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<span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>City/Urban Branding</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-City/Urban_Branding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle City/Urban Branding subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-City/Urban_Branding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples_of_Urban_Branding_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_Urban_Branding_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Examples of Urban Branding campaigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_Urban_Branding_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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title="Standortmarketing – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Standortmarketing" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_territorial" title="Marketing territorial – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marketing territorial" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_branding" title="Place branding – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Place branding" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%92_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA" title="מיתוג מקומות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיתוג מקומות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_miejsc" title="Marketing miejsc – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Marketing miejsc" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Маркетинг мест – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маркетинг мест" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/I_Love_New_York.svg/220px-I_Love_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/I_Love_New_York.svg/330px-I_Love_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/I_Love_New_York.svg/440px-I_Love_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>New York City's famous "I Love New York" logo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilgore_Wordmark_black.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kilgore_Wordmark_black.jpg/220px-Kilgore_Wordmark_black.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Kilgore_Wordmark_black.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="85" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kilgore,_Texas" title="Kilgore, Texas">Kilgore</a> city's <a href="/wiki/Wordmark" title="Wordmark">Wordmark</a> showing big and small cities alike benefit from Branding</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Place branding</b> (includes <b>place marketing</b> and <b>place promotion</b>) is a term based on the idea that "<a href="/wiki/City" title="City">cities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">regions</a> can be <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">branded</a>," whereby branding techniques and other <a href="/wiki/Marketing_strategy" title="Marketing strategy">marketing strategies</a> are applied to "the economic, political and cultural development of cities, regions and countries."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As opposed to the branding of products and services, place branding is more multidimensional in nature, as a 'place' is inherently "anchored into a history, a culture, an ecosystem,"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 189">: 189 </span></sup> which is then incorporated into a network of associations, "linking products, spaces, organizations and people."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> As such, the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Nation_branding" title="Nation branding">nation branding</a>, <b>region branding</b>, and <b>city branding</b> (also known as urban branding), fall under the <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella term">umbrella term</a> of place branding.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practice is understood to have gained significance with the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_society" title="Post-industrial society">post-industrial society</a> among developing nations, in which places contend in an interdependent, increasingly-<a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">globalized economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, place branding invariably relates to the notion that places compete with other places for people, resources, and business, and, as a result, many public administrations pursue such strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2011, the global competition of cities is estimated to host at least 2.7 million small <a href="/wiki/Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities">cities</a>/<a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">towns</a>, 3,000 large <a href="/wiki/Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities">cities</a>, and 455 <a href="/wiki/Metropolises" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolises">metropolises</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In essence, place branding is "a strategy for projecting images and managing perceptions about places".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64">: 64 </span></sup> As such, it purposes to induce <a href="/wiki/Affective" class="mw-redirect" title="Affective">affective</a> responses from consumers, thereby forming a meaningful relationship between person and place. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Place_branding&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most often associated with capitalistic function, <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">branding</a> has traditionally been understood as a strategy used when promoting goods and services to evoke an emotional response from consumers. Accordingly, place branding follows the notion that places (e.g. cities and <a href="/wiki/Urban_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban space">urban spaces</a>) can be "shaped and managed just like any other brand."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 301">: 301 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunset_Toronto_Skyline_Panorama_Crop_from_Snake_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Skyline of Toronto, Ontario, including the CN Tower." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sunset_Toronto_Skyline_Panorama_Crop_from_Snake_Island.jpg/250px-Sunset_Toronto_Skyline_Panorama_Crop_from_Snake_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sunset_Toronto_Skyline_Panorama_Crop_from_Snake_Island.jpg/330px-Sunset_Toronto_Skyline_Panorama_Crop_from_Snake_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sunset_Toronto_Skyline_Panorama_Crop_from_Snake_Island.jpg/500px-Sunset_Toronto_Skyline_Panorama_Crop_from_Snake_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6759" data-file-height="3001" /></a><figcaption>Skyline of <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/CN_Tower" title="CN Tower">CN Tower</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The practice of place branding is understood to have emerged in the mid-19th century. The United States, in particular, began such strategies to attract rural populations to urban centers for labor. Later, the practice would be used for tourism purposes, especially in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, with famous posters of places. However, the practice would not become commonplace among cities and countries until recent years. This emphasis is considered to represent a broader phenomenon that emerged around the 1970s known as <a href="/wiki/Urban_Regeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban Regeneration">urban regeneration</a>, whereby systems of production within developed countries became "<a href="/wiki/Vertical_disintegration" title="Vertical disintegration">vertically disintegrated</a>," giving way to <a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_society" title="Post-industrial society">post-industrial</a> societies,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> typified by <a href="/wiki/The_Entrepreneurial_State" title="The Entrepreneurial State">"entrepreneurial" forms of governance</a>. Such interest seems to have come out of recognition that "places of all kinds can benefit from implementing coherent strategies with regard to managing their resources, reputation and image."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Academia">In Academia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Place_branding&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In Academia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though scholarly interest in the domain of place branding is still in its nascent stages, published academic research has seen considerable increase in recent years. As the <a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">world economy</a> becomes more and more integrated and interconnected, this interest will only continue to grow, especially as cities compete for "talent attraction, tourism promotion, the hosting of sporting and cultural events, investment attraction, and the many other goals that cities set out to achieve in their quest for <a href="/wiki/Urban_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban Development">urban development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_Regeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban Regeneration">regeneration</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p><p>Place branding is an <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">interdisciplinary approach</a> that can be focused in on as a field in <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">urban sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Sociology">cultural sociology</a>), <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">communication studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>, and others. It may even be applied to other arts and humanities, such as <a href="/wiki/Film_studies" title="Film studies">film studies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Humanities#Literature" title="Humanities">literature</a>, in so far as observing how places are portrayed or imagined (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_Rex" title="Oedipus Rex">Oedipus Rex</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/Gotham_City" title="Gotham City">Gotham City</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Batman_(franchise)" title="Batman (franchise)">Batman franchise</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts_of_Globalization">Impacts of Globalization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Place_branding&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Impacts of Globalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_Cities_Index.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Global_Cities_Index.png/476px-Global_Cities_Index.png" decoding="async" width="476" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Global_Cities_Index.png/714px-Global_Cities_Index.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Global_Cities_Index.png/952px-Global_Cities_Index.png 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Global_Cities_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Cities Index">Global Cities Index</a></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the tenets of place branding posits that the struggle for attention and preference is not limited to commercial goods and services; it applies equally to <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitical</a> entities. Countries and cities compete for tourist income, business, and often tax bases. Even within cities, there is a fierce competition between city centres, urban vs. suburban areas; <a href="/wiki/Big-box_retailers" class="mw-redirect" title="Big-box retailers">big-box retailers</a> vs. local businesses; <a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">shopping malls</a> vs. traditional downtowns. Proponents of place branding argue that this heightened competitive environment makes it important for places, no matter their size or composition, to clearly differentiate themselves and convey why they are relevant and valued options. </p><p>This view is supported and defended by Joao Freire, among others,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who states that successful destination-brand management can be seen as an exercise of coordination where relevant variables—such as tourism infrastructures, quality of local services, and other destination-brand users need to be managed in order to achieve a coherent and desired destination-brand identity. Thus, contrary to popular conception that destination-brand building is solely an exercise in communication, destination branding is, in reality, an exercise of identification, organization and coordination of all the variables that affect the <a href="/wiki/Destination_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Destination image">destination image</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>strategic</b> application of place branding is growing with nations, regions, cities, and institutions as they realize they compete with other places for people, resources, and business. The phenomenon of place branding, as an <b>organic</b> process of image communication without strategy, has been occurring throughout history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processes">Processes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Place_branding&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Place branding is a process made up of several sub-processes. Unlike branding simpler entities like a product, service, company, person or classical subjects of branding, place branding, and in particular nation and city branding, is a complex process. The complexity comes from the great diversity of stakeholders in the process. </p><p>In general, a place brand is derived from existing assets of the place such as its value offering or public perception. Otherwise, the place brand is derived from created assets, such as events, policies, abstract concepts of <i>tolerance</i>, and so on. </p><p>The derived image of the place brand is then communicated through communication channels. These channels vary and range from television advertisements to <a href="/wiki/Internet_marketing" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet marketing">Internet marketing</a> efforts. These communications are aimed at a specific target market. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="City/Urban_Branding"><span id="City.2FUrban_Branding"></span>City/Urban Branding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Place_branding&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: City/Urban Branding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sydney_Opera_House,_vivid_Sydey.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sydney_Opera_House%2C_vivid_Sydey.JPG/330px-Sydney_Opera_House%2C_vivid_Sydey.JPG" decoding="async" width="326" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sydney_Opera_House%2C_vivid_Sydey.JPG/500px-Sydney_Opera_House%2C_vivid_Sydey.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sydney_Opera_House%2C_vivid_Sydey.JPG/960px-Sydney_Opera_House%2C_vivid_Sydey.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3815" data-file-height="2492" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House" title="Sydney Opera House">Sydney Opera House</a> during <a href="/wiki/Vivid_Sydney" title="Vivid Sydney">Vivid Sydney</a> (2013), an annual festival of light, music, and ideas.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>City branding</b> (also known as urban branding) refers to all the activities that are undergone with the purpose of turning a city from a <i>location</i> into a <i>destination</i>. "Successful branding," says Robert Jones, consultant director at international brand consultancy <a href="/wiki/Wolff_Olins" title="Wolff Olins">Wolff Olins</a>, "can turn a city into a place where people want to live, work and visit."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> City branding is often confused with <a href="/wiki/City_marketing" title="City marketing">city marketing</a>. The two differ in the fact that marketing uses consumer wishes and needs as its guiding principle for the operations of an organization, whereas in the case of branding a chosen vision, mission and identity play that role.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>City branding creates a single brand for the city and extends it to all its offerings and interactions. From a consumer's point of view, this creates a unique picture of the city at every level of interaction. This also helps in removing the need to present a case-by-case picture of the city for each of its offerings to the customers. </p><p>A city brand is its promise of value, a promise that needs to be kept. Good branding can assist in making cities desirable, just as bad branding can assist in making cities undesirable. Some examples of well-branded cities are <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. It is seen that the successful city brands marketed their history, quality of place, lifestyle, culture, and diversity, and proactively formed cooperative partnerships between city municipalities and government in order to enhance their infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Equally important is the role of <a href="/wiki/Positioning_(marketing)" title="Positioning (marketing)">positioning</a> in the branding process, i.e. creating a distinct place in the market for the city to occupy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_Urban_Branding_campaigns">Examples of Urban Branding campaigns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Place_branding&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples of Urban Branding campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Eye_Twilight_April_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="England's London Eye" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/London_Eye_Twilight_April_2006.jpg/250px-London_Eye_Twilight_April_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/London_Eye_Twilight_April_2006.jpg/330px-London_Eye_Twilight_April_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/London_Eye_Twilight_April_2006.jpg/500px-London_Eye_Twilight_April_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>England's famous <a href="/wiki/London_Eye" title="London Eye">London Eye</a> ferris wheel</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> has a clear city brand as a <a href="/wiki/Holy_city" title="Holy city">holy city</a>. The holy city includes numerous significant holy sites such as <a href="/wiki/The_Western_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="The Western Wall">the Western Wall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Holy Sepulcher">Church of the Holy Sepulcher</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Garden_Tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden Tomb">Garden Tomb</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>. A study commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Research_Council" title="Swedish Research Council">Swedish Research Council</a> suggests that Jerusalem may be one of the oldest city brands, having undergone organic branding campaigns for centuries. <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a>, the religious equivalent of tourism, has been part of Jerusalem's history for <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a> or simply <b>Vegas</b> is used by the <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Convention_and_Visitors_Authority" title="Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority">Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority</a> as a brand to market the bulk of the <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas Valley</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip" title="Las Vegas Strip">Las Vegas Strip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas, Nevada">Las Vegas, Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henderson,_Nevada" title="Henderson, Nevada">Henderson, Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Las_Vegas,_Nevada" title="North Las Vegas, Nevada">North Las Vegas, Nevada</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Clark_County,_Nevada" title="Clark County, Nevada">Clark County, Nevada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has also branded itself as "<a href="/wiki/Sin_City_(description)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin City (description)">Sin City</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other examples of urban brands include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghosh" title="Abu Ghosh">Abu Ghosh</a> – "world capital of hummus"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> – "<a href="/wiki/I_Love_New_York" title="I Love New York">I Love New York</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> – "Illuminated City"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> "<a href="/wiki/Emerald_City#In_city_branding" title="Emerald City">Emerald City</a>"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Place_branding&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em 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.cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKempChildersWilliams2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kemp, Elyria; Childers, Carla Y.; Williams, Kim H. 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New York: Palgrave Macmillan.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Place_branding&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brian Lonsway, "The Experience of a Lifestyle," pp. 225–246 in The Themed Space: Locating Culture, Nation, and Self, ed. Scott A. Lukas (Lanham, MD, Lexington Books, 2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7391-2142-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7391-2142-1">0-7391-2142-1</a></li> <li><i>How to Brand Nations, Cities and Destinations,</i> Teemu Moilanen & Seppo Rainisto, Palgrave Macmillan (2008).</li> <li><i>Nation Branding. Concepts, Issues, Practice.</i> Keith Dinnie, Butterworth Heinemann (2009).</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Place_branding&oldid=1275813144">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Place_branding&oldid=1275813144</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_branding" title="Category:Types of branding">Types of branding</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brand_management" title="Category:Brand management">Brand management</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2020">Use dmy dates from April 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 February 2025, at 06:02<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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