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aria-hidden="true"></iframe> <article id="green-article_1-0" class="comp green-article mntl-article mntl-article--three-column sc-ad-container" data-tracking-container="true"><div class="loc article-header"><div id="article-heading_1-0" class="comp article-heading mntl-article-header"><div class="loc article-preheading"><ul id="mntl-universal-breadcrumbs_1-0" class="comp mntl-universal-breadcrumbs mntl-block type--squirrel breadcrumbs" data-tracking-container="true"><li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_1-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.treehugger.com/news-4846010" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_5-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">News</span></a> <svg class="icon icon-dot " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-dot" href="#icon-dot"></use> </svg></li> <li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_2-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.treehugger.com/science-news-4846088" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_6-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Science</span></a></li></ul> </div> <h1 class="article-heading type--lion">World's Oldest Moss May Not Survive Humans</h1> <p class="article-subheading type--dog">After nearly 400 million years of evolution and resilience, this rare moss is now facing extinction </p> <div id="mntl-article-meta-dynamic_1-0" class="comp mntl-article-meta-dynamic mntl-article-meta mntl-block" data-tracking-container="true"><div id="green-bylines_1-0" class="comp green-bylines mntl-bylines"><div id="mntl-bylines__group_1-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__group mntl-block mntl-bylines__group--author"><div id="mntl-bylines__item_1-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__item mntl-attribution__item mntl-attribution__item--has-date"> <span class="mntl-attribution__item-descriptor">By</span> <div data-tooltip="<p>Melissa Breyer is Treehugger’s former senior editorial director. Her writing and photography have been featured in The New York Times, The Guardian, National Geographic, Audubon Magazine, and elsewhere.</p>" tabindex="0" data-inline-tooltip="true"> <a href="https://www.treehugger.com/melissa-breyer-4845352" rel="nocaes" data-trigger-link="true" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="-1" >Melissa Breyer</a> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip mntl-tooltip mntl-group"> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__top "> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__image-wrapper"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:133.3%;"> <img data-src="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/SjtgYH9qF7GKXpKwW9PaOJXMBCQ=/40x40/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/mb-head-8efe594c4cb4485b8a5605a4fe1d015d.jpg" alt="Black and white headshot" class="lazyload mntl-author-tooltip__image" width="40" height="40" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/SjtgYH9qF7GKXpKwW9PaOJXMBCQ=/40x40/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/mb-head-8efe594c4cb4485b8a5605a4fe1d015d.jpg" alt="Black and white headshot" width="40" height="40" class="img--noscript mntl-author-tooltip__image" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip__name_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__name mntl-attribution__item "> <a href="https://www.treehugger.com/melissa-breyer-4845352" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="0" >Melissa Breyer</a> </div> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip__social-nav_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__social-nav green-social-nav mntl-social-nav" data-tracking-container="true"> <ul class="social-nav__list"> <li class="social-nav__item social-nav__item--x"> <a href="https://twitter.com/MelissaBreyer" target="_blank" rel="noopener nocaes" class="social-nav__link social-nav__link--x" aria-label="Visit Melissa Breyer's X" > <svg class="icon icon-x social-nav__icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-x" href="#icon-x"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <span id="mntl-author-tooltip__job-title_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__job-title mntl-text-block">Former Senior Editorial Director</span> <ul id="mntl-author-tooltip__education_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education mntl-block"><li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">Hunter College</li> <li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_2-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">F.I.T., State University of New York</li> <li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_3-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">Cornell University</li></ul> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bio"> <p>Melissa Breyer is Treehugger’s former senior editorial director. Her writing and photography have been featured in The New York Times, The Guardian, National Geographic, Audubon Magazine, and elsewhere.</p> </div> </div> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bottom"> <span class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-text">Learn about our </span> <a href="/about-us-5024862#toc-editorial-guidelines" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-link" >editorial process</a> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="mntl-attribution__item-date">Updated October 20, 2023</div></div> </div></div></div> </div><div class="loc article-post-header"><ul id="social-share_1-0" class="comp social-share mntl-universal-social-share share" data-title="World's Oldest Moss May Not Survive Humans" document="StructuredContentDocumentEx{parent=BaseDocumentEx{templateType=STRUCTUREDCONTENT, documentId=7574526, bestTitle='World's Oldest Moss May Not Survive Humans'}}" data-description="After nearly 400 million years of evolution and resilience, this rare moss is now facing 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data-href="https://www.treehugger.com/worlds-oldest-moss-may-not-survive-humans-7574526?utm_source=emailshare&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=shareurlbuttons" data-network="emailshare" data-click-tracked="true" class="share-link share-link-email" tabindex="0" title="Email this article" aria-label="Email this article" role="link"> <svg class="icon icon-letter " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-letter" href="#icon-letter"></use> </svg> </span> </li> </ul> <figure id="figure-article_1-0" class="comp figure-article mntl-universal-primary-image right-rail__offset primary-image"> <div class="primary-image__media"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img src="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/D0TZVEdeKRu95XOzAoeTYOZk21o=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/PM_Biologie_Takakia_Reski_Takakiapopulation_-e25476df37f44709977b8b09a594870b.jpg" width="3000" height="2000" srcset="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/SvRUFbNyIbMu0q9WKzM9ppiXXyk=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/PM_Biologie_Takakia_Reski_Takakiapopulation_-e25476df37f44709977b8b09a594870b.jpg 750w" sizes="750px" alt="Close-up photo of moss" class=" primary-image__image mntl-primary-image--blurry" onload="(function(e){e.classList.add('loaded')})(this)" style="--blurry: url('data:image/gif;charset=utf-8;base64,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')" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/D0TZVEdeKRu95XOzAoeTYOZk21o=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/PM_Biologie_Takakia_Reski_Takakiapopulation_-e25476df37f44709977b8b09a594870b.jpg" width="3000" height="2000" class="loaded primary-img--noscript primary-image__image mntl-primary-image--blurry" srcset="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/SvRUFbNyIbMu0q9WKzM9ppiXXyk=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/PM_Biologie_Takakia_Reski_Takakiapopulation_-e25476df37f44709977b8b09a594870b.jpg 750w" sizes="750px" alt="Close-up photo of moss" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <figcaption id="primary-image__figcap_1-0" class="comp primary-image__figcap mntl-figure-caption figure-article-caption"> <svg class="icon icon-camera figure-article-caption-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-camera" href="#icon-camera"></use> </svg> <span class="figure-article-caption-text">Wild Takakia population on the Tibetan Plateau.</span> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner"><p>Xuedong Li / Capital Normal University Beijing</p></span> </figcaption></figure> </div><div class="loc article-left-rail"> <div id="breadcrumbs-list_2-0" class="comp breadcrumbs-list " data-tracking-container="true"> <span 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data-ordinal="5" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Home & Design <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item tax-one-item"> <a href="https://www.treehugger.com/current-events-4846083" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="6" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Current Events <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item tax-one-item"> <a href="https://www.treehugger.com/treehugger-voices-4846082" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="7" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Treehugger Voices <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item tax-one-item"> <a href="https://www.treehugger.com/news-archive-5209276" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="8" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > News Archive <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div><div class="loc article-content"><div id="article-content_1-0" class="comp article-content mntl-block "><div id="mntl-sc-page_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-page mntl-block structured-content expert-content" data-sc-sticky-offset="92" data-sc-ad-label-height="24" data-sc-ad-track-spacing="100" data-sc-min-track-height="250" data-sc-max-track-height="600" data-sc-breakpoint="50em" data-sc-load-immediate="3" data-sc-content-positions="[1, 1050, 1250, 1550, 1950, 2350, 2750, 3150]" data-bind-scroll-on-start="true"><p id="mntl-sc-block_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> A rare moss called Takakia has adapted over hundreds of millions of years to survive the extremes of life on the cliffs of the Tibetan Plateau. Now, a team of researchers who have been studying the moss for nearly a decade says that despite being one of the fastest-evolving species ever studied, Takakia may not be adapting quickly enough to survive climate change. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_3-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The genus Takakia includes just two species, both of which are found only on the Tibetan Plateau—an area the researchers refer to as the “roof of the world.” </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_4-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_5-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Professor Dr. Xuedong Li, one of the two first authors of the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2023.07.003" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">study</a>, discovered populations of Takakia at an altitude of over 13,000 feet (4,000 meters) in 2005. The team has been studying the moss on-site and in the lab ever since. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_6-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="mntl-sc-block_7-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block green-sc-block-featuredlink mntl-sc-block-featuredlink mntl-block related-link"><a href="https://www.treehugger.com/tundra-plants-5193248" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-sc-block-featuredlink__link_1-0" class="mntl-sc-block-featuredlink__link mntl-text-link " data-tracking-container="true" data-tracking-id="featured-link" ><span class="link__wrapper">15 Unique Plants That Flourish in the Tundra Biome</span></a></div> <div id="mntl-sc-block_8-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_9-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Life on the Tibetan Plateau isn't easy. Takakia is buried under snow for eight months of the year and exposed to high levels of UV radiation when it emerges from its snowy cover. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_10-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_11-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Takakia has been evolving in this location for over 65 million years, ever since the region was formed by continental drift, making the habitat increasingly extreme. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_12-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_13-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> “These geological time records help us to trace the gradual adaptation to a life at high altitudes in the Takakia genome,” <a href="https://kommunikation.uni-freiburg.de/pm-en/press-releases-2023/oldest-extant-plant-has-adapted-to-extremes-and-is-threatened-by-climate-change" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1" rel="nofollow">explains</a> Dr. Ralf Reski from the University of Freiburg, who led the team along with Dr. Yikun He from the Capital Normal University in China. The latest research looked at how the moss has been able how to develop the ability to survive life-threatening extremes. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_14-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_15-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> In the study, they also document how climate change has significantly altered the moss' habitat within just a few years. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_16-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_17-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The team was surprised to find Takakia's shape in 165 million-year-old fossils from Inner Mongolia, revealing that genetic changes affecting shape evolved more than 165 million years ago under wildly different conditions. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_18-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_19-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> “Although the Takakia genome is evolving so rapidly, the morphology has not changed recognisably for more than 165 million years," says Reski. "This makes Takakia a true living fossil. This apparent contrast between unchanged shape and rapidly changing genome is a scientific challenge for evolutionary biologists." </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_20-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <figure id="mntl-sc-block_21-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block green-sc-block-image mntl-sc-block-universal-image mntl-sc-block-image--no-theme mntl-sc-block-image figure-landscape figure-high-res"> <div class="figure-media"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:64.1%;"> <img data-src="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/-ndi3zI6jBDU3o3V617XCBDiXHg=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/PM_Biologie_Takakia_Reski_Himalaya-44ff938333234646aeb4f700fad4281d.jpg" width="1413" height="907" data-srcset="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/kS_UK_fqLM424juHodrkyGokNwc=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/PM_Biologie_Takakia_Reski_Himalaya-44ff938333234646aeb4f700fad4281d.jpg 750w" data-sizes="750px" alt="View of the region where the researchers studied moss populations. " class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" id=mntl-sc-block-image_1-0 data-tracking-container="true" data-img-lightbox="true" data-click-tracked="true" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/-ndi3zI6jBDU3o3V617XCBDiXHg=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/PM_Biologie_Takakia_Reski_Himalaya-44ff938333234646aeb4f700fad4281d.jpg" width="1413" height="907" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" srcset="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/kS_UK_fqLM424juHodrkyGokNwc=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/PM_Biologie_Takakia_Reski_Himalaya-44ff938333234646aeb4f700fad4281d.jpg 750w" sizes="750px" alt="View of the region where the researchers studied moss populations. " /> </noscript> </div> </div> <figcaption id="mntl-figure-caption_1-0" class="comp mntl-figure-caption type--mouse figure-article-caption"> <span class="figure-article-caption-text">View of the region where the researchers studied moss populations.</span> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner"><p>Ruoyang Hu / Capital Normal University Beijing</p></span> </figcaption></figure> <p id="mntl-sc-block_22-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> All told, Takakia is some 390 million years old—and is host to the fastest evolving genes ever discovered. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_23-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_24-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> “We have now been able to prove that Takakia is a moss that separated from the other mosses 390 million years ago, shortly after the emergence of the first land plants. We were surprised to find that Takakia has the highest known number of fast-evolving genes under positive selection”, says He. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_25-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_26-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> But despite having hundreds of millions of years to evolve to increasingly extreme changes, climate change may put an end to the little moss that could. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_27-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="mntl-sc-block_28-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block green-sc-block-embed mntl-sc-block-universal-embed mntl-sc-block-embed--youtube"><iframe id="mntl-sc-block_28-0-iframe" class="mntl-sc-block-universal-embed--iframe-legacy lazyload" allowfullscreen="false" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-forms allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation" title="Takakia moss" data-expand="300" data-src="/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DfhkSFE-boCA%26t%3D6s&id=mntl-sc-block_28-0-iframe&options=e30%3D&docId=7574526"></iframe></div> <div id="mntl-sc-block_29-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_30-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Since they began taking measurements of Takakia's habitat in 2010, the researchers describe an average temperature increase of almost half a degree Celsius per year. Meanwhile, the glacier near the sample sites is receding at an alarming pace—around 130 feet (50 meters) per year. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_31-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_32-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The researchers note that Takakia populations have become significantly smaller over the study period. Between 2010 and 2021, the coverage of Takakia populations decreased by 1.6% annually, faster than that of four local common mosses—a trend they expect to continue. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_33-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_34-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> “Our study shows how valuable Takakia is in tracing the evolution of land plants. The population decline we found is frightening,” He says. “Fortunately, knowing that the plant is threatened by extinction also gives us a chance to protect it, for example, by growing it in the lab,” adds Hu. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_35-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_36-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> “Takakia has seen the dinosaurs come and go. It has seen us humans coming," Reski concludes. 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