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<svg class="icon icon-dot " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-dot" href="#icon-dot"></use> </svg></li> <li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_2-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.treehugger.com/science-news-4846088" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_6-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Science</span></a></li></ul> </div> <h1 class="article-heading type--lion">155 Million Pounds of Pesticide Leach Into Aquifers Every Year</h1> <p class="article-subheading type--dog">The potentially harmful chemicals are impacting ecosystems and freshwater resources.</p> <div id="mntl-article-meta-dynamic_1-0" class="comp mntl-article-meta-dynamic mntl-article-meta mntl-block" data-tracking-container="true"><div id="green-bylines_1-0" class="comp green-bylines mntl-bylines"><div id="mntl-bylines__group_1-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__group mntl-block mntl-bylines__group--author"><div id="mntl-bylines__item_1-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__item mntl-attribution__item mntl-attribution__item--has-date"> <span class="mntl-attribution__item-descriptor">By</span> <div data-tooltip="<p>Melissa Breyer is Treehugger’s former senior editorial director. Her writing and photography have been featured in The New York Times, The Guardian, National Geographic, Audubon Magazine, and elsewhere.</p>" tabindex="0" data-inline-tooltip="true"> <a href="https://www.treehugger.com/melissa-breyer-4845352" rel="nocaes" data-trigger-link="true" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="-1" >Melissa Breyer</a> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip mntl-tooltip mntl-group"> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__top "> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__image-wrapper"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:133.3%;"> <img data-src="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/SjtgYH9qF7GKXpKwW9PaOJXMBCQ=/40x40/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/mb-head-8efe594c4cb4485b8a5605a4fe1d015d.jpg" alt="Black and white headshot" class="lazyload mntl-author-tooltip__image" width="40" height="40" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/SjtgYH9qF7GKXpKwW9PaOJXMBCQ=/40x40/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/mb-head-8efe594c4cb4485b8a5605a4fe1d015d.jpg" alt="Black and white headshot" width="40" height="40" class="img--noscript mntl-author-tooltip__image" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip__name_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__name mntl-attribution__item "> <a href="https://www.treehugger.com/melissa-breyer-4845352" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="0" >Melissa Breyer</a> </div> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip__social-nav_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__social-nav green-social-nav mntl-social-nav" data-tracking-container="true"> <ul class="social-nav__list"> <li class="social-nav__item social-nav__item--x"> <a href="https://twitter.com/MelissaBreyer" target="_blank" rel="noopener nocaes" class="social-nav__link social-nav__link--x" aria-label="Visit Melissa Breyer's X" > <svg class="icon icon-x social-nav__icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-x" href="#icon-x"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <span id="mntl-author-tooltip__job-title_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__job-title mntl-text-block">Former Senior Editorial Director</span> <ul id="mntl-author-tooltip__education_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education mntl-block"><li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">Hunter College</li> <li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_2-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">F.I.T., State University of New York</li> <li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_3-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">Cornell University</li></ul> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bio"> <p>Melissa Breyer is Treehugger’s former senior editorial director. Her writing and photography have been featured in The New York Times, The Guardian, National Geographic, Audubon Magazine, and elsewhere.</p> </div> </div> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bottom"> <span class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-text">Learn about our </span> <a href="/about-us-5024862#toc-editorial-guidelines" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-link" >editorial process</a> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="mntl-attribution__item-date">Published July 13, 2023</div></div> </div></div></div> </div><div class="loc article-post-header"><ul id="social-share_1-0" class="comp social-share mntl-universal-social-share share" data-title="155 Million Pounds of Pesticide Leach Into Aquifers Every Year" document="StructuredContentDocumentEx{parent=BaseDocumentEx{templateType=STRUCTUREDCONTENT, documentId=7560932, bestTitle='155 Million Pounds of Pesticide Leach Into Aquifers Every Year'}}" data-description="The potentially harmful chemicals are impacting 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</li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item tax-one-item"> <a href="https://www.treehugger.com/news-archive-5209276" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="8" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > News Archive <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div><div class="loc article-content"><div id="article-content_1-0" class="comp article-content mntl-block "><div id="mntl-sc-page_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-page mntl-block structured-content expert-content" data-sc-sticky-offset="92" data-sc-ad-label-height="24" data-sc-ad-track-spacing="100" data-sc-min-track-height="250" data-sc-max-track-height="600" data-sc-breakpoint="50em" data-sc-load-immediate="3" data-sc-content-positions="[1, 1050, 1250, 1550, 1950, 2350, 2750, 3150]" data-bind-scroll-on-start="true"><p id="mntl-sc-block_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> During World War I, modern pesticides were developed as the by-products of research on nerve gas and explosives. After World War II, synthetic organic compounds ushered in a new era of pesticides—one that conveniently found a use for chemicals previously used in war. The chemical industry transitioned to peacetime by, for example, pushing DDT everywhere it could, even with the knowledge that "non-target" species were dying as a sort of collateral damage.<span class="ql-inline-citation" data-cite="2"></span> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_3-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Thankfully, we recognized the <a href="https://www.treehugger.com/what-is-ddt-environmental-impact-and-current-uses-5189097" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">horrid toxicological effects</a> of DDT, and it is now banned in much of the world. However, we are still enthusiastic about spraying poison on living things. Currently, around 3 million tonnes of agricultural pesticides are used worldwide every year. In Imperial measurements, that's around 3.3 million tons or 6.6 billion pounds. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_4-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_5-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> It is an enormous number, and here's the thing. We apply these vast amounts of pesticides to crops, but they don't just magically disappear once they have done their job of killing their intended victims. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_6-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_7-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Researchers now reveal that pesticides, in fact, travel far and wide after initial agricultural application, leaching into aquifers, rivers, oceans, and soils. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_8-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_9-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The global study analyzed the geographic distribution of 92 of the most commonly used agricultural pesticides and found that approximately 70,000 tonnes (77,000 U.S. tons or 155 million pounds) of potentially harmful chemicals leach into aquifers each year, impacting ecosystems and freshwater resources. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_10-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <figure id="mntl-sc-block_11-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block green-sc-block-image mntl-sc-block-universal-image mntl-sc-block-image--no-theme mntl-sc-block-image figure-landscape figure-high-res"> <div class="figure-media"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/RWY85ZUwWyRHlKy7XmcgEsofy44=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/a-sandhill-crane-jumps-up-from-a-sandbar-on-the-platte-river-near-kearney--nebraska-1220839677-c35e9e4eb7f44c008b26a2ba23488eca.jpg" width="4500" height="3000" data-srcset="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/CmXIRRvcQ5CNLk5pl5OO-YlP3zc=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/a-sandhill-crane-jumps-up-from-a-sandbar-on-the-platte-river-near-kearney--nebraska-1220839677-c35e9e4eb7f44c008b26a2ba23488eca.jpg 750w" data-sizes="750px" alt="A Sandhill Crane jumps up from a sandbar on the Platte River near Kearney, Nebraska" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" id=mntl-sc-block-image_1-0 data-tracking-container="true" data-img-lightbox="true" data-click-tracked="true" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/RWY85ZUwWyRHlKy7XmcgEsofy44=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/a-sandhill-crane-jumps-up-from-a-sandbar-on-the-platte-river-near-kearney--nebraska-1220839677-c35e9e4eb7f44c008b26a2ba23488eca.jpg" width="4500" height="3000" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" srcset="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/CmXIRRvcQ5CNLk5pl5OO-YlP3zc=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/a-sandhill-crane-jumps-up-from-a-sandbar-on-the-platte-river-near-kearney--nebraska-1220839677-c35e9e4eb7f44c008b26a2ba23488eca.jpg 750w" sizes="750px" alt="A Sandhill Crane jumps up from a sandbar on the Platte River near Kearney, Nebraska" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <figcaption id="mntl-figure-caption_1-0" class="comp mntl-figure-caption type--mouse figure-article-caption"> <span class="figure-article-caption-text">Sandhill cranes on the Platte River near Kearney, Nebraska.</span> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner">Diana Robinson Photography / Getty Images</span> </figcaption></figure> <p id="mntl-sc-block_12-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> “Our study has revealed that pesticides wander far from their original source," says lead author Federico Maggi from the University of Sydney’s School of Civil Engineering. "In many cases these chemicals end up a long way downstream and often, though in much smaller amounts, all the way to the ocean.” </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_13-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_14-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The researchers show that some 80% of applied pesticides degrade into byproducts ("daughter molecules") in the soil that surrounds crops. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_15-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_16-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> “This degradation of pesticides often occurs as a ‘cascade’ of molecules into the surrounding environment, which can persist in the environment for a long time and can be just as harmful as the parent molecule or applied pesticide. One such example is glyphosate. Although it is highly degradable, it breaks down into a molecule known as AMPA that is both highly persistent and toxic,” says Maggi.<br/> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_17-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_18-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The study reveals that only a fraction of pesticides enter river systems. But once they are in the water, most of the active ingredients end up in the ocean. This puts at risk the very basis of marine and freshwater food chains," the authors explain, with potential negative impacts on marine wildlife and coral reefs. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_19-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_20-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> “On paper, 0.1 percent leaching into fresh waterways might not sound like much,” says Maggi. “But it only takes a tiny amount of pesticides to have a negative impact on the environment.” </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_21-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <figure id="mntl-sc-block_22-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block green-sc-block-image mntl-sc-block-universal-image mntl-sc-block-image--no-theme mntl-sc-block-image figure-landscape figure-low-res"> <div class="figure-media"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:53.1%;"> <img data-src="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/C9xIHfh-TA3E9tg6eQbNR6hEzmM=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/water-pesticides-d5b27e01579740e1aa050a41508477d6.jpg" width="700" height="372" data-srcset="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/YykXLlhtzfOLsXa7SWYJXR5yMXU=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/water-pesticides-d5b27e01579740e1aa050a41508477d6.jpg 750w" data-sizes="750px" alt="Pesticide concentration in rivers and discharge to oceans globally" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" id=mntl-sc-block-image_2-0 data-tracking-container="true" data-img-lightbox="true" data-click-tracked="true" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/C9xIHfh-TA3E9tg6eQbNR6hEzmM=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/water-pesticides-d5b27e01579740e1aa050a41508477d6.jpg" width="700" height="372" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" srcset="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/YykXLlhtzfOLsXa7SWYJXR5yMXU=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/water-pesticides-d5b27e01579740e1aa050a41508477d6.jpg 750w" sizes="750px" alt="Pesticide concentration in rivers and discharge to oceans globally" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <figcaption id="mntl-figure-caption_2-0" class="comp mntl-figure-caption type--mouse figure-article-caption"> <span class="figure-article-caption-text">Pesticide concentration in rivers and discharge to oceans globally.</span> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner"><p> Dr. Federico Maggi, Dr Francesco Tabiella, Dr Fiona Tang</p></span> </figcaption></figure> <p id="mntl-sc-block_23-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> And indeed, it amounts to 730 tonnes (1.6 million pounds) of pesticides entering rivers alone each year. As the study explains, about 13,000 kilometers (8,100 miles) of rivers display chemical concentrations above safety limits for a number of aquatic plants and invertebrates—and nobody is sure about what kind of impact this has on river ecosystems. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_24-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_25-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> “Just because we don’t see pesticide residues in soil and water doesn’t mean they’re not there, impacting critical systems on land, rivers and oceans," says paper co-author Dr. Fiona Tang from Monash University. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_26-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_27-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Remarkably, the authors say that the numbers are conservative because not all pesticides were included in the analysis. Legacy pesticides, those used in aquaculture, private dwellings, and public spaces, were not included—meaning the risk of these chemicals to ecosystems and people is likely higher. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_28-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_29-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> "We must urgently adopt sustainable management strategies to promote reductions in field applications of harmful pesticides and set in place systems to effectively monitor their use under the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda," says another one of the paper's co-authors, Dr Francesco Tubiello, Senior Environmental Statistician at the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_30-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_31-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> With a rapidly expanding human population and the daunting logistics of growing enough food to feed everyone, the topic of pesticides can become contentious. Advocates argue that they are needed in order to grow adequate food. But Maggi points out that reducing pesticide use worldwide is possible without threatening food security, as long as such initiatives are designed and implemented in consultation with food producers. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_32-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_33-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> “Globally, there is a lot of room to increase efficiencies and yield while still supporting an abundant food supply through new technology and modern crop management practices,” he says. In a separate paper, Maggi laid out recommendations to reduce pesticide use, including calling for a reliable set of indicators and improved monitoring. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_34-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_35-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> "It is important that national authorities disclose statistics on the use of agricultural inputs, be they fertilizers or pesticides, given the effect they have on the environment and ecosystem service." </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_36-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_37-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The study, "<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06296-x" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1" rel="nofollow">Agricultural pesticide land budget and river discharge to oceans</a>," was published in Nature. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_38-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_39-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <strong>Read more:</strong> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_40-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="mntl-sc-block_41-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block green-sc-block-featuredlink mntl-sc-block-featuredlink mntl-block generic-link"><a href="https://www.treehugger.com/neonicotinoids-what-home-gardeners-need-to-know-4863832" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-sc-block-featuredlink__link_1-0" class="mntl-sc-block-featuredlink__link mntl-text-link " data-tracking-container="true" data-tracking-id="featured-link" ><span class="link__wrapper">Neonicotinoids: What Gardeners Need to Know</span></a></div> <div id="mntl-sc-block_42-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block green-sc-block-featuredlink mntl-sc-block-featuredlink mntl-block generic-link"><a href="https://www.treehugger.com/natural-homemade-insecticides-save-your-garden-without-killing-earth-4858819" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-sc-block-featuredlink__link_2-0" class="mntl-sc-block-featuredlink__link mntl-text-link " data-tracking-container="true" data-tracking-id="featured-link" ><span class="link__wrapper">8 Natural & Homemade Insecticides: Save Your Garden Without Killing the Earth</span></a></div> <div id="mntl-sc-block_43-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block green-sc-block-featuredlink mntl-sc-block-featuredlink mntl-block generic-link"><a href="https://www.treehugger.com/honeybees-stagger-after-pesticide-exposure-6499787" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-sc-block-featuredlink__link_3-0" class="mntl-sc-block-featuredlink__link mntl-text-link " data-tracking-container="true" data-tracking-id="featured-link" ><span class="link__wrapper">Honeybees Can't Walk Straight After Pesticide Exposure</span></a></div></div></div> </div><div class="loc article-post-content"><div id="sources-and-citation_1-0" class="comp sources-and-citation mntl-sources-and-citation mntl-block has-sources"><div id="mntl-article-sources_1-0" class="comp mntl-article-sources mntl-expandable-block" data-scroll-offset="92"><div class="loc toggle-content"><div id="mntl-article-sources__wrapper_1-0" class="comp mntl-article-sources__wrapper mntl-block" data-click-tracked="true"><span id="mntl-article-sources__heading_1-0" class="comp mntl-article-sources__heading mntl-text-block type--squirrel-link">View Article Sources</span> <svg class="icon icon-sources-show show-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-sources-show" href="#icon-sources-show"></use> </svg> <svg class="icon icon-sources-hide hide-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-sources-hide" href="#icon-sources-hide"></use> </svg></div> </div><div class="loc expandable-content"> <div id="mntl-article-sources__citation-sources_1-0" class="comp mntl-article-sources__citation-sources mntl-citation-sources mntl-sources" data-tracking-container="true"> <ol class="mntl-sources__content"> <li class="mntl-sources__source" id="citation-2"><p>Umetsu N, Shirai Y. Development of novel pesticides in the 21st century. J Pestic Sci. 2020 May 20;45(2):54-74. doi: 10.1584/jpestics.D20-201. 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