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id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Positive_displacement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positive_displacement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Positive displacement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positive_displacement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynamic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynamic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Dynamic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynamic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drive_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drive_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Drive system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drive_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_fuel_octane_rating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_fuel_octane_rating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Effects of fuel octane rating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_fuel_octane_rating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heating_of_intake_air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heating_of_intake_air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Heating of intake air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heating_of_intake_air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supercharging_versus_turbocharging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supercharging_versus_turbocharging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Supercharging versus turbocharging</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Supercharging_versus_turbocharging-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Supercharging versus turbocharging subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Supercharging_versus_turbocharging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison_for_aircraft_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_for_aircraft_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Comparison for aircraft engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_for_aircraft_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twincharging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twincharging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Twincharging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twincharging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_in_cars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_in_cars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Usage in cars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_in_cars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_in_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_in_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Usage in aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_in_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_in_aircraft_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_in_aircraft_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Usage in aircraft engines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage_in_aircraft_engines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage in aircraft engines subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage_in_aircraft_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Altitude_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altitude_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Altitude effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altitude_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intake_freezing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intake_freezing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Intake freezing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intake_freezing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B7_%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82" title="ضاغط عنفي فائق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ضاغط عنفي فائق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Суперчарджър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Суперчарджър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicky_poh%C3%A1n%C4%9Bn%C3%BD_kompresor" title="Mechanicky poháněný kompresor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mechanicky poháněný kompresor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobrealimentador" title="Sobrealimentador – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sobrealimentador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%98%D8%B1" title="سوپرشارژر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوپرشارژر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobrealimentador" title="Sobrealimentador – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sobrealimentador" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%88%ED%8D%BC%EC%B0%A8%EC%A0%80" title="슈퍼차저 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="슈퍼차저" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puhalo" title="Puhalo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Puhalo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercharger" title="Supercharger – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Supercharger" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovralimentazione_tramite_compressore_volumetrico" title="Sovralimentazione tramite compressore volumetrico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sovralimentazione tramite compressore volumetrico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ಅತಿಪೂರೈಕೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅತಿಪೂರೈಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanikus_felt%C3%B6lt%C5%91" title="Mechanikus feltöltő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mechanikus feltöltő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercharger" title="Supercharger – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Supercharger" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC" title="スーパーチャージャー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スーパーチャージャー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompressor_(motor)" title="Kompressor (motor) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kompressor (motor)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercompressor" title="Supercompressor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Supercompressor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Нагнетатель (двигателестроение) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нагнетатель (двигателестроение)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercharger" title="Supercharger – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Supercharger" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="سوپەرچارج – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سوپەرچارج" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekaaninen_ahdin" title="Mekaaninen ahdin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mekaaninen ahdin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompressor_(fordon)" title="Kompressor (fordon) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kompressor (fordon)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ซูเปอร์ชาร์จเจอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซูเปอร์ชาร์จเจอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCper%C5%9Farj" title="Süperşarj – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Süperşarj" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Нагнітач – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нагнітач" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Supercharger_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Supercharger (disambiguation)">Supercharger (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supercharger_Animation_by_Tyroola.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Supercharger_Animation_by_Tyroola.gif/260px-Supercharger_Animation_by_Tyroola.gif" decoding="async" width="260" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Supercharger_Animation_by_Tyroola.gif/390px-Supercharger_Animation_by_Tyroola.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Supercharger_Animation_by_Tyroola.gif/520px-Supercharger_Animation_by_Tyroola.gif 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>A supercharger (item 6) on a piston engine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006_Saturn_Ion_Red_Line_engine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/2006_Saturn_Ion_Red_Line_engine.jpg/260px-2006_Saturn_Ion_Red_Line_engine.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/2006_Saturn_Ion_Red_Line_engine.jpg/390px-2006_Saturn_Ion_Red_Line_engine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/2006_Saturn_Ion_Red_Line_engine.jpg/520px-2006_Saturn_Ion_Red_Line_engine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Roots-type supercharger (right) on a 2006 <a href="/wiki/GM_Ecotec_engine#LSJ" title="GM Ecotec engine">GM Ecotec LSJ</a> four-cylinder engine</figcaption></figure> <p>In an <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a>, a <b>supercharger</b> compresses the intake gas, forcing more air into the engine in order to produce more power for a given <a href="/wiki/Displacement_(engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Displacement (engine)">displacement</a>. </p><p>The current categorization is that a supercharger is a form of <a href="/wiki/Forced_induction" title="Forced induction">forced induction</a> that is mechanically powered (usually by a belt from the engine's <a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">crankshaft</a>), as opposed to a <a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">turbocharger</a>, which is powered by the kinetic energy of the exhaust gases.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, up until the mid-20th century, a turbocharger was called a "turbosupercharger" and was considered a type of supercharger.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first supercharged engine was built in 1878,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with usage in aircraft engines beginning in the 1910s and usage in car engines beginning in the 1920s. In piston engines used by aircraft, supercharging was often used to compensate for the lower air density at high altitudes. Supercharging is less commonly used in the 21st century, as manufacturers have shifted to turbochargers to reduce fuel consumption and increase power outputs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercharger&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercharger&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two main families of superchargers defined according to the method of gas transfer: <i>positive displacement</i> and <i>dynamic</i> superchargers. Positive displacement superchargers deliver an almost constant level of boost pressure increase at all engine speeds, while dynamic superchargers cause the boost pressure to rise exponentially with engine speed (above a certain threshold).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another family of supercharger, albeit rarely used, is the <a href="/wiki/Pressure_wave_supercharger" title="Pressure wave supercharger">pressure wave supercharger</a>. </p><p>Roots blowers (a positive displacement design) tend to be only 40–50% efficient at high boost levels, compared with 70-85% for dynamic superchargers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Lysholm-style blowers (a rotary-screw design) can be nearly as efficient as dynamic superchargers over a narrow range of load/speed/boost, for which the system must be specifically designed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Positive_displacement">Positive displacement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercharger&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Positive displacement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lysholm_screw_rotors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Lysholm_screw_rotors.jpg/220px-Lysholm_screw_rotors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Lysholm_screw_rotors.jpg/330px-Lysholm_screw_rotors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Lysholm_screw_rotors.jpg/440px-Lysholm_screw_rotors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Internals of a rotary-screw (Lysholm) supercharger</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Positive_displacement_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive displacement pump">Positive displacement pumps</a> deliver a nearly fixed volume of air per revolution of the compressor (except for leakage, which typically has a reduced effect at higher engine speeds). The most common type of positive-displacement superchargers is the <a href="/wiki/Roots-type_supercharger" class="mw-redirect" title="Roots-type supercharger">Roots-type supercharger</a>. Other types include the <a href="/wiki/Rotary-screw_compressor#Superchargers" title="Rotary-screw compressor">rotary-screw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sliding_vane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sliding vane">sliding vane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scroll-type_supercharger" title="Scroll-type supercharger">scroll-type</a> superchargers. </p><p>The rating system for positive-displacement superchargers is usually based on their <a href="/wiki/Volume#Related_terms" title="Volume">capacity</a> per <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a>. In the case of the Roots blower, the <a href="/wiki/GMC_(automobile)" title="GMC (automobile)">GMC</a> rating pattern is typical. The GMC rating is based on how many two-stroke cylinders - and the size of those cylinders - that it is designed to <a href="/wiki/Scavenging_(engine)" title="Scavenging (engine)">scavenge</a>, with GMC's model range including 2–71, 3–71, 4–71 and 6–71 blowers. The 6–71 blower, for example, is designed to scavenge six cylinders of 71 cu in (1.2 L) each, resulting in an engine with a total displacement of 426 cu in (7.0 L)). However, because 6–71 is the engine's designation rather than that of the blower, the actual displacement of the blower is less; for example, a 6–71 blower pumps 339 cu in (5.6 L) per revolution. Other supercharger manufacturers have produced blowers rated up to 16–71. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dynamic">Dynamic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercharger&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dynamic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dynamic compressors rely on accelerating the air to high speed and then exchanging that velocity for pressure by diffusing or slowing it down. </p><p>Major types of a dynamic compressor are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_type_supercharger" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrifugal type supercharger">Centrifugal</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axial_compressor" title="Axial compressor">Multi-stage axial-flow</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drive_system">Drive system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercharger&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Drive system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common methods of driving a supercharger include: </p> <ul><li>Belt (V-belt, synchronous belt, flat belt)</li> <li>Direct drive</li> <li>Gear drive</li> <li>Chain drive</li> <li>Variable speed ratio, variable ratio centrifugal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_supercharger" title="Electric supercharger">Electric superchargers</a> use electric motors rather than mechanical power sources.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_fuel_octane_rating">Effects of fuel octane rating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercharger&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Effects of fuel octane rating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fuels with a higher <a href="/wiki/Octane_rating" title="Octane rating">octane rating</a> are better able to resist <a href="/wiki/Autoignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoignition">autoignition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Detonation" title="Detonation">detonation</a>. As a result, the amount of boost supplied by the superchargers could be increased, resulting in an increase in engine output. The development of 100-octane aviation fuel, pioneered in the USA in the 1930s, enabled the use of higher boost pressures to be used on high-performance aviation engines and was used to vastly increase the power output for several speed record airplanes. </p><p>Military use of high-octane fuels began in early 1940 when 100-octane fuel was delivered to the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> fighting in World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> also had supplies of a similar fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasing the octane rating became a major focus of aero engine development for the remainder of the war, with later fuels having up to a nominal 150-octane rating. Using such fuels, aero engines like the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin#Improved_fuels" title="Rolls-Royce Merlin">Rolls-Royce <i>Merlin 66</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Daimler-Benz_DB_605#Variants" title="Daimler-Benz DB 605">Daimler-Benz <i>DB 605 DC</i></a> produced power outputs of up to 2,000 hp (1,500 kW).<sup id="cite_ref-Price170_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price170-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berger_&_Street,_1994._p._199._10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger_&_Street,_1994._p._199.-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heating_of_intake_air">Heating of intake air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercharger&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Heating of intake air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Supercharger" title="Special:EditPage/Supercharger">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>One disadvantage of forced induction (i.e. supercharging or turbocharging) is that compressing the intake air increases its temperature. For an internal combustion engine, the temperature of the intake air becomes a limiting factor in engine performance. Extreme temperatures can cause <a href="/wiki/Pre-ignition" title="Pre-ignition">pre-ignition</a> or <a href="/wiki/Engine_knocking" title="Engine knocking">knocking</a>, which reduces performance and can cause engine damage. The risk of pre-ignition/knocking increases with higher ambient air temperatures and higher boost levels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supercharging_versus_turbocharging">Supercharging versus turbocharging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercharger&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Supercharging versus turbocharging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Supercharger" title="Special:EditPage/Supercharger">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">Turbocharged</a> engines use energy from the exhaust gas that would normally be wasted, compared with a supercharger which mechanically draws power from the engine. Therefore turbocharged engines usually produce more power and better fuel economy than supercharged engines. However, turbochargers can suffer from <a href="/wiki/Turbo_lag" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbo lag">turbo lag</a> (especially at lower RPM), where the exhaust gas flow is initially insufficient to spin the turbocharger and achieve the desired boost level, thus leading to a delay in the <a href="/wiki/Throttle_response" title="Throttle response">throttle response</a>. This is often a result of a turbo charge which is too large for the engine displacement. For this reason, supercharged engines are common in applications where throttle response is a key concern, such as <a href="/wiki/Drag_racing" title="Drag racing">drag racing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tractor_pulling" title="Tractor pulling">tractor pulling</a> competitions. </p><p>A disadvantage of supercharging is that the engine must withstand the net power output of the engine plus the power to drive the supercharger. Additionally, turbochargers provide sound-dampening properties to a car’s exhaust note, while a supercharged engine maintains the louder exhaust note of a normally aspirated car. </p><p>Turbocharged engines are more prone to <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_heat_management" title="Exhaust heat management">heat soak</a> of the intake air (since turbocharging can place the hot exhaust components near the intake air system), although this can be overcome through the use of an <a href="/wiki/Intercooler" title="Intercooler">intercooler</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_for_aircraft_engines">Comparison for aircraft engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercharger&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Comparison for aircraft engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Supercharger" title="Special:EditPage/Supercharger">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The majority of aircraft engines used during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> used mechanically driven superchargers because they had some significant manufacturing advantages over turbochargers. However, the benefit to the operational range was given a much higher priority to American aircraft because of a less predictable requirement on the operational range and having to travel far from their home bases. Consequently, turbochargers were mainly employed in American aircraft engines such as the <a href="/wiki/Allison_V-1710" title="Allison V-1710">Allison V-1710</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-2800" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratt & Whitney R-2800">Pratt & Whitney R-2800</a>, which were comparably heavier when turbocharged, and required additional ducting of expensive high-temperature <a href="/wiki/Metal_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal alloy">metal alloys</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbine</a> and a pre-turbine section of the exhaust system. The size of the ducting alone was a serious design consideration. For example, both the <a href="/wiki/Vought_F4U_Corsair" title="Vought F4U Corsair">F4U Corsair</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt" title="Republic P-47 Thunderbolt">P-47 Thunderbolt</a> used the same <a href="/wiki/Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">radial engine</a>, but the large barrel-shaped fuselage of the turbocharged P-47 was needed because of the amount of ducting to and from the turbocharger in the rear of the aircraft. The F4U used a two-stage inter-cooled supercharger with a more compact layout. Nonetheless, turbochargers were useful in high-altitude <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bombers</a> and some fighter aircraft due to the increased high altitude performance and range. </p><p>Turbocharged piston engines are also subject to many of the same operating restrictions as those of gas turbine engines. Turbocharged engines also require frequent inspections of their turbochargers and exhaust systems to search for possible damage caused by the extreme heat and pressure of the turbochargers. Such damage was a prominent problem in the early models of the American <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">Boeing B-29 Superfortress</a> high-altitude <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bombers</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific Theater of Operations</a> during 1944–45. </p><p>Turbocharged piston engines continued to be used in a large number of postwar airplanes, such as the <a href="/wiki/B-50_Superfortress" class="mw-redirect" title="B-50 Superfortress">B-50 Superfortress</a>, the <a href="/wiki/KC-97_Stratofreighter" class="mw-redirect" title="KC-97 Stratofreighter">KC-97 Stratofreighter</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_377_Stratocruiser" title="Boeing 377 Stratocruiser">Boeing 377 Stratocruiser</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Constellation" title="Lockheed Constellation">Lockheed Constellation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-124_Globemaster_II" title="Douglas C-124 Globemaster II">C-124 Globemaster II</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twincharging">Twincharging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercharger&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Twincharging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Twincharger" title="Twincharger">Twincharger</a></div> <p>In the 1985 and 1986 World Rally Championships, Lancia ran the <a href="/wiki/Lancia_Delta_S4" title="Lancia Delta S4">Delta S4</a>, which incorporated both a belt-driven supercharger and exhaust-driven turbocharger. The design used a complex series of bypass valves in the induction and exhaust systems as well as an electromagnetic clutch so that, at low engine speeds, a boost was derived from the supercharger. In the middle of the rev range, a boost was derived from both systems, while at the highest revs the system disconnected the drive from the supercharger and isolated the associated ducting.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was done in an attempt to exploit the advantages of each of the charging systems while removing the disadvantages. In turn, this approach brought greater complexity and affected the car's reliability in WRC events, as well as increasing the weight of engine ancillaries in the finished design. </p><p>Twincharged engines have occasionally been used in production cars, such as the 2005-2013 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Volkswagen_Group_petrol_engines#1.4_R4_16v_TSI/TFSI" title="List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines">Volkswagen 1.4 litre</a> and the 2017-present <a href="/wiki/Volvo_Engine_Architecture#B4204T43" title="Volvo Engine Architecture">Volvo B4204T43/B4204T48 2.0 litre</a> four-cylinder engines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercharger&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1849, G. Jones of Birmingham, England began manufacturing a <a href="/wiki/Lobe_pump" title="Lobe pump">lobe pump</a> compressor to provide ventilation for coal mines.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1860, the <a href="/wiki/Roots_Blower_Company" title="Roots Blower Company">Roots Blower Company</a> (founded by brothers Philander and Francis Marion Roots) in the United States patented the design for an air mover for use in <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnaces</a> and other industrial applications. This air mover and Birmingham's ventilation compressor both used designs similar to that of the later <a href="/wiki/Roots-type_supercharger" class="mw-redirect" title="Roots-type supercharger">Roots-type superchargers</a>. </p><p>In March of 1878, German engineer Heinrich Krigar obtained the first patent for a screw-type compressor.<sup id="cite_ref-whipple_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whipple-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The design was a two-lobe rotor assembly with identically-shaped rotors, however the design did not reach production. </p><p>Also in 1878, Scottish engineer <a href="/wiki/Dugald_Clerk" title="Dugald Clerk">Dugald Clerk</a> designed the first supercharger which was used with an engine.<sup id="cite_ref-e_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This supercharger was used with a <a href="/wiki/Two-stroke_engine" title="Two-stroke engine">two-stroke</a> gas engine.<sup id="cite_ref-b_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimler" title="Gottlieb Daimler">Gottlieb Daimler</a> received a German patent for supercharging an internal combustion engine in 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(industrialist)" title="Louis Renault (industrialist)">Louis Renault</a> patented a centrifugal supercharger in France in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage_in_cars">Usage in cars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercharger&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Usage in cars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1929_Bentley_front_34_right.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/1929_Bentley_front_34_right.jpg/220px-1929_Bentley_front_34_right.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/1929_Bentley_front_34_right.jpg/330px-1929_Bentley_front_34_right.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/1929_Bentley_front_34_right.jpg/440px-1929_Bentley_front_34_right.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1975" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>1929 <a href="/wiki/Bentley_4%C2%BD_Litre#Blower_Bentley" title="Bentley 4½ Litre">Blower Bentley</a> with the supercharger ("blower") located in front of the radiator</figcaption></figure> <p>The world's first series-produced cars<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with superchargers were the 1.6 litre <i><a href="/wiki/Mercedes_(marque)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes (marque)">Mercedes</a> 6/25 hp</i> and 2.6 litre <i>Mercedes 10/40 hp</i>, both of which began production in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mercedes-benz-classic.com/content_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mercedes-benz-classic.com/content-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benzinsider.com/2008_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benzinsider.com/2008-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were marketed as <i>Kompressor</i> models, a term which was used for various models until 2012. </p><p>Supercharged racing cars from around this time included the 1923 <i>Fiat 805-405</i>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the 1923 <i>Miller 122</i><sup id="cite_ref-sportscarmarket.com_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sportscarmarket.com-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 1924 <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_P2" title="Alfa Romeo P2">Alfa Romeo P2</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1924_Grand_Prix_season#Regulations_and_Technical" title="1924 Grand Prix season">1924 Grand Prix season</a> car from Sunbeam,<sup id="cite_ref-rootes-chrysler.co.uk_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rootes-chrysler.co.uk-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Delage#Competition" title="Delage">1925 Delage</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 1926 <a href="/wiki/Bugatti_Type_35#Type_35C" title="Bugatti Type 35">Bugatti Type 35C</a>. </p><p>Amongst the most famous supercharged cars is the <a href="/wiki/Bentley_4%C2%BD_Litre" title="Bentley 4½ Litre">Bentley 4½ Litre</a> ("Blower Bentley"), which was introduced in 1929. </p><p>In 1935, the development of screw-type superchargers reached a milestone when Swedish engineer <a href="/wiki/Alf_Lysholm" title="Alf Lysholm">Alf Lysholm</a> patented a design for a <a href="/wiki/Rotary-screw_compressor" title="Rotary-screw compressor">rotary-screw compressor</a> with five female and four male rotors.<sup id="cite_ref-whipple_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whipple-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, supercharged production car engines have become less common, as manufacturers have shifted to turbocharging to achieve higher fuel economy and power outputs. For example, Mercedes-Benz's <i><a href="/wiki/Kompressor_(Mercedes-Benz)" title="Kompressor (Mercedes-Benz)">Kompressor</a></i> engines of the early 2000s (such as the <a href="/wiki/Kompressor_(Mercedes-Benz)#230_1.8L_I4_Kompressor" title="Kompressor (Mercedes-Benz)">C 230 Kompressor</a> straight-four, <a href="/wiki/Kompressor_(Mercedes-Benz)#"32"_3.2_L_V6_Kompressor" title="Kompressor (Mercedes-Benz)">C 32 AMG</a> V6, and <a href="/wiki/Kompressor_(Mercedes-Benz)#"55"_5.4_L_V8" title="Kompressor (Mercedes-Benz)">CL 55 AMG</a> V8 engines) were replaced around 2010 by turbocharged engines in models such as the <i>C 250</i> and <i>CL 65 AMG</i> models. However, there are exceptions, such as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Volkswagen_Group_petrol_engines#3.0_V6_24v_TFSI_(EA837)" title="List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines">Audi 3.0 TFSI</a> supercharged V6 (introduced in 2009) and the <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_AJ-V8_engine#AJ-V8_Gen_III" title="Jaguar AJ-V8 engine">Jaguar AJ-V8</a> supercharged V8 (upgraded to the <i>Gen III</i> version in 2009). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage_in_aircraft">Usage in aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercharger&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Usage in aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bristol_Centaurus_centrifugal_supercharger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bristol_Centaurus_centrifugal_supercharger.jpg/220px-Bristol_Centaurus_centrifugal_supercharger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bristol_Centaurus_centrifugal_supercharger.jpg/330px-Bristol_Centaurus_centrifugal_supercharger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bristol_Centaurus_centrifugal_supercharger.jpg/440px-Bristol_Centaurus_centrifugal_supercharger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Centrifugal supercharger for a <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Centaurus" title="Bristol Centaurus">Bristol Centaurus</a> <a href="/wiki/Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">radial</a> engine</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supercharger&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the 1930s, two-speed drives were developed for superchargers for aero engines providing more flexible aircraft operation. The arrangement also entailed more complexity of manufacturing and maintenance. The gears connected the supercharger to the engine using a system of hydraulic clutches, which were initially manually engaged or disengaged by the pilot with a control in the cockpit. At low altitudes, the low-speed gear would be used, to prevent excessive boost levels. At higher altitudes, the supercharger could be switched to a higher gear to compensate for the reduced intake air density. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a> the Spitfire and Hurricane planes powered by the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin" title="Rolls-Royce Merlin">Rolls-Royce Merlin</a> engine were equipped largely with single-stage and single-speed superchargers.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942, two-speed two-stage supercharging with aftercooling was applied to the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin" title="Rolls-Royce Merlin">Rolls Royce Merlin 61</a> aero engine. The improved performance allowed the aircraft they powered to maintain a crucial advantage over the German aircraft they opposed throughout World War II, despite the German engines being significantly larger in displacement.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two-stage superchargers were also always two-speed. After the air was compressed in the <i>low-pressure stage</i>, the air flowed through a heat exchanger ("<a href="/wiki/Intercooler" title="Intercooler">intercooler</a>") where it was cooled before being compressed again by the <i>high-pressure stage</i> and then possibly also <i>aftercooled</i> in another heat exchanger. </p><p>While superchargers were highly used in the mid-1900s and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">WWII</a>, they have largely fallen out of use in modern <a href="/wiki/Propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Propeller (aeronautics)">piston-driven aircraft</a>. This can largely be attributed to the higher temperature and lighter alloys that make <a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">turbochargers</a> more efficient than superchargers, as well as the lower maintenance due to less moving parts.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_in_aircraft_engines">Usage in aircraft engines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercharger&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Usage in aircraft engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Supercharger" title="Special:EditPage/Supercharger">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Altitude_effects">Altitude effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercharger&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Altitude effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the reduced <a href="/wiki/Air_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Air density">air density</a> at higher altitudes, supercharging and turbocharging have often been used in aircraft engines. For example, the air density at 30,000 ft (9,100 m) is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> of that at sea level, resulting in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> as much fuel being able to be burnt in a naturally aspirated engine, therefore the power output would be greatly reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Smallwood_1995,_p.133._32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smallwood_1995,_p.133.-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A supercharger/turbocharger can be thought of either as artificially increasing the density of the air by compressing it or as forcing more air than normal into the cylinder every time the piston moves down on the intake stroke.<sup id="cite_ref-Smallwood_1995,_p.133._32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smallwood_1995,_p.133.-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since a supercharger is usually designed to produce a given amount of boost at high altitudes (where the air density is lower), the supercharger is often oversized for low altitude. To prevent excessive boost levels, it is important to monitor the intake manifold pressure at low altitude. As the aircraft climbs and the air density drops, the throttle can be progressively opened to obtain the maximum safe power level for a given altitude. The altitude at which the throttle reaches full open and the engine is still producing full rated power is known as the <i>critical altitude</i>. Above the critical altitude, engine power output will reduce as the supercharger can no longer fully compensate for the decreasing air density. </p><p>Another issue encountered at low altitudes (such as at ground level) is that the intake air is warmer than at high altitude. Warmer air reduces the threshold at which <a href="/wiki/Engine_knocking" title="Engine knocking">engine knocking</a> can occur, especially in supercharged or turbocharged engines. Methods to cool the intake air at ground level include <a href="/wiki/Intercooler" title="Intercooler">intercoolers/aftercoolers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_injection_(engines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water injection (engines)">anti-detonant injection</a>, two-speed superchargers and two-stage superchargers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intake_freezing">Intake freezing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercharger&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Intake freezing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In supercharged engines which use a <a href="/wiki/Carburetor" title="Carburetor">carburetor</a>, a partially-open <a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">throttle</a> reduces the air pressure within the carburetor. In cold conditions, this low pressure air can cause ice to form at the throttle plate. Significant quantities of ice can cause engine failure, even with the engine operating at full rated power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercharger&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Superchargers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Superchargers">Superchargers</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boost_gauge" title="Boost gauge">Boost gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_induction" title="Forced induction">Forced induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercooler" title="Intercooler">Intercooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturally_aspirated_engine" title="Naturally aspirated engine">Naturally aspirated engine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercharger&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_t1oPwAACAAJ"><i>Automotive handbook</i></a> (6th ed.). Stuttgart: Robert Bosch. 2004. p. 528. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8376-1243-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8376-1243-8"><bdi>0-8376-1243-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Automotive+handbook&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=528&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Robert+Bosch&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8376-1243-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_t1oPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupercharger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rwebs.net/avhistory/opsman/geturbo/geturbo.htm">"The Turbosupercharger and the Airplane Power Plant"</a>. Rwebs.net. 1943-12-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Turbosupercharger+and+the+Airplane+Power+Plant&rft.pub=Rwebs.net&rft.date=1943-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frwebs.net%2Favhistory%2Fopsman%2Fgeturbo%2Fgeturbo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupercharger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_McNeil1990" class="citation book cs1">Ian McNeil, ed. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofh00mcne/page/315"><i>Encyclopedia of the History of Technology</i></a>. London: Routledge. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-19211-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-19211-7"><bdi>0-203-19211-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+History+of+Technology.&rft.place=London&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-203-19211-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopaediaofh00mcne%2Fpage%2F315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupercharger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kennebell.net/KBWebsite/Common/pdfs/acceleration-vs-boost.pdf">"Twin-screw vs. Centrifugal Supercharging"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.kennebell.net</i>. 2017-08-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kennebell.net&rft.atitle=Twin-screw+vs.+Centrifugal+Supercharging&rft.date=2017-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkennebell.net%2FKBWebsite%2FCommon%2Fpdfs%2Facceleration-vs-boost.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupercharger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://auto.howstuffworks.com/supercharger.htm">"How Superchargers Work"</a>. <i>www.HowStuffWorks.com</i>. 2006-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London: Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofh00mcne/page/315">315</a>–321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-19211-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-19211-7"><bdi>0-203-19211-7</bdi></a>. <q>rateau engine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+History+of+Technology.&rft.place=London&rft.pages=315-321&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-203-19211-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopaediaofh00mcne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupercharger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041215125856/http://the-vu.com/forgotten_hero.htm">"Forgotten Hero: The man who invented the two-stroke engine"</a>. <i>David Boothroyd, The VU</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rootes-chrysler.co.uk&rft.atitle=History+of+Sunbeam+cars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rootes-chrysler.co.uk%2Fcar-history%2Fhistory-sunbeam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupercharger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/c6.htm">"Automobiles Delage, Courbevoie-sur-Seine"</a>. <i>kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kolumbus.fi%2Fleif.snellman&rft.atitle=Automobiles+Delage%2C+Courbevoie-sur-Seine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kolumbus.fi%2Fleif.snellman%2Fc6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupercharger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1995" class="citation book cs1">White, Graham (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AEzGQgAACAAJ"><i>Allied Aircraft Piston Engines of World War II: History and Development of Frontline Aircraft Piston Engines Produced by Great Britain and the United States During World War II</i></a>. Society of Automotive Engineers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56091-655-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56091-655-0"><bdi>978-1-56091-655-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allied+Aircraft+Piston+Engines+of+World+War+II%3A+History+and+Development+of+Frontline+Aircraft+Piston+Engines+Produced+by+Great+Britain+and+the+United+States+During+World+War+II&rft.pub=Society+of+Automotive+Engineers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-56091-655-0&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAEzGQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupercharger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond2011" class="citation web cs1">Raymond, Robert J. (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enginehistory.org/members/articles/ACEnginePerfAnalysisR-R.pdf">"Aircraft Engine Performance Analysis at Rolls-Royce ca. 1940"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Aircraft Engine Historical Society</i>. US<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aircraft+Engine+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Aircraft+Engine+Performance+Analysis+at+Rolls-Royce+ca.+1940&rft.date=2011-03&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enginehistory.org%2Fmembers%2Farticles%2FACEnginePerfAnalysisR-R.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupercharger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/world-war-two/world-war-two-in-western-europe/battle-of-britain/sir-stanley-hooker/">"Sir Stanley Hooker"</a>. <i>History Learning Site</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Learning+Site&rft.atitle=Sir+Stanley+Hooker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historylearningsite.co.uk%2Fworld-war-two%2Fworld-war-two-in-western-europe%2Fbattle-of-britain%2Fsir-stanley-hooker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupercharger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutler2016" class="citation web cs1">Cutler, Colin (2016-03-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/systems/whats-the-difference-turbocharger-vs-supercharger/">"What's The Difference Between Turbochargers and Superchargers?"</a>. <i>boldmethod</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=boldmethod&rft.atitle=What%27s+The+Difference+Between+Turbochargers+and+Superchargers%3F&rft.date=2016-03-15&rft.aulast=Cutler&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boldmethod.com%2Flearn-to-fly%2Fsystems%2Fwhats-the-difference-turbocharger-vs-supercharger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupercharger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smallwood_1995,_p.133.-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smallwood_1995,_p.133._32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smallwood_1995,_p.133._32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smallwood 1995, p.133.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Automobile</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engine_block" title="Engine block">Engine block</a> and<br /> rotating assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_shaft" title="Balance shaft">Balance shaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_heater" title="Block heater">Block heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">Bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecting_rod" title="Connecting rod">Connecting rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankcase" title="Crankcase">Crankcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankcase_ventilation_system" title="Crankcase ventilation system">Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankpin" title="Crankpin">Crankpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">Crankshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_plug" title="Core plug">Core plug (freeze plug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)" title="Cylinder (engine)">Cylinder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cylinder_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder bank">bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">layout</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_displacement" title="Engine displacement">Displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flywheel" title="Flywheel">Flywheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firing_order" title="Firing order">Firing order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">Stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_bearing" title="Main bearing">Main bearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">Piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston_ring" title="Piston ring">Piston ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starter_ring_gear" title="Starter ring gear">Starter ring gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Valvetrain" title="Valvetrain">Valvetrain</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_head" title="Cylinder head">Cylinder head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flathead_engine" title="Flathead engine">Flathead layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_camshaft_engine" title="Overhead camshaft engine">Overhead camshaft layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_valve_engine" title="Overhead valve engine">Overhead valve (pushrod) layout</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tappet" title="Tappet">Tappet / lifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camshaft" title="Camshaft">Camshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_(mechanical_engineering)" title="Chest (mechanical engineering)">Chest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">Combustion chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_ratio" title="Compression ratio">Compression ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_gasket" title="Head gasket">Head gasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocker_arm" title="Rocker arm">Rocker arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timing_belt_(camshaft)" title="Timing belt (camshaft)">Timing belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppet_valve" title="Poppet valve">Valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forced_induction" title="Forced induction">Forced induction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowoff_valve" title="Blowoff valve">Blowoff valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost_controller" title="Boost controller">Boost controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercooler" title="Intercooler">Intercooler</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Supercharger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">Turbocharger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuel system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Petrol engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carburetor" title="Carburetor">Carburetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_filter" title="Fuel filter">Fuel filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">Fuel injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_pump" title="Fuel pump">Fuel pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ignition_system" title="Ignition system">Ignition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_magneto" title="Ignition magneto">Magneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression ignition">Compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coil-on-plug_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Coil-on-plug ignition">Coil-on-plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributor" title="Distributor">Distributor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glow_plug_(diesel_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glow plug (diesel engine)">Glow plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_coil" title="Ignition coil">Ignition coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_plug" title="Spark plug">Spark plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_plug_wires" title="Spark plug wires">Spark plug wires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Engine management</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engine_control_unit" title="Engine control unit">Engine control unit (ECU)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Electrical system</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternator_(automotive)" title="Alternator (automotive)">Alternator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_battery" title="Automotive battery">Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">Dynamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starter_(engine)" title="Starter (engine)">Starter motor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intake system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbox" title="Airbox">Airbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter#Internal_combustion_engine_air_filters" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idle_air_control_actuator" title="Idle air control actuator">Idle air control actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_manifold" title="Inlet manifold">Inlet manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAP_sensor" title="MAP sensor">MAP sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_flow_sensor" title="Mass flow sensor">MAF sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle_position_sensor" title="Throttle position sensor">Throttle position sensor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_system" title="Exhaust system">Exhaust system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">Catalytic converter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_particulate_filter" title="Diesel particulate filter">Diesel particulate filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas_temperature_gauge" title="Exhaust gas temperature gauge">EGT sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_manifold" title="Exhaust manifold">Exhaust manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muffler" title="Muffler">Muffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_sensor#Automotive_applications" title="Oxygen sensor">Oxygen sensor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine_cooling" title="Internal combustion engine cooling">Cooling system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_cooling" title="Air cooling">Air cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">Water cooling</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Electric fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)" title="Radiator (engine cooling)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_clutch" title="Fan clutch">Viscous fan (fan clutch)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lubrication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motor_oil" title="Motor oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_filter" title="Oil filter">Oil filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_pump_(internal_combustion_engine)" title="Oil pump (internal combustion engine)">Oil pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sump" title="Sump">Sump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wet_sump" title="Wet sump">Wet sump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry_sump" title="Dry sump">Dry sump</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engine_knocking" title="Engine knocking">Knocking / pinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_band" title="Power band">Power band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redline" title="Redline">Redline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratified_charge_engine" title="Stratified charge engine">Stratified charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_centre_(engineering)" title="Dead centre (engineering)">Top dead centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cars" 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