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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>System</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-System-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle System subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Encode_and_decode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encode_and_decode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Encode and decode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encode_and_decode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systems_of_standard_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systems_of_standard_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Systems of standard names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systems_of_standard_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hierarchical_naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hierarchical_naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Hierarchical naming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hierarchical_naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systems_of_regular_grids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systems_of_regular_grids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Systems of regular grids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systems_of_regular_grids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hierarchical_grids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hierarchical_grids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Hierarchical grids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hierarchical_grids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Name-and-grid_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name-and-grid_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Name-and-grid systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-and-grid_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shortening_grid-based_codes_by_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shortening_grid-based_codes_by_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Shortening grid-based codes by context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shortening_grid-based_codes_by_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cataloged_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cataloged_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cataloged examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cataloged_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cataloged examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cataloged_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_use,_general_scope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_use,_general_scope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>In use, general scope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_use,_general_scope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_use,_alternative_address" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_use,_alternative_address"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>In use, alternative address</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_use,_alternative_address-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_use,_postal_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_use,_postal_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>In use, postal codes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_use,_postal_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_use,_telephony_and_radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_use,_telephony_and_radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>In use, telephony and radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_use,_telephony_and_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_use,_others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_use,_others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>In use, others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_use,_others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_or_less_widely_used" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_or_less_widely_used"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Historical or less widely used</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_or_less_widely_used-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet 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href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_g%C3%A9ographique" title="Code géographique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Code géographique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geokode" title="Geokode – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Geokode" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA" title="တည်နေရာ ကုဒ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တည်နေရာ ကုဒ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoc%C3%B3digo" title="Geocódigo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geocódigo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%88" title="جیوکوڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جیوکوڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A3_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_l%C3%BD" title="Mã địa lý – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mã địa lý" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Code that represents a geographic entity (location or object)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Address_geocoding" title="Address geocoding">Address geocoding</a>.</div> <p>A <b>geocode</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Code" title="Code">code</a> that represents a geographic entity (<a href="/wiki/Location" title="Location">location</a> or <a href="/wiki/Geographical_feature" title="Geographical feature">object</a>). It is a <a href="/wiki/Unique_identifier" title="Unique identifier">unique identifier</a> of the entity, to distinguish it from others in a <a href="/wiki/Finite_set" title="Finite set">finite set</a> of geographic entities. In general the <i>geocode</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Human-readable" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-readable">human-readable</a> and short identifier. </p><p>Typical geocodes and entities represented by it: </p> <ul><li><i>Country code</i> and subdivision code. Polygon of the administrative boundaries of a country or a subdivision. <br />The main examples are ISO codes: <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-2">ISO 3166-1 alpha-2</a> code (e.g. <b><code>AF</code></b> for <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> or <b><code>BR</code></b> for <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>), and its subdivision conventions, such as <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:AF" title="ISO 3166-2:AF"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000003-QINU`"'</style><span class="monospaced">AF</span> subdivision codes</a> (e.g. <b><code>AF-GHO</code></b> for <a href="/wiki/Ghor_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghor province">Ghor province</a>) or <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:BR" title="ISO 3166-2:BR"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">BR</span> subdivision codes</a> (e.g. <b><code>BR-AM</code></b> for <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas state</a>).</li> <li><i>DGG cell ID</i>. Identifier of a cell of a <a href="/wiki/Discrete_global_grid" title="Discrete global grid">discrete global grid</a>: a <a href="/wiki/Geohash" title="Geohash">Geohash</a> code (e.g. ~0.023<span class="nowrap"> </span>km<sup>2</sup> cell <b><code>6vd23gq</code></b> at Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Geographical_centre" title="Geographical centre">centroid</a>) or a <a href="/wiki/Open_Location_Code" title="Open Location Code">Plus Code</a> (e.g. ~0.0002<span class="nowrap"> </span>km<sup>2</sup> cell <b><code>58Q8XXXX+XX</code></b> within the same area).</li> <li><i>Postal code</i>. Polygon of a <a href="/wiki/Postal_code" title="Postal code">postal area</a>: a <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_de_Endere%C3%A7amento_Postal" title="Código de Endereçamento Postal">CEP</a> code (e.g. <b><code>70040</code></b> represents a Brazilian's central area for postal distribution).</li></ul> <p>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/70742.html">ISO 19112:2019</a> standard (section 3.1.2) adopted the term "geographic identifier" instead geocode, to encompass long labels: <i>spatial reference in the form of a label or code that identifies a location</i>. For example, for ISO, the country name “People's Republic of China” is a label. </p><p>Geocodes are mainly used (in general as an <a href="/wiki/Primitive_data_type" title="Primitive data type">atomic data type</a>) for <a href="/wiki/Labelling" title="Labelling">labelling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_integrity" title="Data integrity">data integrity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geotagging" title="Geotagging">geotagging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spatial_database#Spatial_index" title="Spatial database">spatial indexing</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">theoretical computer science</a> a <i>geocode system</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Locality-sensitive_hashing#Locality-preserving_hashing" title="Locality-sensitive hashing">locality-preserving hashing function</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geocode&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geocode-exemple1-MASP.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Geocode-exemple1-MASP.png/420px-Geocode-exemple1-MASP.png" decoding="async" width="420" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Geocode-exemple1-MASP.png 1.5x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption> Geocode cells of <a href="/wiki/Geohash" title="Geohash">Geohash</a>, with 8 (blue) and 9 (yellow) digits, a typical <i>hierarchical grid</i>, comparing with <a href="/wiki/Latitude-longitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Latitude-longitude">latitude-longitude</a> (12 or more digits). A <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Museum_of_Art" title="São Paulo Museum of Art">museum</a> is a typical location to be pointed by a geocode, its gate need ~20 meters of precision. </figcaption></figure> <p>There are some common aspects of many geocodes (or <a href="#Geocode_system">geocode systems</a>) that can be used as classification criteria: </p> <ul><li><i>Ownership</i>: proprietary or <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">free</a>, differing by its <a href="/wiki/Licence" class="mw-redirect" title="Licence">licences</a>.</li> <li><i>Formation</i>: the geocode can be originated from a name (ex. abbreviation of official name the country) or from mathematical function (<a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">encoding</a> algorithm to compress <a href="/wiki/Latitude-longitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Latitude-longitude">latitude-longitude</a>). See <i>geocode system</i> types below (of <a href="#Systems_of_standard_names">names</a> and of <a href="#Systems_of_regular_grids">grids</a>).</li> <li><i>Hierarchy</i>: geocode's syntax hierarchy corresponding to the spatial hierarchy of its represented entities. A geocode system can hierarchical (<a href="#Hierarchical_naming">name</a> or <a href="#Hierarchical_grids">grid</a>) or non-hierarchical.</li> <li><i>Covering</i>: global or partial. The entities (represented by the geocodes) are in all globe (e. g. geographical points) or is delimited the theme (e.g. only terrestrial areas) or by the ownership's jurisdiction (e.g. only into a country).</li> <li><i>Type of the represented entity</i>: <a href="/wiki/Well-known_text_representation_of_geometry" title="Well-known text representation of geometry">type of geometry</a>. Point (the geocode can be translated to a <a href="/wiki/Geo_URI" class="mw-redirect" title="Geo URI">Geo URI</a>), grid cell (the geocode system is related with a <a href="/wiki/Discrete_global_grid" title="Discrete global grid">DGG</a>) or polygon (typically administrative boundaries delimitations). <ul><li>special hierarchical grids, with global covering and equal-area cells, can be classified as <i>DGGS cell</i><sup id="cite_ref-DGGS2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGGS2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>some non-standard geographic entities, can be classified also by its <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_system" title="Coordinate system">coordinate system and elipsoid of reference</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Universal_Transverse_Mercator_coordinate_system" title="Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system">UTM</a>). The <a href="/wiki/De_facto_standard" title="De facto standard"><i>de facto</i> standard</a> is the <a href="/wiki/WGS84" class="mw-redirect" title="WGS84">WGS84</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>Scope of use</i>: general use vs specialized (e.g. airport geocodes).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="System">System</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geocode&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The set of all geocodes used as unique identifiers of the cells of a <a href="/wiki/Tessellation#Voronoi_tilings" title="Tessellation">full-coverage</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">geographic surface</a> (or any well-defined area like a country or the oceans), is a <b>geocode system</b> (also named <i>geocode scheme</i>). The <a href="/wiki/Syntax_(programming_languages)" title="Syntax (programming languages)">syntax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">semantic</a> of the geocodes are also components of the system definition: </p> <ul><li>geocode <b>syntax</b>: the characters that can be used, blocks of characters and its size and order. Example: country codes use two letters of the alphabet (chacacter set A-Z). The most common way to describe formally is by <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expression</a> (e.g. <code>/[A-Z]{2,2}/</code>).</li> <li>geocode <b>semantic</b>: the meaning of the geocode, usually expressed by associating the code with a geographical entity type. Can be described formally is by an <a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">ontology</a>, an <a href="/wiki/UML_class_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="UML class diagram">UML class diagram</a> or any <a href="/wiki/Entity-relationship_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Entity-relationship model">Entity-relationship model</a>. <br />In general the semantic can be deduced by its formation or encoding/decoding process. Example: each Geohash code can be expressed by a rectangular area in the map, and the rectangle coordinates is obtained by its decoding process.</li></ul> <p>Many syntax and semantic characteristics are also summarized by classification. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encode_and_decode">Encode and decode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geocode&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Encode and decode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Any geocode can be translated from a formal (and expanded) expression of the geographical entity, or vice versa, the geocode translated to entity. The first is named <b>encode</b> process, the second <b>decode</b>. The actors and process involved, as defined by <a href="/wiki/Open_Geospatial_Consortium" title="Open Geospatial Consortium">OGC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-OGC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OGC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are: </p> <dl><dt>geocoder</dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Software_agent" title="Software agent">software agent</a> that transforms the description of a geographic entity (e.g. location name or latitude/longitude coordinates), into a normalized data and encodes it as a geocode.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>geocoder service</dt> <dd>A geocoder implemented as <a href="/wiki/Web_service" title="Web service">web service</a> (or similar service interface), that accepts a set of geographic entity descriptors as input. The request is "sent" to the Geocoder Service, which processes the request and returns the resulting geocodes. More general services can also return geographic features (e.g. <a href="/wiki/GeoJSON" title="GeoJSON">GeoJSON</a> object) represented by the geocodes.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>geocoding</dt> <dd>Geocoding refers to the assignment of geocodes or coordinates to geographically reference data provided in a textual format. Examples are the two letter country codes and coordinates computed from addresses.<br /> Note: when a <a href="/wiki/Address#Current_addressing_schemes" title="Address">physical addressing schemes</a> (street name and house number) is expressed in a standardized and simplified way, it can be conceived as geocode. So, the term <a href="/wiki/Geocoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Geocoding">geocoding</a> (used for addresses) sometimes is generalized for geocodes.</dd></dl> <p>In spatial indexing applications the geocode can also be translated between human-readable (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a>) and internal (e.g. <a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">binary 64-bit unsigned integer</a>) representations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systems_of_standard_names">Systems of standard names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geocode&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Systems of standard names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Toponym_resolution" title="Toponym resolution">Toponym resolution</a></div> <p>Geocodes like <i>country codes</i>, city codes, etc. comes from a table of official names, and the corresponding official codes and geometries (typically polygon of administrative areas). "Official" in the context of control and consensus, typically a table controlled by a <a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">standards organization</a> or governmental authority. So, the most general case is a table of <i>standard names</i> and the corresponding <i>standard codes</i> (and its official geometries). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:States_of_Germany_coded.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/States_of_Germany_coded.svg/200px-States_of_Germany_coded.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/States_of_Germany_coded.svg/300px-States_of_Germany_coded.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/States_of_Germany_coded.svg/400px-States_of_Germany_coded.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>Germany (<code>DE</code>) with each <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">first-level administrative subdivision</a> labelled with the second part of its ISO 3166-2 code.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huc_region-edit.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Huc_region-edit.png/200px-Huc_region-edit.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Huc_region-edit.png/300px-Huc_region-edit.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Huc_region-edit.png/400px-Huc_region-edit.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>The 21 top-level 2-digit "region" of hydrologic unit boundaries, using the HUC geocode conventions.</figcaption></figure> <p>Strictly speaking, the "name" related to a geocode is a <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponym</a>, and the table (e.g. toponym to standard code) is the resource for <b>toponym resolution</b>: is the <a href="/wiki/Map_(mathematics)" title="Map (mathematics)">relationship process</a>, usually effectuated by a software agent, between a toponym and "an unambiguous spatial footprint of the same place".<sup id="cite_ref-leidner2008toponym_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leidner2008toponym-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any standardized system of toponym resolution, having codes or encoded abbreviations, can be used as <i>geocode system</i>. The "resolver" agent in this context is also a <i>geocoder</i>. </p><p>Sometimes names are translated into numeric codes, to be compact or machine-readable. Since numbers, in this case, are name identifiers, we can consider "numeric names" — so this set of codes will be a kind of "system of standard names". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hierarchical_naming">Hierarchical naming</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geocode&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hierarchical naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the geocode context, <a href="/wiki/Space_partitioning" title="Space partitioning">space partitioning</a> is the process of dividing a <a href="/wiki/Space#Geographical_space" title="Space">geographical space</a> into two or more <a href="/wiki/Disjoint_sets" title="Disjoint sets">disjoint</a> <a href="/wiki/Subset" title="Subset">subsets</a>, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">mosaic</a> of subdivisions. Each subdivision can be partitioned again, <a href="/wiki/Recursion" title="Recursion">recursively</a>, resulting in an hierarchical mosaic. </p><p>When subdivisions's names are expressed as codes, and code syntax can be decomposed into a parent-child relations, through a well-defined syntactic scheme, the geocode set configures a hierarchical system. A geocode fragment (associated to a subdivision name) can be an abbreviation, numeric or alphanumeric code. </p><p>A popular example is the <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">ISO 3166-2</a> geocode system, representing country names and the names of respective <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administrative subdivisions</a> separated by hyphen. For example <code>DE</code> is <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, a simple geocode, and its subdivisions (illustrated) are <code>DE-BW</code> for <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, <code>DE-BY</code> for <a href="/wiki/Bayern" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayern">Bayern</a>, ..., <code>DE-NW</code> for <a href="/wiki/Nordrhein-Westfalen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordrhein-Westfalen">Nordrhein-Westfalen</a>, etc. The scope is only the first level of the hierarchy. For more levels there are other conventions, like HASC code.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The HASC codes are alphabetic and its fragments have constant length (2 letters). Examples: </p> <dl><dd><code>DE.NW</code> - <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>. A two-level hierarchical geocode.</dd> <dd><code>DE.NW.CE</code> - Kreis <a href="/wiki/Coesfeld_(district)" title="Coesfeld (district)">Coesfeld</a>. A 3-level hierarchical geocode.</dd></dl> <p>Two geocodes of a <i>hierarchical geocode system</i> with same prefix represents different parts of the same location. For instance <code>DE.NW.CE</code> and <code>DE.NW.BN</code> represents geographically interior parts of <code>DE.NW</code>, the common prefix. </p><p>Changing the <i>subdivision criteria</i> we can obtain other hierarchical systems. For example, for <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">hydrological criteria</a> there is a geocode system, the US's <a href="/wiki/Hydrological_code" title="Hydrological code">hydrologic unit code</a> (HUC), that is a numeric representation of <i>basin names</i> in a hierarchical syntax schema (first level illustred). For example, the HUC <code>17</code> is the identifier of "<a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_drainage_basin" title="Columbia River drainage basin">Pacific Northwest Columbia basin</a>"; HUC <code>1706</code> of "<a href="/wiki/Snake_River" title="Snake River">Lower Snake basin</a>", a spatial <a href="/wiki/Subset" title="Subset">subset</a> of HUC <code>17</code> and a superset of <code>17060102</code> ("Imnaha River"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systems_of_regular_grids">Systems of regular grids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geocode&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Systems of regular grids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid.svg/420px-Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="420" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid.svg/630px-Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid.svg/840px-Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Each cell of a regular grid is <a href="/wiki/Graph_labeling" title="Graph labeling">labeled</a> by a geocode. The non-global grids were the most used before the 2000s. <br />This <i>hierarchical system of local grids</i>, used since the 1930s as <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">British National Grid</a>, generates hierarchical geocodes. Each cell subdivides recurrently its area into a new 10x10 grid.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Discrete_global_grid#Geocoding_variants" title="Discrete global grid">DGG geocoding variants</a></div> <p>Inspired in the classic <a href="/wiki/Alphanumeric_grid" title="Alphanumeric grid">alphanumeric grids</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Discrete_global_grid" title="Discrete global grid">discrete global grid</a> (<b>DGG</b>) is a regular <a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">mosaic</a> which covers the entire <a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">Earth's surface</a> (the globe). The <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_tilings_by_convex_regular_polygons#Regular_tilings" title="Euclidean tilings by convex regular polygons">regularity of the mosaic</a> is defined by the use of cells of same shape in all the grid, or "near the same shape and near same area" in a region of interest, like a country. </p><p>All cells of the grid have an identifier (DGG's cell ID), and the center of the cell can be used as reference for cell ID conversion into geographical point. When a compact human-readable expression of the cell ID is standardized, it becomes a geocode. </p><p>Geocodes of different <i>geocode systems</i> can represent the same position in the globe, with same shape and precision, but differ in <a href="/wiki/String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">string</a>-length, digit-alphabet, separators, etc. Non-global grids also differ by scope, and in general are geometrically optimized (avoid overlaps, gaps or loss of uniformity) for the local use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hierarchical_grids">Hierarchical grids</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geocode&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hierarchical grids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each cell of a grid can be transformed into a new local grid, in a <a href="/wiki/Recursion" title="Recursion">recurring process</a>. In the illustrated example, the cell <code>TQ 2980</code> is a sub-cell of <code>TQ 29</code>, that is a sub-cell of <code>TQ</code>. A system of geographic regular <a href="/wiki/Grid_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Grid reference">grid references</a> is the base of a <i>hierarchical geocode system</i>. </p><p>Two geocodes of a <i>hierarchical geocode grid system</i> can use the prefix rule: geocodes with <b>same prefix</b> represents different parts of the <b>same broader location</b>. Using again the side illustration: <code>TQ 28</code> and <code>TQ 61</code> represents geographically <a href="/wiki/Interior_(topology)" title="Interior (topology)">interior parts</a> of <code>TQ</code>, the common prefix. </p><p>Hierarchical geocode can be split into keys. The <a href="/wiki/Geohash" title="Geohash">Geohash</a> <code>6vd23gq</code> is the key <code>q</code> of the cell <code>6vd23g</code>, that is a cell of <code>6vd23</code> (key <code>g</code>), and so on, per-digit keys. The <a href="/wiki/Open_Location_Code" title="Open Location Code">OLC</a> <code>58PJ642P</code> is the key <code>48</code> of the cell <code>58PJ64</code>, that is a cell of <code>58Q8</code> (key <code>48</code>), and so on, two-digit keys. In the case of OLC there is a second key schema, after the <code>+</code> separator: <code>58PJ642P+48</code> is the key <code>2</code> of the cell <code>58PJ642P+4</code>. It uses two key schemas. Some geocodes systems (e.g. S2 geometry) also use initial prefix with non-hierarchical key schema. </p><p>In general, as technical and non-compact optional representation, geocode systems (based on hierarchical grids) also offer the possibility of expressing their cell identifier with a fine-grained schema, by longer path of keys. For example, the Geohash <code>6vd2</code>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Base32" title="Base32">base32</a> code, can be expanded to <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_numeral_system" title="Quaternary numeral system">base4</a> <code>0312312002</code>, which is also a schema with per-digit keys. Geometrically, each Geohash cell is a rectangle that subdivides space recurrently into 32 new rectangles, so, base4 subdividing into 4, is the encoding-expansion limit.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The uniformity of shape and area of cells in a grid can be important for other uses, like <a href="/wiki/Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">spatial statistics</a>. There are standard ways to build a grid covering the entire globe with cells of equal area, regular shape and other properties: Discrete Global Grid System (DGGS) is a series of discrete global grids satisfying all standardized requirements defined in 2017 by the <a href="/wiki/Open_Geospatial_Consortium" title="Open Geospatial Consortium">OGC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When human-readable codes obtained from cell identifiers of a DGGS are also standardized, it can be classified as <i>DGGS based geocode system</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name-and-grid_systems">Name-and-grid systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geocode&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Name-and-grid systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are also mixed systems, using a syntactical partition, where for example the first part (code prefix) is a name-code and the other part (code suffix) is a grid-code. Example: </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mapcode" title="Mapcode">Mapcode</a> entrance to the elevator of the <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a> in Paris is <code>FR-4J.Q2</code>, where <code>FR</code> is the name-code<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <code>4J.Q2</code> is the grid-code. Semantically France is the context, to obtain its local grid.</dd></dl> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> coherent semantics, in fine-grained geocode applications, the mixed solutions are most suitable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shortening_grid-based_codes_by_context">Shortening grid-based codes by context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geocode&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shortening grid-based codes by context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Any <i>geocode system</i> <a href="#Systems_of_regular_grids">based on regular grid</a>, in general is also a shorter way to express a latitudinal/longitudinal coordinate. But a geocode with more than 6 characters is difficult for remember. On the other hand, a <a href="#Systems_of_standard_names">geocode based on standard name</a> (or abbreviation or the complete name) is easier to remember. </p><p>This suggests that a "mixed code" can solve the problem, reducing the number of characters when a name can be used as the "context" for the grid-based geocode. For example, in a book where the author says "all geocodes here are contextualized by the chapter's city". In the chapter about Paris, where all places have a Geohash with prefix <code>u09</code>, that code can be removed —. For instance Geohash <code>u09tut</code> can be reduced to <code>tut</code>, or, by an explicit code for context "FR-Paris <code>tut</code>". This is only possible when the context resolution (e.g. translation from "FR-Paris" to the prefix <code>u09</code>) is well-known. </p><p>In fact a methodology exists for <a href="#Hierarchical_grids">hierarchical grid-based geocodes</a> with non-variable size, where the code prefix describes a broader area, which can be associated with a name. So, it is possible to shorten by replacing the prefix to the associated context. The most usual context is an official name. Examples: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Standards mixed </th> <th>Grid-based </th> <th>Mixed reference </th></tr> <tr> <td>Grid <a href="/wiki/Open_Location_Code" title="Open Location Code">OLC</a> and country's official names </td> <td><code>796RWF8Q+WF</code> </td> <td>Cape Verde, Praia, <code>WF8Q+WF</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grid <a href="/wiki/Geohash" title="Geohash">Geohash</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:CV#Municipalities" title="ISO 3166-2:CV">ISO 3166-2 hierarchical abbreviations</a> </td> <td><code>e6xkbgxed</code> </td> <td><code>CV-PR</code>, <code>bgxed</code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The examples of the <i>Mixed reference</i> column are significantly easier than remembering <i>DGG code</i> column. The methods vary, for example OLC can be shortened by elimination of its first four digits and attaching a suitable sufficiently close locality.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the mixed reference is also short (9 characters in the second example) and there are a syntax convention to express it (suppose <code>CP‑PR~bgxed</code>), this convention is generating a new <a href="#Name-and-grid_systems">name-and-grid geocode system</a>. This is not the case of the first example because, strictly speaking, "Cape Verde, Praia" is not a code. </p><p>To be both, a name-and-grid system and also a mixed reference convention, the system must be reversible. Pure name-and-grid systems, like <a href="/wiki/Mapcode" title="Mapcode">Mapcode</a>, with no way to transform it into a global code, is not a mixed reference, because there is no algorithm to transform the mixed geocode into a grid-based geocode. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cataloged_examples">Cataloged examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geocode&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cataloged examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Geocode" title="Special:EditPage/Geocode">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Geocode%22">"Geocode"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Geocode%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Geocode%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Geocode%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Geocode%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Geocode%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_use,_general_scope"><span id="In_use.2C_general_scope"></span>In use, general scope</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geocode&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In use, general scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geocodes in use and with general scope: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Geocode</th> <th>Inception</th> <th>Coverage</th> <th>Formation</th> <th>Ownership</th> <th>Rep. entity</th> <th>Context and description </th></tr> <tr> <td>ISO 3166 (<a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-2">alpha-2</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-3" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-3">alpha-3</a>)</td> <td>1974</td> <td>globe/only nations</td> <td>Name abbreviation</td> <td>free</td> <td>polygon </td> <td>Administrative divisions. Country codes and codes of their subdivisions. Two letters (alpha-2) or three letters (alpha-3). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1_numeric" title="ISO 3166-1 numeric">ISO 3166-1 numeric</a></td> <td>1970</td> <td>globe/only nations</td> <td>Serial number</td> <td>free</td> <td>polygon </td> <td>Administrative divisions. Country codes expressed by serial numbers. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UN_M.49" class="mw-redirect" title="UN M.49">UN M.49</a></td> <td>~1970</td> <td>globe/only nations</td> <td>Serial number</td> <td>free</td> <td>polygon </td> <td>Administrative divisions. region codes, area code, continents, countries (re-using ISO 3166-1 numeric codes). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Geohash" title="Geohash">Geohash</a></td> <td>2008</td> <td>globe</td> <td>encode(latLon,precision)</td> <td>free</td> <td>grid cell </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hash_function" title="Hash function">Hash</a> notation for locations. See also <a href="/wiki/Geohash" title="Geohash">Geohash</a> and its variants, like <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a>'s <i>short-link</i><sup id="cite_ref-osm_short_link_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osm_short_link-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_Location_Code" title="Open Location Code">Open Location Code</a> (OLC)</td> <td>2014</td> <td>globe</td> <td>encode(latLon,precision)</td> <td>free</td> <td>grid cell </td> <td>See also <a href="/wiki/Open_Location_Code" title="Open Location Code">PlusCodes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/What3words" title="What3words">What3words</a></td> <td>2013</td> <td>globe</td> <td>encode(latLon)</td> <td><b>patented</b></td> <td>grid cell </td> <td>patent-restrictions system, converts 3x3 meter squares into 3 words.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is in use at <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Post" title="Mongol Post">Mongol Post</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mapcode" title="Mapcode">Mapcode</a></td> <td>2001</td> <td>globe</td> <td>encode(latLon)</td> <td><b>patented</b></td> <td>point </td> <td>A mapcode is a code consisting of two groups of letters and digits, separated by a dot. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Geopeg</td> <td>2020</td> <td>globe/only nations</td> <td>encode(latLon)</td> <td><b>open standard</b></td> <td>grid cell </td> <td>Geopeg is word-based GPS address, using simple words like London.RedFish. It is a combination of a city and two simple words. It is an open standard geocoding of Earth, currently in development. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geopeg.com/demo">Geopeg</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_use,_alternative_address"><span id="In_use.2C_alternative_address"></span>In use, alternative address</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geocode&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In use, alternative address"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geocodes can be used in place of official <a href="/wiki/Street_or_road_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Street or road name">street names</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/House_numbering" title="House numbering">house numbers</a>, particularly when a given location has not been assigned an address by authorities. They can also be used as an "alternative address" if it can be converted to a <a href="/wiki/Geo_URI_scheme" title="Geo URI scheme">Geo URI</a>. Even if the geocode is not the official designation for a location, it can be used as a "local standard" to allow homes to receive deliveries, access emergency services, register to vote, etc. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Geocode</th> <th>Inception</th> <th>Coverage</th> <th>Formation</th> <th>Ownership</th> <th>Rep. entity</th> <th>Context and description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_Location_Code" title="Open Location Code">Local OLC</a> (Cape Verde)</td> <td>2016</td> <td>globe</td> <td>encode(latLon,precision)</td> <td>free</td> <td>grid cell </td> <td>OLC is used to provide postal services.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Postal_addresses_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Eircode" title="Postal addresses in the Republic of Ireland">Eircode</a> (Ireland)</td> <td>2014<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Ireland</td> <td>encode(latLon,precision)</td> <td>copyrighted<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>grid cell </td> <td>It is used officially as <i>alternative address</i> and as <i>postal code</i>. Limited database and algorithm access. It is a kind of <i>fine-grained postal code</i>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_use,_postal_codes"><span id="In_use.2C_postal_codes"></span>In use, postal codes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geocode&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In use, postal codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geocodes in use, as <a href="/wiki/Postal_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Postal codes">postal codes</a>. A geocode recognized by <a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a> and adopted as "official postal code" by a <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a>, is also a valid postal code. Not all postal codes are geographic, and for some postal code systems, there are codes that are not geocodes (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom#Non-geographic_codes" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">in UK system</a>). Samples, not a complete list: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Geocode</th> <th>Inception</th> <th>Coverage</th> <th>Formation</th> <th>Ownership</th> <th>Rep. entity</th> <th>Context and description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_de_Endere%C3%A7amento_Postal" title="Código de Endereçamento Postal">CEP</a> (Brazil)</td> <td>1970?</td> <td>cities or streets</td> <td>Hierarchical serial number</td> <td>proprietary</td> <td>(variable) </td> <td>... The CEP5 is geographic and CEP8 can be a city (polygon), a street (also street side or a fragment of street side) or a point (specific address). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Postal_Index_Number" title="Postal Index Number">Postal Index Number</a> (India)</td> <td>?</td> <td>postal regions</td> <td>Hierarchical serial number?</td> <td>proprietary?</td> <td>(undefined?) </td> <td>... </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ZIP_Code" title="ZIP Code">ZIP Code</a> (United States)</td> <td>?</td> <td>postal regions</td> <td>Hierarchical serial number?</td> <td>proprietary?</td> <td>(undefined?) </td> <td>... </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_use,_telephony_and_radio"><span id="In_use.2C_telephony_and_radio"></span>In use, telephony and radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geocode&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In use, telephony and radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geocodes in use for telephony or radio broadcasting scope: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITU_letter_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU letter codes">ITU-R country codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU-T_country_calling_code" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU-T country calling code">ITU-T country calling codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU-T_mobile_calling_code" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU-T mobile calling code">ITU-T mobile calling codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidenhead_Locator_System" title="Maidenhead Locator System">Maidenhead Locator System</a> (used by amateur radio operators)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsden_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsden Square">Marsden Squares</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_use,_others"><span id="In_use.2C_others"></span>In use, others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geocode&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In use, others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geocodes in use and with specific scope: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Geocode</th> <th>Inception</th> <th>Scope</th> <th>Coverage</th> <th>Formation</th> <th>Ownership</th> <th>Rep. entity</th> <th>Context and description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ONS_coding_system" title="ONS coding system">ONS</a> code</td> <td>2001</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> only</td> <td>UK/themes</td> <td>Serial number</td> <td>free</td> <td>polygon </td> <td>Administrative divisions. Geographical areas of the UK, for use in tabulating census. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Territorial_Units_for_Statistics" title="Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics">NUTS</a> area code</td> <td>2003</td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> only</td> <td>Europe</td> <td>Hierarchical</td> <td>free</td> <td>polygon </td> <td>Administrative divisions. Partially administrative, worldwide (countries) and Europe (country to community) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MARC_country_code" class="mw-redirect" title="MARC country code">MARC country codes</a></td> <td>1971</td> <td>USA only?</td> <td>globe/only nations</td> <td>Name abbreviation</td> <td>free</td> <td>polygon </td> <td>Administrative divisions. Country codes. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Standard_Geographical_Classification_code_(Canada)" title="Standard Geographical Classification code (Canada)">SGC codes</a></td> <td>?</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> only</td> <td>?</td> <td>Serial number</td> <td>free</td> <td>polygon </td> <td>Administrative divisions, numeric codes. ... Statistical, like ONS. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UN/LOCODE" title="UN/LOCODE">UN/LOCODE</a></td> <td>?</td> <td>trade and transport</td> <td>globe</td> <td>Serial number</td> <td>free</td> <td>polygon </td> <td>Administrative divisions. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> codes for trade and transport locations. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IATA_airport_code" title="IATA airport code">IATA airport codes</a></td> <td>1930s</td> <td>airport</td> <td>globe</td> <td>?</td> <td>free</td> <td>polygon </td> <td>Administrative divisions. area /point codes, airports and 3-letter city codes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ICAO_airport_code" title="ICAO airport code">ICAO airport codes</a></td> <td>1950s</td> <td>airport</td> <td>globe</td> <td>?</td> <td>free</td> <td>polygon </td> <td>Administrative divisions.area /point codes, airports </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IANA_country_code" class="mw-redirect" title="IANA country code">IANA country codes</a></td> <td>1994</td> <td>Internet</td> <td>globe</td> <td>?</td> <td>free</td> <td>polygon </td> <td>Administrative divisions. Similar to <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-2">ISO 3166-1 alpha-2</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Country code top-level domain</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains" title="List of Internet top-level domains">List</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domain" title="Internationalized country code top-level domain">Internationalized country codes</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IOC_country_code" class="mw-redirect" title="IOC country code">IOC country codes</a></td> <td>~1960</td> <td>Sport</td> <td>globe</td> <td>abbreviation</td> <td>free</td> <td>polygon </td> <td>Administrative divisions. Codes of <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">IOC</a> members; uses three-letter abbreviation country codes, like ISO 3166-1 alpha-3. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Longhurst_code" title="Longhurst code">Longhurst code</a></td> <td>?</td> <td>Environment</td> <td>globe</td> <td>?</td> <td>free</td> <td>polygon </td> <td>Administrative divisions. A set of four-letter codes used in ecological/geographic regions in oceanography. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_FIFA_country_codes" title="List of FIFA country codes">FIFA country code</a></td> <td>?</td> <td>sport/football</td> <td>global</td> <td>?</td> <td>free</td> <td>polygon </td> <td>Administrative divisions. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FIPS_country_code" class="mw-redirect" title="FIPS country code">FIPS country codes</a></td> <td>1994?</td> <td>scope</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></td> <td>?</td> <td>free</td> <td>polygon </td> <td>Administrative divisions. (FIPS 10-4) area code. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FIPS_place_code" class="mw-redirect" title="FIPS place code">FIPS place codes</a></td> <td>?</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></td> <td>place</td> <td>?</td> <td>free</td> <td>polygon </td> <td>(FIPS 55). Administrative divisions. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FIPS_country_code" class="mw-redirect" title="FIPS country code">FIPS country codes</a></td> <td>?</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></td> <td>globe/nations</td> <td>?</td> <td>free</td> <td>polygon </td> <td>(FIPS 6-4). Administrative divisions </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FIPS_state_code" class="mw-redirect" title="FIPS state code">FIPS state codes</a></td> <td>?</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>free</td> <td>polygon </td> <td>(FIPS 5-2). Administrative divisions </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_or_less_widely_used">Historical or less widely used</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geocode&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Historical or less widely used"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Geocode</th> <th>Inception</th> <th>Scope</th> <th>Coverage</th> <th>Formation</th> <th>Ownership</th> <th>Rep. entity</th> <th>Context and description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_administrative_subdivision_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical administrative subdivision codes">HASC</a></td> <td>?</td> <td>general</td> <td>nations and subdivs.</td> <td>Name abbreviation</td> <td>free</td> <td>polygon </td> <td>Administrative divisions. HASC stands "Hierarchical Administrative Subdivision Codes". </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Universal_Transverse_Mercator_coordinate_system#UTM_zone" title="Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system">UTM Zone</a></td> <td>?</td> <td>general</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>free</td> <td>grid cell </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Universal_Transverse_Mercator_coordinate_system#Notation" title="Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system">UTM Grid Zones</a></td> <td>?</td> <td>general</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>free</td> <td>grid cell </td> <td>based on UTM Zones, and Latitude bands of <a href="/wiki/Military_Grid_Reference_System" title="Military Grid Reference System">MGRS</a>.. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization_squares" title="World Meteorological Organization squares">WMO squares</a></td> <td>~2005?</td> <td>Meteorology</td> <td>globe</td> <td>grid</td> <td>free</td> <td>grid cell </td> <td>... replaced by modern DGGS's ... </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/C-squares" title="C-squares">C-squares</a></td> <td>2002</td> <td>general</td> <td>globe</td> <td>?</td> <td>free</td> <td>grid cell </td> <td>compact encoding of geographic coordinate bounds (latitude-longitude). Uses <i>WMO squares</i> as starting point for hierarchical subdivision. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/World_Geographic_Reference_System" title="World Geographic Reference System">GEOREF</a></td> <td>?</td> <td>general</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>free</td> <td>polygon </td> <td>World Geographic Reference System, a military / air navigation coordinate system for point and area identification </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Global_Area_Reference_System" title="Global Area Reference System">GARS</a></td> <td>~2007?</td> <td>general</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>free</td> <td>polygon </td> <td>reference system developed by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Military_Grid_Reference_System" title="Military Grid Reference System">MGRS</a></td> <td>~1960s</td> <td>general</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>free</td> <td>grid cell </td> <td>Military Grid Reference System. Derived from UTM and UPS grids by NATO with a unique naming convention. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_examples">Other examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geocode&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other geocodes: </p> <ul><li><i>S2</i>: a geocoding scheme using <a href="/wiki/Spherical_geometry" title="Spherical geometry">spherical geometry</a> and the space-filling <a href="/wiki/Hilbert_curve" title="Hilbert curve">Hilbert curve</a>, developed at <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>H3</i>: Hexagonal Hierarchical Spatial Index a geocoding scheme initially developed at Uber <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> source code available <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and documented at h3geo <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Munich Orientation Convention</i>: converts lat/lon to metrical monopolar codes for targets, crossings, stations, stop points, bridges, tunnels, towns, islands, volcanoes, highway exits etc.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>SALB</i> (Second Administrative Level Boundaries), by UN <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_addresses_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#OpenPostcode" title="Postal addresses in the Republic of Ireland">OpenPostcode</a>, opensource global algorithm (local adaptations as Irish & Hong Kong postcodes).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WOEID" title="WOEID">WOEID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a> shortlink, used as a short permanent link to map locations<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QDGC" title="QDGC">Quarter Degree Grid Cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Area_Code" title="Natural Area Code">NAC</a> (patended), area codes (area can be indefinitely small)</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="GEOID"></span>GEOID, the name of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> geographic identifiers.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the United States, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Codes are often used. ANSI INCITS 446-2008 is entitled "Identifying Attributes for Named Physical and Cultural Geographic Features (Except Roads and Highways) of the United States, Its Territories, Outlying Areas, and Freely Associated Areas, and the Waters of the Same to the Limit of the Twelve-Mile Statutory Zone".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Topographic_System" title="National Topographic System">National Topographic System</a> in Canada</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_standards">Other standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geocode&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some standards and name servers include: ISO 3166, FIPS, INSEE, Geonames, IATA and <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a>. </p><p>A number of commercial solutions have also been proposed: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WOEID" title="WOEID">WOEID</a> (Where on Earth IDentifier) is a unique 32-bit reference identifier that identifies any feature on Earth.</li> <li>NAC Locator provides a universal geocoding address for all locations on the planet.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geocode&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_tract" title="Census tract">Census tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Geolocation">Geolocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotagging" title="Geotagging">Geotagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_retrieval" title="Geographic information retrieval">Geographic information retrieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Navigation_Grid_Code" title="Global Navigation Grid Code">Global Navigation Grid Code</a> (China geocode?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">ISO 6709</a>, standard representation of geographic point location by coordinates</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_code" title="Place code">Place code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_Property_Reference_Number" title="Unique Property Reference Number">Unique Property Reference Number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_Street_Reference_Number" title="Unique Street Reference Number">Unique Street Reference Number</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geocode&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DGGS2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DGGS2017_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The OGS's standard "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.opengeospatial.org/as/15-104r5/15-104r5.html">Discrete Global Grid Systems</a>" definition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For internet formats and protocols, the <a href="/wiki/WGS84" class="mw-redirect" title="WGS84">WGS84</a> is <i>de facto</i> and <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure"><i>de juri</i></a> standard: see <a href="/wiki/Geo_URI" class="mw-redirect" title="Geo URI">geo URI</a> protocol, <a href="/wiki/GeoJSON" title="GeoJSON">GeoJSON</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_Markup_Language" title="Geography Markup Language">GML</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keyhole_Markup_Language" title="Keyhole Markup Language">KML</a> formats.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OGC-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OGC_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Definitions of the <a href="/wiki/Open_Geospatial_Consortium" title="Open Geospatial Consortium">OGC</a>'s "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opengeospatial.org/ogc/glossary/g">Glossary of Terms</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leidner2008toponym-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leidner2008toponym_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDeLozier2007" class="citation thesis cs1">DeLozier, Jochen L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/1849"><i>Toponym resolution in text: annotation, evaluation and applications of spatial grounding</i></a> (PhD). University of Edinburgh. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1842%2F1849">1842/1849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Toponym+resolution+in+text%3A+annotation%2C+evaluation+and+applications+of+spatial+grounding&rft.inst=University+of+Edinburgh&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1842%2F1849&rft.aulast=DeLozier&rft.aufirst=Jochen+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.era.lib.ed.ac.uk%2Fhandle%2F1842%2F1849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeocode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGwillim_Law2016" class="citation book cs1">Gwillim Law (2016). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/administrativesu0000lawg"><i>Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 Through 1998</i></a></span>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0729-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0729-3"><bdi>978-0-7864-0729-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Administrative+Subdivisions+of+Countries%3A+A+Comprehensive+World+Reference%2C+1900+Through+1998&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0729-3&rft.au=Gwillim+Law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadministrativesu0000lawg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeocode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statoids.com/ihasc.html">"Hierarchical administrative subdivision codes"</a>. <i>Statoids</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statoids&rft.atitle=Hierarchical+administrative+subdivision+codes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statoids.com%2Fihasc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeocode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note: in practical use Geohash can expand to base2, but geometrically it is based on latitude and longitude (2+2) partitions, so base2 can result in loss of symmetry. Strictly Geohash base32 also need two-digit keys for base4 compatibility.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Topic 21: Discrete Global Grid Systems Abstract Specification", <a href="/wiki/Open_Geospatial_Consortium" title="Open Geospatial Consortium">Open Geospatial Consortium</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://docs.opengeospatial.org/as/15-104r5/15-104r5.html">https://docs.opengeospatial.org/as/15-104r5/15-104r5.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> See formal use of ISO country codes in Mapcode at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.mapcode.com/territory">https://www.mapcode.com/territory</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/google/open-location-code/wiki/Guidance-for-shortening-codes">"Guidance for shortening codes · google/Open-location-code Wiki"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Guidance+for+shortening+codes+%C2%B7+google%2FOpen-location-code+Wiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fgoogle%2Fopen-location-code%2Fwiki%2FGuidance-for-shortening-codes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeocode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osm_short_link-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-osm_short_link_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a>'s <i>short link</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Shortlink">documented in wiki.openstreetmap.org</a>, was released <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/openstreetmap/openstreetmap-website/blob/1d8e66016c4cdf465d06198cfbbfe76613ed3bfc/lib/short_link.rb">in 2009</a>, is near the same source-code <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/openstreetmap/openstreetmap-website/blob/master/lib/short_link.rb">10 years after</a>. It is strongly based on <a href="/wiki/Z-order_curve" title="Z-order curve">Morton's interlace algorithm</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.codes/">"Home"</a>. <i>plus.codes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plus.codes&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplus.codes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeocode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thenextweb.com/apps/2013/07/02/what3words-a-new-way-to-search-for-and-share-locations-via-google-maps-with-just-3-words-universal-address-system/">"What3words: Find and share very precise locations via Google Maps with just 3 words"</a>. 2 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What3words%3A+Find+and+share+very+precise+locations+via+Google+Maps+with+just+3+words&rft.date=2013-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthenextweb.com%2Fapps%2F2013%2F07%2F02%2Fwhat3words-a-new-way-to-search-for-and-share-locations-via-google-maps-with-just-3-words-universal-address-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeocode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geospatial-solutions.com/mongolia-adopts-what3words-as-national-addressing-system/">"Mongolia adopts what3words as national addressing system – Geospatial Solutions : Geospatial Solutions"</a>. June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mongolia+adopts+what3words+as+national+addressing+system+%E2%80%93+Geospatial+Solutions+%3A+Geospatial+Solutions&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeospatial-solutions.com%2Fmongolia-adopts-what3words-as-national-addressing-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeocode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(2016-09-08) "Correios de Cabo Verde testam novo sistema de endereçamento da Google", <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170209155133/http://aicep.pt/?%2Fnoticias%2F1%2F2534">https://web.archive.org/web/20170209155133/http://aicep.pt/?%2Fnoticias%2F1%2F2534</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDept_of_Communications2014" class="citation news cs1">Dept of Communications (28 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcenr.gov.ie/news-and-media/en-ie/Pages/PressRelease/Minister-Rabbitte-launches-Eircode-the-new-location-codes-for-Irish-addresses.aspx">"Minister Rabbitte launches Eircode the new location codes for Irish addresses"</a>. <a href="/wiki/DCENR" class="mw-redirect" title="DCENR">DCENR</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Minister+Rabbitte+launches+Eircode+the+new+location+codes+for+Irish+addresses&rft.date=2014-04-28&rft.au=Dept+of+Communications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcenr.gov.ie%2Fnews-and-media%2Fen-ie%2FPages%2FPressRelease%2FMinister-Rabbitte-launches-Eircode-the-new-location-codes-for-Irish-addresses.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeocode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eircode.ie/legal">"Eircode Terms of Use"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eircode+Terms+of+Use&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eircode.ie%2Flegal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeocode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://s2geometry.io/about/overview">"Overview"</a>. <i>s2geometry.io</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=s2geometry.io&rft.atitle=Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fs2geometry.io%2Fabout%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeocode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKreiss2016" class="citation web cs1">Kreiss, Sven (2016-07-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/sidewalk-talk/s2-cells-and-space-filling-curves-keys-to-building-better-digital-map-tools-for-cities-a312aa5e2f59">"S2 cells and space-filling curves: Keys to building better digital map tools for cities"</a>. <i>Medium</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=S2+cells+and+space-filling+curves%3A+Keys+to+building+better+digital+map+tools+for+cities&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft.aulast=Kreiss&rft.aufirst=Sven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fsidewalk-talk%2Fs2-cells-and-space-filling-curves-keys-to-building-better-digital-map-tools-for-cities-a312aa5e2f59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeocode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uber.com/blog/h3/">"Uber Blog announcing h3"</a>. <i>uber.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uber.com&rft.atitle=Uber+Blog+announcing+h3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uber.com%2Fblog%2Fh3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeocode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/uber/h3">"h3 open source code"</a>. <i>github.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=github.com&rft.atitle=h3+open+source+code&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fuber%2Fh3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeocode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://h3geo.org">"h3 documentation"</a>. <i>h3geo.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=h3geo.org&rft.atitle=h3+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fh3geo.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeocode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Step_By_Step_Navigation%7CNavipedia">/ ESA</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210404034644/https://www.unsalb.org/">"Second Administrative Level Boundaries"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unsalb.org/">the original</a> on 2021-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Second+Administrative+Level+Boundaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unsalb.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeocode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openpostcode.org">"OpenPostcode.org"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OpenPostcode.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openpostcode.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeocode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Shortlink">"Shortlink - OpenStreetMap Wiki"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shortlink+-+OpenStreetMap+Wiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.openstreetmap.org%2Fwiki%2FShortlink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeocode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/geoidentifiers.html">"Understanding Geographic Identifiers (GEOIDs)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=Understanding+Geographic+Identifiers+%28GEOIDs%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Freference%2Fgeoidentifiers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeocode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geocode&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geocoding-systems" title="Template:Geocoding-systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geocoding-systems" title="Template talk:Geocoding-systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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state code">FIPS state code</a> (FIPS 5-2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Territorial_Units_for_Statistics" title="Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics">NUTS</a> (EU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSS_coding_system" title="GSS coding system">GSS codes</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARC_standards" title="MARC standards">MARC country codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Geographical_Classification_code_(Canada)" title="Standard Geographical Classification code (Canada)">SGC codes</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_M49" title="UN M49">UN M.49</a> (UN)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airport_code" title="Airport code">Airport codes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IATA_airport_code" title="IATA airport code">IATA airport code</a></li> <li><a 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IOC country codes">IOC country code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_FIFA_country_codes" title="List of FIFA country codes">FIFA country code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geodesic" title="Geodesic">Geodesic</a><br />place codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Discrete_global_grid" title="Discrete global grid">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-squares" title="C-squares">C-squares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geohash" title="Geohash">Geohash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geohash-36" title="Geohash-36">Geohash-36</a></li> <li><a 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title="What3words">what3words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization_squares" title="World Meteorological Organization squares">WMO squares</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICES_Statistical_Rectangles" title="ICES Statistical Rectangles">ICES Statistical Rectangles</a> (north-east Atlantic region)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_grid_reference_system" title="Irish grid reference system">Irish grid reference system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Topographic_System" title="National Topographic System">National Topographic System</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">Ordnance Survey National Grid</a> (UK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Postal_code" title="Postal code">Postal codes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_Australia" title="Postcodes in Australia">Australian post codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_de_Endere%C3%A7amento_Postal" title="Código de Endereçamento Postal">CEP</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eircode" class="mw-redirect" title="Eircode">Eircodes</a> (Republic of Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_New_Zealand" title="Postcodes in New Zealand">New Zealand post codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_Index_Number" title="Postal Index Number">Postal Index Number</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_post_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="UK post codes">United Kingdom post codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIP_Code" title="ZIP Code">ZIP Code</a> (United States)</li></ul> 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>8 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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