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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Ghazali</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">16,129 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Ghazali</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Ghazali">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36785141" data-work_id="36785141" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36785141/Al_Ghazali_The_Condemnation_of_Pride_and_Self_Admiration_Al_Ghazali_Series_Islamic_Texts_Society_2018_2nd_edition_2024_">Al-Ghazali, The Condemnation of Pride and Self-Admiration (Al-Ghazali Series; Islamic Texts Society, 2018; 2nd edition, 2024)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36785141" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="55f26db7a2ecf27cd1dfb1cd1675163c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59300595,"asset_id":36785141,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59300595/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="61763884" href="https://carleton-ca.academia.edu/MohammedRustom">Mohammed Rustom</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="61763884" type="text/json">{"id":61763884,"first_name":"Mohammed","last_name":"Rustom","domain_name":"carleton-ca","page_name":"MohammedRustom","display_name":"Mohammed Rustom","profile_url":"https://carleton-ca.academia.edu/MohammedRustom?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61763884/16042817/153451769/s65_mohammed.rustom.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36785141 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36785141"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36785141, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36785141", }); 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In this regard, this study tries to emphasize the existential moral dimension of this change and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_72017227" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The aim of this study is to discuss where the meaning of change and transformation experienced in daily life in Islamic thought is based on. In this regard, this study tries to emphasize the existential moral dimension of this change and transformation in the context of Ghazali’s thought.<br />The possibility of questioning change and transformation in Islamic thought is interpreted on the basis of "being". In other words, the metaphysical discourse that guides the questioning of the truth and certainty of the truth in the experienced change and transformation process is shaped on the ground of "being". The main problem in this metaphysical discussion is how to base the ground of "being". According to Avicenna, the idea of "being", which cannot be explained but is the first principle of every explanation, exists in human beings directly. Thus, Avicenna, who draws attention to the mental area that makes it possible to be aware of one’s own existence even if it is isolated from all senses, with the metaphor of " the floating man", points out the abstracting ability of the mind as the most reliable place in producing metaphysical discourse on the ground of "being". In this interpretation of Avicenna, the ground of "being", which is the source of understanding the change and transformation, is based on the abstracting character of the mind.<br />Ghazali objects to grounding the questioning of the truth experienced in the process of change and transformation, which is inevitably experienced in daily life, on such an abstract epistemological basis. In the thought of al-Ghazali, since the investigation of the accuracy and certainty of the truth due to the will and power of God resists being reduced to mental universal categories, that is, epistemologically abstract rational thought, the ground of "being", which is the source of understanding change and transformation, is based on the holy text (Qur'an). In this interpretation, al-Ghazali highlights the existential moral meaning of the ground of "being" as opposed to the overly abstracting (tanzih) theoretical attitude. This study claims that it is important to shed light on the foundations of Islamic thought in the example of Ghazali in order to make visible the increasingly abstract contextual framework of questioning change and transformation due to science and technology and to question alternative approaches.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/72017227" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="497cc184d0f5d84100af6e9316f44343" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81118853,"asset_id":72017227,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81118853/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="12652298" href="https://independent.academia.edu/%C5%9Eeng%C3%BClYa%C5%9Far%C3%96zdemir">Şengül Özdemir</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="12652298" type="text/json">{"id":12652298,"first_name":"Şengül","last_name":"Özdemir","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ŞengülYaşarÖzdemir","display_name":"Şengül Özdemir","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/%C5%9Eeng%C3%BClYa%C5%9Far%C3%96zdemir?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12652298/7141886/8044090/s65__eng_l.ya_ar_zdemir.jpg_oh_413d6cdd69cc880ff2a624bf9bb32409_oe_555b11b6___gda___1432878011_f94b56a853118e9552cfb73c95431ac3"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_72017227 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="72017227"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72017227, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_72017227", }); 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In this regard, this study tries to emphasize the existential moral dimension of this change and transformation in the context of Ghazali’s thought.\nThe possibility of questioning change and transformation in Islamic thought is interpreted on the basis of \"being\". In other words, the metaphysical discourse that guides the questioning of the truth and certainty of the truth in the experienced change and transformation process is shaped on the ground of \"being\". The main problem in this metaphysical discussion is how to base the ground of \"being\". According to Avicenna, the idea of \"being\", which cannot be explained but is the first principle of every explanation, exists in human beings directly. Thus, Avicenna, who draws attention to the mental area that makes it possible to be aware of one’s own existence even if it is isolated from all senses, with the metaphor of \" the floating man\", points out the abstracting ability of the mind as the most reliable place in producing metaphysical discourse on the ground of \"being\". In this interpretation of Avicenna, the ground of \"being\", which is the source of understanding the change and transformation, is based on the abstracting character of the mind.\nGhazali objects to grounding the questioning of the truth experienced in the process of change and transformation, which is inevitably experienced in daily life, on such an abstract epistemological basis. In the thought of al-Ghazali, since the investigation of the accuracy and certainty of the truth due to the will and power of God resists being reduced to mental universal categories, that is, epistemologically abstract rational thought, the ground of \"being\", which is the source of understanding change and transformation, is based on the holy text (Qur'an). In this interpretation, al-Ghazali highlights the existential moral meaning of the ground of \"being\" as opposed to the overly abstracting (tanzih) theoretical attitude. This study claims that it is important to shed light on the foundations of Islamic thought in the example of Ghazali in order to make visible the increasingly abstract contextual framework of questioning change and transformation due to science and technology and to question alternative approaches.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81118853,"asset_id":72017227,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":12652298,"first_name":"Şengül","last_name":"Özdemir","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ŞengülYaşarÖzdemir","display_name":"Şengül Özdemir","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/%C5%9Eeng%C3%BClYa%C5%9Far%C3%96zdemir?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12652298/7141886/8044090/s65__eng_l.ya_ar_zdemir.jpg_oh_413d6cdd69cc880ff2a624bf9bb32409_oe_555b11b6___gda___1432878011_f94b56a853118e9552cfb73c95431ac3"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5348,"name":"Transformation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transformation?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":18373,"name":"Moral Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":102251,"name":"Al-Ghazali's Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Al-Ghazalis_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":353451,"name":"al-Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/al-Ghazali?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4392289" data-work_id="4392289" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4392289/In_the_Shadow_of_Prophetic_Legislation_The_Venture_of_Practical_Philosophy_after_Avicenna_Peygamberin_Yasa_Koyuculu%C4%9Fu_nun_G%C3%B6lgesinde_Amel%C3%AE_Felsefenin_%C4%B0bn_S%C3%AEn%C3%A2_Sonras%C4%B1_Serencam%C4%B1_">In the Shadow of “Prophetic Legislation”: The Venture of Practical Philosophy after Avicenna ["Peygamberin Yasa Koyuculuğu"nun Gölgesinde: Amelî Felsefenin İbn Sînâ Sonrası Serencamı]</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The article aims to demonstrate that Avicenna’s (d. 428/1037) centrality in Islamic intellectual history is not restricted to the branches of theoretical philosophy; rather, he also has had a deep and strong influence on the conception of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4392289" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The article aims to demonstrate that Avicenna’s (d. 428/1037) centrality in Islamic intellectual history is not restricted to the branches of theoretical philosophy; rather, he also has had a deep and strong influence on the conception of practical philosophy until modern times. I will discuss the impact of Avicenna’s view of practical philosophy by analyzing his different classifications of practical philosophy throughout his career and the factors behind his disregard for practical philosophy in his philosophical summas on the basis of his view of the relationship between philosophy and šarī‘a. To demonstrate my argument regarding Avicenna’s influence on the conception of practical philosophy in Islamic tradition, I will refer to major works on the classification of sciences, and the commentaries (šurūḥ) and glosses (ḥāwāšī) on the two most important and widely circulated philosophical summas in the post-Avicennan philosophy, including al-Abharī’s (d. 663/1264) Hidāyat al-ḥikma and al-Kātibī’s (d. 675/1276) Ḥikmat al-‘ayn.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4392289" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cfd0eb9276313fb7ff371decee4d565b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54038508,"asset_id":4392289,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54038508/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5261518" href="https://istanbul.academia.edu/MCuneytKaya">M. Cuneyt Kaya</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5261518" type="text/json">{"id":5261518,"first_name":"M. Cuneyt","last_name":"Kaya","domain_name":"istanbul","page_name":"MCuneytKaya","display_name":"M. Cuneyt Kaya","profile_url":"https://istanbul.academia.edu/MCuneytKaya?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5261518/2315009/17359914/s65_m._cuneyt.kaya.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4392289 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4392289"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4392289, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4392289", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4392289 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4392289; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_4392289"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_4392289 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4392289"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4392289; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4392289]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4392289").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4392289").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4392289"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12442" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ibn_Sina">Ibn Sina</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12442" type="text/json">{"id":12442,"name":"Ibn Sina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ibn_Sina?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38977" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Avicenna">Avicenna</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="38977" type="text/json">{"id":38977,"name":"Avicenna","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Avicenna?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39060" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suhrawardi">Suhrawardi</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="39060" type="text/json">{"id":39060,"name":"Suhrawardi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suhrawardi?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48945" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Commentary_Traditions">Commentary Traditions</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="48945" type="text/json">{"id":48945,"name":"Commentary Traditions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Commentary_Traditions?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4392289]'), work: {"id":4392289,"title":"In the Shadow of “Prophetic Legislation”: The Venture of Practical Philosophy after Avicenna [\"Peygamberin Yasa Koyuculuğu\"nun Gölgesinde: Amelî Felsefenin İbn Sînâ Sonrası Serencamı]","created_at":"2013-09-02T17:28:18.206-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4392289/In_the_Shadow_of_Prophetic_Legislation_The_Venture_of_Practical_Philosophy_after_Avicenna_Peygamberin_Yasa_Koyuculu%C4%9Fu_nun_G%C3%B6lgesinde_Amel%C3%AE_Felsefenin_%C4%B0bn_S%C3%AEn%C3%A2_Sonras%C4%B1_Serencam%C4%B1_?f_ri=49853","dom_id":"work_4392289","summary":"The article aims to demonstrate that Avicenna’s (d. 428/1037) centrality in Islamic intellectual history is not restricted to the branches of theoretical philosophy; rather, he also has had a deep and strong influence on the conception of practical philosophy until modern times. I will discuss the impact of Avicenna’s view of practical philosophy by analyzing his different classifications of practical philosophy throughout his career and the factors behind his disregard for practical philosophy in his philosophical summas on the basis of his view of the relationship between philosophy and šarī‘a. To demonstrate my argument regarding Avicenna’s influence on the conception of practical philosophy in Islamic tradition, I will refer to major works on the classification of sciences, and the commentaries (šurūḥ) and glosses (ḥāwāšī) on the two most important and widely circulated philosophical summas in the post-Avicennan philosophy, including al-Abharī’s (d. 663/1264) Hidāyat al-ḥikma and al-Kātibī’s (d. 675/1276) Ḥikmat al-‘ayn.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54038508,"asset_id":4392289,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5261518,"first_name":"M. Cuneyt","last_name":"Kaya","domain_name":"istanbul","page_name":"MCuneytKaya","display_name":"M. Cuneyt Kaya","profile_url":"https://istanbul.academia.edu/MCuneytKaya?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5261518/2315009/17359914/s65_m._cuneyt.kaya.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12442,"name":"Ibn Sina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ibn_Sina?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":38977,"name":"Avicenna","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Avicenna?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":39060,"name":"Suhrawardi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suhrawardi?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":48945,"name":"Commentary Traditions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Commentary_Traditions?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":105753,"name":"Mulla Sadra","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mulla_Sadra?f_ri=49853"},{"id":157768,"name":"Fakhr al-Din al-Razi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi?f_ri=49853"},{"id":158976,"name":"Athir al-Din Abhari","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Athir_al-Din_Abhari?f_ri=49853"},{"id":207760,"name":"Shams al-Din al-Shahrazuri","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shams_al-Din_al-Shahrazuri?f_ri=49853"},{"id":306548,"name":"Glosses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glosses?f_ri=49853"},{"id":349561,"name":"al-Shahrastani","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/al-Shahrastani?f_ri=49853"},{"id":768461,"name":"Baydawi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Baydawi?f_ri=49853"},{"id":1055636,"name":"Islamic philosophy in the post-classical period","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_philosophy_in_the_post-classical_period?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38656952" data-work_id="38656952" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38656952/Gazzali_%C4%B0tikadda_Orta_Yol_el_%C4%B0ktis%C3%A2d_fil_%C4%B0tik%C3%A2d_">Gazzali, İtikadda Orta Yol [el-İktisâd fi'l-İ'tikâd]</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">İslam düşünce tarihinin en etkili isimlerinden biri olan ve Hüccetü'l-İslam unvanıyla tanınan Gazzali, ehl-i sünnet kelamının önemli kaynaklarından olmakla birlikte geçmişte yeterince rağbet görmeyen İtikadda Orta Yol'da itikadî... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38656952" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">İslam düşünce tarihinin en etkili isimlerinden biri olan ve Hüccetü'l-İslam unvanıyla tanınan Gazzali, ehl-i sünnet kelamının önemli kaynaklarından olmakla birlikte geçmişte yeterince rağbet görmeyen İtikadda Orta Yol'da itikadî meseleleri aktarıp lehte ve aleyhte ortaya atılan fikirleri naklettikten sonra en doğru görüşün orta yola (iktisad) bağlı olan ehl-i sünnet tarafından temsil edildiğinin altını çizer ve konuları hem aklî hem de naklî esaslar çerçevesinde izah eder. Bu bakımdan eser, mantık kurallarının itikadî konulara uygulandığı ilk eserlerden biridir. <br /><br />Gazzalî'nin -kendi ifadesiyle- bu eserde ortaya koyduğu deliller, itikadî/manevî hastalıkların tedavisinde kullanılan ilaçlar hükmündedir ve bunu uygulayan doktorun (kelamcı) yetenekli, sağlam görüşlü ve keskin zekalı olması gerekir. Bu sebeple, eserin girişinde geniş bir metodoloji kısmına yer verir.<br /><br />Kısacası, İtikadda Orta Yol bir yandan yeterli miktarda kelam bilgisine sahip olmak isteyenler için sahih itikadın çerçevesini belirlemekte, diğer taraftan, bid'at ve dalaletlere karşı çıkarak şüpheleri gidermek ve avamın itikadını savunmak isteyenlere kılavuzluk etmektedir.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38656952" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="87b007f7a58b350fe69e54004008358e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58736177,"asset_id":38656952,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58736177/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="69652636" href="https://ahbv.academia.edu/OsmanDemir">Osman Demir</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="69652636" type="text/json">{"id":69652636,"first_name":"Osman","last_name":"Demir","domain_name":"ahbv","page_name":"OsmanDemir","display_name":"Osman Demir","profile_url":"https://ahbv.academia.edu/OsmanDemir?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/69652636/20713266/20286602/s65_osman.demir.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38656952 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38656952"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38656952, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38656952", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38656952]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38656952").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38656952").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38656952"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5675" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalam_Islamic_Theology_">Kalam (Islamic Theology)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5675" type="text/json">{"id":5675,"name":"Kalam (Islamic Theology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalam_Islamic_Theology_?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49853" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali">Ghazali</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="49853" type="text/json">{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2819484" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ahl_Al-sunnah">Ahl Al-sunnah</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2819484" type="text/json">{"id":2819484,"name":"Ahl Al-sunnah","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ahl_Al-sunnah?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38656952]'), work: {"id":38656952,"title":"Gazzali, İtikadda Orta Yol [el-İktisâd fi'l-İ'tikâd]","created_at":"2019-03-28T15:18:51.854-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38656952/Gazzali_%C4%B0tikadda_Orta_Yol_el_%C4%B0ktis%C3%A2d_fil_%C4%B0tik%C3%A2d_?f_ri=49853","dom_id":"work_38656952","summary":"İslam düşünce tarihinin en etkili isimlerinden biri olan ve Hüccetü'l-İslam unvanıyla tanınan Gazzali, ehl-i sünnet kelamının önemli kaynaklarından olmakla birlikte geçmişte yeterince rağbet görmeyen İtikadda Orta Yol'da itikadî meseleleri aktarıp lehte ve aleyhte ortaya atılan fikirleri naklettikten sonra en doğru görüşün orta yola (iktisad) bağlı olan ehl-i sünnet tarafından temsil edildiğinin altını çizer ve konuları hem aklî hem de naklî esaslar çerçevesinde izah eder. Bu bakımdan eser, mantık kurallarının itikadî konulara uygulandığı ilk eserlerden biridir. \n\nGazzalî'nin -kendi ifadesiyle- bu eserde ortaya koyduğu deliller, itikadî/manevî hastalıkların tedavisinde kullanılan ilaçlar hükmündedir ve bunu uygulayan doktorun (kelamcı) yetenekli, sağlam görüşlü ve keskin zekalı olması gerekir. Bu sebeple, eserin girişinde geniş bir metodoloji kısmına yer verir.\n\nKısacası, İtikadda Orta Yol bir yandan yeterli miktarda kelam bilgisine sahip olmak isteyenler için sahih itikadın çerçevesini belirlemekte, diğer taraftan, bid'at ve dalaletlere karşı çıkarak şüpheleri gidermek ve avamın itikadını savunmak isteyenlere kılavuzluk etmektedir.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58736177,"asset_id":38656952,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":69652636,"first_name":"Osman","last_name":"Demir","domain_name":"ahbv","page_name":"OsmanDemir","display_name":"Osman Demir","profile_url":"https://ahbv.academia.edu/OsmanDemir?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/69652636/20713266/20286602/s65_osman.demir.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5675,"name":"Kalam (Islamic Theology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalam_Islamic_Theology_?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":2819484,"name":"Ahl Al-sunnah","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ahl_Al-sunnah?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40603640" data-work_id="40603640" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40603640/Jawad_Anwar_Qureshis_Review_of_Al_Ghazali_The_Condemnation_of_Pride_and_Self_Admiration_Journal_of_Islamic_and_Muslim_Studies_2019_">Jawad Anwar Qureshi's Review of Al-Ghazali, The Condemnation of Pride and Self-Admiration (Journal of Islamic and Muslim Studies, 2019)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40603640" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="38678513c087d153983646b346c48dea" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60882405,"asset_id":40603640,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/36045361/OPOMENE_I_SAVJETI_Al_Mawaiz_fi_al_ahadis_al_qudsiyya_Ilum_Bu%C5%BEim_2007">OPOMENE I SAVJETI (Al-Mawa'iz fi al-ahadis al-qudsiyya), Ilum, Bužim, 2007.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Al-Gazali, s arapskog preveo: Almir Fatić. Djelo " Opomene i savjeti " ustvari je zbirka kudsi-hadisa, pažljivo probranih od strane velikog islamskog autoriteta imama Ebu-Hamida el-Gazalija, koji govore o životu na ovome i onome svijetu i... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36045361" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Al-Gazali, s arapskog preveo: Almir Fatić. Djelo " Opomene i savjeti " ustvari je zbirka kudsi-hadisa, pažljivo probranih od strane velikog islamskog autoriteta imama Ebu-Hamida el-Gazalija, koji govore o životu na ovome i onome svijetu i iznose niz savjeta i opomena kako postupati u raznim životnim situacijama, kako očistiti dušu i povećati svoju ljubav prema Uzvišenom Allahu. Knjiga podstiče na preispitivanje svojih postupaka, na pokajanje, predan ibadet i obraćanje Uzvišenom Allahu, kao i pripremanje za susret s Njim...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36045361" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dd346d7e9247392bca9bc94557d6fd51" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55931391,"asset_id":36045361,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55931391/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="77355152" href="https://unsa-ba.academia.edu/AlmirFati%C4%87">Almir Fatić</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="77355152" type="text/json">{"id":77355152,"first_name":"Almir","last_name":"Fatić","domain_name":"unsa-ba","page_name":"AlmirFatić","display_name":"Almir Fatić","profile_url":"https://unsa-ba.academia.edu/AlmirFati%C4%87?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/77355152/19154677/19101378/s65_almir.fati_.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36045361 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36045361"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36045361, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36045361", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36045361 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36045361; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36045361"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36045361 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36045361"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36045361; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36045361]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36045361").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36045361").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36045361"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49853" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali">Ghazali</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="49853" type="text/json">{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36045361]'), work: {"id":36045361,"title":"OPOMENE I SAVJETI (Al-Mawa'iz fi al-ahadis al-qudsiyya), Ilum, Bužim, 2007.","created_at":"2018-02-28T14:25:13.664-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36045361/OPOMENE_I_SAVJETI_Al_Mawaiz_fi_al_ahadis_al_qudsiyya_Ilum_Bu%C5%BEim_2007?f_ri=49853","dom_id":"work_36045361","summary":"Al-Gazali, s arapskog preveo: Almir Fatić. Djelo \" Opomene i savjeti \" ustvari je zbirka kudsi-hadisa, pažljivo probranih od strane velikog islamskog autoriteta imama Ebu-Hamida el-Gazalija, koji govore o životu na ovome i onome svijetu i iznose niz savjeta i opomena kako postupati u raznim životnim situacijama, kako očistiti dušu i povećati svoju ljubav prema Uzvišenom Allahu. Knjiga podstiče na preispitivanje svojih postupaka, na pokajanje, predan ibadet i obraćanje Uzvišenom Allahu, kao i pripremanje za susret s Njim...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55931391,"asset_id":36045361,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":77355152,"first_name":"Almir","last_name":"Fatić","domain_name":"unsa-ba","page_name":"AlmirFatić","display_name":"Almir Fatić","profile_url":"https://unsa-ba.academia.edu/AlmirFati%C4%87?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/77355152/19154677/19101378/s65_almir.fati_.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_16545409" data-work_id="16545409" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16545409/To_Appoint_Subalterns_to_the_Salj%C5%ABq_State_Positions_To_Take_al_Ghazali_s_Letters_of_Recommendation_and_To_Submit_a_Job_Statement_to_the_Salj%C5%ABq_Sultan_in_English_">To Appoint Subalterns to the Saljūq State Positions, To Take al-Ghazali’s Letters of Recommendation and To Submit a Job Statement to the Saljūq Sultan (in English)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><a href="http://www.shii-news.imes.ed.ac.uk/the-subalterns-project/the-first-workshop-edinburgh-7-8-november-2015/" rel="nofollow">http://www.shii-news.imes.ed.ac.uk/the-subalterns-project/the-first-workshop-edinburgh-7-8-november-2015/</a></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16545409" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5deadd90b43d902d7b38f2f5c5c53962" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39043868,"asset_id":16545409,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39043868/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7860544" href="https://orientalstudies.academia.edu/AlexeyKhismatulin">Alexey Khismatulin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7860544" type="text/json">{"id":7860544,"first_name":"Alexey","last_name":"Khismatulin","domain_name":"orientalstudies","page_name":"AlexeyKhismatulin","display_name":"Alexey Khismatulin","profile_url":"https://orientalstudies.academia.edu/AlexeyKhismatulin?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7860544/3707907/4345292/s65_alexey.khismatulin.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_16545409 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="16545409"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 16545409, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_16545409", }); 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Ratunek przed zabłądzeniem. Z języka arabskiego przełożyła, opracowała i wstępem opatrzyła Katarzyna Pachniak, WUW, Warszawa 2008. Nie boję się powiedzieć, że dokonania intelektualne Abu... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28656361" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (zm. 1111), Sprawiedliwa waga. Ratunek przed zabłądzeniem. Z języka arabskiego przełożyła, opracowała i wstępem opatrzyła Katarzyna Pachniak, WUW, Warszawa 2008. Nie boję się powiedzieć, że dokonania intelektualne Abu Hamida al-Ghazalego (zmarł w 1111 r.) są tytaniczne. Nie ma dziedziny wiedzy, w której nie pozostało by coś ważnego po tym uczonym. Pisał o prawie muzułmańskim, filozofii, polityce, etyce i sufiźmie. Pod koniec życia na kartach swej autobiografii intelektualnej chwalił się, że wszystko go interesowało. Twierdził , że zna poglądy i przekonania ludzi swej epoki i epok minionych. Zawsze znajdzie się ktoś, kto uzna te słowa za przechwałki. Jakby to nie było, celem praktycznym gromadzenia tak rozległej wiedzy była w końcu analiza i krytyka. I właśnie dlatego, jego myśl przekraczała, wydawało by się nieprzekraczalne, granice świata islamu. W średniowiecznym świecie chrześcijańskim jego prace o filozofii przełożone na łacinę czytał z wielkim zainteresowaniem Tomasz z Akwinu. Od 2008 roku polski czytelnik ma możliwość zapoznać się z fragmentem myśli Al-Ghazalego, lecz jest to fragment, w moim mniemaniu, bardzo autorytatywny, przynajmniej z dwóch powodów. Dwa, niedużej objętości, traktaty Abu Hamida al-Ghazalego przełożone na język polski przez profesor Katarzynę Pachniak z Katedry Arabistyki i Islamistyki UW, reprezentują, w rzeczy samej, krytyczne podejście Autora. Badania prof. Katarzyny Pachniak koncentrują się na historii myśli ismailickiej i naturalnym jest, iż z racji tych zainteresowań przygotowała dla polskiego czytelnika przekład pism, w których uczony w szerszym lub węższym zakresie prowadzi polemikę z ideologią ismailicką. Traktatem wymierzonym w ismailitów jest " Sprawiedliwa waga ". Natomiast " Ratunek przed zabłądzeniem " jest zapisem drogi intelektualnej jego autora zwieńczonej wyborem sufizmu. Autor postfactum wyjaśnia czytelnikowi powody swego przylgnięcia do mistyki, poprzez prezentację i zbicie poglądów, z którymi nie mógł się in toto utożsamiać. Oczywiście, jest wśród tych poglądów myśl ismailicka. Osobiście jestem pod wrażeniem przekładu, któremu niewiele można zarzucić. Dlatego skoncentruję się na uwagach dotyczących kilku drobnych błędów zauważonych w recenzowanym wydaniu, a ponadto ustosunkuję się do kilku zdań zawartych przez prof. Pachniak we wstępie do obu traktatów, co odniosę do treści " Sprawiedliwej wagi " ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28656361" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5eaa4a5a526c488fe1f40733f5db49e1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49031951,"asset_id":28656361,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49031951/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1192546" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JaroslawBanasiak">Jaroslaw Banasiak</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1192546" type="text/json">{"id":1192546,"first_name":"Jaroslaw","last_name":"Banasiak","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JaroslawBanasiak","display_name":"Jaroslaw Banasiak","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JaroslawBanasiak?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1192546/9113891/10164791/s65_jaroslaw.banasiak.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28656361 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28656361"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28656361, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28656361", }); 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Ratunek przed zabłądzeniem. Z języka arabskiego przełożyła, opracowała i wstępem opatrzyła Katarzyna Pachniak, WUW, Warszawa 2008. Nie boję się powiedzieć, że dokonania intelektualne Abu Hamida al-Ghazalego (zmarł w 1111 r.) są tytaniczne. Nie ma dziedziny wiedzy, w której nie pozostało by coś ważnego po tym uczonym. Pisał o prawie muzułmańskim, filozofii, polityce, etyce i sufiźmie. Pod koniec życia na kartach swej autobiografii intelektualnej chwalił się, że wszystko go interesowało. Twierdził , że zna poglądy i przekonania ludzi swej epoki i epok minionych. Zawsze znajdzie się ktoś, kto uzna te słowa za przechwałki. Jakby to nie było, celem praktycznym gromadzenia tak rozległej wiedzy była w końcu analiza i krytyka. I właśnie dlatego, jego myśl przekraczała, wydawało by się nieprzekraczalne, granice świata islamu. W średniowiecznym świecie chrześcijańskim jego prace o filozofii przełożone na łacinę czytał z wielkim zainteresowaniem Tomasz z Akwinu. Od 2008 roku polski czytelnik ma możliwość zapoznać się z fragmentem myśli Al-Ghazalego, lecz jest to fragment, w moim mniemaniu, bardzo autorytatywny, przynajmniej z dwóch powodów. Dwa, niedużej objętości, traktaty Abu Hamida al-Ghazalego przełożone na język polski przez profesor Katarzynę Pachniak z Katedry Arabistyki i Islamistyki UW, reprezentują, w rzeczy samej, krytyczne podejście Autora. Badania prof. Katarzyny Pachniak koncentrują się na historii myśli ismailickiej i naturalnym jest, iż z racji tych zainteresowań przygotowała dla polskiego czytelnika przekład pism, w których uczony w szerszym lub węższym zakresie prowadzi polemikę z ideologią ismailicką. Traktatem wymierzonym w ismailitów jest \" Sprawiedliwa waga \". Natomiast \" Ratunek przed zabłądzeniem \" jest zapisem drogi intelektualnej jego autora zwieńczonej wyborem sufizmu. Autor postfactum wyjaśnia czytelnikowi powody swego przylgnięcia do mistyki, poprzez prezentację i zbicie poglądów, z którymi nie mógł się in toto utożsamiać. Oczywiście, jest wśród tych poglądów myśl ismailicka. Osobiście jestem pod wrażeniem przekładu, któremu niewiele można zarzucić. Dlatego skoncentruję się na uwagach dotyczących kilku drobnych błędów zauważonych w recenzowanym wydaniu, a ponadto ustosunkuję się do kilku zdań zawartych przez prof. Pachniak we wstępie do obu traktatów, co odniosę do treści \" Sprawiedliwej wagi \" ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49031951,"asset_id":28656361,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1192546,"first_name":"Jaroslaw","last_name":"Banasiak","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JaroslawBanasiak","display_name":"Jaroslaw Banasiak","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JaroslawBanasiak?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1192546/9113891/10164791/s65_jaroslaw.banasiak.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":540,"name":"Islamic Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":924,"name":"Logic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logic?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":25927,"name":"Ismailism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ismailism?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":60575,"name":"Islamic Law and Legal Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law_and_Legal_Theory?f_ri=49853"},{"id":1223709,"name":"Islamic law and jurisprudence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_law_and_jurisprudence-1?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29993519" data-work_id="29993519" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29993519/2017_A_FABRICATION_The_Pand_nama_in_The_Writings_of_Imam_al_Ghazali_The_Series_THE_PERSIAN_MIRRORS_FOR_PRINCES_WRITTEN_IN_THE_SALJUQ_PERIOD_ORIGINALS_AND_FABRICATIONS_II_St_Petersburg_Peterburgskoe_Vostokovedenie_Moscow_Sadra_2017_In_Russian_and_Persian">2017 - A FABRICATION - The Pand-nama, in: The Writings of Imam al-Ghazali. The Series: THE PERSIAN MIRRORS FOR PRINCES WRITTEN IN THE SALJUQ PERIOD: ORIGINALS AND FABRICATIONS (II) St.Petersburg: Peterburgskoe Vostokovedenie; Moscow: Sadra, 2017 - In Russian and Persian</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29993519" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="07271c180bda051ab9f7fe9a8ec56a7c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50451651,"asset_id":29993519,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50451651/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7860544" href="https://orientalstudies.academia.edu/AlexeyKhismatulin">Alexey Khismatulin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7860544" type="text/json">{"id":7860544,"first_name":"Alexey","last_name":"Khismatulin","domain_name":"orientalstudies","page_name":"AlexeyKhismatulin","display_name":"Alexey Khismatulin","profile_url":"https://orientalstudies.academia.edu/AlexeyKhismatulin?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7860544/3707907/4345292/s65_alexey.khismatulin.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29993519 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29993519"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29993519, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29993519", }); 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Vol 2 (in Russian)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">New edition of the Russian translation of the Kimiya-yi sa'adat</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36825895" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="945cbcd43aa252cd58d0c840b6aca435" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56777625,"asset_id":36825895,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56777625/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7860544" href="https://orientalstudies.academia.edu/AlexeyKhismatulin">Alexey Khismatulin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7860544" type="text/json">{"id":7860544,"first_name":"Alexey","last_name":"Khismatulin","domain_name":"orientalstudies","page_name":"AlexeyKhismatulin","display_name":"Alexey Khismatulin","profile_url":"https://orientalstudies.academia.edu/AlexeyKhismatulin?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7860544/3707907/4345292/s65_alexey.khismatulin.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36825895 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36825895"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36825895, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36825895", }); 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Hakikat adına bize kim, ne getirirse getirsin, ona şükran duyulması esas... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36056566" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">İslam felsefesi, “Hakikat”i burhan yöntemini merkeze alarak farklı perspektiflerden anlamaya çalışan modelleri bir “düşünce pazarı” kurarak sergilemeye çalışır. Hakikat adına bize kim, ne getirirse getirsin, ona şükran duyulması esas alınır; fakat bu şükran, sunulanın aynı şekilde kabul edilmesini gerektirmez. Eleştirel bir şekilde içinde bulunulan şartlar bağlamında yeniden yorumlanma ve yeniden sunum söz konusudur.  Zaten tarih felsefesi açısından geçmişin aynen tekrarı mümkün olamaz, o halde yapılacak olan geçmişin bilgisini/sistemini yeniden yorumlayarak “kendi lisanımızın ve zamanımızın normlarına göre” özgün ve özgül bir anlayış ortaya koymaya çalışmaktır. Çünkü evrende yenilik taşımayan hiç bir tekrar yoktur, önemli olan tekrar eden/genel/benzer olan ile kendine ait ve özel olan arasındaki karşıtlığın temelde aynı sorunun iki boyutu olduğunu görmektir.  Bu nedenle İslam felsefesi ifadesi filozofların düşünceleri kadar onların eleştirilerini, bunların geçerliliğini ve tutarlılığını analiz etmeyi de kapsamaktadır. İslam Felsefesi: Tenkid Dönemi adlı çalışma eleştirel düşüncenin filozofları merkeze alarak verilmesinden ibarettir.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36056566" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0a2cbec6368101b32ac949769f11ac54" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55942150,"asset_id":36056566,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55942150/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1982586" href="https://hitit.academia.edu/Ayg%C3%BCnAkyol">Aygün Akyol</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1982586" type="text/json">{"id":1982586,"first_name":"Aygün","last_name":"Akyol","domain_name":"hitit","page_name":"AygünAkyol","display_name":"Aygün Akyol","profile_url":"https://hitit.academia.edu/Ayg%C3%BCnAkyol?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1982586/657035/138278096/s65_ayg_n.akyol.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-36056566">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-36056566"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://hitit.academia.edu/MUyan%C4%B1k">Mevlut Uyanik</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-36056566'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-36056566').html(); 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Hakikat adına bize kim, ne getirirse getirsin, ona şükran duyulması esas alınır; fakat bu şükran, sunulanın aynı şekilde kabul edilmesini gerektirmez. Eleştirel bir şekilde içinde bulunulan şartlar bağlamında yeniden yorumlanma ve yeniden sunum söz konusudur. Zaten tarih felsefesi açısından geçmişin aynen tekrarı mümkün olamaz, o halde yapılacak olan geçmişin bilgisini/sistemini yeniden yorumlayarak “kendi lisanımızın ve zamanımızın normlarına göre” özgün ve özgül bir anlayış ortaya koymaya çalışmaktır. Çünkü evrende yenilik taşımayan hiç bir tekrar yoktur, önemli olan tekrar eden/genel/benzer olan ile kendine ait ve özel olan arasındaki karşıtlığın temelde aynı sorunun iki boyutu olduğunu görmektir. Bu nedenle İslam felsefesi ifadesi filozofların düşünceleri kadar onların eleştirilerini, bunların geçerliliğini ve tutarlılığını analiz etmeyi de kapsamaktadır. İslam Felsefesi: Tenkid Dönemi adlı çalışma eleştirel düşüncenin filozofları merkeze alarak verilmesinden ibarettir. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55942150,"asset_id":36056566,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1982586,"first_name":"Aygün","last_name":"Akyol","domain_name":"hitit","page_name":"AygünAkyol","display_name":"Aygün Akyol","profile_url":"https://hitit.academia.edu/Ayg%C3%BCnAkyol?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1982586/657035/138278096/s65_ayg_n.akyol.jpg"},{"id":2942604,"first_name":"Mevlut","last_name":"Uyanik","domain_name":"hitit","page_name":"MUyanık","display_name":"Mevlut Uyanik","profile_url":"https://hitit.academia.edu/MUyan%C4%B1k?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2942604/972179/1216954/s65_mevl_t.uyan_k.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":4474,"name":"Critical 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href="https://www.academia.edu/1564827/The_Ways_of_Skepticism_an_Arabic_Islamic_Detour">The Ways of Skepticism: an Arabic-Islamic Detour?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1564827" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d3cf6b431002895d6d647750a734ed5a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":13849012,"asset_id":1564827,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button 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Taymiyya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ibn_Taymiyya?f_ri=49853"},{"id":251320,"name":"Syllogism Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syllogism_Studies?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45474158 coauthored" data-work_id="45474158" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45474158/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5_%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%86%D9%87%D8%AC_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A">نموذج خاص بأسلوب نقاشي فكري من العصر التقليدي: نهج أبي بكر بن العربي النقدي تجاه الغزالي</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">ABSTRACT Abu Bakr Ibn Al-Arabi (d. 543/1148) was born and raised in Andalusia. Ibn Al-Arabi, who was a judge in the Isbiliyyah, went to Baghdad to meet with Ghazali and made scientific debates. Ibn Al-Arabi entered a dispute with Ghazali... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_45474158" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">ABSTRACT<br />Abu Bakr Ibn Al-Arabi (d.<br />543/1148) was born and raised in<br />Andalusia. Ibn Al-Arabi, who was<br />a judge in the Isbiliyyah, went to<br />Baghdad to meet with Ghazali<br />and made scientific debates. Ibn<br />Al-Arabi entered a dispute with<br />Ghazali in all fields of education<br />and theology as well as other<br />religious sciences. Later, he made a<br />special book study on his discussion<br />topics with Ghazali. In his work Ibn<br />al-Arabi wrote Ghazali’s attitudes<br />and wrote his own thoughts.<br />Returning to his native Andalusia<br />after a journey of 10 years, Ibn AlArabi wrote this journey to the East.<br />Ibn Al-Arabi also criticized the<br />sectarian fanatics of the Muslims of<br />Andalusia and North Africa at his<br />time. On the one hand, the author,<br />criticized Ghazali and, on the other<br />hand, vigorously objected to the<br />boycotts of the ulama in his country<br />against Ghazali. The administration<br />also severely criticized the order<br />to ban the books of Ghazali. His<br />most important contribution to the<br />breakup of the sectarian fanaticism<br />in Andalusia and to the removal of<br />the boycott against Ghazali. This<br />discussion of the classical period has<br />a methodical character to shed light<br />on the boundaries and dimensions<br />of criticism and endurance between<br />today's Muslim intellectuals.<br />Keywords: Abu Bakr Ibn<br />al-Arabi, Andalusia, East and West,<br />Ghazali, Scientific Discussion<br />Method.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45474158" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4ddcbb3963b71d4b69b6485d7d3c951b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65976111,"asset_id":45474158,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65976111/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="184133696" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MerveBasilkan">Merve Basilkan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="184133696" type="text/json">{"id":184133696,"first_name":"Merve","last_name":"Basilkan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MerveBasilkan","display_name":"Merve Basilkan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MerveBasilkan?f_ri=49853","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-45474158">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-45474158"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://sakarya.academia.edu/RamazanBicer">Ramazan BICER. Prof. Dr.</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-45474158'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-45474158').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45474158 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45474158"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45474158, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45474158", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_45474158 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45474158; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_45474158"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_45474158 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="45474158"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45474158; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45474158]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45474158").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45474158").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45474158"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5675" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalam_Islamic_Theology_">Kalam (Islamic Theology)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5675" type="text/json">{"id":5675,"name":"Kalam (Islamic Theology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalam_Islamic_Theology_?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49853" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali">Ghazali</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="49853" type="text/json">{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="66804" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abu_Bakr_Ibn_al-Arabi">Abu Bakr Ibn al-`Arabi</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="66804" type="text/json">{"id":66804,"name":"Abu Bakr Ibn al-`Arabi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abu_Bakr_Ibn_al-Arabi?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="992030" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discussion_Methods">Discussion Methods</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="992030" type="text/json">{"id":992030,"name":"Discussion Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discussion_Methods?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45474158]'), work: {"id":45474158,"title":"نموذج خاص بأسلوب نقاشي فكري من العصر التقليدي:\n نهج أبي بكر بن العربي النقدي تجاه الغزالي","created_at":"2021-03-11T11:33:53.392-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45474158/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5_%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%86%D9%87%D8%AC_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A?f_ri=49853","dom_id":"work_45474158","summary":"ABSTRACT\nAbu Bakr Ibn Al-Arabi (d.\n543/1148) was born and raised in\nAndalusia. Ibn Al-Arabi, who was\na judge in the Isbiliyyah, went to\nBaghdad to meet with Ghazali\nand made scientific debates. Ibn\nAl-Arabi entered a dispute with\nGhazali in all fields of education\nand theology as well as other\nreligious sciences. Later, he made a\nspecial book study on his discussion\ntopics with Ghazali. In his work Ibn\nal-Arabi wrote Ghazali’s attitudes\nand wrote his own thoughts.\nReturning to his native Andalusia\nafter a journey of 10 years, Ibn AlArabi wrote this journey to the East.\nIbn Al-Arabi also criticized the\nsectarian fanatics of the Muslims of\nAndalusia and North Africa at his\ntime. On the one hand, the author,\ncriticized Ghazali and, on the other\nhand, vigorously objected to the\nboycotts of the ulama in his country\nagainst Ghazali. The administration\nalso severely criticized the order\nto ban the books of Ghazali. His\nmost important contribution to the\nbreakup of the sectarian fanaticism\nin Andalusia and to the removal of\nthe boycott against Ghazali. This\ndiscussion of the classical period has\na methodical character to shed light\non the boundaries and dimensions\nof criticism and endurance between\ntoday's Muslim intellectuals.\nKeywords: Abu Bakr Ibn\nal-Arabi, Andalusia, East and West,\nGhazali, Scientific Discussion\nMethod.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65976111,"asset_id":45474158,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":184133696,"first_name":"Merve","last_name":"Basilkan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MerveBasilkan","display_name":"Merve Basilkan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MerveBasilkan?f_ri=49853","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":83535518,"first_name":"Ramazan","last_name":"BICER. Prof. Dr.","domain_name":"sakarya","page_name":"RamazanBicer","display_name":"Ramazan BICER. 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Vol 1 (in Russian)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">New edition of the Russian translation of the Kimiya-yi sa'adat</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36823314" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="456750cdc408605133e7810b3437708f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56775082,"asset_id":36823314,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56775082/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7860544" href="https://orientalstudies.academia.edu/AlexeyKhismatulin">Alexey Khismatulin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7860544" type="text/json">{"id":7860544,"first_name":"Alexey","last_name":"Khismatulin","domain_name":"orientalstudies","page_name":"AlexeyKhismatulin","display_name":"Alexey Khismatulin","profile_url":"https://orientalstudies.academia.edu/AlexeyKhismatulin?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7860544/3707907/4345292/s65_alexey.khismatulin.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36823314 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36823314"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36823314, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36823314", }); 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Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iranian_Studies?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":11152,"name":"Sufism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufism?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":15804,"name":"Seljuks (Islamic History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seljuks_Islamic_History_?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":307587,"name":"Sufisme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufisme?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9321804" data-work_id="9321804" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9321804/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A1_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B5">نظرية ليفي بن جرشوم في خلق العالم في ضوء فلسفة ابن رشد - ملخص</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">تتناول هذه الدراسة واحدة من أهم نظريات الفيلسوف اليهودي ليفي بن جرشوم(1288 – 1344) وهي خلق العالم. إن العالم عند بن جرشوم مخلوق، لكن لا من العدم بل من مادة أولى قديمة غير متعينة. وعلى الرغم من أنه مخلوق إلا أنه أبدي من جهة المستقبل،... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9321804" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">تتناول هذه الدراسة واحدة من أهم نظريات الفيلسوف اليهودي ليفي بن جرشوم(1288 – 1344) وهي خلق العالم. إن العالم عند بن جرشوم مخلوق، لكن لا من العدم بل من مادة أولى قديمة غير متعينة. وعلى الرغم من أنه مخلوق إلا أنه أبدي من جهة المستقبل، أي أنه لا يفنى. والواضح أن نظرية بن جرشوم في العالم تنتمي إلى الاتجاه الأفلاطوني وهي إعادة صياغة لنظرية أفلاطون في العالم والتي تنص على أن للعالم بداية لكن ليس له نهاية، وأن العالم ذاته مخلوق لكن من مادة أولى غير مخلوقة. وكان بن جرشوم على وعي بالأصل الأفلاطوني لهذه النظرية وأشار إلى ذلك بوضوح، لكنه أقام تعديلات جوهرية عليها. <br />ولأن ابن رشد (1126-1198) كان آخر الفلاسفة السابقين على بن جرشوم والذي كان صاحب نظرية شهيرة في قدم العالم، ولأن بن جرشوم قد أسس نظريته في الخلق على أساس نقده لأرسطو، فإننا نهدف في هذه الدراسة عقد مقارنة بين بن جرشوم وابن رشد في مسألة القدم والحدوث، محاولين تقديم رد رشدي على نظرية بن جرشوم في الخلق.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cosmology_Physics_">Cosmology (Physics)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="888" type="text/json">{"id":888,"name":"Cosmology (Physics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cosmology_Physics_?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16861" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Thought">Jewish Thought</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16861" type="text/json">{"id":16861,"name":"Jewish Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Thought?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17961" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Cosmology">Philosophy of Cosmology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17961" type="text/json">{"id":17961,"name":"Philosophy of Cosmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Cosmology?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="19430" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Philosophy">Jewish Philosophy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="19430" type="text/json">{"id":19430,"name":"Jewish Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9321804]'), work: {"id":9321804,"title":"نظرية ليفي بن جرشوم في خلق العالم في ضوء فلسفة ابن رشد - 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ابن رشد (1126-1198) كان آخر الفلاسفة السابقين على بن جرشوم والذي كان صاحب نظرية شهيرة في قدم العالم، ولأن بن جرشوم قد أسس نظريته في الخلق على أساس نقده لأرسطو، فإننا نهدف في هذه الدراسة عقد مقارنة بين بن جرشوم وابن رشد في مسألة القدم والحدوث، محاولين تقديم رد رشدي على نظرية بن جرشوم في الخلق.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35581066,"asset_id":9321804,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2776310,"first_name":"Ashraf","last_name":"Mansour","domain_name":"alex","page_name":"AshrafMansour","display_name":"Ashraf Mansour","profile_url":"https://alex.academia.edu/AshrafMansour?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2776310/905091/19299392/s65_ashraf.mansour.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":888,"name":"Cosmology (Physics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cosmology_Physics_?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":16861,"name":"Jewish 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Averroes, Thomas Aquinas: God's Existence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maimonides_Averroes_Thomas_Aquinas_Gods_Existence?f_ri=49853"},{"id":1667820,"name":"Levi ben Gershom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Levi_ben_Gershom?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36666459" data-work_id="36666459" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36666459/Gazz%C3%A2l%C3%AE_%C4%B0lc%C3%A2mu_l_av%C3%A2m_an_ilmi_l_kel%C3%A2m_el_Kan%C3%BBnu_l_k%C3%BCll%C3%AE_fi_t_te_v%C3%AEl">Gazzâlî, İlcâmu’l-avâm an ilmi’l-kelâm // el-Kanûnu’l-küllî fi’t-te’vîl</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Tenkitli neşir, tercüme ve inceleme // <br />Critical edition (based on Kastamonu Yazma Eser Ktp., nr. 127, Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 1712) Turkish translation with introductions and notes.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36666459" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f4007713d6913b307cfdfad5c8bc3513" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56989680,"asset_id":36666459,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button 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The Series: THE PERSIAN MIRRORS FOR PRINCES WRITTEN IN THE SALJUQ PERIOD: ORIGINALS AND FABRICATIONS (II) St.Petersburg: Peterburgskoe Vostokovedenie; Moscow: Sadra, 2017- In Russian and Persian</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29993712" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="943348d022ab459901b71460deed5b19" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50451932,"asset_id":29993712,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50451932/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7860544" href="https://orientalstudies.academia.edu/AlexeyKhismatulin">Alexey Khismatulin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7860544" type="text/json">{"id":7860544,"first_name":"Alexey","last_name":"Khismatulin","domain_name":"orientalstudies","page_name":"AlexeyKhismatulin","display_name":"Alexey Khismatulin","profile_url":"https://orientalstudies.academia.edu/AlexeyKhismatulin?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7860544/3707907/4345292/s65_alexey.khismatulin.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29993712 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29993712"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29993712, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29993712", }); 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Menjelang wafat dia mewasiatkan... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7114169" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden"> Beliau bernama Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Ahmad Ath Thusi, Abu Hamid Al Ghazali  Ayah beliau adalah seorang pengrajin kain shuf (yang dibuat dari kulit domba) dan menjualnya di kota Thusi. Menjelang wafat dia mewasiatkan pemeliharaan kedua anaknya kepada temannya dari kalangan orang yang baik. Dia berpesan, "Sungguh saya menyesal tidak belajar khat (tulis menulis Arab) dan saya ingin memperbaiki apa yang telah saya alami pada kedua anak saya ini. Maka saya mohon engkau mengajarinya, dan harta yang saya tinggalkan boleh dihabiskan untuk keduanya.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7114169" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0e02e3e46164c0fa9d65cffe67d2250c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33755433,"asset_id":7114169,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33755433/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1916533" href="https://binus.academia.edu/MochammadFahlevi">Mochammad Fahlevi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1916533" type="text/json">{"id":1916533,"first_name":"Mochammad","last_name":"Fahlevi","domain_name":"binus","page_name":"MochammadFahlevi","display_name":"Mochammad Fahlevi","profile_url":"https://binus.academia.edu/MochammadFahlevi?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1916533/647648/34299339/s65_mochammad.fahlevi.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7114169 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7114169"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7114169, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7114169", }); 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Menjelang wafat dia mewasiatkan pemeliharaan kedua anaknya kepada temannya dari kalangan orang yang baik. Dia berpesan, \"Sungguh saya menyesal tidak belajar khat (tulis menulis Arab) dan saya ingin memperbaiki apa yang telah saya alami pada kedua anak saya ini. Maka saya mohon engkau mengajarinya, dan harta yang saya tinggalkan boleh dihabiskan untuk keduanya.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33755433,"asset_id":7114169,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1916533,"first_name":"Mochammad","last_name":"Fahlevi","domain_name":"binus","page_name":"MochammadFahlevi","display_name":"Mochammad Fahlevi","profile_url":"https://binus.academia.edu/MochammadFahlevi?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1916533/647648/34299339/s65_mochammad.fahlevi.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":11152,"name":"Sufism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufism?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":162125,"name":"Filsafat","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Filsafat?f_ri=49853"},{"id":240531,"name":"Filsafat Dan Sosial Budaya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Filsafat_Dan_Sosial_Budaya?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44637966" data-work_id="44637966" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44637966/Beholding_Beauty_Sa%CA%BFdi_of_Shiraz_and_the_Aesthetics_of_Desire_in_Medieval_Persian_Poetry">Beholding Beauty Saʿdi of Shiraz and the Aesthetics of Desire in Medieval Persian Poetry</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Author: Domenico Ingenito Beholding Beauty: Saʿdi of Shiraz and the Aesthetics of Desire in Medieval Persian Poetry explores the relationship between sexuality, politics, and spirituality in the lyrics of Saʿdi Shirazi (d. 1292 CE), one... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44637966" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Author: Domenico Ingenito<br />Beholding Beauty: Saʿdi of Shiraz and the Aesthetics of Desire in Medieval Persian Poetry explores the relationship between sexuality, politics, and spirituality in the lyrics of Saʿdi Shirazi (d. 1292 CE), one of the most revered masters of classical Persian literature. Relying on a variety of sources, including unstudied manuscripts, Domenico Ingenito presents the so-called “inimitable smoothness” of Saʿdi’s lyric style as a serene yet multifaceted window into the uncanny beauty of the world, the human body, and the realm of the unseen. <br /><br />The book constitutes the first attempt to study Sa‘di’s lyric meditations on beauty in the context of the major artistic, scientific and intellectual trends of his time. By charting unexplored connections between Islamic philosophy and mysticism, obscene verses and courtly ideals of love, Ingenito approaches Sa‘di’s literary genius from the perspective of sacred homoeroticism and the psychology of performative lyricism in their historical context.<br /><br /><a href="https://brill.com/view/title/57745" rel="nofollow">https://brill.com/view/title/57745</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44637966" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b79233e2cd420e33f5870110dfd08d70" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65108319,"asset_id":44637966,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65108319/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3036725" href="https://ucla.academia.edu/DomenicoIngenito">Domenico Ingenito</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3036725" type="text/json">{"id":3036725,"first_name":"Domenico","last_name":"Ingenito","domain_name":"ucla","page_name":"DomenicoIngenito","display_name":"Domenico Ingenito","profile_url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/DomenicoIngenito?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3036725/997974/125177268/s65_domenico.ingenito.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44637966 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44637966"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44637966, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44637966", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44637966]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44637966").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44637966").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44637966"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1228" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Literature">Medieval Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1228" type="text/json">{"id":1228,"name":"Medieval Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Literature?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1269" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Persian_Literature">Persian Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1269" type="text/json">{"id":1269,"name":"Persian Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Persian_Literature?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5218" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iranian_Studies">Iranian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5218" type="text/json">{"id":5218,"name":"Iranian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iranian_Studies?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5674" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy">Islamic Philosophy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5674" type="text/json">{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44637966]'), work: {"id":44637966,"title":"Beholding Beauty Saʿdi of Shiraz and the Aesthetics of Desire in Medieval Persian Poetry","created_at":"2020-12-04T14:15:25.993-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44637966/Beholding_Beauty_Sa%CA%BFdi_of_Shiraz_and_the_Aesthetics_of_Desire_in_Medieval_Persian_Poetry?f_ri=49853","dom_id":"work_44637966","summary":"Author: Domenico Ingenito\nBeholding Beauty: Saʿdi of Shiraz and the Aesthetics of Desire in Medieval Persian Poetry explores the relationship between sexuality, politics, and spirituality in the lyrics of Saʿdi Shirazi (d. 1292 CE), one of the most revered masters of classical Persian literature. Relying on a variety of sources, including unstudied manuscripts, Domenico Ingenito presents the so-called “inimitable smoothness” of Saʿdi’s lyric style as a serene yet multifaceted window into the uncanny beauty of the world, the human body, and the realm of the unseen. \n\nThe book constitutes the first attempt to study Sa‘di’s lyric meditations on beauty in the context of the major artistic, scientific and intellectual trends of his time. By charting unexplored connections between Islamic philosophy and mysticism, obscene verses and courtly ideals of love, Ingenito approaches Sa‘di’s literary genius from the perspective of sacred homoeroticism and the psychology of performative lyricism in their historical context.\n\nhttps://brill.com/view/title/57745","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65108319,"asset_id":44637966,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3036725,"first_name":"Domenico","last_name":"Ingenito","domain_name":"ucla","page_name":"DomenicoIngenito","display_name":"Domenico Ingenito","profile_url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/DomenicoIngenito?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3036725/997974/125177268/s65_domenico.ingenito.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1228,"name":"Medieval Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Literature?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":1269,"name":"Persian Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Persian_Literature?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":5218,"name":"Iranian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iranian_Studies?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":6049,"name":"Persian Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Persian_Language?f_ri=49853"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=49853"},{"id":12442,"name":"Ibn Sina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ibn_Sina?f_ri=49853"},{"id":12829,"name":"History of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire?f_ri=49853"},{"id":17917,"name":"Lyric poetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lyric_poetry?f_ri=49853"},{"id":29565,"name":"Persian Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Persian_Culture?f_ri=49853"},{"id":36764,"name":"Persian Poetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Persian_Poetry?f_ri=49853"},{"id":38977,"name":"Avicenna","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Avicenna?f_ri=49853"},{"id":45018,"name":"Islamic History and Muslim Civilization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History_and_Muslim_Civilization?f_ri=49853"},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":110249,"name":"Medieval Lyric Poetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Lyric_Poetry?f_ri=49853"},{"id":158819,"name":"Ilkhanate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ilkhanate?f_ri=49853"},{"id":163944,"name":"Sa'di","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sadi?f_ri=49853"},{"id":407393,"name":"Persian Language and Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Persian_Language_and_Literature?f_ri=49853"},{"id":991856,"name":"Turkish and Persian Poetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_and_Persian_Poetry?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37744817" data-work_id="37744817" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37744817/Review_of_Al_Radd_al_jam%C4%ABl_A_Fitting_Refutation_of_the_Divinity_of_Jesus_Attributed_to_Ab%C5%AB_%E1%B8%A4%C4%81mid_al_Ghaz%C4%81l%C4%AB">Review of Al-Radd al-jamīl – A Fitting Refutation of the Divinity of Jesus, Attributed to Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Al-Radd al-jamīl – A Fitting Refutation of the Divinity of Jesus. Attributed to Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī. Edited by Mark BEAUMONT and Maha EL-KAISY FRIEMUTH (Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2016) [The History of Christian-Muslim Relations, 28]. Journal... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37744817" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Al-Radd al-jamīl – A Fitting Refutation of the Divinity of Jesus. Attributed to Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī. Edited by Mark BEAUMONT and Maha EL-KAISY FRIEMUTH (Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2016) [The History of Christian-Muslim Relations, 28]. Journal of the American Oriental Society 138.3 (2018) 645-648.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37744817" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f9e9c2615f352afdb7f7e676ed47250e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57740701,"asset_id":37744817,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57740701/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="97087393" href="https://pisai.academia.edu/DiegoSarrio">Diego Sarrió Cucarella</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="97087393" type="text/json">{"id":97087393,"first_name":"Diego","last_name":"Sarrió Cucarella","domain_name":"pisai","page_name":"DiegoSarrio","display_name":"Diego Sarrió Cucarella","profile_url":"https://pisai.academia.edu/DiegoSarrio?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/97087393/21321409/20740129/s65_diego.sarri_cucarella.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37744817 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37744817"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37744817, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37744817", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37744817 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37744817; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37744817"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37744817 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37744817"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37744817; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37744817]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37744817").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37744817").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37744817"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10732" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coptic_Studies">Coptic Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10732" type="text/json">{"id":10732,"name":"Coptic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coptic_Studies?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27682" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim-Christian_Relations">Muslim-Christian Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27682" type="text/json">{"id":27682,"name":"Muslim-Christian Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim-Christian_Relations?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49853" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali">Ghazali</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="49853" type="text/json">{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="82920" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bible_in_Arabic">Bible in Arabic</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="82920" type="text/json">{"id":82920,"name":"Bible in Arabic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bible_in_Arabic?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37744817]'), work: {"id":37744817,"title":"Review of Al-Radd al-jamīl – A Fitting Refutation of the Divinity of Jesus, Attributed to Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","created_at":"2018-11-11T06:42:11.235-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37744817/Review_of_Al_Radd_al_jam%C4%ABl_A_Fitting_Refutation_of_the_Divinity_of_Jesus_Attributed_to_Ab%C5%AB_%E1%B8%A4%C4%81mid_al_Ghaz%C4%81l%C4%AB?f_ri=49853","dom_id":"work_37744817","summary":"Al-Radd al-jamīl – A Fitting Refutation of the Divinity of Jesus. Attributed to Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī. Edited by Mark BEAUMONT and Maha EL-KAISY FRIEMUTH (Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2016) [The History of Christian-Muslim Relations, 28]. Journal of the American Oriental Society 138.3 (2018) 645-648.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57740701,"asset_id":37744817,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":97087393,"first_name":"Diego","last_name":"Sarrió Cucarella","domain_name":"pisai","page_name":"DiegoSarrio","display_name":"Diego Sarrió Cucarella","profile_url":"https://pisai.academia.edu/DiegoSarrio?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/97087393/21321409/20740129/s65_diego.sarri_cucarella.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":10732,"name":"Coptic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coptic_Studies?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":27682,"name":"Muslim-Christian Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim-Christian_Relations?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":82920,"name":"Bible in Arabic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bible_in_Arabic?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":260388,"name":"Christian-Muslim Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christian-Muslim_Relations?f_ri=49853"},{"id":982254,"name":"Polemics and Apologetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polemics_and_Apologetics?f_ri=49853"},{"id":1981113,"name":"Jesus in Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jesus_in_Islam?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_867092" data-work_id="867092" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/867092/Classic_Logic_of_Al_Ghazali_Methodology">Classic Logic of Al-Ghazali Methodology</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Among Islamic thinkers, al-Ghazālī (1058-1111) has been the one, who from his time until now has been mostly read and who mostly influenced the reader. He not only wrote in almost all fields of religious sciences, like kalam, fiqh,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_867092" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Among Islamic thinkers, al-Ghazālī (1058-1111) has been the one, who from his time until now has been mostly read and who mostly influenced the reader. He not only wrote in almost all fields of religious sciences, like kalam, fiqh, sufism, tafsir, but also in philosophy, logic and natural sciences. In this essay, we will survey al-Ghazālī’s understanding of logic, which is at least known about him.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/867092" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bd071ea23448592e10fd49f554758494" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":5244559,"asset_id":867092,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/5244559/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="313042" href="https://aybu.academia.edu/MehmetVural">Mehmet Vural</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="313042" type="text/json">{"id":313042,"first_name":"Mehmet","last_name":"Vural","domain_name":"aybu","page_name":"MehmetVural","display_name":"Mehmet Vural","profile_url":"https://aybu.academia.edu/MehmetVural?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/313042/243936/67024858/s65_mehmet.vural.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_867092 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="867092"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 867092, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_867092", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_867092 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 867092; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_867092"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_867092 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="867092"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 867092; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=867092]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_867092").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_867092").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="867092"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="825" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Philosophy">Medieval Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="825" type="text/json">{"id":825,"name":"Medieval Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="924" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logic">Logic</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="924" type="text/json">{"id":924,"name":"Logic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logic?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5674" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy">Islamic Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5674" type="text/json">{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13980" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Philosophy">Arabic Philosophy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="13980" type="text/json">{"id":13980,"name":"Arabic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=867092]'), work: {"id":867092,"title":"Classic Logic of Al-Ghazali Methodology","created_at":"2011-08-29T09:00:54.494-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/867092/Classic_Logic_of_Al_Ghazali_Methodology?f_ri=49853","dom_id":"work_867092","summary":"Among Islamic thinkers, al-Ghazālī (1058-1111) has been the one, who from his time until now has been mostly read and who mostly influenced the reader. He not only wrote in almost all fields of religious sciences, like kalam, fiqh, sufism, tafsir, but also in philosophy, logic and natural sciences. In this essay, we will survey al-Ghazālī’s understanding of logic, which is at least known about him.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":5244559,"asset_id":867092,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":313042,"first_name":"Mehmet","last_name":"Vural","domain_name":"aybu","page_name":"MehmetVural","display_name":"Mehmet Vural","profile_url":"https://aybu.academia.edu/MehmetVural?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/313042/243936/67024858/s65_mehmet.vural.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":825,"name":"Medieval Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":924,"name":"Logic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logic?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":13980,"name":"Arabic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":1774773,"name":"Islamic Logic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Logic?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6519019" data-work_id="6519019" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6519019/Skepticism_and_Rationality_Ghazali_Hume_and_Kant">Skepticism and Rationality: Ghazali, Hume, and Kant</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Considering three philosophers – Ghazali , Hume, and Kant – we perceive that they were at grips with skepticism and each had a different attitude towards it. While Hume remains in a skeptical sphere, Ghazali and Kant offer solutions for... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6519019" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Considering three philosophers – Ghazali , Hume, and Kant – we perceive that they were at grips with skepticism and each had a different attitude towards it. While Hume remains in a skeptical sphere, Ghazali and Kant offer solutions for skepticism, although their solutions differ largely. Criticizing Aristotle’s view on essential necessity, Ghazali expands Avicenna’s emphasis on experimentation and, in effect, negates the necessary relation between cause and effect. Ghazali preceded Hume in this regard for some 6 centuries and put forward Hume’s main idea. In order to overcome skepticism, Kant appealed to rationality and it’s a  priori backgrounds, while Ghazali put forward God’s will and put the emphasis on the inner direct experience. It will be argued that God’s deeds, rationality and faith should be compatible in principle.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6519019" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="72ff23628cbaab9ea842c86fd90c10f5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33293043,"asset_id":6519019,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33293043/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="450149" href="https://tehran.academia.edu/KhosrowBagheri">Khosrow Bagheri Noaparast</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="450149" type="text/json">{"id":450149,"first_name":"Khosrow","last_name":"Bagheri Noaparast","domain_name":"tehran","page_name":"KhosrowBagheri","display_name":"Khosrow Bagheri Noaparast","profile_url":"https://tehran.academia.edu/KhosrowBagheri?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/450149/146408/4261254/s65_khosrow.bagheri_noaparast.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6519019 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6519019"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6519019, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6519019", }); 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While Hume remains in a skeptical sphere, Ghazali and Kant offer solutions for skepticism, although their solutions differ largely. Criticizing Aristotle’s view on essential necessity, Ghazali expands Avicenna’s emphasis on experimentation and, in effect, negates the necessary relation between cause and effect. Ghazali preceded Hume in this regard for some 6 centuries and put forward Hume’s main idea. In order to overcome skepticism, Kant appealed to rationality and it’s a priori backgrounds, while Ghazali put forward God’s will and put the emphasis on the inner direct experience. It will be argued that God’s deeds, rationality and faith should be compatible in principle.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33293043,"asset_id":6519019,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":450149,"first_name":"Khosrow","last_name":"Bagheri Noaparast","domain_name":"tehran","page_name":"KhosrowBagheri","display_name":"Khosrow Bagheri Noaparast","profile_url":"https://tehran.academia.edu/KhosrowBagheri?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/450149/146408/4261254/s65_khosrow.bagheri_noaparast.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":849,"name":"Kant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kant?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":902,"name":"Philosophy Of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":2357,"name":"Hume","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hume?f_ri=49853"},{"id":16031,"name":"Immanuel Kant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immanuel_Kant?f_ri=49853"},{"id":19942,"name":"David Hume","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/David_Hume?f_ri=49853"},{"id":24649,"name":"Philosophical skepticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophical_skepticism?f_ri=49853"},{"id":29711,"name":"Skepticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skepticism?f_ri=49853"},{"id":38977,"name":"Avicenna","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Avicenna?f_ri=49853"},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":52867,"name":"Rationality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rationality?f_ri=49853"},{"id":135417,"name":"Al Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Al_Ghazali?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29993741" data-work_id="29993741" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29993741/An_Original_al_Ghazali_Muhammad_The_Zad_i_Akhirat_in_The_Writings_of_Imam_al_Ghazali_The_Series_THE_PERSIAN_MIRRORS_FOR_PRINCES_WRITTEN_IN_THE_SALJUQ_PERIOD_ORIGINALS_AND_FABRICATIONS_II_St_Petersburg_Peterburgskoe_Vostokovedenie_Moscow_Sadra_2017_13_88_437_82_In_Russian_and_Persian">An Original - al-Ghazali, Muhammad. The Zad-i Akhirat, in: The Writings of Imam al-Ghazali. The Series: THE PERSIAN MIRRORS FOR PRINCES WRITTEN IN THE SALJUQ PERIOD: ORIGINALS AND FABRICATIONS (II) St.Petersburg: Peterburgskoe Vostokovedenie; Moscow: Sadra, 2017, 13-88, 437-82-In Russian and Persian</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29993741" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b7714204475a48a01787a262b4a992aa" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50451992,"asset_id":29993741,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50451992/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7860544" href="https://orientalstudies.academia.edu/AlexeyKhismatulin">Alexey Khismatulin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7860544" type="text/json">{"id":7860544,"first_name":"Alexey","last_name":"Khismatulin","domain_name":"orientalstudies","page_name":"AlexeyKhismatulin","display_name":"Alexey Khismatulin","profile_url":"https://orientalstudies.academia.edu/AlexeyKhismatulin?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7860544/3707907/4345292/s65_alexey.khismatulin.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29993741 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29993741"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29993741, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29993741", }); 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The Zad-i Akhirat, in: The Writings of Imam al-Ghazali. The Series: THE PERSIAN MIRRORS FOR PRINCES WRITTEN IN THE SALJUQ PERIOD: ORIGINALS AND FABRICATIONS (II) St.Petersburg: Peterburgskoe Vostokovedenie; Moscow: Sadra, 2017, 13-88, 437-82-In Russian and Persian","created_at":"2016-11-21T01:58:57.523-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29993741/An_Original_al_Ghazali_Muhammad_The_Zad_i_Akhirat_in_The_Writings_of_Imam_al_Ghazali_The_Series_THE_PERSIAN_MIRRORS_FOR_PRINCES_WRITTEN_IN_THE_SALJUQ_PERIOD_ORIGINALS_AND_FABRICATIONS_II_St_Petersburg_Peterburgskoe_Vostokovedenie_Moscow_Sadra_2017_13_88_437_82_In_Russian_and_Persian?f_ri=49853","dom_id":"work_29993741","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50451992,"asset_id":29993741,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7860544,"first_name":"Alexey","last_name":"Khismatulin","domain_name":"orientalstudies","page_name":"AlexeyKhismatulin","display_name":"Alexey Khismatulin","profile_url":"https://orientalstudies.academia.edu/AlexeyKhismatulin?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7860544/3707907/4345292/s65_alexey.khismatulin.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1269,"name":"Persian Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Persian_Literature?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":53544,"name":"Ghazalian studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazalian_studies?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":90426,"name":"Imam al-Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Imam_al-Ghazali?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":135417,"name":"Al Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Al_Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":318369,"name":"Mirrors for princes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mirrors_for_princes?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22637739" data-work_id="22637739" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22637739/Al_Ghaz%C4%81l%C4%AB_on_Error">Al-Ghazālī on Error</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Given that God is omnipotent and supremely good and that He has decreed that our true happiness should lie in the contemplation of reality as it truly is, how and why do humans ever go wrong in their beliefs or stray from the path of true... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22637739" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Given that God is omnipotent and supremely good and that He has decreed that our true happiness should lie in the contemplation of reality as it truly is, how and why do humans ever go wrong in their beliefs or stray from the path of true religion? Al-Ghazālī's answer to this question has attracted little commentary in modern scholarship,1 which is surprising given the prominence of the concept of error in the very title of his best-known work in the West-the quasi-autobiographical al-Munqidh min al-ḍalāl (Deliverer from Error)-and the amount of attention lavished on the related issue of skepticism in al-Ghazālī. This study aims at filling a minor lacuna in the scholar ship.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22637739" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="29d391ecffd4bf521ce331bdb2fd1ff8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43232353,"asset_id":22637739,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43232353/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="778616" href="https://nyuad.academia.edu/TaneliKukkonen">Taneli Kukkonen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="778616" type="text/json">{"id":778616,"first_name":"Taneli","last_name":"Kukkonen","domain_name":"nyuad","page_name":"TaneliKukkonen","display_name":"Taneli Kukkonen","profile_url":"https://nyuad.academia.edu/TaneliKukkonen?f_ri=49853","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22637739 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22637739"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22637739, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22637739", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22637739]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22637739").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22637739").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22637739"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="825" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Philosophy">Medieval Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="825" type="text/json">{"id":825,"name":"Medieval Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5674" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy">Islamic Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5674" type="text/json">{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5675" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalam_Islamic_Theology_">Kalam (Islamic Theology)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5675" type="text/json">{"id":5675,"name":"Kalam (Islamic Theology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalam_Islamic_Theology_?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6545" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virtues_Moral_Psychology_">Virtues (Moral Psychology)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6545" type="text/json">{"id":6545,"name":"Virtues (Moral Psychology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virtues_Moral_Psychology_?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22637739]'), work: {"id":22637739,"title":"Al-Ghazālī on Error","created_at":"2016-03-01T02:20:32.007-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22637739/Al_Ghaz%C4%81l%C4%AB_on_Error?f_ri=49853","dom_id":"work_22637739","summary":"Given that God is omnipotent and supremely good and that He has decreed that our true happiness should lie in the contemplation of reality as it truly is, how and why do humans ever go wrong in their beliefs or stray from the path of true religion? Al-Ghazālī's answer to this question has attracted little commentary in modern scholarship,1 which is surprising given the prominence of the concept of error in the very title of his best-known work in the West-the quasi-autobiographical al-Munqidh min al-ḍalāl (Deliverer from Error)-and the amount of attention lavished on the related issue of skepticism in al-Ghazālī. This study aims at filling a minor lacuna in the scholar ship.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43232353,"asset_id":22637739,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":778616,"first_name":"Taneli","last_name":"Kukkonen","domain_name":"nyuad","page_name":"TaneliKukkonen","display_name":"Taneli Kukkonen","profile_url":"https://nyuad.academia.edu/TaneliKukkonen?f_ri=49853","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":825,"name":"Medieval Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":5675,"name":"Kalam (Islamic Theology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalam_Islamic_Theology_?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":6545,"name":"Virtues (Moral Psychology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virtues_Moral_Psychology_?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":11152,"name":"Sufism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufism?f_ri=49853"},{"id":13980,"name":"Arabic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853"},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27123979" data-work_id="27123979" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27123979/Gazz%C3%A2l%C3%AE_nin_%C4%B0%C5%9F%C3%A2r%C3%AE_Tefsir_Metodu_Y%C3%BCksek_Lisans_Tezi_Uluda%C4%9F_%C3%9Cniversitesi">Gazzâlî’nin İşârî Tefsir Metodu - Yüksek Lisans Tezi - Uludağ Üniversitesi</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">GHAZALİ'S METHOD OF THE SUFİ İNTERPRETATİON OF QUR'AN Sûfî Qur’ânic commentary is the interpretation of Qur’ân verses by sûfîs in the light of mystic experiences and knowledge that entitled by the sûfîs as the inner knowledge (gnosis).... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27123979" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">GHAZALİ'S METHOD OF THE SUFİ İNTERPRETATİON OF QUR'AN<br />Sûfî Qur’ânic commentary is the interpretation of Qur’ân verses by sûfîs in the light of mystic experiences and knowledge that entitled by the sûfîs as the inner knowledge (gnosis). The beginning of the sûfî commentary of Qur’ân dates back to hijrî first and second centuries. Hasan-ı Basrî (d. 110/728) and Ca’fer es-Sâdık (d. 148/765) are the pioneers of this kind of interpretation.<br />Although great İslamic scholar Ebû Hâmid Muhammed al-Ghazâlî (d. 505/1111) wrote on a wide range of fields including jurisprudence, theology, mysticism and philosophy, he had not a separate book on Qur’ânic interpretation. But his voluminous corpus is full of sûfî Qur’anic commentaries. Accordingly, he is accepted one of the most important sûfî Qur’anic interpreter. The aim of this study is to specify the sufî commentaries in Ghazâlî’s corpus and so determine the main principles of his commentary method.<br />The study is divided into three sections: In the first section, Ghazâlî’s view of Qur’an will be clarified. In the second section, the central theme of the study will be treated: Ghazâlî’s sufî commentary method. In this section firstly the main principles of the method which Ghazâlî adopted will be handled and then the commentary examples made by Ghazâlî’s in his several books will be presented. The last section of the study will be on the Ghazali’s allegorical/esoteric interpretation of Qur’ân.<br /><br />Keywords: Qur’ân, Sûfî Qur’ânic commentary, al-Ghazâlî, Allegorical Interpretation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27123979" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6eb1868f4ac00bb84d67a4ecf228b253" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47374437,"asset_id":27123979,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47374437/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14800727" href="https://uludag.academia.edu/TakyettinKarakaya">Takyettin Karakaya</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14800727" type="text/json">{"id":14800727,"first_name":"Takyettin","last_name":"Karakaya","domain_name":"uludag","page_name":"TakyettinKarakaya","display_name":"Takyettin Karakaya","profile_url":"https://uludag.academia.edu/TakyettinKarakaya?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14800727/4963594/5701096/s65_takyettin.karakaya.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27123979 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27123979"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27123979, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27123979", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27123979]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_27123979").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_27123979").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="27123979"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6869" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quranic_Studies">Qur'anic Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6869" type="text/json">{"id":6869,"name":"Qur'anic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quranic_Studies?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7983" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quranic_Studies-1">Quranic Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7983" type="text/json">{"id":7983,"name":"Quranic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quranic_Studies-1?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49853" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali">Ghazali</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="49853" type="text/json">{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="90426" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Imam_al-Ghazali">Imam al-Ghazali</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="90426" type="text/json">{"id":90426,"name":"Imam al-Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Imam_al-Ghazali?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=27123979]'), work: {"id":27123979,"title":"Gazzâlî’nin İşârî Tefsir Metodu - Yüksek Lisans Tezi - Uludağ Üniversitesi","created_at":"2016-07-20T02:36:03.506-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/27123979/Gazz%C3%A2l%C3%AE_nin_%C4%B0%C5%9F%C3%A2r%C3%AE_Tefsir_Metodu_Y%C3%BCksek_Lisans_Tezi_Uluda%C4%9F_%C3%9Cniversitesi?f_ri=49853","dom_id":"work_27123979","summary":"GHAZALİ'S METHOD OF THE SUFİ İNTERPRETATİON OF QUR'AN\nSûfî Qur’ânic commentary is the interpretation of Qur’ân verses by sûfîs in the light of mystic experiences and knowledge that entitled by the sûfîs as the inner knowledge (gnosis). The beginning of the sûfî commentary of Qur’ân dates back to hijrî first and second centuries. Hasan-ı Basrî (d. 110/728) and Ca’fer es-Sâdık (d. 148/765) are the pioneers of this kind of interpretation.\nAlthough great İslamic scholar Ebû Hâmid Muhammed al-Ghazâlî (d. 505/1111) wrote on a wide range of fields including jurisprudence, theology, mysticism and philosophy, he had not a separate book on Qur’ânic interpretation. But his voluminous corpus is full of sûfî Qur’anic commentaries. Accordingly, he is accepted one of the most important sûfî Qur’anic interpreter. The aim of this study is to specify the sufî commentaries in Ghazâlî’s corpus and so determine the main principles of his commentary method.\nThe study is divided into three sections: In the first section, Ghazâlî’s view of Qur’an will be clarified. In the second section, the central theme of the study will be treated: Ghazâlî’s sufî commentary method. In this section firstly the main principles of the method which Ghazâlî adopted will be handled and then the commentary examples made by Ghazâlî’s in his several books will be presented. The last section of the study will be on the Ghazali’s allegorical/esoteric interpretation of Qur’ân.\n\nKeywords: Qur’ân, Sûfî Qur’ânic commentary, al-Ghazâlî, Allegorical Interpretation.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47374437,"asset_id":27123979,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":14800727,"first_name":"Takyettin","last_name":"Karakaya","domain_name":"uludag","page_name":"TakyettinKarakaya","display_name":"Takyettin Karakaya","profile_url":"https://uludag.academia.edu/TakyettinKarakaya?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14800727/4963594/5701096/s65_takyettin.karakaya.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6869,"name":"Qur'anic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quranic_Studies?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":7983,"name":"Quranic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quranic_Studies-1?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":90426,"name":"Imam al-Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Imam_al-Ghazali?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":106348,"name":"Quranic and Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quranic_and_Islamic_Studies?f_ri=49853"},{"id":135417,"name":"Al Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Al_Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":317847,"name":"Tefsir","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tefsir?f_ri=49853"},{"id":365966,"name":"Gazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":554506,"name":"Al-Gazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Al-Gazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":1223687,"name":"Quran and Tafsir Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quran_and_Tafsir_Studies?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5034028" data-work_id="5034028" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5034028/A_Post_Ghaz%C4%81lian_Critic_of_Avicenna_Ibn_Ghayl%C4%81n_al_Balkh%C4%AB_on_the_Materia_Medica_of_the_Canon_of_Medicine">A Post-Ghazālian Critic of Avicenna: Ibn Ghaylān al-Balkhī on the Materia Medica of the Canon of Medicine</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article sheds new light on the sixth/twelfth-century anti-Avicennan current, which took its cue primarily from al-Ghazālī’s Incoherence of the Philosophers (Tahāfut al-falāsifa). A key representative of this current, Ibn Ghaylān... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5034028" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article sheds new light on the sixth/twelfth-century anti-Avicennan current, which took its cue primarily from al-Ghazālī’s Incoherence of the Philosophers (Tahāfut al-falāsifa). A key representative of this current, Ibn Ghaylān al-Balkhī (d. ca. 590/1194), veers away from the usual points of conflict in metaphysics and natural philosophy, directing his attention instead to descriptions of the properties of simple drugs in Avicenna's Canon of Medicine and Heart Remedies (al-Adwiya al-qalbiyya) and Ismāʿīl al-Jurjānī's (d. 531/1136) medical encyclopaedia The Khwārazmshāhī Treasure (Dhakhīra-yi Khwārazmshāhī). In a dedicated text, he highlights various inconsistencies in these sources, with a view to demonstrating that Avicenna's works are unreliable and exposing a culture of uncritical imitation among contemporary Avicennists. The article includes an edition and translation of the text.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5034028" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="847d88ae20ae3d94764a9315cf65449e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36883140,"asset_id":5034028,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36883140/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6698906" href="https://soas.academia.edu/AymanShihadeh">Ayman Shihadeh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6698906" type="text/json">{"id":6698906,"first_name":"Ayman","last_name":"Shihadeh","domain_name":"soas","page_name":"AymanShihadeh","display_name":"Ayman Shihadeh","profile_url":"https://soas.academia.edu/AymanShihadeh?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6698906/9723999/34945009/s65_ayman.shihadeh.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5034028 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5034028"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5034028, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5034028", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_5034028 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5034028; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_5034028"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_5034028 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="5034028"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5034028; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5034028]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_5034028").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_5034028").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5034028"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5674" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy">Islamic Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5674" type="text/json">{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5675" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalam_Islamic_Theology_">Kalam (Islamic Theology)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5675" type="text/json">{"id":5675,"name":"Kalam (Islamic Theology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalam_Islamic_Theology_?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12442" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ibn_Sina">Ibn Sina</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12442" type="text/json">{"id":12442,"name":"Ibn Sina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ibn_Sina?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13980" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Philosophy">Arabic Philosophy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="13980" type="text/json">{"id":13980,"name":"Arabic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5034028]'), work: {"id":5034028,"title":"A Post-Ghazālian Critic of Avicenna: Ibn Ghaylān al-Balkhī on the Materia Medica of the Canon of Medicine","created_at":"2013-11-08T08:09:21.269-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5034028/A_Post_Ghaz%C4%81lian_Critic_of_Avicenna_Ibn_Ghayl%C4%81n_al_Balkh%C4%AB_on_the_Materia_Medica_of_the_Canon_of_Medicine?f_ri=49853","dom_id":"work_5034028","summary":"This article sheds new light on the sixth/twelfth-century anti-Avicennan current, which took its cue primarily from al-Ghazālī’s Incoherence of the Philosophers (Tahāfut al-falāsifa). A key representative of this current, Ibn Ghaylān al-Balkhī (d. ca. 590/1194), veers away from the usual points of conflict in metaphysics and natural philosophy, directing his attention instead to descriptions of the properties of simple drugs in Avicenna's Canon of Medicine and Heart Remedies (al-Adwiya al-qalbiyya) and Ismāʿīl al-Jurjānī's (d. 531/1136) medical encyclopaedia The Khwārazmshāhī Treasure (Dhakhīra-yi Khwārazmshāhī). In a dedicated text, he highlights various inconsistencies in these sources, with a view to demonstrating that Avicenna's works are unreliable and exposing a culture of uncritical imitation among contemporary Avicennists. The article includes an edition and translation of the text.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36883140,"asset_id":5034028,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6698906,"first_name":"Ayman","last_name":"Shihadeh","domain_name":"soas","page_name":"AymanShihadeh","display_name":"Ayman Shihadeh","profile_url":"https://soas.academia.edu/AymanShihadeh?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6698906/9723999/34945009/s65_ayman.shihadeh.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":5675,"name":"Kalam (Islamic Theology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalam_Islamic_Theology_?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":12442,"name":"Ibn Sina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ibn_Sina?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":13980,"name":"Arabic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":38977,"name":"Avicenna","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Avicenna?f_ri=49853"},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":59854,"name":"Islamic Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Theology?f_ri=49853"},{"id":71036,"name":"Islamic Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Medicine?f_ri=49853"},{"id":135417,"name":"Al Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Al_Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":147759,"name":"The History of Ancient and Medieval Pharmacy/materia Medica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_History_of_Ancient_and_Medieval_Pharmacy_materia_Medica?f_ri=49853"},{"id":157768,"name":"Fakhr al-Din al-Razi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi?f_ri=49853"},{"id":203817,"name":"Arabic Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Medicine?f_ri=49853"},{"id":492444,"name":"History of Arabic Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Arabic_Science?f_ri=49853"},{"id":1055636,"name":"Islamic philosophy in the post-classical period","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_philosophy_in_the_post-classical_period?f_ri=49853"},{"id":1255915,"name":"Post-Avicennian Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Avicennian_Philosophy?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41125212" data-work_id="41125212" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41125212/2019_The_Persian_Mirrors_for_Princes_Written_in_the_Saljuq_Period_the_Book_Series_Vestnik_of_Saint_Petersburg_University_Asian_and_African_Studies_2019_vol_11_issue_3_pp_321_345_In_English">2019 - The Persian Mirrors for Princes Written in the Saljuq Period: the Book Series. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2019, vol. 11, issue 3, pp. 321—345. - In English</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41125212" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ed54bb12ccd29d1e06a00d5b2a2c3e38" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61377856,"asset_id":41125212,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61377856/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7860544" href="https://orientalstudies.academia.edu/AlexeyKhismatulin">Alexey Khismatulin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7860544" type="text/json">{"id":7860544,"first_name":"Alexey","last_name":"Khismatulin","domain_name":"orientalstudies","page_name":"AlexeyKhismatulin","display_name":"Alexey Khismatulin","profile_url":"https://orientalstudies.academia.edu/AlexeyKhismatulin?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7860544/3707907/4345292/s65_alexey.khismatulin.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41125212 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41125212"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41125212, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41125212", }); 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Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2019, vol. 11, issue 3, pp. 321—345. - In English","created_at":"2019-11-29T14:00:37.666-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41125212/2019_The_Persian_Mirrors_for_Princes_Written_in_the_Saljuq_Period_the_Book_Series_Vestnik_of_Saint_Petersburg_University_Asian_and_African_Studies_2019_vol_11_issue_3_pp_321_345_In_English?f_ri=49853","dom_id":"work_41125212","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61377856,"asset_id":41125212,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7860544,"first_name":"Alexey","last_name":"Khismatulin","domain_name":"orientalstudies","page_name":"AlexeyKhismatulin","display_name":"Alexey Khismatulin","profile_url":"https://orientalstudies.academia.edu/AlexeyKhismatulin?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7860544/3707907/4345292/s65_alexey.khismatulin.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1269,"name":"Persian 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Justice">Justice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10191" type="text/json">{"id":10191,"name":"Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Justice?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17440" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanism">Humanism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17440" type="text/json">{"id":17440,"name":"Humanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanism?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49853" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali">Ghazali</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="49853" type="text/json">{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="456761" rel="nofollow" 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js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20361716/Gazz%C3%A2l%C3%AE_ve_David_Hume_da_Nedensellik_ve_Mucize_Causation_and_Miracles_in_Ghazali_and_David_Hume_">Gazzâlî ve David Hume’da Nedensellik ve Mucize (Causation and Miracles in Ghazali and David Hume)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">“Gazzâlî ve David Hume’da Nedensellik” başlıklı bu çalışmamız her biri yaşadıkları kültür coğrafyası ve zaman dilimlerinin en önemli düşünürleri olmuş iki zirve şahsiyetin nedensellik görüşlerini içermektedir. Gerek Gazzâlî ve gerekse... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_20361716" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">“Gazzâlî ve David Hume’da Nedensellik” başlıklı bu çalışmamız her biri yaşadıkları kültür coğrafyası ve zaman dilimlerinin en önemli düşünürleri olmuş iki zirve şahsiyetin nedensellik görüşlerini içermektedir. Gerek Gazzâlî ve gerekse Hume zamanlarını aşan etkiye sahip bireylerdir. İncelemeye çalışacağımız nedensellik görüşlerinin ilk bakışta birbirlerine olan benzerliklerinin yanında, algılama ve anlamlandırma bakımından farklılık arzetmektedir. Konu olarak ‘nedensellik’ kavramını her iki düşünür bakımından ele almamızın temel nedeni, farklı kültür coğrafyalarından biri din adamı, diğeri filozof olan her iki şahsiyetin farklı amaçlar uğruna aynı argümanları kullanarak zaman zaman aynı, zaman zaman farklı sonuçlara ulaşmasında yatan zihinsel ve amaçsal arkaplanı açığa çıkarmaktır. Bu bağlamda tezimizin öncelikli amacı her iki düşünürün nedensellik kavramlarına yaklaşım ve ortaya koydukları reddiyelerin benzerlik ve farklılıklarına işaret ederek aradaki etkileşim imkanını sorgulamaktır. Konuya aşina olan herkeste Gazzâlî ve Hume’un nedensellik düşüncelerinin birbirine benzerlik hissi uyandırmasının yanında, aynı argümanların mûcize konusunda nasıl farklı algılandığı ve yargılandığını göstermek de çalışmamızın diğer bir amacıdır.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20361716" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3631ff05d7b551529384bef14f428a2f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41313519,"asset_id":20361716,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41313519/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26524984" href="https://istanbul.academia.edu/ahmetsekerci">ahmet erhan sekerci</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26524984" type="text/json">{"id":26524984,"first_name":"ahmet erhan","last_name":"sekerci","domain_name":"istanbul","page_name":"ahmetsekerci","display_name":"ahmet erhan sekerci","profile_url":"https://istanbul.academia.edu/ahmetsekerci?f_ri=49853","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20361716 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20361716"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20361716, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20361716", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20361716]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20361716").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20361716").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20361716"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49852" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occasionalism">Occasionalism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="49852" type="text/json">{"id":49852,"name":"Occasionalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occasionalism?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49853" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali">Ghazali</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="49853" type="text/json">{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="365966" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gazali">Gazali</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="365966" type="text/json">{"id":365966,"name":"Gazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gazali?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="701652" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sebeplilik">Sebeplilik</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="701652" type="text/json">{"id":701652,"name":"Sebeplilik","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sebeplilik?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20361716]'), work: {"id":20361716,"title":"Gazzâlî ve David Hume’da Nedensellik ve Mucize (Causation and Miracles in Ghazali and David Hume)","created_at":"2016-01-18T13:15:29.869-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20361716/Gazz%C3%A2l%C3%AE_ve_David_Hume_da_Nedensellik_ve_Mucize_Causation_and_Miracles_in_Ghazali_and_David_Hume_?f_ri=49853","dom_id":"work_20361716","summary":"“Gazzâlî ve David Hume’da Nedensellik” başlıklı bu çalışmamız her biri yaşadıkları kültür coğrafyası ve zaman dilimlerinin en önemli düşünürleri olmuş iki zirve şahsiyetin nedensellik görüşlerini içermektedir. Gerek Gazzâlî ve gerekse Hume zamanlarını aşan etkiye sahip bireylerdir. İncelemeye çalışacağımız nedensellik görüşlerinin ilk bakışta birbirlerine olan benzerliklerinin yanında, algılama ve anlamlandırma bakımından farklılık arzetmektedir. Konu olarak ‘nedensellik’ kavramını her iki düşünür bakımından ele almamızın temel nedeni, farklı kültür coğrafyalarından biri din adamı, diğeri filozof olan her iki şahsiyetin farklı amaçlar uğruna aynı argümanları kullanarak zaman zaman aynı, zaman zaman farklı sonuçlara ulaşmasında yatan zihinsel ve amaçsal arkaplanı açığa çıkarmaktır. Bu bağlamda tezimizin öncelikli amacı her iki düşünürün nedensellik kavramlarına yaklaşım ve ortaya koydukları reddiyelerin benzerlik ve farklılıklarına işaret ederek aradaki etkileşim imkanını sorgulamaktır. Konuya aşina olan herkeste Gazzâlî ve Hume’un nedensellik düşüncelerinin birbirine benzerlik hissi uyandırmasının yanında, aynı argümanların mûcize konusunda nasıl farklı algılandığı ve yargılandığını göstermek de çalışmamızın diğer bir amacıdır.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41313519,"asset_id":20361716,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26524984,"first_name":"ahmet erhan","last_name":"sekerci","domain_name":"istanbul","page_name":"ahmetsekerci","display_name":"ahmet erhan sekerci","profile_url":"https://istanbul.academia.edu/ahmetsekerci?f_ri=49853","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":49852,"name":"Occasionalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occasionalism?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":365966,"name":"Gazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gazali?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":701652,"name":"Sebeplilik","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sebeplilik?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":2007694,"name":"Mucize","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mucize?f_ri=49853"},{"id":2162219,"name":"Nedensellik","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nedensellik?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34052433" data-work_id="34052433" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34052433/Fin_de_la_proph%C3%A9tie_et_h%C3%A9r%C3%A9sie_chez_al_Ghaz%C4%81l%C4%AB_al_Ghaz%C4%81l%C4%AB_Finality_of_prophethood_and_heresy_Studia_Islamica_Volume_112_Issue_1_2017_">Fin de la prophétie et hérésie chez al-Ghazālī [al-Ghazālī: Finality of prophethood and heresy], Studia Islamica (Volume 112, Issue 1, 2017)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">While the studies on al-Ghazālī’s thought are abundant, its unusual approach to the issue of khatm al-nubuwwa has not received the attention of researchers. Yet, in his Iqtiṣād, he seeks to answer this tricky issue: Is it possible to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34052433" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">While the studies on al-Ghazālī’s thought are abundant, its unusual approach to the issue of khatm al-nubuwwa has not received the attention of researchers. Yet, in his Iqtiṣād, he seeks to answer this tricky issue: Is it possible to consider as an infidel a Muslim who does not believe in the sealing of prophethood? In this article, we will analyze al-Ghazālī’s response. Our aim will be to put his response into its historical context, taking into account the philosophical and religious attitude of the author. To this end, we will analyse, firstly, the context in which he tackles this issue in his Iqtiṣād. Secondly, we will examine how his opinion differs from the commonly accepted doctrine and then analyse how it provides a solid refutation of the idea that ijmā‘ and tawātur can be used as a conclusive proofs of a doctrine.<br /><br />___<br />Si les études sur la pensée d’al-Ghazālī sont abondantes, son approche singulière de la question du khatm al-nubuwwa n’a pas retenu l’attention des chercheurs. Or dans son Iqtiṣād, il s’attache à répondre à cette question épineuse : peut-on qualifier d’infidèle un musulman qui ne croit pas en la clôture de la prophétie ? Dans le présent article, nous analyserons la réponse d’al-Ghazālī. Notre objectif sera de replacer celle-ci dans son contexte historique, en tenant compte de l’attitude philosophico-religieuse de l’auteur. Pour ce faire, nous analyserons, en premier lieu, le contexte dans lequel il traite cette question dans son Iqtiṣād. En second lieu, nous examinerons comment son opinion diffère de la doctrine communément admise et, ensuite, en quoi celle-ci constitue une réfutation solide de l’idée que l’ijmā‘ et le tawātur puissent servir de preuves décisives en matière de doctrine.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34052433" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="16eb341dfa0255461d0f799d35a6f5d6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63329983,"asset_id":34052433,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63329983/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5213322" href="https://inalco.academia.edu/YoussoufTSangar%C3%A9">Youssouf T. SANGARÉ</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5213322" type="text/json">{"id":5213322,"first_name":"Youssouf T.","last_name":"SANGARÉ","domain_name":"inalco","page_name":"YoussoufTSangaré","display_name":"Youssouf T. SANGARÉ","profile_url":"https://inalco.academia.edu/YoussoufTSangar%C3%A9?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5213322/15298485/27212496/s65_youssouf_t._sangar_._.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34052433 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34052433"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34052433, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34052433", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34052433 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34052433; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34052433"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34052433 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34052433"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34052433; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34052433]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34052433").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34052433").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34052433"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6869" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quranic_Studies">Qur'anic Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6869" type="text/json">{"id":6869,"name":"Qur'anic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quranic_Studies?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7983" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quranic_Studies-1">Quranic Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7983" type="text/json">{"id":7983,"name":"Quranic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quranic_Studies-1?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11150" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies">Islamic Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11150" type="text/json">{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15799" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hadith_Studies">Hadith Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15799" type="text/json">{"id":15799,"name":"Hadith Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hadith_Studies?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34052433]'), work: {"id":34052433,"title":"Fin de la prophétie et hérésie chez al-Ghazālī [al-Ghazālī: Finality of prophethood and heresy], Studia Islamica (Volume 112, Issue 1, 2017)","created_at":"2017-07-27T05:11:13.727-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34052433/Fin_de_la_proph%C3%A9tie_et_h%C3%A9r%C3%A9sie_chez_al_Ghaz%C4%81l%C4%AB_al_Ghaz%C4%81l%C4%AB_Finality_of_prophethood_and_heresy_Studia_Islamica_Volume_112_Issue_1_2017_?f_ri=49853","dom_id":"work_34052433","summary":"While the studies on al-Ghazālī’s thought are abundant, its unusual approach to the issue of khatm al-nubuwwa has not received the attention of researchers. Yet, in his Iqtiṣād, he seeks to answer this tricky issue: Is it possible to consider as an infidel a Muslim who does not believe in the sealing of prophethood? In this article, we will analyze al-Ghazālī’s response. Our aim will be to put his response into its historical context, taking into account the philosophical and religious attitude of the author. To this end, we will analyse, firstly, the context in which he tackles this issue in his Iqtiṣād. Secondly, we will examine how his opinion differs from the commonly accepted doctrine and then analyse how it provides a solid refutation of the idea that ijmā‘ and tawātur can be used as a conclusive proofs of a doctrine.\n\n___\nSi les études sur la pensée d’al-Ghazālī sont abondantes, son approche singulière de la question du khatm al-nubuwwa n’a pas retenu l’attention des chercheurs. Or dans son Iqtiṣād, il s’attache à répondre à cette question épineuse : peut-on qualifier d’infidèle un musulman qui ne croit pas en la clôture de la prophétie ? Dans le présent article, nous analyserons la réponse d’al-Ghazālī. Notre objectif sera de replacer celle-ci dans son contexte historique, en tenant compte de l’attitude philosophico-religieuse de l’auteur. Pour ce faire, nous analyserons, en premier lieu, le contexte dans lequel il traite cette question dans son Iqtiṣād. En second lieu, nous examinerons comment son opinion diffère de la doctrine communément admise et, ensuite, en quoi celle-ci constitue une réfutation solide de l’idée que l’ijmā‘ et le tawātur puissent servir de preuves décisives en matière de doctrine.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63329983,"asset_id":34052433,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5213322,"first_name":"Youssouf T.","last_name":"SANGARÉ","domain_name":"inalco","page_name":"YoussoufTSangaré","display_name":"Youssouf T. SANGARÉ","profile_url":"https://inalco.academia.edu/YoussoufTSangar%C3%A9?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5213322/15298485/27212496/s65_youssouf_t._sangar_._.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6869,"name":"Qur'anic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quranic_Studies?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":7983,"name":"Quranic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quranic_Studies-1?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":15799,"name":"Hadith Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hadith_Studies?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":25118,"name":"Medieval Islamic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Islamic_History?f_ri=49853"},{"id":35081,"name":"Islamic Intellectual History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Intellectual_History?f_ri=49853"},{"id":42055,"name":"Early Islamic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Islamic_History?f_ri=49853"},{"id":45018,"name":"Islamic History and Muslim Civilization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History_and_Muslim_Civilization?f_ri=49853"},{"id":47698,"name":"Quranic Exegesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quranic_Exegesis?f_ri=49853"},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":85977,"name":"Ijtihad","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ijtihad?f_ri=49853"},{"id":120722,"name":"Hadith","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hadith?f_ri=49853"},{"id":135546,"name":"Prophecy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prophecy?f_ri=49853"},{"id":436751,"name":"Cessation of Prophecy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cessation_of_Prophecy?f_ri=49853"},{"id":456143,"name":"Takfir","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Takfir?f_ri=49853"},{"id":514665,"name":"Coran","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coran?f_ri=49853"},{"id":1223708,"name":"Qur'anic and Hadith sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quranic_and_Hadith_sciences?f_ri=49853"},{"id":1900465,"name":"Takfirism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Takfirism?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_67688107" data-work_id="67688107" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67688107/al_Ghaz%C4%81l%C4%AB_wa_falsafatuh%C5%AB_al_kal%C4%81miyya">al-Ghazālī wa-falsafatuhū al-kalāmiyya</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This is the Arabic translation of my 2009 book "Al-Ghazālī's Philosophical Theology." Mariam M. Shehata did a marvelous job in translating the book from English into Arabic. That's not an easy task, given that the book itself contains... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_67688107" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This is the Arabic translation of my 2009 book "Al-Ghazālī's Philosophical Theology." Mariam M. Shehata did a marvelous job in translating the book from English into Arabic. That's not an easy task, given that the book itself contains many translations from Arabic into English that need to be replaced with the original Arabic texts and the translation needs to adapt to that. I am very grateful to Mariam.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/67688107" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b46623f93aea10df71cee6540976fe7b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78418547,"asset_id":67688107,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78418547/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1898210" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/FrankGriffel">Frank Griffel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1898210" type="text/json">{"id":1898210,"first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Griffel","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"FrankGriffel","display_name":"Frank Griffel","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/FrankGriffel?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1898210/692842/6587143/s65_frank.griffel.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_67688107 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="67688107"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 67688107, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_67688107", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67688107]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_67688107").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_67688107").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="67688107"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5674" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy">Islamic Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5674" type="text/json">{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5675" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalam_Islamic_Theology_">Kalam (Islamic Theology)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5675" type="text/json">{"id":5675,"name":"Kalam (Islamic Theology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalam_Islamic_Theology_?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13981" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ilm_al-Kalam">Ilm al-Kalam</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13981" type="text/json">{"id":13981,"name":"Ilm al-Kalam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ilm_al-Kalam?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="30552" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Thought_and_Philosophy">Islamic Thought & Philosophy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="30552" type="text/json">{"id":30552,"name":"Islamic Thought \u0026 Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Thought_and_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=67688107]'), work: {"id":67688107,"title":"al-Ghazālī wa-falsafatuhū al-kalāmiyya","created_at":"2022-01-09T08:57:07.993-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/67688107/al_Ghaz%C4%81l%C4%AB_wa_falsafatuh%C5%AB_al_kal%C4%81miyya?f_ri=49853","dom_id":"work_67688107","summary":"This is the Arabic translation of my 2009 book \"Al-Ghazālī's Philosophical Theology.\" Mariam M. Shehata did a marvelous job in translating the book from English into Arabic. That's not an easy task, given that the book itself contains many translations from Arabic into English that need to be replaced with the original Arabic texts and the translation needs to adapt to that. I am very grateful to Mariam. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78418547,"asset_id":67688107,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1898210,"first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Griffel","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"FrankGriffel","display_name":"Frank Griffel","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/FrankGriffel?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1898210/692842/6587143/s65_frank.griffel.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":5675,"name":"Kalam (Islamic Theology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalam_Islamic_Theology_?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":13981,"name":"Ilm al-Kalam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ilm_al-Kalam?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":30552,"name":"Islamic Thought \u0026 Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Thought_and_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":30565,"name":"Philosophy and Thought in Islamic Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_and_Thought_in_Islamic_Science?f_ri=49853"},{"id":38977,"name":"Avicenna","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Avicenna?f_ri=49853"},{"id":49852,"name":"Occasionalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occasionalism?f_ri=49853"},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":90426,"name":"Imam al-Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Imam_al-Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":96517,"name":"Islamic philosophy and theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_philosophy_and_theology?f_ri=49853"},{"id":135417,"name":"Al Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Al_Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":353451,"name":"al-Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/al-Ghazali?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18216652" data-work_id="18216652" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18216652/Al_Ghaz%C4%81l%C4%AB_and_Kal%C4%81m_The_Conundrum_of_His_Body_Soul_Dualism">Al-Ghazālī and Kalām: The Conundrum of His Body-Soul Dualism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">My aim in this article is twofold. First, I shall interpret two discussions in al-Ghazālī's main kalām compendium, al-Iqtiṣād fī l-iʿtiqād (The Balanced Book on What-To-Believe), which appear discrepant with the substance dualism espoused... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18216652" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">My aim in this article is twofold. First, I shall interpret two discussions in al-Ghazālī's main kalām compendium, al-Iqtiṣād fī l-iʿtiqād (The Balanced Book on What-To-Believe), which appear discrepant with the substance dualism espoused in some of his other works, and instead seem to coincide with the materialist ontology and anthropology of classical Ashʿarism.1 Although both discussions have already received a fair amount of attention, the discrepancies have hitherto remained either unresolved or unexplained. The present study shall attempt to resolve an ostensible discrepancy in one discussion and to identify and explain a real and serious discrepancy in the other. By doing so, it will shed light on the main dilemmas and sensitivities that al-Ghazālī's subscription to substance dualism presented him in a kalām setting.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18216652" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a567906dfdcb4047a44062c525700761" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39938333,"asset_id":18216652,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39938333/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6698906" href="https://soas.academia.edu/AymanShihadeh">Ayman Shihadeh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6698906" type="text/json">{"id":6698906,"first_name":"Ayman","last_name":"Shihadeh","domain_name":"soas","page_name":"AymanShihadeh","display_name":"Ayman Shihadeh","profile_url":"https://soas.academia.edu/AymanShihadeh?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6698906/9723999/34945009/s65_ayman.shihadeh.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18216652 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18216652"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18216652, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18216652", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18216652]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18216652").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18216652").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18216652"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">21</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5674" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy">Islamic Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5674" type="text/json">{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5675" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalam_Islamic_Theology_">Kalam (Islamic Theology)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5675" type="text/json">{"id":5675,"name":"Kalam (Islamic Theology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalam_Islamic_Theology_?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11150" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies">Islamic Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11150" type="text/json">{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12442" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ibn_Sina">Ibn Sina</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12442" type="text/json">{"id":12442,"name":"Ibn Sina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ibn_Sina?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18216652]'), work: {"id":18216652,"title":"Al-Ghazālī and Kalām: The Conundrum of His Body-Soul Dualism","created_at":"2015-11-12T10:13:31.378-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18216652/Al_Ghaz%C4%81l%C4%AB_and_Kal%C4%81m_The_Conundrum_of_His_Body_Soul_Dualism?f_ri=49853","dom_id":"work_18216652","summary":"My aim in this article is twofold. First, I shall interpret two discussions in al-Ghazālī's main kalām compendium, al-Iqtiṣād fī l-iʿtiqād (The Balanced Book on What-To-Believe), which appear discrepant with the substance dualism espoused in some of his other works, and instead seem to coincide with the materialist ontology and anthropology of classical Ashʿarism.1 Although both discussions have already received a fair amount of attention, the discrepancies have hitherto remained either unresolved or unexplained. The present study shall attempt to resolve an ostensible discrepancy in one discussion and to identify and explain a real and serious discrepancy in the other. By doing so, it will shed light on the main dilemmas and sensitivities that al-Ghazālī's subscription to substance dualism presented him in a kalām setting.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39938333,"asset_id":18216652,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6698906,"first_name":"Ayman","last_name":"Shihadeh","domain_name":"soas","page_name":"AymanShihadeh","display_name":"Ayman Shihadeh","profile_url":"https://soas.academia.edu/AymanShihadeh?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6698906/9723999/34945009/s65_ayman.shihadeh.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":5675,"name":"Kalam (Islamic Theology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalam_Islamic_Theology_?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":12442,"name":"Ibn Sina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ibn_Sina?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":13980,"name":"Arabic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853"},{"id":30552,"name":"Islamic Thought \u0026 Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Thought_and_Philosophy?f_ri=49853"},{"id":38977,"name":"Avicenna","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Avicenna?f_ri=49853"},{"id":49851,"name":"Asharites","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asharites?f_ri=49853"},{"id":49852,"name":"Occasionalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occasionalism?f_ri=49853"},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":58678,"name":"Medieval Arabic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Arabic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853"},{"id":59854,"name":"Islamic Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Theology?f_ri=49853"},{"id":81297,"name":"Ash'arites","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asharites-1?f_ri=49853"},{"id":90426,"name":"Imam al-Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Imam_al-Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":96517,"name":"Islamic philosophy and theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_philosophy_and_theology?f_ri=49853"},{"id":103198,"name":"Islamic thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_thought?f_ri=49853"},{"id":119288,"name":"İbn-i Sina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ibn-i_Sina?f_ri=49853"},{"id":135417,"name":"Al Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Al_Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":513355,"name":"Islamic eschatology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_eschatology?f_ri=49853"},{"id":974041,"name":"Islamic Thought and Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Thought_and_Theology?f_ri=49853"},{"id":1223710,"name":"Muslim philosophy and thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim_philosophy_and_thought?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32219424" data-work_id="32219424" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32219424/L%C3%82ME_DANS_LE_TASAWWUF_Analyse_de_la_vie_des_premiers_soufis_Th%C3%A8se_de_doctorat_de_3e_cycle">L'ÂME DANS LE TASAWWUF : Analyse de la vie des premiers soufis, Thèse de doctorat de 3e cycle</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Ce travail essaye, par une approche à la fois analytique et descriptive, de remonter aux origines du soufisme en Islam. A travers une documentation arabophone assez fournie, il essaye de dégager une analyse objective qui permet d’aboutir... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_32219424" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Ce travail essaye, par une approche à la fois analytique et descriptive, de remonter aux origines du soufisme en Islam. A travers une documentation arabophone assez fournie, il essaye de dégager une analyse objective qui permet d’aboutir à des conclusions précises.<br />La dévotion et la recherche de l’agrément de Dieu qui émanaient de la foi sincère des premiers croyants de l’Islam, s’exprimant sous forme d’un certain nombre de pratiques et comportements, firent distinguer, le long des générations, parmi les musulmans, un groupe qui, malgré les facteurs bouleversants qui se succédaient, cherchaient à sauvegarder sa spiritualité à travers des méthodes d’éducation de l’âme. Ces dévots furent désignés sous le nom de « sûfî » (soufis) vers le IIe siècle après l’Hégire (VIIIe siècle) ; leurs pratiques furent progressivement conceptualisées et identifiées sous le terme « Tasawwuf » ou soufisme.<br />Par différentes approches, les soufis s’accordent dans la recherche continue de la perfection de leur soumission. Ils développent des relations entre le spirituel et la nature de l’âme. Afin de maîtriser celle-ci dans leur quête continue du bien faire dévotionnel, ils cherchent à mieux la connaître, ce qui les oblige à mener une vie de « combat contre eux-mêmes » durant laquelle, à travers des expériences personnelles, ils systématisent progressivement une voie intérieure qu’ils qualifient parfois de Réalité spirituelle ou Ḥaqîqa. Elle doit être l’esprit qui sous-tend l’expression visible régie par la Loi religieuse ou Sharî̔a.<br />L’analyse de toutes ces données quelque peu disparates et parfois peu élaborées a permis d’aboutir à un ensemble cohérent et systémique dans lequel l’âme et l’esprit, dans un cadre métaphysique, développent leurs relations avec le cœur et la raison et, de ce fait, se trouvent être très liés au fondement de tous les comportements physiques du croyant.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32219424" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a214f17b1b26c24226b575f9f62701cb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52445998,"asset_id":32219424,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52445998/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="40864374" href="https://universitecheikhantadiopdedakar.academia.edu/salioundiaye">Saliou Ndiaye</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="40864374" type="text/json">{"id":40864374,"first_name":"Saliou","last_name":"Ndiaye","domain_name":"universitecheikhantadiopdedakar","page_name":"salioundiaye","display_name":"Saliou Ndiaye","profile_url":"https://universitecheikhantadiopdedakar.academia.edu/salioundiaye?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40864374/12240195/26298464/s65_saliou.ndiaye.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32219424 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32219424"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32219424, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32219424", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_32219424 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32219424; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_32219424"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_32219424 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32219424"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32219424; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32219424]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_32219424").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_32219424").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="32219424"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3515" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asceticism">Asceticism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3515" type="text/json">{"id":3515,"name":"Asceticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asceticism?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3815" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spirituality">Spirituality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3815" type="text/json">{"id":3815,"name":"Spirituality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spirituality?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11152" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufism">Sufism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11152" type="text/json">{"id":11152,"name":"Sufism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufism?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15866" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam">Islam</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15866" type="text/json">{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=32219424]'), work: {"id":32219424,"title":"L'ÂME DANS LE TASAWWUF : Analyse de la vie des premiers soufis, Thèse de doctorat de 3e cycle","created_at":"2017-04-03T04:24:42.824-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/32219424/L%C3%82ME_DANS_LE_TASAWWUF_Analyse_de_la_vie_des_premiers_soufis_Th%C3%A8se_de_doctorat_de_3e_cycle?f_ri=49853","dom_id":"work_32219424","summary":"Ce travail essaye, par une approche à la fois analytique et descriptive, de remonter aux origines du soufisme en Islam. A travers une documentation arabophone assez fournie, il essaye de dégager une analyse objective qui permet d’aboutir à des conclusions précises.\nLa dévotion et la recherche de l’agrément de Dieu qui émanaient de la foi sincère des premiers croyants de l’Islam, s’exprimant sous forme d’un certain nombre de pratiques et comportements, firent distinguer, le long des générations, parmi les musulmans, un groupe qui, malgré les facteurs bouleversants qui se succédaient, cherchaient à sauvegarder sa spiritualité à travers des méthodes d’éducation de l’âme. Ces dévots furent désignés sous le nom de « sûfî » (soufis) vers le IIe siècle après l’Hégire (VIIIe siècle) ; leurs pratiques furent progressivement conceptualisées et identifiées sous le terme « Tasawwuf » ou soufisme.\nPar différentes approches, les soufis s’accordent dans la recherche continue de la perfection de leur soumission. Ils développent des relations entre le spirituel et la nature de l’âme. Afin de maîtriser celle-ci dans leur quête continue du bien faire dévotionnel, ils cherchent à mieux la connaître, ce qui les oblige à mener une vie de « combat contre eux-mêmes » durant laquelle, à travers des expériences personnelles, ils systématisent progressivement une voie intérieure qu’ils qualifient parfois de Réalité spirituelle ou Ḥaqîqa. Elle doit être l’esprit qui sous-tend l’expression visible régie par la Loi religieuse ou Sharî̔a.\nL’analyse de toutes ces données quelque peu disparates et parfois peu élaborées a permis d’aboutir à un ensemble cohérent et systémique dans lequel l’âme et l’esprit, dans un cadre métaphysique, développent leurs relations avec le cœur et la raison et, de ce fait, se trouvent être très liés au fondement de tous les comportements physiques du croyant.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52445998,"asset_id":32219424,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":40864374,"first_name":"Saliou","last_name":"Ndiaye","domain_name":"universitecheikhantadiopdedakar","page_name":"salioundiaye","display_name":"Saliou Ndiaye","profile_url":"https://universitecheikhantadiopdedakar.academia.edu/salioundiaye?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40864374/12240195/26298464/s65_saliou.ndiaye.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3515,"name":"Asceticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asceticism?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":3815,"name":"Spirituality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spirituality?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":11152,"name":"Sufism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufism?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":35080,"name":"Sufism in the Formative Period","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufism_in_the_Formative_Period?f_ri=49853"},{"id":42108,"name":"Histoire des idées et de la pensée","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Histoire_des_idees_et_de_la_pensee?f_ri=49853"},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":114106,"name":"Tasawwuf","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tasawwuf?f_ri=49853"},{"id":307587,"name":"Sufisme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufisme?f_ri=49853"},{"id":344616,"name":"Early Sufism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Sufism?f_ri=49853"},{"id":1116186,"name":"Soufisme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soufisme?f_ri=49853"},{"id":1551435,"name":"Soufisme Histoire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soufisme_Histoire?f_ri=49853"},{"id":2406143,"name":"Junayd Baghdadi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Junayd_Baghdadi?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32222431" data-work_id="32222431" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32222431/Le_Tasawwuf_et_ses_formes_dorganisation_analyse_de_son_%C3%A9volution_des_pr%C3%A9mices_aux_confr%C3%A9ries_Th%C3%A8se_de_Doctorat_dEtat_Tome_1">Le Tasawwuf et ses formes d'organisation: analyse de son évolution, des prémices aux confréries, Thèse de Doctorat d'Etat Tome 1</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Le Taṣawwuf ou soufisme, réalité de la civilisation islamique, est connu de nos jours à travers deux manifestations. Une manifestation pratique, plus ou moins populaire et plus actuelle, se forme et se développe à travers des... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_32222431" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Le Taṣawwuf ou soufisme, réalité de la civilisation islamique, est connu de nos jours à travers deux manifestations.  Une manifestation pratique, plus ou moins populaire et plus actuelle, se forme et se développe à travers des confréries. Il se présente également sous forme d’un développement théorique issu de l’héritage islamique.<br /> Cette pensée en question a connu son essor le plus important à l’époque comprise entre le troisième et le cinquième siècle de l’Hégire, ce qui correspond à la période médiévale de l’ère chrétienne. La doctrine systématisée à ce niveau se réclame absolument de l’Islam tel que vécu par son prophète et ses premiers compagnons. D’autres parts, l’autre forme d’expression plus actuelle du soufisme veut s’inscrire dans cette même continuité malgré les contestations du salafisme qui leur dispute cette authenticité.<br /><br />Sur ce, cette thèse s’est interrogée sur la probable évolution sociale et historique d’une même réalité spirituelle. Autrement dit, est-il vérifiable théologiquement et historiquement que les théoriciens du Taṣawwuf n’ont fait que conceptualiser et systématiser les dimensions pratiques et spirituelles de l’Islam tel que vécu par les premiers croyants ? Y’a-t-il une constance sur le plan spirituel qui permet aux soufis des confréries de soutenir une authenticité par rapport aux prédécesseurs dont ils se réclament ? Si oui, comment s’est opérée cette évolution ?<br />Ce sont là un certain nombre de questions dont les réponses seront cherchées dans l’histoire des idées de la civilisation islamique.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32222431" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0f3bf456780ab6b91b9ae752ae4f68a4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58377007,"asset_id":32222431,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58377007/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="40864374" href="https://universitecheikhantadiopdedakar.academia.edu/salioundiaye">Saliou Ndiaye</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="40864374" type="text/json">{"id":40864374,"first_name":"Saliou","last_name":"Ndiaye","domain_name":"universitecheikhantadiopdedakar","page_name":"salioundiaye","display_name":"Saliou Ndiaye","profile_url":"https://universitecheikhantadiopdedakar.academia.edu/salioundiaye?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40864374/12240195/26298464/s65_saliou.ndiaye.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32222431 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32222431"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32222431, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32222431", }); 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Une manifestation pratique, plus ou moins populaire et plus actuelle, se forme et se développe à travers des confréries. Il se présente également sous forme d’un développement théorique issu de l’héritage islamique.\n Cette pensée en question a connu son essor le plus important à l’époque comprise entre le troisième et le cinquième siècle de l’Hégire, ce qui correspond à la période médiévale de l’ère chrétienne. La doctrine systématisée à ce niveau se réclame absolument de l’Islam tel que vécu par son prophète et ses premiers compagnons. D’autres parts, l’autre forme d’expression plus actuelle du soufisme veut s’inscrire dans cette même continuité malgré les contestations du salafisme qui leur dispute cette authenticité.\n\nSur ce, cette thèse s’est interrogée sur la probable évolution sociale et historique d’une même réalité spirituelle. Autrement dit, est-il vérifiable théologiquement et historiquement que les théoriciens du Taṣawwuf n’ont fait que conceptualiser et systématiser les dimensions pratiques et spirituelles de l’Islam tel que vécu par les premiers croyants ? Y’a-t-il une constance sur le plan spirituel qui permet aux soufis des confréries de soutenir une authenticité par rapport aux prédécesseurs dont ils se réclament ? Si oui, comment s’est opérée cette évolution ?\nCe sont là un certain nombre de questions dont les réponses seront cherchées dans l’histoire des idées de la civilisation islamique.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58377007,"asset_id":32222431,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":40864374,"first_name":"Saliou","last_name":"Ndiaye","domain_name":"universitecheikhantadiopdedakar","page_name":"salioundiaye","display_name":"Saliou Ndiaye","profile_url":"https://universitecheikhantadiopdedakar.academia.edu/salioundiaye?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40864374/12240195/26298464/s65_saliou.ndiaye.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3815,"name":"Spirituality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spirituality?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":5675,"name":"Kalam (Islamic Theology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalam_Islamic_Theology_?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":11152,"name":"Sufism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufism?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":13981,"name":"Ilm al-Kalam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ilm_al-Kalam?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=49853"},{"id":28459,"name":"Tariqa Sufism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tariqa_Sufism?f_ri=49853"},{"id":36523,"name":"Ibn Arabi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ibn_Arabi?f_ri=49853"},{"id":42108,"name":"Histoire des idées et de la pensée","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Histoire_des_idees_et_de_la_pensee?f_ri=49853"},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":51265,"name":"Philosophie","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophie?f_ri=49853"},{"id":51334,"name":"Orientalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orientalism?f_ri=49853"},{"id":103371,"name":"Illumination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Illumination?f_ri=49853"},{"id":114106,"name":"Tasawwuf","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tasawwuf?f_ri=49853"},{"id":248715,"name":"Qushayri","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qushayri?f_ri=49853"},{"id":343975,"name":"Tasawuf","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tasawuf?f_ri=49853"},{"id":518887,"name":"Confréries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Confreries?f_ri=49853"},{"id":859827,"name":"Khawarijism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Khawarijism?f_ri=49853"},{"id":1116186,"name":"Soufisme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soufisme?f_ri=49853"},{"id":1310334,"name":"Ahli Falsafah Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ahli_Falsafah_Islam?f_ri=49853"},{"id":1770633,"name":"Murid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Murid-1?f_ri=49853"},{"id":2406143,"name":"Junayd Baghdadi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Junayd_Baghdadi?f_ri=49853"},{"id":2521471,"name":"Psychologie Spirituelle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychologie_Spirituelle?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_67690620" data-work_id="67690620" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67690620/The_Place_of_Virtue_Ethics_within_the_Post_Classical_Discourse_on_%E1%B8%A5ikma_Fakhr_al_D%C4%ABn_al_R%C4%81z%C4%ABs_al_Nafs_wa_l_r%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5_wa_shar%E1%B8%A5_quw%C4%81hum%C4%81">The Place of Virtue Ethics within the Post-Classical Discourse on ḥikma: Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī's al-Nafs wa-l-rūḥ wa-sharḥ quwāhumā</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Preserved in what seems to be a unique manuscript at the Bodleian Library, al-Nafs wa-l-rūḥ wa-sharḥ quwāhumā (The Soul and the Spirit together with an Explanation of Their Faculties) of Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 606/1210) is a curious... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_67690620" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Preserved in what seems to be a unique manuscript at the Bodleian Library, al-Nafs wa-l-rūḥ wa-sharḥ quwāhumā (The Soul and the Spirit together with an Explanation of Their Faculties) of Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 606/1210) is a curious book. At the beginning, the author decribes the text as part of the philosophical sciences (as opposed to the religious ones) and clarifies that it deals with ʿilm al-akhlāq, meaning Aristotelian virtue ethics. The text is divided into two parts, the first explaining subjects of philosophical psychology, such as the nature of the soul, its faculties, and its survival after the death of the body. The second part explains how one can “treat” or “heal” the soul from certain negative character traits or vices. In both parts, the book makes liberal use of quotations from the Qur’an, from prophetical ḥadīth, and from sayings by other prophets and sages. This is quite unlike any other “book on philosophy” that Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī wrote. <br />      The article explains the distinction between philosophical and non-philosophical books in Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī and what it means for a book to belong to the former group. Al-Rāzī’s works in the theoretical fields of philosophy (logic, the natural sciences, metaphysics, and theology) do not use evidence derived from revelation and hardly ever refer to it. The relationship between revelation and the practical disciplines of philosophy (among them ethics), however, is different from the relation between revelation and theoretical philosophy. This difference leads in Avicenna to an almost complete abandonment of the practical disciplines. In authors who follow Avicenna in his Farabian approach to the relationship between philosophy and revelation it leads to hybrid works such as al-Nafs wa-l-rūḥ wa-sharḥ quwāhumā that follow a philosophical agenda but employ means and strategies that mimic and imitate revelation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/67690620" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a6ee5799145c6d4fe8bb12febd8e3b36" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78420473,"asset_id":67690620,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78420473/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1898210" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/FrankGriffel">Frank Griffel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1898210" type="text/json">{"id":1898210,"first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Griffel","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"FrankGriffel","display_name":"Frank Griffel","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/FrankGriffel?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1898210/692842/6587143/s65_frank.griffel.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_67690620 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="67690620"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 67690620, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_67690620", }); 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At the beginning, the author decribes the text as part of the philosophical sciences (as opposed to the religious ones) and clarifies that it deals with ʿilm al-akhlāq, meaning Aristotelian virtue ethics. The text is divided into two parts, the first explaining subjects of philosophical psychology, such as the nature of the soul, its faculties, and its survival after the death of the body. The second part explains how one can “treat” or “heal” the soul from certain negative character traits or vices. In both parts, the book makes liberal use of quotations from the Qur’an, from prophetical ḥadīth, and from sayings by other prophets and sages. This is quite unlike any other “book on philosophy” that Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī wrote. \r\n The article explains the distinction between philosophical and non-philosophical books in Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī and what it means for a book to belong to the former group. Al-Rāzī’s works in the theoretical fields of philosophy (logic, the natural sciences, metaphysics, and theology) do not use evidence derived from revelation and hardly ever refer to it. The relationship between revelation and the practical disciplines of philosophy (among them ethics), however, is different from the relation between revelation and theoretical philosophy. This difference leads in Avicenna to an almost complete abandonment of the practical disciplines. In authors who follow Avicenna in his Farabian approach to the relationship between philosophy and revelation it leads to hybrid works such as al-Nafs wa-l-rūḥ wa-sharḥ quwāhumā that follow a philosophical agenda but employ means and strategies that mimic and imitate revelation. 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Çalışmada kullanılan materyaller, Kimyâ-yı Saâdet ve İhyâ’û Ulûmiddin başta olmak üzere Gazâlî’nin temel orijinal eserleri olacaktır.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_993752" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Bu makalede Gazâlî’ye göre çocuk eğitiminin pratik ve temel prensiplerini ortaya koymaya çalışacağız. Çalışmada kullanılan materyaller, Kimyâ-yı Saâdet ve İhyâ’û Ulûmiddin başta olmak üzere Gazâlî’nin temel orijinal eserleri olacaktır. Gazâlî sadece çocuklar için bir kitap yazmaya karar vermemiş, aynı zamanda bu kitabına da “Ey Çocuk!” (Eyyühel Veled) ismini vermiştir. Bu konuda yazılmış diğer eserler, Gazâlî’nin çocuk eğitiminde farklı bakışlarını basit bir tavır ile taklit etmektedir. Çok iyi bir sûfi olduğu kadar iyi bir ahlakçı da olan Gazâlî çocuk eğitimini içeren bazı güzel prensipleri bize önermektedir: Ona göre, çocuğun kalbi saf bir cevherdir ki, o her çeşit nakış ve resimden boş, fakat nakşedilecek her şeyi kabule müsait ve kendine yönelen her şeye meyleder durumdadır. Gördüğümüz gibi Gazâlî’ye göre, çocuk doğuştan ne iyi nede kötüdür. O, yaşadığı kültür ve toplumda belirgin özellikleri ve isimlendirmeleri alır. Çocuk eğitiminde, bir yandan benzerlik kurarak taklit etmek ve diğer yandan bireysel çabalarda bulunmak temeldir. Böylece, aile ve okul, çocuk eğitimi ve karakter gelişiminde iki önemli araç olmaktadır.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/993752" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="887099ccdd89ac9a4722abf046ff9dcb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":6085073,"asset_id":993752,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/6085073/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="313042" href="https://aybu.academia.edu/MehmetVural">Mehmet Vural</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="313042" type="text/json">{"id":313042,"first_name":"Mehmet","last_name":"Vural","domain_name":"aybu","page_name":"MehmetVural","display_name":"Mehmet Vural","profile_url":"https://aybu.academia.edu/MehmetVural?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/313042/243936/67024858/s65_mehmet.vural.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_993752 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="993752"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 993752, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_993752", }); 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Çalışmada kullanılan materyaller, Kimyâ-yı Saâdet ve İhyâ’û Ulûmiddin başta olmak üzere Gazâlî’nin temel orijinal eserleri olacaktır. Gazâlî sadece çocuklar için bir kitap yazmaya karar vermemiş, aynı zamanda bu kitabına da “Ey Çocuk!” (Eyyühel Veled) ismini vermiştir. Bu konuda yazılmış diğer eserler, Gazâlî’nin çocuk eğitiminde farklı bakışlarını basit bir tavır ile taklit etmektedir. Çok iyi bir sûfi olduğu kadar iyi bir ahlakçı da olan Gazâlî çocuk eğitimini içeren bazı güzel prensipleri bize önermektedir: Ona göre, çocuğun kalbi saf bir cevherdir ki, o her çeşit nakış ve resimden boş, fakat nakşedilecek her şeyi kabule müsait ve kendine yönelen her şeye meyleder durumdadır. Gördüğümüz gibi Gazâlî’ye göre, çocuk doğuştan ne iyi nede kötüdür. O, yaşadığı kültür ve toplumda belirgin özellikleri ve isimlendirmeleri alır. Çocuk eğitiminde, bir yandan benzerlik kurarak taklit etmek ve diğer yandan bireysel çabalarda bulunmak temeldir. Böylece, aile ve okul, çocuk eğitimi ve karakter gelişiminde iki önemli araç olmaktadır.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":6085073,"asset_id":993752,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":313042,"first_name":"Mehmet","last_name":"Vural","domain_name":"aybu","page_name":"MehmetVural","display_name":"Mehmet Vural","profile_url":"https://aybu.academia.edu/MehmetVural?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/313042/243936/67024858/s65_mehmet.vural.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":815,"name":"Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":24771,"name":"Eschatology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eschatology?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":53544,"name":"Ghazalian studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazalian_studies?f_ri=49853"},{"id":135417,"name":"Al Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Al_Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":781588,"name":"Razi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Razi?f_ri=49853"},{"id":975010,"name":"Kalam Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalam_Philosophy?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18173286" data-work_id="18173286" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18173286/Islam_and_Rationality_The_Impact_of_al_Ghaz%C4%81l%C4%AB_Papers_Collected_on_His_900th_Anniversary_Volume_2">Islam and Rationality: The Impact of al-Ghazālī. Papers Collected on His 900th Anniversary. Volume 2.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Al-Ghazālī (d. 505/1111) is one of the most influential thinkers of Islam. There is hardly a genre of Islamic literature where he is not regarded as a major authority. Islamic Law, Sufism, ethics, philosophy, and theology are all deeply... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18173286" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Al-Ghazālī (d. 505/1111) is one of the most influential thinkers of Islam. There is hardly a genre of Islamic literature where he is not regarded as a major authority. Islamic Law, Sufism, ethics, philosophy, and theology are all deeply shaped by him. Yet in the past thirty years, the field of Ghazālī-studies has been shaken by the realization that Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā, d. 428/1037) and other philosophers had a strong influence on him. Now, after the 900th anniversary at his death, the field emerges stronger than ever. This second volume of Islam and Rationality: The Impact of al-Ghazālī brings together twelve leading experts on al-Ghazālī who write about his thought and the impact it had on later Muslim thinkers. <br /> Contributors are: Anna Ayşe Akasoy, Ahmed El Shamsy, Kenneth Garden, Frank Griffel, Jules Janssens, Damien Janos, Taneli Kukkonen, Stephen Ogden, M. Sait Özervarlı, Martin Riexinger, Ulrich Rudolph, and Ayman Shihadeh.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18173286" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cb161fb9f42f6d097668af7e38b695e1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42178812,"asset_id":18173286,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42178812/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1898210" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/FrankGriffel">Frank Griffel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1898210" type="text/json">{"id":1898210,"first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Griffel","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"FrankGriffel","display_name":"Frank Griffel","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/FrankGriffel?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1898210/692842/6587143/s65_frank.griffel.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18173286 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18173286"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18173286, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18173286", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_18173286 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18173286; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_18173286"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18173286 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18173286"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18173286; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18173286]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18173286").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18173286").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18173286"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5674" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy">Islamic Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5674" type="text/json">{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5675" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalam_Islamic_Theology_">Kalam (Islamic Theology)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5675" type="text/json">{"id":5675,"name":"Kalam (Islamic Theology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalam_Islamic_Theology_?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13980" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Philosophy">Arabic Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13980" type="text/json">{"id":13980,"name":"Arabic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16171" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Political_Thought">Islamic Political Thought</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="16171" type="text/json">{"id":16171,"name":"Islamic Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Political_Thought?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18173286]'), work: {"id":18173286,"title":"Islam and Rationality: The Impact of al-Ghazālī. Papers Collected on His 900th Anniversary. Volume 2.","created_at":"2015-11-11T17:38:32.815-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18173286/Islam_and_Rationality_The_Impact_of_al_Ghaz%C4%81l%C4%AB_Papers_Collected_on_His_900th_Anniversary_Volume_2?f_ri=49853","dom_id":"work_18173286","summary":"Al-Ghazālī (d. 505/1111) is one of the most influential thinkers of Islam. There is hardly a genre of Islamic literature where he is not regarded as a major authority. Islamic Law, Sufism, ethics, philosophy, and theology are all deeply shaped by him. Yet in the past thirty years, the field of Ghazālī-studies has been shaken by the realization that Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā, d. 428/1037) and other philosophers had a strong influence on him. Now, after the 900th anniversary at his death, the field emerges stronger than ever. This second volume of Islam and Rationality: The Impact of al-Ghazālī brings together twelve leading experts on al-Ghazālī who write about his thought and the impact it had on later Muslim thinkers. \r\n\tContributors are: Anna Ayşe Akasoy, Ahmed El Shamsy, Kenneth Garden, Frank Griffel, Jules Janssens, Damien Janos, Taneli Kukkonen, Stephen Ogden, M. Sait Özervarlı, Martin Riexinger, Ulrich Rudolph, and Ayman Shihadeh. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42178812,"asset_id":18173286,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1898210,"first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Griffel","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"FrankGriffel","display_name":"Frank Griffel","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/FrankGriffel?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1898210/692842/6587143/s65_frank.griffel.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":5675,"name":"Kalam (Islamic Theology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalam_Islamic_Theology_?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":13980,"name":"Arabic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":16171,"name":"Islamic Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Political_Thought?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":53544,"name":"Ghazalian studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazalian_studies?f_ri=49853"},{"id":90426,"name":"Imam al-Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Imam_al-Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":102251,"name":"Al-Ghazali's Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Al-Ghazalis_Philosophy?f_ri=49853"},{"id":135417,"name":"Al Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Al_Ghazali?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24967896" data-work_id="24967896" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24967896/Al_Ghaz%C4%81l%C4%AB_on_the_Origins_of_Ethics">Al-Ghazālī on the Origins of Ethics</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In his famous autobiography, The Deliverer from Error, al-Ghazālī reconstructs the way the science of ethics is supposed to have developed. Al-Ghazālī contends that the philosophical ethics taught by the Arabic Aristotelians necessarily... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_24967896" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In his famous autobiography, The Deliverer from Error, al-Ghazālī reconstructs the way the science of ethics is supposed to have developed. Al-Ghazālī contends that the philosophical ethics taught by the Arabic Aristotelians necessarily depends upon prior revelations handed to religious aspirants of a vaguely Sufi stamp. Al-Ghazālī's argument is reminiscent of similar ones made in late antiquity; I maintain, however, that for al-Ghazālī the point bears added systematic significance. Given the central position held by the purification of the soul in al-Ghazālī's conception of true religion , he can hardly admit that the philosophers should have discovered independently any of the philosophical ethics al-Ghazālī himself espouses. It is the supernatural power of prescribed ritual acts that ultimately allows al-Ghazālī to maintain the superiority of religiously predicated ethics.<br /><br />[uncorrected page proofs]</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24967896" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a35642bc5bdb0a9b393c7cd9433c9c3c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45299081,"asset_id":24967896,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45299081/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="778616" href="https://nyuad.academia.edu/TaneliKukkonen">Taneli Kukkonen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="778616" type="text/json">{"id":778616,"first_name":"Taneli","last_name":"Kukkonen","domain_name":"nyuad","page_name":"TaneliKukkonen","display_name":"Taneli Kukkonen","profile_url":"https://nyuad.academia.edu/TaneliKukkonen?f_ri=49853","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24967896 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24967896"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24967896, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24967896", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_24967896 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24967896; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_24967896"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_24967896 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="24967896"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24967896; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24967896]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_24967896").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_24967896").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="24967896"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="825" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Philosophy">Medieval Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="825" type="text/json">{"id":825,"name":"Medieval Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2059" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religion">History of Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2059" type="text/json">{"id":2059,"name":"History of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religion?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3468" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virtue_Ethics">Virtue Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3468" type="text/json">{"id":3468,"name":"Virtue Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virtue_Ethics?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5674" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy">Islamic Philosophy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5674" type="text/json">{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24967896]'), work: {"id":24967896,"title":"Al-Ghazālī on the Origins of Ethics","created_at":"2016-05-02T23:28:43.883-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/24967896/Al_Ghaz%C4%81l%C4%AB_on_the_Origins_of_Ethics?f_ri=49853","dom_id":"work_24967896","summary":"In his famous autobiography, The Deliverer from Error, al-Ghazālī reconstructs the way the science of ethics is supposed to have developed. Al-Ghazālī contends that the philosophical ethics taught by the Arabic Aristotelians necessarily depends upon prior revelations handed to religious aspirants of a vaguely Sufi stamp. Al-Ghazālī's argument is reminiscent of similar ones made in late antiquity; I maintain, however, that for al-Ghazālī the point bears added systematic significance. Given the central position held by the purification of the soul in al-Ghazālī's conception of true religion , he can hardly admit that the philosophers should have discovered independently any of the philosophical ethics al-Ghazālī himself espouses. It is the supernatural power of prescribed ritual acts that ultimately allows al-Ghazālī to maintain the superiority of religiously predicated ethics.\n\n[uncorrected page proofs]","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45299081,"asset_id":24967896,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":778616,"first_name":"Taneli","last_name":"Kukkonen","domain_name":"nyuad","page_name":"TaneliKukkonen","display_name":"Taneli Kukkonen","profile_url":"https://nyuad.academia.edu/TaneliKukkonen?f_ri=49853","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":825,"name":"Medieval Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":2059,"name":"History of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religion?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":3468,"name":"Virtue Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virtue_Ethics?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":5675,"name":"Kalam (Islamic Theology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalam_Islamic_Theology_?f_ri=49853"},{"id":11152,"name":"Sufism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufism?f_ri=49853"},{"id":13980,"name":"Arabic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853"},{"id":23483,"name":"Neoplatonism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoplatonism?f_ri=49853"},{"id":30552,"name":"Islamic Thought \u0026 Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Thought_and_Philosophy?f_ri=49853"},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=49853"},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_67881474" data-work_id="67881474" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67881474/Lahbabi_and_Muslim_Philosophers_a_Medieval_Philosophy_or_an_Early_Personalism_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D8%A3%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9_">Lahbabi and Muslim Philosophers: a Medieval Philosophy or an Early Personalism?الحبابي وفلاسفة الإسلام: فلسفة عصر وسيط أم شخصانية مبكرة؟</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The return of the Moroccan philosopher Muhammad-Aziz Lahbabi (d. 1993) to the history of philosophy seems to have been not to learn more about the problems that preoccupied the philosophers of the past, nor to solve philological or... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_67881474" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The return of the Moroccan philosopher Muhammad-Aziz Lahbabi (d. 1993) to the history of philosophy seems to have been not to learn more about the problems that preoccupied the philosophers of the past, nor to solve philological or hermeneutical problems, as is usually the case in this discipline, but rather his return was for a more "substantial" cause that was the basis of his career throughout his intellectual life, namely, the future of the human.  Perhaps the characteristics of this future that Lahbabi wanted to attribute to this philosophy guided his reading of the history of philosophy in Muslim contexts. From this point of view, one should perhaps understand the nature of his approach to the Muslim philosophies that were the focus of his research and reflection. He has reconstructed the history of this philosophy in order to bring it in line with his objectives and challenges, which do not consist in the accumulation of new studies on this or these philosophies, but in their use in the challenges of his time.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/67881474" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4fce9cd10d4381800988628dc93f05a0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78562712,"asset_id":67881474,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78562712/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1831457" href="https://edhh.academia.edu/FouadBenAhmed">Fouad Ben Ahmed</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1831457" type="text/json">{"id":1831457,"first_name":"Fouad","last_name":"Ben Ahmed","domain_name":"edhh","page_name":"FouadBenAhmed","display_name":"Fouad Ben Ahmed","profile_url":"https://edhh.academia.edu/FouadBenAhmed?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1831457/42829974/34237917/s65_fouad.ben_ahmed.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_67881474 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="67881474"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 67881474, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_67881474", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_67881474 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67881474; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_67881474"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_67881474 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="67881474"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67881474; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67881474]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_67881474").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_67881474").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="67881474"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5674" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy">Islamic Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5674" type="text/json">{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8885" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ibn_Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8885" type="text/json">{"id":8885,"name":"Ibn Khaldun","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ibn_Khaldun?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12443" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Al_Farabi">Al Farabi</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12443" type="text/json">{"id":12443,"name":"Al Farabi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Al_Farabi?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13980" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Philosophy">Arabic Philosophy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="13980" type="text/json">{"id":13980,"name":"Arabic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=67881474]'), work: {"id":67881474,"title":"Lahbabi and Muslim Philosophers: a Medieval Philosophy or an Early Personalism?الحبابي وفلاسفة الإسلام: فلسفة عصر وسيط أم شخصانية مبكرة؟","created_at":"2022-01-12T16:30:12.196-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/67881474/Lahbabi_and_Muslim_Philosophers_a_Medieval_Philosophy_or_an_Early_Personalism_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D8%A3%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9_?f_ri=49853","dom_id":"work_67881474","summary":"The return of the Moroccan philosopher Muhammad-Aziz Lahbabi (d. 1993) to the history of philosophy seems to have been not to learn more about the problems that preoccupied the philosophers of the past, nor to solve philological or hermeneutical problems, as is usually the case in this discipline, but rather his return was for a more \"substantial\" cause that was the basis of his career throughout his intellectual life, namely, the future of the human. Perhaps the characteristics of this future that Lahbabi wanted to attribute to this philosophy guided his reading of the history of philosophy in Muslim contexts. From this point of view, one should perhaps understand the nature of his approach to the Muslim philosophies that were the focus of his research and reflection. He has reconstructed the history of this philosophy in order to bring it in line with his objectives and challenges, which do not consist in the accumulation of new studies on this or these philosophies, but in their use in the challenges of his time. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78562712,"asset_id":67881474,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1831457,"first_name":"Fouad","last_name":"Ben Ahmed","domain_name":"edhh","page_name":"FouadBenAhmed","display_name":"Fouad Ben Ahmed","profile_url":"https://edhh.academia.edu/FouadBenAhmed?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1831457/42829974/34237917/s65_fouad.ben_ahmed.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":8885,"name":"Ibn Khaldun","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ibn_Khaldun?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":12443,"name":"Al Farabi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Al_Farabi?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":13980,"name":"Arabic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":19921,"name":"Personalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personalism?f_ri=49853"},{"id":30552,"name":"Islamic Thought \u0026 Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Thought_and_Philosophy?f_ri=49853"},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":57971,"name":"Modern Islamic Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Islamic_Thought?f_ri=49853"},{"id":353451,"name":"al-Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/al-Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":607927,"name":"Farabi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Farabi?f_ri=49853"},{"id":1223710,"name":"Muslim philosophy and thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim_philosophy_and_thought?f_ri=49853"},{"id":2011879,"name":"Modern Arabic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Arabic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34477603" data-work_id="34477603" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34477603/The_Merits_of_the_B%C4%81tiniyya_Al_Ghaz%C4%81l%C4%ABs_Appropriation_of_Ismaili_Cosmology_Oxford_Journal_of_Islamic_Studies">The Merits of the Bātiniyya: Al-Ghazālī's Appropriation of Ismaili Cosmology ~ Oxford Journal of Islamic Studies</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper discusses the question of an Ismaʿili influence within the cosmology of al-Ghazālī and argues that al-Ghazālī appropriated certain features of the Ismaʿili cosmology from the Persian Ismaʿili thought of Nāṣir-i Khusraw (d. ca.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34477603" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper discusses the question of an Ismaʿili influence within the cosmology of al-Ghazālī and argues that al-Ghazālī appropriated certain features of the Ismaʿili cosmology from the Persian Ismaʿili thought of Nāṣir-i Khusraw (d. ca. 481/1088). After introducing Nāṣir-i Khusraw and his Ismaʿili Neoplatonic cosmology, the paper first examines some of the Ismaʿili doctrinal material presented in al-Ghazālī’s anti-Ismaʿili polemical work Faḍāʾiḥ al-bāṭiniyya—concerning cosmology, revelation, and taʾwīl—and traces this content back to Nāṣir-i Khusraw’s works, arguing that Nāṣir-i Khusraw was one of the sources for al-Ghazālī’s knowledge of Ismaʿili doctrines. Secondly, the paper highlights a number of commonalities and shared terminology between the cosmology, epistemology, and doctrine of prophecy in al-Ghazālī’s Mishkāt al-anwār (‘The Niche of Lights’) and the Ismaʿili doctrines of Nāṣir-i Khusraw, revealing how the two thinkers understand the cosmos as containing precisely ‘two worlds’, emphasize the correspondence (muwāzana) between the spiritual and physical realms, and conceive the faculty of prophecy as a higher supra-intellectual spirit (rūḥ) or ‘eye’ of perception. Thirdly, the paper revisits the scholarly debate concerning al-Ghazālī’s higher theology and cosmology in the Veils section of the Mishkāt. It demonstrates that al-Ghazālī’s worldview, which places the transcendent God above the First Mover of the Aristotelians and the Necessary Existent of the falāsifa using the Qurʾānic symbolism of Moon and Sun worship, has been appropriated from Nāṣir-i Khusraw’s Ismaʿili Neoplatonic cosmology.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34477603" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a693713172bce5f3423ef5a0e64bb8ad" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64348565,"asset_id":34477603,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64348565/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1650421" href="https://augustana.academia.edu/KhalilAndani">Khalil Andani</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1650421" type="text/json">{"id":1650421,"first_name":"Khalil","last_name":"Andani","domain_name":"augustana","page_name":"KhalilAndani","display_name":"Khalil Andani","profile_url":"https://augustana.academia.edu/KhalilAndani?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1650421/573459/35118166/s65_khalil.andani.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34477603 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34477603"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34477603, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34477603", }); 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After introducing Nāṣir-i Khusraw and his Ismaʿili Neoplatonic cosmology, the paper first examines some of the Ismaʿili doctrinal material presented in al-Ghazālī’s anti-Ismaʿili polemical work Faḍāʾiḥ al-bāṭiniyya—concerning cosmology, revelation, and taʾwīl—and traces this content back to Nāṣir-i Khusraw’s works, arguing that Nāṣir-i Khusraw was one of the sources for al-Ghazālī’s knowledge of Ismaʿili doctrines. Secondly, the paper highlights a number of commonalities and shared terminology between the cosmology, epistemology, and doctrine of prophecy in al-Ghazālī’s Mishkāt al-anwār (‘The Niche of Lights’) and the Ismaʿili doctrines of Nāṣir-i Khusraw, revealing how the two thinkers understand the cosmos as containing precisely ‘two worlds’, emphasize the correspondence (muwāzana) between the spiritual and physical realms, and conceive the faculty of prophecy as a higher supra-intellectual spirit (rūḥ) or ‘eye’ of perception. Thirdly, the paper revisits the scholarly debate concerning al-Ghazālī’s higher theology and cosmology in the Veils section of the Mishkāt. It demonstrates that al-Ghazālī’s worldview, which places the transcendent God above the First Mover of the Aristotelians and the Necessary Existent of the falāsifa using the Qurʾānic symbolism of Moon and Sun worship, has been appropriated from Nāṣir-i Khusraw’s Ismaʿili Neoplatonic cosmology.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64348565,"asset_id":34477603,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1650421,"first_name":"Khalil","last_name":"Andani","domain_name":"augustana","page_name":"KhalilAndani","display_name":"Khalil Andani","profile_url":"https://augustana.academia.edu/KhalilAndani?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1650421/573459/35118166/s65_khalil.andani.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":135,"name":"Intellectual History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_History?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":540,"name":"Islamic Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":5675,"name":"Kalam (Islamic Theology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalam_Islamic_Theology_?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=49853"},{"id":11152,"name":"Sufism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufism?f_ri=49853"},{"id":11154,"name":"Shi'ism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shiism?f_ri=49853"},{"id":12442,"name":"Ibn Sina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ibn_Sina?f_ri=49853"},{"id":12443,"name":"Al Farabi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Al_Farabi?f_ri=49853"},{"id":13981,"name":"Ilm al-Kalam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ilm_al-Kalam?f_ri=49853"},{"id":15800,"name":"Islamic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History?f_ri=49853"},{"id":21674,"name":"Fatimids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fatimids?f_ri=49853"},{"id":23483,"name":"Neoplatonism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoplatonism?f_ri=49853"},{"id":25118,"name":"Medieval Islamic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Islamic_History?f_ri=49853"},{"id":25927,"name":"Ismailism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ismailism?f_ri=49853"},{"id":26897,"name":"Ismaili thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ismaili_thought?f_ri=49853"},{"id":30552,"name":"Islamic Thought \u0026 Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Thought_and_Philosophy?f_ri=49853"},{"id":30571,"name":"Islamic Mysticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Mysticism?f_ri=49853"},{"id":35081,"name":"Islamic Intellectual History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Intellectual_History?f_ri=49853"},{"id":38977,"name":"Avicenna","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Avicenna?f_ri=49853"},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":76590,"name":"Twelver Shi'ism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Twelver_Shiism?f_ri=49853"},{"id":90426,"name":"Imam al-Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Imam_al-Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":95917,"name":"Fatimid Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fatimid_Studies?f_ri=49853"},{"id":115394,"name":"Intellectual history of early Islam, Shiia, esp. Ismailis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_history_of_early_Islam_Shiia_esp._Ismailis?f_ri=49853"},{"id":135417,"name":"Al Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Al_Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":193481,"name":"philosophical Sufism (school of Ibn 'Arabi)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/philosophical_Sufism_school_of_Ibn_Arabi_?f_ri=49853"},{"id":314293,"name":"al-Maturidiyya: Hanafita Kalam School","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/al-Maturidiyya_Hanafita_Kalam_School?f_ri=49853"},{"id":472756,"name":"Nasir Khusraw","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nasir_Khusraw?f_ri=49853"},{"id":567545,"name":"Ismaili studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ismaili_studies?f_ri=49853"},{"id":567546,"name":"Shia studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shia_studies?f_ri=49853"},{"id":1028123,"name":"Ismaʿilism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Isma_ilism?f_ri=49853"},{"id":1034189,"name":"Nâser e Khosrow \u0026 Fatimid Ismailism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naser_e_Khosrow_and_Fatimid_Ismailism?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_63806289" data-work_id="63806289" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/63806289/2021_KIMI%C4%80_YE_SA%CA%BF%C4%80DAT_in_Encyclopaedia_Iranica_Online_In_English_">2021 - KIMIĀ-YE SAʿĀDAT in: Encyclopaedia Iranica Online (In English)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">KIMIĀ-YE SAʿĀDAT (Alchemy of happiness), a composition (taṣnif) of Abu Ḥāmed Moḥammad Ḡazāli (q.v.; 450-505/1058-1111), a scholar of the Sha ʿite school of law and a prominent Persian thinker of medieval Islam. The Kimiā-ye saʿādat was... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_63806289" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">KIMIĀ-YE SAʿĀDAT (Alchemy of happiness), a composition (taṣnif) of Abu Ḥāmed Moḥammad Ḡazāli (q.v.; 450-505/1058-1111), a scholar of the Sha ʿite school of law and a prominent Persian thinker of medieval Islam. The Kimiā-ye saʿādat was written during Ḡazāli's Khorasan period, after his return from his wanderings to his native Ṭus (see ḠAZĀLI i. BIOGRAPHY), and completed between 495-99/1102-6. The Kimiā-ye saʿādat was one of Ḡazāli's works composed in Persian during the period of the Saljuq sultanate, when Persian was the o cial language of its vast empire and was gradually becoming a lingua franca for Muslim scholars.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/63806289" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="32c294eacc17f33343d44728791cf607" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":76106445,"asset_id":63806289,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76106445/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7860544" href="https://orientalstudies.academia.edu/AlexeyKhismatulin">Alexey Khismatulin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7860544" type="text/json">{"id":7860544,"first_name":"Alexey","last_name":"Khismatulin","domain_name":"orientalstudies","page_name":"AlexeyKhismatulin","display_name":"Alexey Khismatulin","profile_url":"https://orientalstudies.academia.edu/AlexeyKhismatulin?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7860544/3707907/4345292/s65_alexey.khismatulin.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_63806289 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="63806289"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 63806289, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_63806289", }); 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450-505/1058-1111), a scholar of the Sha ʿite school of law and a prominent Persian thinker of medieval Islam. The Kimiā-ye saʿādat was written during Ḡazāli's Khorasan period, after his return from his wanderings to his native Ṭus (see ḠAZĀLI i. BIOGRAPHY), and completed between 495-99/1102-6. The Kimiā-ye saʿādat was one of Ḡazāli's works composed in Persian during the period of the Saljuq sultanate, when Persian was the o cial language of its vast empire and was gradually becoming a lingua franca for Muslim scholars.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":76106445,"asset_id":63806289,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7860544,"first_name":"Alexey","last_name":"Khismatulin","domain_name":"orientalstudies","page_name":"AlexeyKhismatulin","display_name":"Alexey Khismatulin","profile_url":"https://orientalstudies.academia.edu/AlexeyKhismatulin?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7860544/3707907/4345292/s65_alexey.khismatulin.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5218,"name":"Iranian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iranian_Studies?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":11152,"name":"Sufism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufism?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":15804,"name":"Seljuks (Islamic History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seljuks_Islamic_History_?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":29037,"name":"Iranian Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iranian_Literature?f_ri=49853"},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":90426,"name":"Imam al-Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Imam_al-Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":238058,"name":"Naqshbandiyya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naqshbandiyya?f_ri=49853"},{"id":299426,"name":"The Shafi'i school of law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Shafii_school_of_law?f_ri=49853"},{"id":318369,"name":"Mirrors for princes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mirrors_for_princes?f_ri=49853"},{"id":319899,"name":"Nishapur","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nishapur?f_ri=49853"},{"id":407393,"name":"Persian Language and Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Persian_Language_and_Literature?f_ri=49853"},{"id":444224,"name":"Islamic Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Literature?f_ri=49853"},{"id":647028,"name":"Sufism and Tasawwuf","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufism_and_Tasawwuf?f_ri=49853"},{"id":1932406,"name":"Saljukid History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Saljukid_History?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4491283" data-work_id="4491283" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4491283/Gazz%C3%A2l%C3%AE_Felsefesinde_Bilgi_ve_Y%C3%B6ntem">Gazzâlî Felsefesinde Bilgi ve Yöntem</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Knowledge and Method in Ghazali’s Philosophy According to Ghazali, various methods can be used to acquire and use knowledge, as he professed in his numerous works. In doing this, he adopted the Aristotelian logic as the primary principle... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4491283" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Knowledge and Method in Ghazali’s Philosophy <br />According to Ghazali, various methods can be used to acquire and use knowledge, as he professed in his numerous works. In doing this, he adopted the Aristotelian logic as the primary principle and sought to reconcile it with Islamic sciences. He is apparently the first in the Islamic thought to use Aristotle’s logic as a methodology of Islamic sciences. In his understanding, logic was independent of philosophy, while it wasn’t directly related to religion. He thought, logic was merely an “instrument” (organon) to receive correct knowledge and to discover the path to true sciences. <br />Ghazali claimed that logic had divine roots and is prerequisite to grasp the principles of religion. This assertion of Ghazali has been influential throughout the Islamic world; this in turn accelerated the spread and use of Aristotelian logic. <br />The main concern of Ghazali’s philosophy was the issue of “certitude” in knowledge, especially in the area of metaphysics. He perceives metaphysics an area where reason renders are insufficient while it has been perceived by most philosophers as sublime of all sciences. According to him, at this juncture knowledge can only be obtained through religious experiences such as inspiration, intuition and divination. <br />He perceived dialectics among the methods Ghazali used as the art of debate which did not generate precise knowledge. Meanwhile, see his hermeneutic method (tevil) as faith-based hermeneutics which seeks to base everything in God. The most authentic part of his philosophy is his sense of “methodological scepticism”. He concluded to have found the precise knowledge thorough this method, and then linked truth (yakin) with faith. His methodological scepticism is the forerunner of Ibn al-Haytham and Descartes. <br />The search for absolute inner integrity lies at the heart of Ghazali’s books and colourful world. He tried his utmost to absorb the totality of knowledge before him, analysed it critically, and sought to systematize this knowledge with the contribution of his own learning. This was an attempt to demonstrate the discord between Islam and the Greek metaphysics, which led him to lay the foundations of an Islamic method of philosophical inquiry. Therefore, his life, thought and method serve as a good model for us today. <br />Key words: Ghazali, Knowledge, Methodology, Logic, Methodological Scepticism.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4491283" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="64f73f35575144cc0041a81f54dc89d1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":107212711,"asset_id":4491283,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/107212711/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="313042" href="https://aybu.academia.edu/MehmetVural">Mehmet Vural</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="313042" type="text/json">{"id":313042,"first_name":"Mehmet","last_name":"Vural","domain_name":"aybu","page_name":"MehmetVural","display_name":"Mehmet Vural","profile_url":"https://aybu.academia.edu/MehmetVural?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/313042/243936/67024858/s65_mehmet.vural.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4491283 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4491283"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4491283, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4491283", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4491283]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4491283").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4491283").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4491283"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="803" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="804" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="804" type="text/json">{"id":804,"name":"Metaphysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="825" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Philosophy">Medieval Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="825" type="text/json">{"id":825,"name":"Medieval Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="902" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion">Philosophy Of Religion</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="902" type="text/json">{"id":902,"name":"Philosophy Of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4491283]'), work: {"id":4491283,"title":"Gazzâlî Felsefesinde Bilgi ve Yöntem","created_at":"2013-09-15T06:30:57.250-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4491283/Gazz%C3%A2l%C3%AE_Felsefesinde_Bilgi_ve_Y%C3%B6ntem?f_ri=49853","dom_id":"work_4491283","summary":"Knowledge and Method in Ghazali’s Philosophy\r\nAccording to Ghazali, various methods can be used to acquire and use knowledge, as he professed in his numerous works. In doing this, he adopted the Aristotelian logic as the primary principle and sought to reconcile it with Islamic sciences. He is apparently the first in the Islamic thought to use Aristotle’s logic as a methodology of Islamic sciences. In his understanding, logic was independent of philosophy, while it wasn’t directly related to religion. He thought, logic was merely an “instrument” (organon) to receive correct knowledge and to discover the path to true sciences.\r\nGhazali claimed that logic had divine roots and is prerequisite to grasp the principles of religion. This assertion of Ghazali has been influential throughout the Islamic world; this in turn accelerated the spread and use of Aristotelian logic. \r\nThe main concern of Ghazali’s philosophy was the issue of “certitude” in knowledge, especially in the area of metaphysics. He perceives metaphysics an area where reason renders are insufficient while it has been perceived by most philosophers as sublime of all sciences. According to him, at this juncture knowledge can only be obtained through religious experiences such as inspiration, intuition and divination. \r\nHe perceived dialectics among the methods Ghazali used as the art of debate which did not generate precise knowledge. Meanwhile, see his hermeneutic method (tevil) as faith-based hermeneutics which seeks to base everything in God. The most authentic part of his philosophy is his sense of “methodological scepticism”. He concluded to have found the precise knowledge thorough this method, and then linked truth (yakin) with faith. His methodological scepticism is the forerunner of Ibn al-Haytham and Descartes.\r\nThe search for absolute inner integrity lies at the heart of Ghazali’s books and colourful world. He tried his utmost to absorb the totality of knowledge before him, analysed it critically, and sought to systematize this knowledge with the contribution of his own learning. This was an attempt to demonstrate the discord between Islam and the Greek metaphysics, which led him to lay the foundations of an Islamic method of philosophical inquiry. Therefore, his life, thought and method serve as a good model for us today.\r\nKey words: Ghazali, Knowledge, Methodology, Logic, Methodological Scepticism.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":107212711,"asset_id":4491283,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":313042,"first_name":"Mehmet","last_name":"Vural","domain_name":"aybu","page_name":"MehmetVural","display_name":"Mehmet Vural","profile_url":"https://aybu.academia.edu/MehmetVural?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/313042/243936/67024858/s65_mehmet.vural.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":804,"name":"Metaphysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":825,"name":"Medieval Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Philosophy?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":902,"name":"Philosophy Of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion?f_ri=49853","nofollow":true},{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=49853"},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=49853"},{"id":620285,"name":"History of Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Philosophy?f_ri=49853"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_74631814" data-work_id="74631814" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74631814/John_Zaleski_s_Review_of_Al_Ghazali_The_Condemnation_of_Pride_and_Self_Admiration_Journal_of_Sufi_Studies_2022_">John Zaleski’s Review of 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href="https://www.academia.edu/29994478/2017_An_Original_al_Ghazali_Muhammad_The_Fazail_al_anam_in_The_Writings_of_Imam_al_Ghazali_The_Series_THE_PERSIAN_MIRRORS_FOR_PRINCES_WRITTEN_IN_THE_SALJUQ_PERIOD_ORIGINALS_AND_FABRICATIONS_II_St_Petersburg_Peterburgskoe_Vostokovedenie_Moscow_Sadra_2017_In_Russian_and_Persian">2017 - An Original - [al-Ghazali, Muhammad]. The Faza'il al-anam, in: The Writings of Imam al-Ghazali. The Series: THE PERSIAN MIRRORS FOR PRINCES WRITTEN IN THE SALJUQ PERIOD: ORIGINALS AND FABRICATIONS (II) St.Petersburg: Peterburgskoe Vostokovedenie; Moscow: Sadra, 2017 - In Russian and Persian</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Настоящая книга включает в себя практически все широко известные небольшие и назидательные сочинения на персидском языке, вышедшие из-под пера имама ал-Газали под конец его жизни либо позже ему приписанные. В первой части данного издания... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29994478" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Настоящая книга включает в себя практически все широко известные небольшие и назидательные сочинения на персидском языке, вышедшие из-под пера имама ал-Газали под конец его жизни либо позже ему приписанные. В первой части данного издания представлены подлинные тексты имама, а именно: руководство-пособие для студентов, озаглавленное автором как Зад-и ахират («Путевой припас для грядущей жизни»); аутентичная часть послания ал-Газали султану Санджару под названием Насихат ал-мулук («Совет владыкам») и сборник писем имама к различным адресатам под заглавием Фаза'ил ал-анам мин раса'ил Худжжат ал-ислам («Достоинства людей из посланий Довода ислама»). Во вторую часть включено до сих пор считавшееся подлинным письмо ал-Газали к его уже зрелому ученику, получившее известность в персидском оригинале и арабском переводе под двумя названиями -Эй, фарзанд/Аййуха ал-валад («О дитя»), а также две известные подделки под сочинения имама. Одна из них -компилятивное письмо к некоему правителю под названием Панд-нама («Письмо с советами»). Вторая -текст, который был адресован салджукидскому султану и стал известен как под своим собственным названием -ал-Фарк байна ал-салих ва гайр ал-салих («Разница между благочестивым и неблагочестивым»), так и в качестве «второй части» Насихат ал-мулук, намеренно или механически присоединённой к аутентичному тексту.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29994478" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="421def68d16c89b320da937721031f71" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50452469,"asset_id":29994478,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50452469/download_file?st=MTczOTgzNDY1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7860544" href="https://orientalstudies.academia.edu/AlexeyKhismatulin">Alexey Khismatulin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7860544" type="text/json">{"id":7860544,"first_name":"Alexey","last_name":"Khismatulin","domain_name":"orientalstudies","page_name":"AlexeyKhismatulin","display_name":"Alexey Khismatulin","profile_url":"https://orientalstudies.academia.edu/AlexeyKhismatulin?f_ri=49853","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7860544/3707907/4345292/s65_alexey.khismatulin.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29994478 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29994478"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29994478, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29994478", }); 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