Africa)</span></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_clothing" title="Category:Arabic clothing">Dress</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"><b>Headwear</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agal_(accessory)" title="Agal (accessory)">Agal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battoulah" title="Battoulah">Battoulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haik_(garment)" title="Haik (garment)"> Haik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keffiyeh" title="Keffiyeh">Keffiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litham" title="Litham">Litham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhalla" title="Madhalla">Madhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidara" title="Sidara">Sidara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)" title="Taqiyah (cap)">Taqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantour" title="Tantour">Tantour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fez_(hat)" title="Fez (hat)">Tarboush (fez)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">Turban</a></li></ul> <p><b>Clothing</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">Abaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)" title="Bisht (clothing)">Bisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnous" title="Burnous">Burnous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djellaba" title="Djellaba">Djellaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durra%27ah" title="Durra'ah">Durra'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouta_towel" title="Fouta towel">Fouta towel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izaar" title="Izaar">Izaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellabiya" title="Jellabiya">Jellabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan">Kaftan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarong#Somalia" title="Sarong">Macawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robe_of_honour" title="Robe of honour">Robe of honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirwal" title="Sirwal">Sirwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takchita" class="mw-redirect" title="Takchita">Takchita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawb" title="Thawb">Thawb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiraz" title="Tiraz">Tiraz</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Music</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"><b>Theory</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">Arabic maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_tone_system" title="Arab tone system">Arab tone system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_scale" title="Algerian scale">Algerian scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_in_Arabic_music" title="Rhythm in Arabic music">Rhythm in Arabic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqsim" title="Taqsim">Taqsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jins" title="Jins">Jins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazma" title="Lazma">Lazma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teslim" title="Teslim">Teslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_tone" title="Quarter tone">Quarter tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_musical_instruments" title="Category:Arabic musical instruments">Arabic musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Musiqa_al-Kabir" title="Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir"> Great Book of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Aghani" title="Kitab al-Aghani"> Kitab al-Aghani</a></li></ul> <p><b>Genres</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_pop" title="Arabic pop">Arabic pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic hip hop">Arabic hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_rock" title="Arabic rock">Arabic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music#Arabic_jazz" title="Arabic music"> Arabic jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music#20th_century" title="Arabic music"> Classical Arab music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Arabic" title="Opera in Arabic">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jeel" title="Al Jeel">Al Jeel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaliji_(music)" title="Khaliji (music)">Khaliji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">Raï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarab" title="Tarab">Tarab</a></li></ul> <p><b>Art music</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalusian classical music">Andalusian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_nubah" title="Andalusi nubah">Andalusi nubah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashraf">Bashraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawr" title="Dawr">Dawr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulab" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulab">Dulab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layali" title="Layali">Layali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhun" title="Malhun">Malhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_maqam" title="Iraqi maqam">Iraqi maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawwal" title="Mawwal">Mawwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwashshah" title="Muwashshah">Muwashshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasidah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasidah">Qasidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudud_Halabiya" title="Qudud Halabiya">Qudud Halabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama%27i" title="Sama'i">Sama'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahmilah" title="Tahmilah">Tahmilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqsim" title="Taqsim">Taqsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waslah" title="Waslah">Waslah</a></li></ul> <p><b>Folk</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ataaba" title="Ataaba">Ataaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">Algerian Raï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin_music" title="Bedouin music"> Bedouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(Algeria)" title="Chaabi (Algeria)">Chaabi (Algeria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(Morocco)" title="Chaabi (Morocco)">Chaabi (Morocco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baladi" title="Baladi">Egyptian folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fann_at-Tanbura" title="Fann at-Tanbura">Fann at-Tanbura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijiri" title="Fijiri">Fijiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnawa_music" title="Gnawa music">Gnawa (North Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_(music)" title="Liwa (music)">Liwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawwal" title="Mawwal">Mawwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezwed" title="Mezwed">Mezwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samri" title="Samri">Samri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawt_(music)" title="Sawt (music)">Sawt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaabi" title="Shaabi">Shaabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zajal" title="Zajal">Zajal</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Dance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardah" title="Ardah">Ardah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_dance" title="Belly dance">Belly dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabke" title="Dabke">Dabke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Deheyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Deheyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Guedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Guedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Hagallah" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Hagallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaleegy_(dance)" title="Khaleegy (dance)">Khaleegy </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_(music)" title="Liwa (music)">Liwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizmar_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizmar (dance)">Mizmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouled_Nail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouled Nail">Ouled Nail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqs_Sharqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqs Sharqi">Raqs Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samri" title="Samri">Samri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Shamadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Shamadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Schikhatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Schikhatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahtib" title="Tahtib">Tahtib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling#Egyptian_tanoura" title="Sufi whirling">Tanoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yowlah" title="Yowlah">Yowlah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C4%81r" title="Zār">Zār</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Scripts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arabic" title="Paleo-Arabic">Paleo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"><b>Prose</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_epic_literature" title="Arabic epic literature">Epic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saj%27" title="Saj'">Saj <span style="font-size: 85%;">(ryhmed prose)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqama" title="Maqama">Maqama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Love_in_Arabic_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Love in Arabic literature (page does not exist)">Love in Arabic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_erotic_literature" title="Category:Arabic erotic literature">Arabic erotic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_grimoires" title="Category:Arabic grimoires">Arabic grimoires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism#Classical_and_medieval_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary_criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_short_story" title="Arabic short story">Arabic short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabaqat" title="Tabaqat">Tabaqat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezkire" title="Tezkire">Tezkire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rihla" title="Rihla">Rihla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_mirrors_for_princes" title="Category:Islamic mirrors for princes">Mirrors for princes</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Islamic</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%ABra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sīra">Sīra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_anthologies" title="Category:Arabic anthologies">Anthologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic-language_poets" title="Category:Arabic-language poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabic_poetry" title="Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry">Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Arabic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Arabic poetry">Modern Arabic poetry</a></li></ul> <p><b>Genres</b> </p> <ul><li>Madih</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hija" class="mw-redirect" title="Hija">Hija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rith%C4%81%27" title="Rithā'">Rithā'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa%E1%B9%A3f" title="Waṣf">Waṣf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li>Khamriyyah</li> <li>Tardiyyah</li> <li>Khawal</li> <li>Fakhr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamasah" title="Hamasah">Hamasah</a></li></ul> <p><b>Forms</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)" title="Diwan (poetry)"> Diwan </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">Qasida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwashshah" title="Muwashshah">Muwashshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaz_(prosody)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaz (prosody)">Urjūza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruba%27i" title="Ruba'i">Ruba'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nas%C4%ABb_(poetry)" title="Nasīb (poetry)">Nasīb </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddles_(Arabic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Riddles (Arabic)">Riddles </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharja" title="Kharja">Kharja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zajal" title="Zajal">Zajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawwal" title="Mawwal">Mawwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabati" title="Nabati">Nabati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghinnawa" title="Ghinnawa">Ghinnawa</a></li> <li>Humayni</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Arabic_prosody" title="Arabic prosody">Arabic prosody</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_(poetry)" title="Bayt (poetry)">Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%ACaw%C4%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṭawīl">Ṭawīl</a></li> <li>Madīd</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas%C4%AB%E1%B9%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Basīṭ">Basīṭ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamil_(metre)" title="Kamil (metre)"> Kamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāfir">Wāfir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaj_meter" title="Hazaj meter">Hazaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaz" title="Rajaz">Rajaz </a></li> <li>Ramal</li> <li>Munsariħ</li> <li>Khafīf</li> <li>Muqtaḍab</li> <li>Mujtathth</li> <li>Muḍāriʿ</li> <li>Sarīʿ</li> <li>Mutaqārib</li> <li>Mutadārik</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">National literatures of Arab States</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_literature" title="Algerian literature">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Djibouti" title="Literature of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_literature" title="Egyptian literature">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_literature" title="Iraqi literature">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jordan" title="Culture of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_literature" title="Kuwaiti literature">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lebanon" title="Culture of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_literature" title="Libyan literature">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_literature" title="Moroccan literature">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Oman" title="Culture of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_literature" title="Palestinian literature">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_literature" title="Qatari literature">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saudi_Arabian_writers" title="List of Saudi Arabian writers">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_literature" title="Somali literature">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_literature" title="Sudanese literature">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_literature" title="Syrian literature">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_literature" title="Tunisian literature">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Culture of the United Arab Emirates">U.A.E.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Yemen" title="Culture of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alchemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic alchemy">Arabic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_astrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic astrology">Arabic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic astronomy">Arabic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic geography">Arabic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Arabic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic mathematics">Arabic mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic medicine">Arabic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic psychology">Arabic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic technology">Arabic technology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early Arabic Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism#Islamic_world" title="Aristotelianism">Islamic Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_Islamic_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonism in Islamic Philosophy">Islamic Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Islamic Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Farabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li></ul> <p><b>Concepts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-aql_al-faal" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-aql al-faal">Al-aql al-faal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aql_bi-l-fi%27l" class="mw-redirect" title="Aql bi-l-fi'l">Aql bi-l-fi'l</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil" title="Al-Insān al-Kāmil">Al-Insān al-Kāmil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhati_in_islamic_philosophy" title="Dhati in islamic philosophy">Dhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcs_of_Descent_and_Ascent" title="Arcs of Descent and Ascent">Arcs of Descent and Ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asabiyyah" title="Asabiyyah">Asabiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_(Sufism)" title="Hal (Sufism)">Hal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">Irfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadar">Qadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">Qalb</a></li></ul> <p><b>Texts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_Causis" title="Liber de Causis">Liber de Causis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theology_of_Aristotle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Theology of Aristotle">The Theology of Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-isharat_wa_al-tanbihat" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-isharat wa al-tanbihat">Al-isharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Apple" title="The Book of the Apple">The Book of the Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity">Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Incoherence_of_the_Philosophers" title="The Incoherence of the Philosophers">The Incoherence of the Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Incoherence_of_the_Incoherence" title="The Incoherence of the Incoherence">The Incoherence of the Incoherence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan" title="Hayy ibn Yaqdhan">Hayy ibn Yaqdhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theologus_Autodidactus" title="Theologus Autodidactus">Theologus Autodidactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Harmony_of_Religions_and_Philosophy" title="On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy">On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqaddimah" title="Muqaddimah">Muqaddimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Questions" title="Sicilian Questions">Sicilian Questions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi#Commentaries_and_translations_of_Fuṣūṣ_al-Ḥikam" title="Ibn Arabi"> Fusus al-Hikam</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabian_mythology" title="Category:Arabian mythology">Mythology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ababil_(mythology)" title="Ababil (mythology)">Ababil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_of_the_Sands" title="Atlantis of the Sands">Atlantis of the Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamut" title="Bahamut">Bahamut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Idols" title="Book of Idols">Book of Idols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wonders" title="Book of Wonders">Book of Wonders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buraq" title="Buraq">Buraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandan" title="Dandan">Dandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falak_(Arabian_legend)" title="Falak (Arabian legend)">Falak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinn_(mythology)" title="Hinn (mythology)">Hinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Houri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifrit" title="Ifrit">Ifrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkadann" title="Karkadann">Karkadann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kujata_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kujata (mythology)">Kujata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_carpet" title="Magic carpet">Magic carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Marid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Qaf" title="Mount Qaf">Mount Qaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasnas" title="Nasnas">Nasnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qareen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutrub" title="Qutrub">Qutrub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roc_(mythology)" title="Roc (mythology)"> Roc </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadhavar" title="Shadhavar">Shadhavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Ma%27arif" title="Shams al-Ma'arif">Shams al-Ma'arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">She-Camel of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81%E1%B8%B3w%C4%81%E1%B8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāḳwāḳ">Wāḳwāḳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar" title="Zulfiqar">Zulfiqar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarqa_al_Yamama" title="Zarqa al Yamama">Zarqa al Yamama</a></li></ul> <p><b>Fictional Arab people</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aladdin" title="Aladdin">Aladdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Alhazred" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Alhazred">Abdul Alhazred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Baba">Ali Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta%C3%AFr_Ibn-La%27Ahad" class="mw-redirect" title="Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad">Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battal_Gazi" title="Battal Gazi">Battal Gazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan" title="Hayy ibn Yaqdhan">Hayy ibn Yaqdhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Ben_Nemsi" title="Kara Ben Nemsi">Kara Ben Nemsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Marsile" title="King Marsile">King Marsile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layla_and_Majnun" title="Layla and Majnun">Layla and Majnun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamedes_(Arthurian_legend)" title="Palamedes (Arthurian legend)">Palamedes </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Jasmine" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Jasmine">Princess Jasmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%27s_al_Ghul" title="Ra's al Ghul">Ra's al Ghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinbad_the_Sailor" title="Sinbad the Sailor">Sindbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talia_al_Ghul" title="Talia al Ghul">Talia al Ghul</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian mythology">Spirituality</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"><b>North Arabian deities</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah#Pre-Islamic_Arabians" title="Allah">Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%E2%80%98Uzz%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-‘Uzzá">Al-‘Uzzá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Manāt">Manāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushara" title="Dushara">Dushara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaabou" title="Chaabou">Chaabou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaf_(deity)" title="Manaf (deity)">Manaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha_(deity)" title="Nuha (deity)">Nuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kutbay" title="Al-Kutbay">Al-Kutbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asira" title="Asira">Asira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awal" title="Awal">Awal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azizos" title="Azizos">Azizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajir" title="Bajir">Bajir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quzah" title="Quzah">Quzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Manāt">Manāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Manāt">Manāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%27ra" class="mw-redirect" title="A'ra">A'ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abgal_(god)" title="Abgal (god)">Abgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aglibol" title="Aglibol">Aglibol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaum" title="Al-Qaum">Al-Qaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarsamain" title="Atarsamain">Atarsamain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshamin" title="Baalshamin">Baalshamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bēl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubal" title="Hubal">Hubal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theandrios" title="Theandrios">Theandrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakbel" title="Malakbel">Malakbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orotalt" title="Orotalt">Orotalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruda_(deity)" title="Ruda (deity)">Ruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27d_(idol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'd (idol)">Sa'd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarhibol" title="Yarhibol">Yarhibol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Is%C4%81f_and_N%C4%81%27ila" class="mw-redirect" title="Isāf and Nā'ila">Isāf and Nā'ila</a></li></ul> <p><b>South Arabian deities</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaqah" title="Almaqah">Almaqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amm_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amm (god)">Amm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anbay" title="Anbay">Anbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attar_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attar (god)">Athtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhat-Badan" title="Dhat-Badan">Dhat-Badan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haubas" title="Haubas">Haubas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27lab" title="Ta'lab">Ta'lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaynan" title="Qaynan">Qaynan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basamum" title="Basamum">Basamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul_Khalasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul Khalasa">Dhul Khalasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haukim" title="Haukim">Haukim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(idol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasr (idol)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Ya'uq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaghuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghuth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatha" title="Yatha">Yatha</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_culture" title="Template:Arabic culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_culture" title="Template talk:Arabic culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Arab identity</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الهوية العربية</span>) is the objective or subjective state of <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">perceiving oneself</a> as an Arab and as relating to being Arab. Like other <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural identities</a>, it relies on a common culture, a traditional lineage, the common land in history, shared experiences including underlying conflicts and confrontations. These commonalities are regional and in historical contexts, <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">tribal</a>. Arab identity is defined independently of <a href="/wiki/Religious_identity" title="Religious identity">religious identity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-dates</a> the <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">spread of Islam</a> and before spread of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, with historically attested <a href="/wiki/Arab_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Muslim">Arab Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribes">tribes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Arab Jewish tribes</a>. Arabs are a diverse group in terms of religious affiliations and practices. Most Arabs are <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, with a minority adhering to other faiths, largely <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East" title="Christianity in the Middle East">Christianity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arab identity can also be seen through a lens of national, regional or local identity. Throughout <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabs" title="History of the Arabs">Arab history</a>, there have been three major national trends in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a> rejects the individual Arab states' existing sovereignty as artificial creations and calls for full Arab unity. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_identity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabs" title="History of the Arabs">History of the Arabs</a></div> <p>Paternal descent has traditionally been considered the main source of affiliation in the Arab world when it comes to membership into an ethnic group or clan. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NE_565ad-Lakhmid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/NE_565ad-Lakhmid.jpg/220px-NE_565ad-Lakhmid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/NE_565ad-Lakhmid.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="215" /></a><figcaption>Near East in 565, showing the Ghassanids, Lakhmids, Kindah and Hejaz.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Arabs are first mentioned<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2024)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> in the mid-ninth century BCE as a people living in eastern and southern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and the north of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg/220px-Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg/330px-Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg/440px-Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a1584e; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Expansion under <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, 622-632</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ef9070; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Expansion during the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a>, 632-661</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fad07d; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Expansion during the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>, 661-750</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>The Arabs appear to have been under the <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassalage</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (911–605 BCE), and the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> (605–539 BCE), Persian <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> (539–332 BCE), <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>. Arab tribes, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakhmids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhmids">Lakhmids</a> begin to appear in the southern Syrian deserts and southern <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> from the mid 3rd century CE onwards, during the mid to later stages of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>. </p><p>The relation of <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿarab</i></span></i> and <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾaʿrāb</i></span></i> is complicated further by the notion of "lost Arabs" <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-ʿArab al-ba'ida</i></span></i> mentioned in the Qur'an as punished for their disbelief. All contemporary Arabs were considered as descended from two ancestors, <a href="/wiki/Qahtanite" title="Qahtanite">Qahtan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adnan" title="Adnan">Adnan</a>. During the early Muslim conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries, the Arabs forged the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>, and later the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, whose borders touched southern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in the west, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> in the east, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> in the north, and the <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> in the south. This was one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">largest land empires in history</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_identity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_nationalism">Arab nationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_identity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arab nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stevan_Kragujevic,_Gamal_Abdel_Naser_u_Beogradu,_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Gamal_Abdel_Naser_u_Beogradu%2C_1962.jpg/170px-Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Gamal_Abdel_Naser_u_Beogradu%2C_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Gamal_Abdel_Naser_u_Beogradu%2C_1962.jpg/255px-Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Gamal_Abdel_Naser_u_Beogradu%2C_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Gamal_Abdel_Naser_u_Beogradu%2C_1962.jpg/340px-Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Gamal_Abdel_Naser_u_Beogradu%2C_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2155" data-file-height="2818" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> was a symbol and significant player in the rise of Arab nationalism</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> is a nationalist ideology that asserts the Arabs are a <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> and promotes the unity of <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab people</a>. In its contemporary conception, it is the belief that the Arab people are a people united by <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnicity</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a> and interests, and that one Arab nation will assemble the Arabs within its borders from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>. </p><p>Many Arabs believe that they are an old nation, exhibiting pride, for example, based on <a href="/wiki/Arabic_poetry" title="Arabic poetry">Arabic poetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">other forms of Arabic literature</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">era of the spread of Islam</a>, nationalism was manifested by the identification of Arabs as a distinct nation within Islamic countries. In the modern era, this idea was embodied by ideologies such as <a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a>, which were common forms of nationalism in the Arab world, especially in the mid-twentieth century. Perhaps the most important form of creating such an Arab state was the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a> between <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, although it was short-lived. To some extent, Arab nationalism gained a new popular appeal as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> of the 2010s, calling for Arab social unity, led by the people on the streets, not the authoritarian regimes that had installed the historic forms of nationalism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_socialism">Arab socialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_identity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arab socialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a> is a political <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> based on an amalgamation between Arab nationalism and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>. Arab socialism differs from other socialist ideas prevalent in the Arab world.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many, including <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a>, one of its founders, Arab socialism was a necessary step towards the consolidation of Arab unity and freedoms, since the socialist system of ownership and development alone could overcome the remnants of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> in the Arab world.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unity">Unity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_identity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Unity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_identity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pan-Arabism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Arab Federation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Islamic_Republic" title="Arab Islamic Republic">Arab Islamic Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Arab_Republics" title="Federation of Arab Republics">Federation of Arab Republics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unified_Political_Command" title="Unified Political Command">Unified Political Command</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_States" title="United Arab States">United Arab States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Arab Federation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NasserQuwatliUAR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/NasserQuwatliUAR.jpg/220px-NasserQuwatliUAR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/NasserQuwatliUAR.jpg/330px-NasserQuwatliUAR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/NasserQuwatliUAR.jpg/440px-NasserQuwatliUAR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> president Gamal Abdel Nasser signing unity pact with <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> president <a href="/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli" title="Shukri al-Quwatli">Shukri al-Quwatli</a>, forming the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a>, February 1958.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a> is an ideology espousing the unification of the countries of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>, often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea is based on the integration of some or all of the Arab countries into a single <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economic framework</a> that removes the borders between the Arab states and establishes a strong economic, cultural and military state.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arab unity is an <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> that Arab nationalists see as a solution to the <a href="/wiki/Backwardness" title="Backwardness">backwardness</a>, occupation and oppression that the Arab citizens in all the individual states are suffering from.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_League">Arab League</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_identity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Arab League"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Arab_League" title="Charter of the Arab League">Charter of the Arab League</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Maghreb_Union" title="Arab Maghreb Union">Arab Maghreb Union</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, formally the League of Arab States is a <a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">regional organization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab countries</a> in and around North Africa, the Middle East, the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. It was formed in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> on 22 March 1945 with six members: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> (renamed <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> in 1949), <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its charter provides for coordination among member states in economic matters, including trade relations, communications, cultural relations, travel documents and permits, social relations and health.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_identity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navez_Agar_et_Isma%C3%ABl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Navez_Agar_et_Isma%C3%ABl.jpg/250px-Navez_Agar_et_Isma%C3%ABl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Navez_Agar_et_Isma%C3%ABl.jpg/330px-Navez_Agar_et_Isma%C3%ABl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Navez_Agar_et_Isma%C3%ABl.jpg/500px-Navez_Agar_et_Isma%C3%ABl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="3815" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of <a href="/wiki/Hagar" title="Hagar">Hagar</a> and Ishmael in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Navez" title="François-Joseph Navez">François-Joseph Navez</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>An Arab can be defined as a member of a <a href="/wiki/Semitic_people" title="Semitic people">Semitic people</a>, inhabiting much of the Middle East and North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ties that bind <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> are ethnic, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">linguistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">cultural</a>, historical, <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">nationalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Arab League">geographical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Arab_League" title="Politics of the Arab League">political</a>, often also relating to religion and to cultural identity.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their long history and with many local variations, Arabs have developed their distinct <a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">customs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_art" title="Category:Arabic art">fine art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_cinema" title="Arab cinema">cinema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_culture#Media" title="Arab culture">media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_culture#Dress" title="Arab culture">dress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_culture#Society" title="Arab culture">societies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">mythology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to both Judaism and Islam, <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a> was the ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Ishmaelites" title="Ishmaelites">Ishmaelites</a> and of the Arabs. Ishmael was the elder son of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> and the forefather of many prominent <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">tribes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By "Arab" I mean whoever describes himself thus … there, where he is - in his history, his memory, the place where he lives, dies and survives. There, where he is - that is to say, in the experience of a life which is both tolerable and intolerable for him.—<a href="/wiki/Abdelkebir_Khatibi" title="Abdelkebir Khatibi">Abdelkebir Khatibi</a></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Arabs: name given to the ancient and present-day inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula and often applied to the peoples closely allied to them in ancestry, language, religion, and culture. Presently more than 200 million Arabs are living mainly in 21 countries; they constitute the overwhelming majority of the population in Saudi Arabia, Syria, Yemen, Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Egypt, and the nations of North Africa. The Arabic language is the main symbol of cultural unity among these people, but the religion of Islam provides another common bond for the majority of Arabs.—<a href="/wiki/Encarta" title="Encarta">Encarta Encyclopedia</a></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Homeland">Homeland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_identity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Homeland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, formally the <i>Arab homeland</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as the <i>Arab nation</i> or the <i>Arab states</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> currently consists of the 22 Arab countries: <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>. They occupy an area stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> in the east, and from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> in the north to the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> in the southeast. In 2019, the combined population of the Arab world was estimated at 423 million inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categories">Categories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_identity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arab identity can be described as consisting of many interconnected parts: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial">Racial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_identity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Racial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arabid_race" title="Arabid race">Arabid race</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qahtanites.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Qahtanites.png/250px-Qahtanites.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Qahtanites.png/330px-Qahtanites.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Qahtanites.png/500px-Qahtanites.png 2x" data-file-width="2377" data-file-height="2397" /></a><figcaption>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Qahtanite" title="Qahtanite">Qahtanite</a> genealogy.</figcaption></figure> <p>Based on analysis of the DNA of Semitic-speaking peoples, some recent genetic studies have found <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y-chromosomal</a> links between modern Semitic-speaking peoples of the Middle East like <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>. </p><p>Medieval Arab <a href="/wiki/Genealogist" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogist">genealogists</a> divided Arabs into three groups: </p> <ul><li>"Ancient Arabs" tribes that had vanished or been destroyed.</li> <li>"Pure Arabs" descending from the <a href="/wiki/Qahtan_(tribe)" title="Qahtan (tribe)">Qahtan</a> tribe, who existed before Abraham and Ishmael.</li> <li>The "Arabized Arabs" descending from <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>, the elder son of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> through his marriage to Rala bint Mudad ibn Amr ibn Jurhum, an Arab Qahtani woman. Tribes descending from this alliance are also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Adnanites" title="Adnanites">Adnani</a> tribes.</li></ul> <p>Centuries later, the "Arabized Arabs" assumed the name "Pure Arabs" and the "Arabized Arabs" description was attributed to other peoples that joined Islam and created alliances with the Arab tribes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Reliable source needed for the whole sentence (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic">Ethnic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_identity&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ethnic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a></div> <p>Concentrating on <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic identity</a> is another way of defining Arab identity, which can be subdivided in linguistic, cultural, social, historical, political, national or genealogical terms. In this approach, "being Arab" is based on one or several of the following criteria: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">Genealogy</a>: Someone who can trace his or her paternal descent to the <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arab tribes</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a> and neighboring areas.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-concept" title="Self-concept">Self-concept</a>: a person who defines himself as "Arab"</li> <li>Attribution of identity: Someone, who is seen by others as an Arab, based on their notions of ethnicity (for example, people of northern <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabs" title="Sudanese Arabs">Sudan</a>, who can be seen both as African and/or Arab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Linguistic</a>: Someone who speaks Arabic especially as a first language, and, by extension, cultural expression, is <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jankowskip244_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jankowskip244-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dawishp99_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawishp99-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a>: someone who was brought up with Arab culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Political</a>: Someone, whose country is a member of the League of Arab States and who shares political associations with the Arab countries. (for example, <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Djiboutians" title="Djiboutians">Djiboutians</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Societal</a>: Someone who lives in or identifies with an Arab society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a>: one who is a national of an Arab state</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National">National</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_identity&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: National"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hejaz_(1917).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Hejaz_%281917%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Hejaz_%281917%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Hejaz_%281917%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Hejaz_%281917%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Hejaz_%281917%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Hejaz_%281917%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_Revolt" title="Flag of the Arab Revolt">flag</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a>, its design and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arab_colors" title="Pan-Arab colors">colors</a> are the basis of many of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab states">Arab states</a>' <a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_flags" title="List of Arab flags">flags</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">National identity</a> is one's identity or sense of belonging to one state or to one <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:34_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:34-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the sense of a nation as a cohesive whole, as represented by distinctive traditions, culture, language and politics.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">ideology</a> celebrating the glories of Arab civilization, the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">language</a> and literature of the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, calling for rejuvenation and <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">political union</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>. The premise of Arab nationalism is the need for an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">historical</a> unity among the Arab peoples of the Arab countries.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main objective of Arab nationalism was to achieve the independence of Western influence of all Arab countries.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arab political strategies with the nation in order to determine the struggle of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab nation</a> with the state system (nation-state) and the struggle of the Arab nation for unity.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concepts of new nationalism and old nationalism are used in analysis to expose the conflict between nationalism, national ethnic nationalism, and new national political nationalism. These two aspects of national conflicts highlight the crisis known as the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>, which affects the Arab world today.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suppressing the political struggle to assert the identity of the new civil state is said to clash with the original <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic identity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious">Religious</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_identity&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religious"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arabs#Religion" title="Arabs">Arabs § Religion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allat_Palmyra_RGZM_3369.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Allat_Palmyra_RGZM_3369.jpg/220px-Allat_Palmyra_RGZM_3369.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Allat_Palmyra_RGZM_3369.jpg/330px-Allat_Palmyra_RGZM_3369.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Allat_Palmyra_RGZM_3369.jpg/440px-Allat_Palmyra_RGZM_3369.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1358" data-file-height="1887" /></a><figcaption>Pre-Islamic Arabian goddess <a href="/wiki/All%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Allāt">Allāt</a> from the Ba‘alshamîn temple in <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>, first century AD</figcaption></figure> <p>Until about the fourth century, almost all Arabs practised polytheistic religions.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoyland2002_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoyland2002-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although significant <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> and Christian minorities developed, polytheism remained the dominant belief system in pre-Islamic, most Arabs followed a pagan religion with a number of deities, including <a href="/wiki/Hubal" title="Hubal">Hubal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hubal_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubal-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-l%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-lāt">Allāt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Man%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Manāt">Manat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uzza" title="Uzza">Uzza</a>. A few individuals, the <i><a href="/wiki/Hanif" title="Hanif">hanifs</a></i>, had apparently rejected <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a> in favor of <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> unaffiliated with any particular religion. Different theories <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia#Mecca" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">have been proposed</a> regarding the role of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> in Meccan religion.<sup id="cite_ref-berkey42_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berkey42-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peters_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peterson2007_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson2007-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the majority of Arabs are <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>, identities are often seen as inseparable. The "<a href="/wiki/Verse_of_Brotherhood" title="Verse of Brotherhood">Verse of Brotherhood</a>" is the tenth <a href="/wiki/Ayah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayah">verse</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quranic</a> chapter "<a href="/wiki/Al-Hujurat" title="Al-Hujurat">Al-Hujurat</a>", is about brotherhood of believers with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quranse.org_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quranse.org-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, there were divergent currents in <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a> - religious and secular.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a> emerged as a secular countercurrent to the pan-Islamist ambitions of <a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">political Islam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secular nationalism and religious fundamentalism have continued to overcome each other to this day. There are also different religious denominations within Islam leading to sectarian conflict and conflict. In fact, the social and psychological distances between <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> Muslims may be greater than the perceived distance between different religions. Because of this, Islam can be seen both as a unification and as a force of division in Arab identity.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural">Cultural</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_identity&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cultural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arab culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst_Rudolph_Elegant_Arab_Ladies_on_a_Terrace_at_Sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ernst_Rudolph_Elegant_Arab_Ladies_on_a_Terrace_at_Sunset.jpg/220px-Ernst_Rudolph_Elegant_Arab_Ladies_on_a_Terrace_at_Sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ernst_Rudolph_Elegant_Arab_Ladies_on_a_Terrace_at_Sunset.jpg/330px-Ernst_Rudolph_Elegant_Arab_Ladies_on_a_Terrace_at_Sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ernst_Rudolph_Elegant_Arab_Ladies_on_a_Terrace_at_Sunset.jpg/440px-Ernst_Rudolph_Elegant_Arab_Ladies_on_a_Terrace_at_Sunset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>Elegant Arab Ladies on a Terrace at Sunset</figcaption></figure> <p>Arab cultural identity is characterized by complete uniformity. Arab cultural space are historically tightly interwoven.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arab cultural identity has been assessed through four measures that measure the basic characteristics of Arab culture: religiosity, grouping, belief in gender hierarchy and attitudes toward sexual behavior. The results indicate the predominance of the professional strategies that Arab social workers have learned in their training in social work, while indicating the willingness of social workers to benefit from established strategies in their culture and society, either separately or in combination with the professional.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are different aspects of Arab identity, whether ethnic, religious, national, linguistic or cultural - of different fields and analytical angles.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The family is still at the heart of traditional Arabic letters that the fact that the family is a basic unit of social organization in the traditional Arab contemporary society may explain why it continues to exercise a significant influence on the formation of identity. At the heart of social and economic activities, this institution is still very coherent. Exercise the early and most lasting influence on the person's affiliations.—<a href="/wiki/Halim_Barakat" title="Halim Barakat">Halim Barakat</a></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic">Linguistic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_identity&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Linguistic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epitaph_Imru-l-Qays_Louvre_AO4083.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Epitaph_Imru-l-Qays_Louvre_AO4083.jpg/250px-Epitaph_Imru-l-Qays_Louvre_AO4083.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Epitaph_Imru-l-Qays_Louvre_AO4083.jpg/330px-Epitaph_Imru-l-Qays_Louvre_AO4083.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Epitaph_Imru-l-Qays_Louvre_AO4083.jpg/500px-Epitaph_Imru-l-Qays_Louvre_AO4083.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3680" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Arabic epitaph of <a href="/wiki/Imru%27_al-Qays_ibn_%27Amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Imru' al-Qays ibn 'Amr">Imru' al-Qays</a>, son of 'Amr, king of all the Arabs", inscribed in <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean script</a>. Basalt, dated in 7 Kislul, 223, viz. December 7, 328 AD. Found at <a href="/wiki/Namara_inscription" title="Namara inscription">Nemara</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Syria" title="Southern Syria">Southern Syria</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>For some Arabs, beyond <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>, religion, <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribe</a> or region. Arabic; hence, can be considered as a common factor among all Arabs. Since the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic language</a> also exceeds the country's border, the Arabic language helps to create a sense of <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Iraqi world exclusive Cece, "it must be people who speak one language one heart and one soul, so should form one <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> and thus one <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a>." There are two sides to the coin, argumentative. While the Arabic language as one language can be a unifying factor, the language is often not united at all. Accents vary from region to region, there are wide differences between written and spoken versions, many countries host bilingual citizens. This leads us to examine other identifying aspects of Arabic identity.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, a Semitic language from the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic language family</a>. <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> serves as the <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardized</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary</a> variety of Arabic used in writing, as well as in most formal speech, although it is not used in daily speech by the overwhelming majority of Arabs. Most Arabs who are functional in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> acquire it through education and use it solely for writing and formal settings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political">Political</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_identity&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Political"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Arab_League" title="Politics of the Arab League">Politics of the Arab League</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transportation.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Transportation.PNG/250px-Transportation.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Transportation.PNG/330px-Transportation.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Transportation.PNG/500px-Transportation.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="982" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Arab world.</figcaption></figure> <p>Arab political identity characterized by restraint, compassion, hospitality, generosity, and proper conduct. Arab countries to redefine politics are linked to the fact that the political culture behind the Arabs has been overrun for centuries by successive political.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of the citizens of the Arab countries view themselves and are seen by outsiders as "Arabs". Their sense of the Arab nation is based on their common denominators: language, culture, ethnicity, social and political experiences, economic interests and the <a href="/wiki/Collective_memory" title="Collective memory">collective memory</a> of their place and role in history.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relative importance of these factors is estimated differently by different groups and frequently disputed. Some combine aspects of each definition, as done by Palestinian <a href="/wiki/Habib_Hassan_Touma" title="Habib Hassan Touma">Habib Hassan Touma</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Toumapxviii_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toumapxviii-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"One who is a national of an Arab state, has command of the Arabic language, and possesses a fundamental knowledge of Arab tradition, that is, of the manners, customs, and political and social systems of the culture.</p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, a regional organization of <a href="/wiki/Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries">countries</a> intended to encompass the Arab world, defines an Arab as: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>An Arab is a person whose language is Arabic, who lives in an Arab country, and who is in sympathy with the aspirations of the Arab peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_identity&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_diaspora" title="Arab diaspora">Arab diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arab culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">Cultural identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">Ethnogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Group identity">Group identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity (social science)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">National identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing (racial identity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-concept" title="Self-concept">Self-concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Social identity">Social identity</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_identity&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2014/04/04/global-religious-diversity/">"Religious Diversity Around The World – Pew Research Center"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project</i>. 4 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Religious+Diversity+Around+The+World+%E2%80%93+Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2014-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2014%2F04%2F04%2Fglobal-religious-diversity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOri_Stendel1996" class="citation book cs1">Ori Stendel (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t7Ao8dYsCskC&pg=PA45"><i>The Arabs in Palestine</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1898723249" title="Special:BookSources/1898723249"><bdi>1898723249</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabs+in+Palestine&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1898723249&rft.au=Ori+Stendel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt7Ao8dYsCskC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohammad_Hassan_Khalil2013" class="citation book cs1">Mohammad Hassan Khalil (31 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PmgkD3Hel5IC&pg=PA297"><i>Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199945412" title="Special:BookSources/9780199945412"><bdi>9780199945412</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Heaven+and+Hell%3A+Islam%2C+Salvation%2C+and+the+Fate+of+Others&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013-01-31&rft.isbn=9780199945412&rft.au=Mohammad+Hassan+Khalil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPmgkD3Hel5IC%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMyers2010" class="citation book cs1">Myers, E. A. (2010-02-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-cRrGQ8bIAkC"><i>The Ituraeans and the Roman Near East: Reassessing the Sources</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139484817" title="Special:BookSources/9781139484817"><bdi>9781139484817</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ituraeans+and+the+Roman+Near+East%3A+Reassessing+the+Sources&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-02-11&rft.isbn=9781139484817&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-cRrGQ8bIAkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTORREYDEVLIN1965" class="citation journal cs1">TORREY, GORDON H.; DEVLIN, JOHN F. (1965). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Arab+League&rft.date=2017-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-15747941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNaylor2015" class="citation book cs1">Naylor, Chris (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NFsRBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT8"><i>Postcards from the Middle East: How our family fell in love with the Arab world</i></a>. Lion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745956503" title="Special:BookSources/9780745956503"><bdi>9780745956503</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postcards+from+the+Middle+East%3A+How+our+family+fell+in+love+with+the+Arab+world&rft.pub=Lion+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780745956503&rft.aulast=Naylor&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNFsRBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161001230129/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/arab">"Arab | Definition of Arab in US English by Oxford Dictionaries"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries | English</i>. 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V&S Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789350574195" title="Special:BookSources/9789350574195"><bdi>9789350574195</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ENGLISH+-+ENGLISH+DICTIONARY&rft.pub=V%26S+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789350574195&rft.aulast=BOARD&rft.aufirst=V%26S+EDITORIAL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUpQ3DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wordplays.com/crossword-solver/member-of-a-semitic-people-spread-throughout-middle-east,-n-africa-etc.">"member of a semitic people spread throughout middle east, n africa etc. Crossword Clue, Crossword Solver"</a>. <i>www.wordplays.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wordplays.com&rft.atitle=member+of+a+semitic+people+spread+throughout+middle+east%2C+n+africa+etc.+Crossword+Clue%2C+Crossword+Solver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wordplays.com%2Fcrossword-solver%2Fmember-of-a-semitic-people-spread-throughout-middle-east%2C-n-africa-etc.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://al-bab.com/albab-orig/albab/arab/arabs.htm">"Who is an Arab?"</a>. <i>al-bab.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=al-bab.com&rft.atitle=Who+is+an+Arab%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fal-bab.com%2Falbab-orig%2Falbab%2Farab%2Farabs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span>3</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books…">War of Visions: Conflict of Identities in the Sudan. p 405. By Francis Mading Deng</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.habiba.org/culture.html">"Culture and Tradition in the Arab Countries"</a>. <i>www.habiba.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.habiba.org&rft.atitle=Culture+and+Tradition+in+the+Arab+Countries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.habiba.org%2Fculture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pimsleurapproach.com/…/useful-li…/culture-guides/">"Arabic Culture & Traditions – Online Resources | Pimsleur Approach™"</a>. <i>www.pimsleurapproach.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pimsleurapproach.com&rft.atitle=Arabic+Culture+%26+Traditions+%E2%80%93+Online+Resources+%7C+Pimsleur+Approach%E2%84%A2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pimsleurapproach.com%2F%E2%80%A6%2Fuseful-li%E2%80%A6%2Fculture-guides%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEl-Shamy1995" class="citation book cs1">El-Shamy, Hasan M. (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/folktraditionsof0002elsh"><i>Folk traditions of the Arab world : a guide to motif classification</i></a></span> (1. [Dr.]. ed.). Bloomington u.a.: Indiana Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253352223" title="Special:BookSources/0253352223"><bdi>0253352223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folk+traditions+of+the+Arab+world+%3A+a+guide+to+motif+classification&rft.place=Bloomington+u.a.&rft.edition=1.+%5BDr.%5D.&rft.pub=Indiana+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0253352223&rft.aulast=El-Shamy&rft.aufirst=Hasan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffolktraditionsof0002elsh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>Both Judaism and Islam see him as the ancestor of Arab peoples. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2005" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Lindsay (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0jMOAQAAMAAJ&q=Ishmael"><i>Encyclopedia of religion</i></a>. Macmillan Reference USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780028657400" title="Special:BookSources/9780028657400"><bdi>9780028657400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+religion&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780028657400&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0jMOAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DIshmael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ishmael is recognized by Muslims as the ancestor of several prominent <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">tribes</a> and being the forefather of Muhammad. <i>A–Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism</i>, Wheeler, <i>Ishmael</i> Muslims also believe that Muhammad was the descendant of Ishmael that would establish a great nation, as promised by <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">God</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>.*<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0117.htm#20">Genesis 17:20</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZeep2000" class="citation book cs1">Zeep, Ira G. (2000). <i>A Muslim primer: beginner's guide to Islam, Volume 2</i>. University of Arkansas Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55728-595-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55728-595-9"><bdi>978-1-55728-595-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Muslim+primer%3A+beginner%27s+guide+to+Islam%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=University+of+Arkansas+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55728-595-9&rft.aulast=Zeep&rft.aufirst=Ira+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ishmael was considered the ancestor of the Northern Arabs and Muhammad was linked to him through the lineage of the patriarch Adnan. Ishmael may also have been the ancestor of the Southern Arabs through his descendant Qahtan.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Amr" title="Zayd ibn Amr">Zayd ibn Amr</a>" was another Pre-Islamic figure who refused <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a> and preached <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>, claiming it was the original belief of their [Arabs] father Ishmael.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bidaya_wa%27l-Nihaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya">The Beginning and the End</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a> – Vol. 3, p. 323 The History by Ibn Khaldun, Vol, 2, p. 4</li> <li>The tribes of Central West Arabia called themselves the "people of Abraham and the offspring of Ishmael". The Signs of Prophethood, Section 18, page 215.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/10302/signs-of-prophethood-in-noble-life-of-prophet-muhammad-part-1/">"Signs of Prophethood in the Noble Life of Prophet Muhammad (part 1 of 2): Prophet Muhammad's Early Life – The Religion of Islam"</a>. <i>www.islamreligion.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.islamreligion.com&rft.atitle=Signs+of+Prophethood+in+the+Noble+Life+of+Prophet+Muhammad+%28part+1+of+2%29%3A+Prophet+Muhammad%27s+Early+Life+%E2%80%93+The+Religion+of+Islam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamreligion.com%2Farticles%2F10302%2Fsigns-of-prophethood-in-noble-life-of-prophet-muhammad-part-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gibb, Hamilton A.R. and Kramers, J.H. (1965) Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam. Ithaca:Cornell University Press. pp. 191–98</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaalouf" class="citation book cs1">Maalouf, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0BdsFRX55cC&pg=PA44"><i>Arabs in the Shadow of Israel: The Unfolding of God's Prophetic Plan for Ishmael's Line</i></a>. Kregel Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780825493638" title="Special:BookSources/9780825493638"><bdi>9780825493638</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabs+in+the+Shadow+of+Israel%3A+The+Unfolding+of+God%27s+Prophetic+Plan+for+Ishmael%27s+Line&rft.pub=Kregel+Academic&rft.isbn=9780825493638&rft.aulast=Maalouf&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0BdsFRX55cC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUrbain2008" class="citation book cs1">Urbain, Olivier (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oMLkUmraBCAC&pg=PA208"><i>Music and Conflict Transformation: Harmonies and Dissonances in Geopolitics</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845115289" title="Special:BookSources/9781845115289"><bdi>9781845115289</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+and+Conflict+Transformation%3A+Harmonies+and+Dissonances+in+Geopolitics&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781845115289&rft.aulast=Urbain&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoMLkUmraBCAC%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhan" class="citation web cs1">Khan, Zafarul-Islam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milligazette.com/news/6666-the-arab-world-an-arab-perspective">"The Arab World – an Arab perspective"</a>. <i>www.milligazette.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.milligazette.com&rft.atitle=The+Arab+World+%E2%80%93+an+Arab+perspective&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Zafarul-Islam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milligazette.com%2Fnews%2F6666-the-arab-world-an-arab-perspective&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2012" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Christopher (12 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C8djTtq2v5AC&pg=PA94"><i>Everyday Arab Identity: The Daily Reproduction of the Arab World</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136219603" title="Special:BookSources/9781136219603"><bdi>9781136219603</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyday+Arab+Identity%3A+The+Daily+Reproduction+of+the+Arab+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft.isbn=9781136219603&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC8djTtq2v5AC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMellorRinnawiDajaniAyish2013" class="citation book cs1">Mellor, Noha; Rinnawi, Khalil; Dajani, Nabil; Ayish, Muhammad I. (20 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GoU-NRhn1agC&pg=PT10"><i>Arab Media: Globalization and Emerging Media Industries</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745637365" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745637365"><bdi>978-0745637365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+Media%3A+Globalization+and+Emerging+Media+Industries&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013-05-20&rft.isbn=978-0745637365&rft.aulast=Mellor&rft.aufirst=Noha&rft.au=Rinnawi%2C+Khalil&rft.au=Dajani%2C+Nabil&rft.au=Ayish%2C+Muhammad+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGoU-NRhn1agC%26pg%3DPT10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcpa.org/article/majority-and-minorities-in-the-arab-world-the-lack-of-a-unifying-narrative/">"Majority and Minorities in the Arab World: The Lack of a Unifying Narrative"</a>. <i>Jerusalem Center For Public Affairs</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Center+For+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=Majority+and+Minorities+in+the+Arab+World%3A+The+Lack+of+a+Unifying+Narrative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjcpa.org%2Farticle%2Fmajority-and-minorities-in-the-arab-world-the-lack-of-a-unifying-narrative%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/arab-countries/">"Arab Countries 2021"</a>. <i>worldpopulationreview.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldpopulationreview.com&rft.atitle=Arab+Countries+2021&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldpopulationreview.com%2Fcountries%2Farab-countries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Regueiro et al.) 2006; found agreement by (Battaglia et al.) 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jankowskip244-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jankowskip244_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jankowski, James. "Egypt and Early Arab Nationalism" in Rashid Kakhlidi, ed., Origins of Arab Nationalism, pp. 244–245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawishp99-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dawishp99_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Dawisha, Adeed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PjhqEusGs0UC&pg=PA99"><i>Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. Princeton University Press. 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-12272-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-12272-5">0-691-12272-5</a>, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:34-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:34_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTajfelTurner1986" class="citation journal cs1">Tajfel, H; Turner, J.C (1986). "The Social Identity Theory of Inter-group Behavior". <i>Psychology of Intergroup Relations</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+of+Intergroup+Relations&rft.atitle=The+Social+Identity+Theory+of+Inter-group+Behavior.&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Tajfel&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Turner%2C+J.C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063449/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/national-identity">"Definition of National Identity in English"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.socialism.com/drupal-6.8/articles/short-history-arab-nationalism">the original</a> on 2017-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.socialism.com&rft.atitle=A+short+history+of+Arab+Nationalism+%7C+www.socialism.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialism.com%2Fdrupal-6.8%2Farticles%2Fshort-history-arab-nationalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoyland2002-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoyland2002_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_G._Hoyland2002" class="citation book cs1">Robert G. Hoyland (11 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XaiGAgAAQBAJ"><i>Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam</i></a>. Routledge. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-64634-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-64634-0"><bdi>978-1-134-64634-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabia+and+the+Arabs%3A+From+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Coming+of+Islam&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002-09-11&rft.isbn=978-1-134-64634-0&rft.au=Robert+G.+Hoyland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXaiGAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hubal-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hubal_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Sources/Allah/hubal.html">"Is Hubal The Same As Allah?"</a>. Islamic-awareness.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100325235432/http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Sources/Allah/hubal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Hubal+The+Same+As+Allah%3F&rft.pub=Islamic-awareness.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamic-awareness.org%2FQuran%2FSources%2FAllah%2Fhubal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jEcpkWjYOZQC&q=Allat&pg=PA34"><i>Dictionary of Ancient Deities</i></a>. Oxford University Press. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514504-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514504-6"><bdi>0-19-514504-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Ancient+Deities&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-514504-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjEcpkWjYOZQC%26q%3DAllat%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berkey42-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-berkey42_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Porter_Berkey2003" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Porter Berkey (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/formationofislam0000berk"><i>The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/formationofislam0000berk/page/42">42</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58813-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58813-3"><bdi>978-0-521-58813-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+Islam%3A+Religion+and+Society+in+the+Near+East%2C+600-1800&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-58813-3&rft.au=Jonathan+Porter+Berkey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fformationofislam0000berk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeal_Robinson2013" class="citation book cs1">Neal Robinson (5 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2UL8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA75"><i>Islam: A Concise Introduction</i></a>. Routledge. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81773-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81773-1"><bdi>978-1-136-81773-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+A+Concise+Introduction&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft.isbn=978-1-136-81773-1&rft.au=Neal+Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2UL8AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peters_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_E._Peters1994" class="citation book cs1">Francis E. Peters (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0OrCo4VyvGkC&pg=PA110"><i>Muhammad and the Origins of Islam</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1875-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1875-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-1875-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad+and+the+Origins+of+Islam&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1875-8&rft.au=Francis+E.+Peters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0OrCo4VyvGkC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson2007-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peterson2007_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_C._Peterson2007" class="citation book cs1">Daniel C. Peterson (26 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9zpbEj0xA_sC&pg=PA21"><i>Muhammad, Prophet of God</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0754-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0754-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-0754-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad%2C+Prophet+of+God&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2007-02-26&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0754-0&rft.au=Daniel+C.+Peterson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9zpbEj0xA_sC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElias2014" class="citation web cs1">Elias, Abu Amina (Jan 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abuaminaelias.com/brotherhood-in-the-quran-and-sunnah/">"Brotherhood in the Quran and Sunnah"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Jan 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brotherhood+in+the+Quran+and+Sunnah&rft.date=2014-01-20&rft.aulast=Elias&rft.aufirst=Abu+Amina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabuaminaelias.com%2Fbrotherhood-in-the-quran-and-sunnah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150627010047/http://al-islami.com/islam/unity/brotherhood.php">"The Bonds of Brotherhood"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://al-islami.com/islam/unity/brotherhood.php">the original</a> on 2015-06-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bonds+of+Brotherhood&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fal-islami.com%2Fislam%2Funity%2Fbrotherhood.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quranse.org-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-quranse.org_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quranse.org/QueryEngine/index.php?Cmd=P&FromCmd=AS&b=Qur&c=49&v1=1&v2=18&DP=1&DG=1&QtID3=frchiadmi&QtID4=pickthall&BtID0=esv&BtID1=lsg&BtID2=sg21&BtID4=kjv&BL=en">"Al-Hujurat chapter"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Hujurat+chapter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quranse.org%2FQueryEngine%2Findex.php%3FCmd%3DP%26FromCmd%3DAS%26b%3DQur%26c%3D49%26v1%3D1%26v2%3D18%26DP%3D1%26DG%3D1%26QtID3%3Dfrchiadmi%26QtID4%3Dpickthall%26BtID0%3Desv%26BtID1%3Dlsg%26BtID2%3Dsg21%26BtID4%3Dkjv%26BL%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLefevre2013" class="citation book cs1">Lefevre, Raphael (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sjxpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR15"><i>Ashes of Hama: The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936545-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936545-6"><bdi>978-0-19-936545-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashes+of+Hama%3A+The+Muslim+Brotherhood+in+Syria&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013-10&rft.isbn=978-0-19-936545-6&rft.aulast=Lefevre&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsjxpAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarcía-Arenal2009" class="citation journal cs1">García-Arenal, Mercedes (2009-01-01). "The Religious Identity of the Arabic Language and the Affair of the Lead Books of the Sacromonte of Granada". <i>Arabica</i>. <b>56</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">495–</span>528. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F057053909x12544602282277">10.1163/057053909x12544602282277</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25651684">25651684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabica&rft.atitle=The+Religious+Identity+of+the+Arabic+Language+and+the+Affair+of+the+Lead+Books+of+the+Sacromonte+of+Granada&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E495-%3C%2Fspan%3E528&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F057053909x12544602282277&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25651684%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa-Arenal&rft.aufirst=Mercedes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mronline.org/2009/05/17/cultural-identity-in-the-islamic-world/">"Cultural Identity in the Islamic World | MR Online"</a>. <i>MR Online</i>. 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MR+Online&rft.atitle=Cultural+Identity+in+the+Islamic+World+%7C+MR+Online&rft.date=2009-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmronline.org%2F2009%2F05%2F17%2Fcultural-identity-in-the-islamic-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSabry2012" class="citation book cs1">Sabry, Tarik (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eYq3Z3jb6XUC"><i>Arab Cultural Studies: Mapping the Field</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848855595" title="Special:BookSources/9781848855595"><bdi>9781848855595</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+Cultural+Studies%3A+Mapping+the+Field&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781848855595&rft.aulast=Sabry&rft.aufirst=Tarik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeYq3Z3jb6XUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSabry2012" class="citation book cs1">Sabry, Tarik, ed. (2012). <i>Arab cultural studies : mapping the field</i>. London: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848855595" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848855595"><bdi>978-1848855595</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+cultural+studies+%3A+mapping+the+field&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1848855595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnishchenkova2014" class="citation book cs1">Anishchenkova, Valerie (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vByrBgAAQBAJ"><i>Autobiographical Identities in Contemporary Arab Culture</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748643417" title="Special:BookSources/9780748643417"><bdi>9780748643417</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autobiographical+Identities+in+Contemporary+Arab+Culture&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780748643417&rft.aulast=Anishchenkova&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvByrBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170516234351/http://blog.britac.ac.uk/arab-origins-identity-history-and-islam/">"Arab Origins: Identity, History and Islam - British Academy Blog"</a>. <i>British Academy Blog</i>. 2015-07-20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.britac.ac.uk/arab-origins-identity-history-and-islam/">the original</a> on 2017-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Academy+Blog&rft.atitle=Arab+Origins%3A+Identity%2C+History+and+Islam+-+British+Academy+Blog&rft.date=2015-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.britac.ac.uk%2Farab-origins-identity-history-and-islam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFD.2013" class="citation book cs1">D., Phillips, Christopher, Ph. (2013-01-01). <i>Everyday Arab identity : the daily reproduction of the Arab world</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415684880" title="Special:BookSources/9780415684880"><bdi>9780415684880</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/841752039">841752039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyday+Arab+identity+%3A+the+daily+reproduction+of+the+Arab+world&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F841752039&rft.isbn=9780415684880&rft.aulast=D.&rft.aufirst=Phillips%2C+Christopher%2C+Ph.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mepc.org/arabs-crossroads-political-identity-and-nationalism">"Arabs at the Crossroads: Political Identity and Nationalism | Middle East Policy Council"</a>. <i>www.mepc.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mepc.org&rft.atitle=Arabs+at+the+Crossroads%3A+Political+Identity+and+Nationalism+%7C+Middle+East+Policy+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mepc.org%2Farabs-crossroads-political-identity-and-nationalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoyt1998" class="citation journal cs1">Hoyt, Paul D. (1998). "Legitimacy, Identity, and Political Development in the Arab World". <i>Mershon International Studies Review</i>. <b>42</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">173–</span>176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F254461">10.2307/254461</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/254461">254461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mershon+International+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Legitimacy%2C+Identity%2C+and+Political+Development+in+the+Arab+World&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F254461&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F254461%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hoyt&rft.aufirst=Paul+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEid2007" class="citation book cs1">Eid, Paul (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aalO4QlgAgYC"><i>Being Arab: Ethnic and Religious Identity Building among Second Generation Youth in Montreal</i></a>. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773577350" title="Special:BookSources/9780773577350"><bdi>9780773577350</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Arab%3A+Ethnic+and+Religious+Identity+Building+among+Second+Generation+Youth+in+Montreal&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+-+MQUP&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780773577350&rft.aulast=Eid&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaalO4QlgAgYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+identity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toumapxviii-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Toumapxviii_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1996, p.xviii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dwight Fletcher Reynolds, <i>Arab folklore</i>: a handbook, (Greenwood Press: 2007), p.1.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_International_Theory" title="Third International Theory">Third International Theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Great Syrian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">1941 Iraqi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1961 Syrian coup d'état">1961 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arab identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_nationalists" title="Category:Arab nationalists">Personalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butrus_al-Bustani" title="Butrus al-Bustani">Butrus al-Bustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jassem_Alwan" title="Jassem Alwan">Jassem Alwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif" title="Abdul Rahman Arif">Abdul Rahman Arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif" title="Abdul Salam Arif">Abdul Salam Arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Atassi" title="Jamal al-Atassi">Jamal al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansur_al-Atrash" title="Mansur al-Atrash">Mansur al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Aziz" title="Tariq Aziz">Tariq Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella" title="Ahmed Ben Bella">Ahmed Ben Bella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Darwaza" title="Izzat Darwaza">Izzat Darwaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal I of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">Rashid Ali al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Habash" title="George Habash">George Habash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati%27_al-Husri" title="Sati' al-Husri">Sati' al-Husri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_King_of_Hejaz" title="Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz">Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Kawakibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most%C3%A9fa_Merarda" title="Mostéfa Merarda">Mostéfa Merarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Pachachi" title="Adnan Pachachi">Adnan Pachachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameen_Rihani" title="Ameen Rihani">Ameen Rihani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdeen_Sabahi" title="Hamdeen Sabahi">Hamdeen Sabahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Zureiq" title="Constantin Zureiq">Constantin Zureiq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_nationalist_parties" title="List of Arab nationalist parties">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_(guerrilla_organization)" title="Al-Awda (guerrilla organization)">Al-Awda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fatat" title="Al-Fatat">Al-Fatat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mourabitoun" title="Al-Mourabitoun">Al-Mourabitoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Arab Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Islamic_Republic" title="Arab Islamic Republic">Arab Islamic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Nationalist_Movement" title="Arab Nationalist Movement">Arab Nationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Action_Party" title="Arab Socialist Action Party">Arab Socialist Action Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Egypt)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)">Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Iraq)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)">Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Libya)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Libya)">Arab Socialist Union (Libya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)">Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula_People%27s_Union" title="Arabian Peninsula People's Union">Arabian Peninsula People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Men_of_the_Naqshbandi_Order" title="Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order">Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Arab_Republics" title="Federation of Arab Republics">Federation of Arab Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Military_Council_for_Iraqi_Revolutionaries" title="General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries">General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(Mandatory_Palestine)" title="Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)">Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Legion" title="Islamic Legion">Islamic Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement" title="Lebanese National Movement">Lebanese National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">National Liberation Front (Algeria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejectionist_Front" title="Rejectionist Front">Rejectionist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Command_for_Jihad_and_Liberation" title="Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation">Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Political_Command" title="Unified Political Command">Unified Political Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_Republics_(1972)" title="Union of Arab Republics (1972)">Union of Arab Republics (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_States" title="United Arab States">United Arab States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Arab_Awakening" title="The Arab Awakening">The Arab Awakening</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_One_Destiny" title="The Battle for One Destiny">The Battle for One Destiny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Way_of_Resurrection" title="On the Way of Resurrection">On the Way of Resurrection</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_nationalist_symbols" title="Category:Arab nationalist symbols">Symbolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Flag" title="Arab Liberation Flag">Arab Liberation Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Arab_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic">Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_of_Saladin" title="Eagle of Saladin">Eagle of Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_Federation" title="Flag of the Arab Federation">Flag of the Arab Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_Revolt" title="Flag of the Arab Revolt">Flag of the Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Federation_of_Arab_Republics" title="Flag of the Federation of Arab Republics">Flag of the Federation of Arab Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic" title="Flag of the United Arab Republic">Flag of the United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawk_of_Quraish" title="Hawk of Quraish">Hawk of Quraish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arab_colors" title="Pan-Arab colors">Pan-Arab colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationalism" title="Algerian nationalism">Algerian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mauritania" title="Greater Mauritania">Greater Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Greater Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Yemen">Greater Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationalism" title="Jordanian nationalism">Jordanian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationalism" title="Libyan nationalism">Libyan nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" 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