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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distinguishing_agents_from_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinguishing_agents_from_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Distinguishing agents from programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinguishing_agents_from_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intuitive_distinguishing_agents_from_objects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intuitive_distinguishing_agents_from_objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Intuitive distinguishing agents from objects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intuitive_distinguishing_agents_from_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinguishing_agents_from_expert_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinguishing_agents_from_expert_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Distinguishing agents from expert systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinguishing_agents_from_expert_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinguishing_intelligent_software_agents_from_intelligent_agents_in_AI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinguishing_intelligent_software_agents_from_intelligent_agents_in_AI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Distinguishing intelligent software agents from intelligent agents in AI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinguishing_intelligent_software_agents_from_intelligent_agents_in_AI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_software_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_software_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Impact of software agents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact_of_software_agents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact of software agents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_software_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organizational_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizational_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Organizational impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizational_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_contentment_and_job_satisfaction_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_contentment_and_job_satisfaction_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Work contentment and job satisfaction impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_contentment_and_job_satisfaction_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cultural impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_intelligent_software_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_intelligent_software_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Examples of intelligent software agents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples_of_intelligent_software_agents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples of intelligent software agents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_intelligent_software_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buyer_agents_(shopping_bots)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buyer_agents_(shopping_bots)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Buyer agents (shopping bots)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buyer_agents_(shopping_bots)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-User_agents_(personal_agents)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#User_agents_(personal_agents)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>User agents (personal agents)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-User_agents_(personal_agents)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monitoring-and-surveillance_(predictive)_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitoring-and-surveillance_(predictive)_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Monitoring-and-surveillance (predictive) agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monitoring-and-surveillance_(predictive)_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data-mining_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data-mining_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Data-mining agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data-mining_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Networking_and_communicating_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Networking_and_communicating_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Networking and communicating agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Networking_and_communicating_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_development_agents_(aka_software_bots)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_development_agents_(aka_software_bots)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Software development agents (aka software bots)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_development_agents_(aka_software_bots)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Security agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Design issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notions_and_frameworks_for_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notions_and_frameworks_for_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Notions and frameworks for agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notions_and_frameworks_for_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="وكيل برمجي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وكيل برمجي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Софтуерен агент – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Софтуерен агент" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_(programa)" title="Agent (programa) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Agent (programa)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software-Agent" title="Software-Agent – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Software-Agent" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agente_(software)" title="Agente (software) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agente (software)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="عامل نرم‌افزاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عامل نرم‌افزاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_logiciel" title="Agent logiciel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Agent logiciel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4_%EC%97%90%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%84%ED%8A%B8" title="소프트웨어 에이전트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소프트웨어 에이전트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agen_perangkat_lunak" title="Agen perangkat lunak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Agen perangkat lunak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%9F_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%94" title="סוכן תוכנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוכן תוכנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agentas_(informatika)" title="Agentas (informatika) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Agentas (informatika)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szoftver%C3%A1gens" title="Szoftverágens – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szoftverágens" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_(software)" title="Agent (software) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Agent (software)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="ソフトウェアエージェント – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソフトウェアエージェント" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programvareagent" title="Programvareagent – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Programvareagent" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programvareagent" title="Programvareagent – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Programvareagent" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_(programowanie)" title="Agent (programowanie) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Agent (programowanie)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agente_de_software" title="Agente de software – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Agente de software" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_software" title="Agent software – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Agent software" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Программный агент – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Программный агент" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_agent" title="Software agent – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Software agent" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Агент (рачунарство) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Агент (рачунарство)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_(ra%C4%8Dunarstvo)" title="Agent (računarstvo) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Agent (računarstvo)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_(program)" title="Agent (program) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Agent (program)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Програмний агент – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Програмний агент" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1c_t%E1%BB%AD_ph%E1%BA%A7n_m%E1%BB%81m" title="Tác tử phần mềm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tác tử phần mềm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2297769#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Multi-agent_systems" title="Category:Multi-agent systems">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Multi-agent_system" title="Multi-agent system">Multi-agent systems</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Multi-agent_simulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-agent simulation">Multi-agent simulation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_computational_economics" title="Agent-based computational economics">Agent-based computational economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model_in_biology" title="Agent-based model in biology">Agent-based model in biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_social_simulation" title="Agent-based social simulation">Agent-based social simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agent-based_modeling_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of agent-based modeling software">Agent-based modeling software</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Agent-oriented_programming" title="Agent-oriented programming">Agent-oriented programming</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-GPT" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-GPT">Auto-GPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botnet" title="Botnet">Botnets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Intelligent_Physical_Agents" title="Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents">FIPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_platforms_for_software_agents" title="Comparison of platforms for software agents">Platforms for software agents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_Agent_Development_Framework" title="Java Agent Development Framework">JADE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JACK_Intelligent_Agents" title="JACK Intelligent Agents">JACK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GORITE" title="GORITE">GORITE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Software agent</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_artificial_intelligence" title="Distributed artificial intelligence">Distributed artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-agent_pathfinding" title="Multi-agent pathfinding">Multi-agent pathfinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-agent_planning" title="Multi-agent planning">Multi-agent planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-agent_reinforcement_learning" title="Multi-agent reinforcement learning">Multi-agent reinforcement learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_particles" title="Self-propelled particles">Self-propelled particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm robotics</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Multi-agent_system" title="Template:Multi-agent system"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Multi-agent_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Multi-agent system (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Multi-agent_system" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Multi-agent system"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, a <b>software agent</b> is a computer program that acts for a user or another program in a relationship of agency. </p><p>The term <i>agent</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>agere</i> (to do): an agreement to act on one's behalf. Such "action on behalf of" implies the <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> to decide which, if any, action is appropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some agents are colloquially known as <i><a href="/wiki/Bot_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bot (disambiguation)">bots</a></i>, from <i><a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robot</a></i>. They may be embodied, as when execution is paired with a robot body, or as <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> such as a chatbot executing on a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile device</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a>. Software agents may be autonomous or work together with other agents or people. Software agents interacting with people (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Chatbots" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatbots">chatbots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human-robot_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-robot interaction">human-robot interaction</a> environments) may possess human-like qualities such as <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_understanding" title="Natural language understanding">natural language understanding</a> and speech, personality or embody humanoid form (see <a href="/wiki/Asimo" class="mw-redirect" title="Asimo">Asimo</a>). </p><p>Related and derived concepts include <i><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">intelligent agents</a></i> (in particular exhibiting some aspects of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Automated_reasoning" title="Automated reasoning">reasoning</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_agent" title="Autonomous agent">autonomous agents</a></i> (capable of modifying the methods of achieving their objectives), <i>distributed</i> agents (being executed on physically distinct computers), <i><a href="/wiki/Multi-agent_system" title="Multi-agent system">multi-agent systems</a></i> (distributed agents that work together to achieve an objective that could not be accomplished by a single agent acting alone), and <i><a href="/wiki/Mobile_agent" title="Mobile agent">mobile agents</a></i> (agents that can relocate their execution onto different processors). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concepts">Concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_agent&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic attributes of an autonomous software agent are that agents: </p> <ul><li>are not strictly invoked for a task, but activate themselves,</li> <li>may reside in wait status on a host, perceiving context,</li> <li>may get to run status on a host upon starting conditions,</li> <li>do not require interaction of user,</li> <li>may invoke other tasks including communication.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nwana_Category_of_Software_Agents.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Nwana_Category_of_Software_Agents.gif/300px-Nwana_Category_of_Software_Agents.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Nwana_Category_of_Software_Agents.gif/450px-Nwana_Category_of_Software_Agents.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Nwana_Category_of_Software_Agents.gif 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>Nwana's Category of Software Agent</figcaption></figure> <p>The concept of an agent provides a convenient and powerful way to describe a complex software entity that is capable of acting with a certain degree of <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> in order to accomplish tasks on behalf of its host. But unlike objects, which are defined in terms of <i>methods</i> and <i>attributes</i>, an agent is defined in terms of its behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various authors have proposed different definitions of agents, these commonly include concepts such as: </p> <ul><li><i>persistence: c</i>ode is not executed on demand but runs continuously and decides for itself when it should perform some activity;</li> <li><i>autonomy:</i> agents have capabilities of task selection, prioritization, goal-directed behavior, decision-making without human intervention;</li> <li><i>social ability:</i> agents are able to engage other components through some sort of communication and coordination, they may collaborate on a task;</li> <li><i>reactivity:</i> agents perceive the context in which they operate and react to it appropriately.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distinguishing_agents_from_programs">Distinguishing agents from programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_agent&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distinguishing agents from programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All agents are programs, but not all programs are agents. Contrasting the term with related concepts may help clarify its meaning. Franklin & Graesser (1997)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> discuss four key notions that distinguish agents from arbitrary programs: reaction to the environment, autonomy, goal-orientation and <a href="/wiki/Persistence_(computer_science)" title="Persistence (computer science)">persistence</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intuitive_distinguishing_agents_from_objects">Intuitive distinguishing agents from objects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_agent&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Intuitive distinguishing agents from objects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Agents are more autonomous than <a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">objects</a>.</li> <li>Agents have flexible behavior: <a href="/wiki/Reactive_programming" title="Reactive programming">reactive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Proactive">proactive</a>, social.</li> <li>Agents have at least one <a href="/wiki/Thread_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread (computer science)">thread</a> of control but may have more.<sup id="cite_ref-Woldridge2002_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woldridge2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distinguishing_agents_from_expert_systems">Distinguishing agents from expert systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_agent&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distinguishing agents from expert systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expert_system" title="Expert system">Expert systems</a> are not coupled to their environment.</li> <li>Expert systems are not designed for reactive, proactive behavior.</li> <li>Expert systems do not consider social ability.<sup id="cite_ref-Woldridge2002_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woldridge2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distinguishing_intelligent_software_agents_from_intelligent_agents_in_AI">Distinguishing intelligent software agents from intelligent agents in AI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_agent&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distinguishing intelligent software agents from intelligent agents in AI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">Intelligent agents</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Rational_agent" title="Rational agent">rational agents</a>) are not just computer programs: they may also be machines, human beings, communities of human beings (such as <a href="/wiki/Business_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Business entity">firms</a>) or anything that is capable of goal-directed behavior.</li></ul> <dl><dd>(<a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFRussellNorvig2003 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_of_software_agents">Impact of software agents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_agent&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Impact of software agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Software agents may offer various benefits to their end users by automating complex or repetitive tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are organizational and cultural impacts of this technology that need to be considered prior to implementing software agents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizational_impact">Organizational impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_agent&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Organizational impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_contentment_and_job_satisfaction_impact">Work contentment and job satisfaction impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_agent&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Work contentment and job satisfaction impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People like to perform easy tasks providing the sensation of success unless the repetition of the simple tasking is affecting the overall output. In general implementing software agents to perform administrative requirements provides a substantial increase in work contentment, as administering their own work does never please the worker. The effort freed up serves for a higher degree of engagement in the substantial tasks of individual work. Hence, software agents may provide the basics to implement self-controlled work, relieved from hierarchical controls and interference.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such conditions may be secured by application of software agents for required formal support. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_impact">Cultural impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_agent&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cultural impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cultural effects of the implementation of software agents include trust affliction, skills erosion, privacy attrition and social detachment. Some users may not feel entirely comfortable fully delegating important tasks to software applications. Those who start relying solely on intelligent agents may lose important skills, for example, relating to information literacy. In order to act on a user's behalf, a software agent needs to have a complete understanding of a user's profile, including his/her personal preferences. This, in turn, may lead to unpredictable privacy issues. When users start relying on their software agents more, especially for communication activities, they may lose contact with other human users and look at the world with the eyes of their agents. These consequences are what agent researchers and users must consider when dealing with intelligent agent technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_agent&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of an agent can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Actor_model" title="Actor model">Hewitt's Actor Model</a> (Hewitt, 1977) - "A self-contained, interactive and concurrently-executing object, possessing internal state and communication capability."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>To be more academic, software agent systems are a direct evolution of Multi-Agent Systems (MAS). MAS evolved from <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Artificial_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed Artificial Intelligence">Distributed Artificial Intelligence</a> (DAI), Distributed Problem Solving (DPS) and Parallel AI (PAI), thus inheriting all characteristics (good and bad) from DAI and <a href="/wiki/AI" class="mw-redirect" title="AI">AI</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Sculley" title="John Sculley">John Sculley</a>'s 1987 "<a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Navigator" title="Knowledge Navigator">Knowledge Navigator</a>" video portrayed an image of a relationship between end-users and agents. Being an ideal first, this field experienced a series of unsuccessful top-down implementations, instead of a piece-by-piece, bottom-up approach. The range of agent types is now (from 1990) broad: WWW, search engines, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_intelligent_software_agents">Examples of intelligent software agents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_agent&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Examples of intelligent software agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">Intelligent agent</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buyer_agents_(shopping_bots)"><span id="Buyer_agents_.28shopping_bots.29"></span>Buyer agents (shopping bots)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_agent&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Buyer agents (shopping bots)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buyer agents<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> travel around a network (e.g. the internet) retrieving information about goods and services. These agents, also known as 'shopping bots', work very efficiently for commodity products such as CDs, books, electronic components, and other one-size-fits-all products. Buyer agents are typically optimized to allow for digital payment services used in e-commerce and traditional businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="User_agents_(personal_agents)"><span id="User_agents_.28personal_agents.29"></span>User agents (personal agents)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_agent&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: User agents (personal agents)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>User agents, or personal agents, are intelligent agents that take action on your behalf. In this category belong those intelligent agents that already perform, or will shortly perform, the following tasks: </p> <ul><li>Check your e-mail, sort it according to the user's order of preference, and alert you when important emails arrive.</li> <li>Play computer games as your opponent or patrol game areas for you.</li> <li>Assemble customized news reports for you. There are several versions of these, including CNN.</li> <li>Find information for you on the subject of your choice.</li> <li>Fill out forms on the Web automatically for you, storing your information for future reference</li> <li>Scan Web pages looking for and highlighting text that constitutes the "important" part of the information there</li> <li>Discuss topics with you ranging from your deepest fears to sports</li> <li>Facilitate with online job search duties by scanning known job boards and sending the resume to opportunities who meet the desired criteria</li> <li>Profile synchronization across heterogeneous social networks</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monitoring-and-surveillance_(predictive)_agents"><span id="Monitoring-and-surveillance_.28predictive.29_agents"></span>Monitoring-and-surveillance (predictive) agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_agent&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Monitoring-and-surveillance (predictive) agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Monitoring_and_Surveillance_Agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitoring and Surveillance Agents">Monitoring and surveillance agents</a> are used to observe and report on equipment, usually computer systems. The agents may keep track of company inventory levels, observe competitors' prices and relay them back to the company, watch <a href="/wiki/Stock_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock manipulation">stock manipulation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">insider trading</a> and rumors, etc. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Resource_monitoring_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Resource_monitoring_2.jpg/250px-Resource_monitoring_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Resource_monitoring_2.jpg/330px-Resource_monitoring_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Resource_monitoring_2.jpg/440px-Resource_monitoring_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Service monitoring</figcaption></figure> <p>For example, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory has an agent that monitors inventory, planning, schedules equipment orders to keep costs down, and manages food storage facilities. These agents usually monitor complex computer networks that can keep track of the configuration of each computer connected to the network. </p><p>A special case of Monitoring-and-Surveillance agents are organizations of agents used to emulate the Human Decision-Making process during tactical operations. The agents monitor the status of assets (ammunition, weapons available, platforms for transport, etc.) and receive Goals (Missions) from higher level agents. The Agents then pursue the Goals with the Assets at hand, minimizing expenditure of the Assets while maximizing Goal Attainment. (See Popplewell, "Agents and Applicability") </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data-mining_agents">Data-mining agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_agent&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Data-mining agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This agent uses information technology to find trends and patterns in an abundance of information from many different sources. The user can sort through this information in order to find whatever information they are seeking. </p><p>A data mining agent operates in a data warehouse discovering information. A 'data warehouse' brings together information from many different sources. "Data mining" is the process of looking through the data warehouse to find information that you can use to take action, such as ways to increase sales or keep customers who are considering defecting. </p><p>'Classification' is one of the most common types of data mining, which finds patterns in information and categorizes them into different classes. Data mining agents can also detect major shifts in trends or a key indicator and can detect the presence of new information and alert you to it. For example, the agent may detect a decline in the construction industry for an economy; based on this relayed information construction companies will be able to make intelligent decisions regarding the hiring/firing of employees or the purchase/lease of equipment in order to best suit their firm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Networking_and_communicating_agents">Networking and communicating agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_agent&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Networking and communicating agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some other examples of current <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">intelligent agents</a> include some <a href="/wiki/Spam_(e-mail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam (e-mail)">spam</a> filters, game <a href="/wiki/Computer_game_bot" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer game bot">bots</a>, and server monitoring tools. <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_indexing" title="Search engine indexing">Search engine indexing</a> bots also qualify as intelligent agents. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/User_agent" title="User agent">User agent</a> - for browsing the World Wide Web</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_transfer_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail transfer agent">Mail transfer agent</a> - For serving E-mail, such as <i>Microsoft Outlook</i>. Why? It communicates with the POP3 mail server, without users having to understand <a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">POP3</a> command protocols. It even has rule sets that filter mail for the user, thus sparing them the trouble of having to do it themselves.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Network_Management_Protocol" title="Simple Network Management Protocol">SNMP</a> agent</li> <li>In Unix-style networking servers, <i><a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">httpd</a></i> is an HTTP daemon that implements the <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a> at the root of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_agent" title="Management agent">Management agents</a> used to manage telecom devices</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_simulation" title="Crowd simulation">Crowd simulation</a> for safety planning or <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D computer graphics</a>,</li> <li>Wireless <i>beaconing agent</i> is a simple process hosted single tasking entity for implementing <a href="/wiki/Wireless_lock" title="Wireless lock">wireless lock</a> or electronic leash in conjunction with more complex software agents hosted e.g. on wireless receivers.</li> <li>Use of autonomous agents (deliberately equipped with noise) to optimize coordination in groups online.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_development_agents_(aka_software_bots)"><span id="Software_development_agents_.28aka_software_bots.29"></span>Software development agents (aka software bots)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_agent&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Software development agents (aka software bots)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Software_bot" title="Software bot">Software bot</a></div> <p>Software bots are becoming important in software engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_agents">Security agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_agent&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Security agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agents are also used in software security application to intercept, examine and act on various types of content. Example include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_loss_prevention_software" title="Data loss prevention software">Data Loss Prevention (DLP)</a> Agents<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - examine user operations on a computer or network, compare with policies specifying allowed actions, and take appropriate action (e.g. allow, alert, block). The more comprehensive DLP agents can also be used to perform EDR functions.</li> <li>Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) Agents - monitor all activity on an endpoint computer in order to detect and respond to malicious activities</li> <li>Cloud Access Security Broker (CASB) Agents - similar to DLP Agents, however examining traffic going to cloud applications</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_issues">Design issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_agent&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Design issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Issues to consider in the development of agent-based systems include </p> <ul><li>how tasks are scheduled and how synchronization of tasks is achieved</li> <li>how tasks are prioritized by agents</li> <li>how agents can collaborate, or recruit resources,</li> <li>how agents can be re-instantiated in different environments, and how their internal state can be stored,</li> <li>how the environment will be probed and how a change of environment leads to behavioral changes of the agents</li> <li>how messaging and communication can be achieved,</li> <li>what hierarchies of agents are useful (e.g. task execution agents, scheduling agents, resource providers ...).</li></ul> <p>For software agents to work together efficiently they must share <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a> of their data elements. This can be done by having computer systems publish their <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>. </p><p>The definition of <i>agent processing</i> can be approached from two interrelated directions: </p> <ul><li>internal state processing and ontologies for representing knowledge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_protocol" title="Interaction protocol">interaction protocols</a> – standards for specifying communication of tasks</li></ul> <p>Agent systems are used to model real-world systems with <a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">concurrency</a> or parallel processing. </p> <ul><li>Agent Machinery – Engines of various kinds, which support the varying degrees of intelligence</li> <li>Agent Content – Data employed by the machinery in Reasoning and Learning</li> <li>Agent Access – Methods to enable the machinery to perceive content and perform actions as outcomes of Reasoning</li> <li>Agent Security – Concerns related to distributed computing, augmented by a few special concerns related to agents</li></ul> <p>The agent uses its access methods to go out into local and remote databases to forage for content. These access methods may include setting up news stream delivery to the agent, or retrieval from bulletin boards, or using a spider to walk the Web. The content that is retrieved in this way is probably already partially filtered – by the selection of the newsfeed or the databases that are searched. The agent next may use its detailed searching or language-processing machinery to extract keywords or signatures from the body of the content that has been received or retrieved. This abstracted content (or event) is then passed to the agent's Reasoning or inferencing machinery in order to decide what to do with the new content. This process combines the event content with the rule-based or knowledge content provided by the user. If this process finds a good hit or match in the new content, the agent may use another piece of its machinery to do a more detailed search on the content. Finally, the agent may decide to take an action based on the new content; for example, to notify the user that an important event has occurred. This action is verified by a security function and then given the authority of the user. The agent makes use of a user-access method to deliver that message to the user. If the user confirms that the event is important by acting quickly on the notification, the agent may also employ its learning machinery to increase its weighting for this kind of event. </p><p>Bots can act on behalf of their creators to do good as well as bad. There are a few ways which bots can be created to demonstrate that they are designed with the best intention and are not built to do harm. This is first done by having a bot identify itself in the user-agent HTTP header when communicating with a site. The source IP address must also be validated to establish itself as legitimate. Next, the bot must also always respect a site's robots.txt file since it has become the standard across most of the web. And like respecting the robots.txt file, bots should shy away from being too aggressive and respect any crawl delay instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notions_and_frameworks_for_agents">Notions and frameworks for agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_agent&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notions and frameworks for agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DARPA_Agent_Markup_Language" title="DARPA Agent Markup Language">DAML</a> (DARPA Agent Markup Language)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3APL" title="3APL">3APL</a> (Artificial Autonomous Agents Programming Language)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOAL_agent_programming_language" title="GOAL agent programming language">GOAL agent programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Agent_Architecture" title="Open Agent Architecture">Open Agent Architecture</a> (OAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">Web Ontology Language</a> (OWL)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemon_(computing)" title="Daemon (computing)">daemons</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Agent_Template" title="Java Agent Template">Java Agent Template</a> (JAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Agent_Development_Framework" title="Java Agent Development Framework">Java Agent Development Framework</a> (JADE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARL_language" class="mw-redirect" title="SARL language">SARL agent programming language</a> (arguably an Actor and not Agent oriented paradigm)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_agent&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_architecture" title="Agent architecture">Agent architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">Chatbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_loss_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Data loss prevention">Data loss prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endpoint_detection_and_response" title="Endpoint detection and response">Endpoint detection and response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_bot" title="Software bot">Software bot</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_agent&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNwana1996" class="citation journal cs1">Nwana, H. S. (1996). "Software Agents: An Overview". <i>Knowledge Engineering Review</i>. <b>21</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">205–</span>244. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.50.660">10.1.1.50.660</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs026988890000789x">10.1017/s026988890000789x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7839197">7839197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Knowledge+Engineering+Review&rft.atitle=Software+Agents%3A+An+Overview&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.50.660%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7839197%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs026988890000789x&rft.aulast=Nwana&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+agent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchermer2007" class="citation book cs1">Schermer, B. W. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/11951"><i>Software agents, surveillance, and the right to privacy: A legislative framework for agent-enabled surveillance</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(paperback)</span>. Vol. 21. Leiden University Press. pp. 140, <span class="nowrap">205–</span>244. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F11951">1887/11951</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00712-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00712-6"><bdi>978-0-596-00712-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+agents%2C+surveillance%2C+and+the+right+to+privacy%3A+A+legislative+framework+for+agent-enabled+surveillance&rft.pages=140%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.pub=Leiden+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F11951&rft.isbn=978-0-596-00712-6&rft.aulast=Schermer&rft.aufirst=B.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenaccess.leidenuniv.nl%2Fhandle%2F1887%2F11951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+agent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWooldridgeJennings1995" class="citation journal cs1">Wooldridge, M.; Jennings, N. R. (1995). "Intelligent agents: theory and practice". <b>10</b> (2). Knowledge Engineering Review: <span class="nowrap">115–</span>152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Intelligent+agents%3A+theory+and+practice&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Wooldridge&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Jennings%2C+N.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+agent" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFranklinGraesser1996" class="citation book cs1">Franklin, S.; Graesser, A. (1996). "Is it an Agent, or just a Program?: A Taxonomy for Autonomous Agents". <i>Intelligent Agents III Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages</i>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 1193. University of Memphis, Institute for Intelligent Systems. pp. <span class="nowrap">21–</span>35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBFb0013570">10.1007/BFb0013570</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-62507-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-62507-0"><bdi>978-3-540-62507-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Is+it+an+Agent%2C+or+just+a+Program%3F%3A+A+Taxonomy+for+Autonomous+Agents&rft.btitle=Intelligent+Agents+III+Agent+Theories%2C+Architectures%2C+and+Languages&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.pub=University+of+Memphis%2C+Institute+for+Intelligent+Systems&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBFb0013570&rft.isbn=978-3-540-62507-0&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Graesser%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+agent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woldridge2002-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woldridge2002_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woldridge2002_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWooldridge2002" class="citation book cs1">Wooldridge, Michael J. 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"Software Bots". <i>IEEE Software</i>. <b>35</b>: <span class="nowrap">18–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMS.2017.4541027">10.1109/MS.2017.4541027</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31931036">31931036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Software&rft.atitle=Software+Bots&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMS.2017.4541027&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31931036%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lebeuf&rft.aufirst=Carlene&rft.au=Storey%2C+Margaret-Anne&rft.au=Zagalsky%2C+Alexey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+agent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.digitalguardian.com/rs/768-OQW-145/images/SC-Labs-DLP-GROUP-TEST-AND-DG-REVIEW.pdf?field_resource_type_value=analyst-reports">"Enterprise IP and DLP Software | Digital Guardian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>info.digitalguardian.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DARKReading+from+Information+World&rft.atitle=How+to+Live+by+the+Code+of+Good+Bots&rft.date=2017-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.darkreading.com%2Fcloud%2Fhow-to-live-by-the-code-of-good-bots%2Fa%2Fd-id%2F1329979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+agent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_agent&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agents.umbc.edu/introduction/ao/">Software Agents: An Overview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717174118/http://agents.umbc.edu/introduction/ao/">Archived</a> July 17, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Hyacinth S. Nwana. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knowledge_Engineering_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knowledge Engineering Review (page does not exist)">Knowledge Engineering Review</a></i>, 11(3):1–40, September 1996. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fipa.org/">FIPA</a> The Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100621141053/http://jade.tilab.com/">JADE</a> Java Agent Developing Framework, an Open Source framework developed by Telecom Italia Labs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.software-agent.eu/">European Software-Agent Research Center</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170914214953/http://software-agent.eu/">Archived</a> 2017-09-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/jafima">JAFIMA</a> JAFIMA: A Java based Agent Framework for Intelligent and Mobile Agents</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/p/semanticagent/">SemanticAgent</a> An Open Source framework to develop SWRL based Agents on top of JADE</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobilec.org/">Mobile-C</a> A Multi-Agent Platform for Mobile C/C++ Agents.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100927052843/http://isr.nu/hll/project/JavaNetReflect/">HLL</a> High-Level Logic (HLL) Open Source Project.</li> <li>Open source project <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kato.sourceforge.net/kato.html">KATO</a> for PHP and Java developers to write software agents</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software_agent&oldid=1265184910">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software_agent&oldid=1265184910</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Artificial_intelligence" title="Category:Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agent-based_software" title="Category:Agent-based software">Agent-based software</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_October_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from October 2023">Use mdy dates from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 December 2024, at 15:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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