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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_batalla_de_Tam%C3%A3o" title="Primera batalla de Tamão – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Primera batalla de Tamão" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Tunmen" title="Bataille de Tunmen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Tunmen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Tunmen" title="Pertempuran Tunmen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertempuran Tunmen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Tam%C3%A3o" title="Batalha de Tamão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Tamão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Tunmen" title="Slaget vid Tunmen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Tunmen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%AF%E9%96%80%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0" title="屯門海戰 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="屯門海戰" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Tunmen&params=22.3713_N_113.9782_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°22′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">113°58′42″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22.3713°N 113.9782°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">22.3713; 113.9782</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1521 naval battle between Ming and Portuguese</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Tunmen</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%B1%AF%E9%97%A8%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98_3426.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%E5%B1%AF%E9%97%A8%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98_3426.jpg/220px-%E5%B1%AF%E9%97%A8%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98_3426.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%E5%B1%AF%E9%97%A8%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98_3426.jpg/330px-%E5%B1%AF%E9%97%A8%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98_3426.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%E5%B1%AF%E9%97%A8%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98_3426.jpg/440px-%E5%B1%AF%E9%97%A8%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98_3426.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span><br />Imagined scenes of Battle of Tunmen</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>April or May 1521</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Tuen_Mun" title="Tuen Mun">Tuen Mun</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Tunmen&params=22.3713_N_113.9782_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°22′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">113°58′42″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22.3713°N 113.9782°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">22.3713; 113.9782</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Ming victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Hong_(commander)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Hong (commander) (page does not exist)">Wang Hong</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%AA%E9%8B%90" class="extiw" title="zh:汪鋐">zh</a>]</span> (汪鋐)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Diogo Calvo<br /><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Coelho" title="Duarte Coelho">Duarte Coelho</a><br />Ambrósio do Rego</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 50+ <a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">Junks</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 5 <a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">Caravels</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Siamese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Patani</a> <a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">junks</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 2 <a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">Caravels</a> abandoned<br 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typeof="mw:File"><span title="Battle of Tunmen"><img alt="Battle of Tunmen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Battle of Tunmen (Eastern China)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Eastern China</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tunmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sincouwaan" title="Battle of Sincouwaan">Sincouwaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Dutch_conflicts" title="Sino-Dutch conflicts">Sino-Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liaoluo_Bay" title="Battle of Liaoluo Bay">Liaoluo Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia" title="Siege of Fort Zeelandia">Fort Zeelandia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empresa_de_China" title="Empresa de China">Empresa de China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Battle of Tunmen</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B1%AF%E9%96%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:屯門">屯門</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:海戰">海戰</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B1%AF%E9%97%A8" class="extiw" title="wikt:屯门">屯门</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:海战">海战</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tún Mén hǎizhàn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">tyun4 mun4 hoi2 zin3</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Portuguese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Batalha de Tamão</i></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Battle of Tunmen</b> or <b>Tamão</b> was a naval battle in which the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> imperial <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">navy</a> defeated a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> fleet led by Diogo Calvo in 1521. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tunmen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Portuguese diplomat <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Pires_de_Andrade" title="Fernão Pires de Andrade">Fernão Pires de Andrade</a> arrived at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl River (China)">Pearl River</a> in June 1517 and asked the naval commander of <a href="/wiki/Nantou,_Zhongshan" title="Nantou, Zhongshan">Nantou</a> for permission to take his ships to <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>. After a month with no definitive reply, Andrade decided to sail up the river to Guangzhou without permission from Ming authorities. When they arrived the Portuguese ships discharged cannon fire as a friendly salute, however this was not seen as a friendly gesture by the local Chinese, who were greatly alarmed by the noise. The Portuguese explained that the Chinese traders did the same thing in <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca</a>, but the local officials only became even more suspicious as Chinese overseas trade was forbidden under Ming law. When official reception from Guangzhou arrived, tensions relaxed, and the Portuguese were received with much pomp as well as the right to trade their goods for silk and porcelain. <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_Pires" title="Tomé Pires">Tomé Pires</a> and seven other Portuguese as well as their slaves were given lodging for the embassy. A Portuguese record states that they had made a good impression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWills201128_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills201128-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Andrade's negotiations with Ming officials were thwarted when his brother Simão de Andrade arrived in August 1519. Simão immediately made a bad impression upon the locals of Tunmen, who had previously been open to all foreigners. Upon arriving with three ships, Simão executed a Portuguese citizen and built a fort on Tunmen, barring other foreigners from conducting trade. When a Ming official arrived to inquire as to the situation, Simão became aggressive and knocked off his hat. Following this, Simão began purchasing as well as kidnapping child slaves along the Chinese coast to sell in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang197857_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang197857-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even children from well-off families were stolen and found years later at Diu in western India. Rumors that Simão and other Portuguese were cannibalizing children for food spread across China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWills201128_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills201128-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1998338_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1998338-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simão's pirating activities greatly angered both the Chinese people and the court, which led Ming officials to order the eviction of the Tunmen Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutra1995426_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutra1995426-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese embassy arrived in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> in May 1520, but news of Simão de Andrade's conduct had reached <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, as had the ambassadors from the <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_of_Malacca" title="Mahmud Shah of Malacca">exiled King of Malacca</a> bringing complaints about the Portuguese. Ming officials sent <a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_the_throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to the throne">memorials to the throne</a> that condemned the Portuguese conquest of Malacca and advocated for the rejection of their embassy.<sup id="cite_ref-cambridge_338_339_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridge_338_339-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Zhengde_Emperor" title="Zhengde Emperor">Zhengde Emperor</a> died on 20 April 1521. The newly appointed <a href="/wiki/Grand_Secretariat" title="Grand Secretariat">Grand Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yang_Tinghe" title="Yang Tinghe">Yang Tinghe</a>, announced the rejection of the Portuguese embassy the day following the emperor's death. The Portuguese embassy left for Guangzhou, where they arrived in September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWills201130_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills201130-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tunmen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Portuguese refused to comply with eviction orders from Tunmen that arrived from Beijing. In response, commander Wang Hong assembled a squadron of fifty ships and imposed a blockade on the Portuguese as well as the Siamese and Patani junks they had requisitioned.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle, which occurred in April or May, began with direct boarding action by the Ming fleet, but the fleet was unable to draw close due to the superior range of the Portuguese guns. The enclosed terrain was also to the Portuguese's advantage; the Ming encirclement proved detrimental to the attackers. Subsequently, Wang Hong sent in a screen of <a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">fire ships</a> to trap the Portuguese. Although the Portuguese managed to evade the fire attack, they were unsuccessful in evading Ming's boarding attempts and the fighting took a heavy toll on Portuguese manpower. Eventually, the Portuguese realized it was not possible to sail all five ships with their remaining men. They were forced to abandon two ships, as well as the rest of their junks, to make their escape. A strong wind arose at this point and scattered the pursuing Ming fleet, which allowed the Portuguese to retreat and make their way to Malacca in October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHao201012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHao201012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPires1990xi_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPires1990xi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tunmen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite hostilities, the Portuguese continued to trade along the <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> coastline with the aid of corrupt local merchants. Simão de Andrade's activities also continued for decades after he left Guangzhou in 1520, and he sailed to <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a> where he established settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-douglas_11_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douglas_11-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simão eventually ran afoul of a trade deal and was double crossed by a local in 1545. In response Simão sent a band of armed men into the town, pillaged it, and took their women and young girls as captives.<sup id="cite_ref-douglas_11_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douglas_11-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-williams_76_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams_76-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to a punitive expedition by the locals, however, who banded together and slaughtered the Portuguese under Simão.<sup id="cite_ref-douglas_11_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douglas_11-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese also accosted other foreigners. In one instance Coelho de Sousa seized the house of a wealthy foreign resident in Jinzhou of <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>. Ming authorities responded by cutting off supplies to the Portuguese and the Portuguese ransacked a nearby village for supplies. In retaliation, the Ming destroyed 13 of their ships. Thirty Portuguese survivors fled further south to <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> in 1549.<sup id="cite_ref-williams_76_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams_76-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-douglas_11_12_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douglas_11_12-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new Portuguese trading presence in Guangdong got off to a solid start in 1554 when the merchants Leonel de Sousa and Simão d'Almeida offered bribes to Wang Bo, the vice-commissioner for maritime defense. After a pleasant reception from the Portuguese merchants on their ships, the two sides agreed to a payment of 500 taels per year made personally to Wang Bo in return for allowing the Portuguese to settle in <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> as well as levying the imperial duty of 20 percent on only half their products. Following 1557 the Portuguese were no longer asked to leave Macau during winter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWills201138_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills201138-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese ambassador Diogo Pereira arrived in 1563 to normalize relations. Portuguese presence in Macau was further strengthened in 1568 when they aided the Ming in fighting off a hundred pirate ships. The nature of Wang Bo's business transactions were almost discovered by imperial observers in 1571, but the vice-commissioner obfuscated the payments by identifying them as "ground rent" made to the imperial treasury. Macau's merchant oligarchs continued to bribe their mandarin overseers and in this way the settlement persisted. The most important incident of bribery occurred in 1582 when the viceroy of Guangdong and Guangxi summoned Macau's chief officials for a meeting. Remembering the fate of Tomé Pires decades earlier, Macau's leaders chose an elderly judge and Italian Jesuit to go in their place. The viceroy raged at the Macau representatives, accusing them of conducting governance in contravention of Ming law, and threatened to destroy the colony and evict all Portuguese from Macau. His attitude changed dramatically after the two presented him with 4,000 cruzados worth of presents. In his words: "The foreigners, subjects to the laws of the Empire, may continue to inhabit Macao."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWills201145_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills201145-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiffie1977390_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiffie1977390-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Malay <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Johor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Johor">Sultanate of Johor</a> also improved relations with the Portuguese and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1568)" title="Siege of Malacca (1568)">fought alongside them</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaques2007_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaques2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BarwiseWhite2002_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarwiseWhite2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs2001_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs2001-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tunmen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nei_Lingding_Island_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Nei_Lingding_Island_2.jpg/200px-Nei_Lingding_Island_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Nei_Lingding_Island_2.jpg/300px-Nei_Lingding_Island_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Nei_Lingding_Island_2.jpg/400px-Nei_Lingding_Island_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Looking towards <a href="/wiki/Lintin_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Lintin Island">Lintin Island</a> from <a href="/wiki/Castle_Peak_(Hong_Kong)" title="Castle Peak (Hong Kong)">Castle Peak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuen_Mun" title="Tuen Mun">Tuen Mun</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The precise location of the battle has never been established. </p><p>The Portuguese called their settlement <a href="/wiki/Tam%C3%A3o" title="Tamão">Tamão</a>, which is understood as a corruption of "Tunmen" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">屯門</span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">屯门</span>; <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lau_romanisation" title="Sidney Lau romanisation">Sidney Lau</a>: <i><span lang="yue-Latn">Tuen<sup>4</sup>Moon<sup>4</sup></span></i>), the name for the western <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a> area that has existed since the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>. Chinese sources state that the Portuguese settled around the Tunmen Inlet (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">屯門澳</span>; <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lau_romanisation" title="Sidney Lau romanisation">Sidney Lau</a>: <i><span lang="yue-Latn">Tuen<sup>4</sup>Moon<sup>4</sup>O<sup>3</sup></span></i>), but the current whereabouts of the Tunmen Inlet is unknown, so the precise location of the Portuguese settlement and the battlefield remains under debate among historians. </p><p>In the present day, "Tunmen" refers to <a href="/wiki/Tuen_Mun" title="Tuen Mun">Tuen Mun</a>, the Cantonese reading of the same Chinese characters. This leads some researchers to link the Tunmen of Ming times to Tuen Mun in the <a href="/wiki/New_Territories" title="New Territories">New Territories</a> of Hong Kong. "Tunmen Inlet" would then refer to one of two bays around Tuen Mun: <a href="/wiki/Castle_Peak_Bay" title="Castle Peak Bay">Castle Peak Bay</a>, next to the current <a href="/wiki/Tuen_Mun_New_Town" title="Tuen Mun New Town">Tuen Mun New Town</a>; or <a href="/wiki/Deep_Bay_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Bay (Hong Kong)">Deep Bay</a> between the New Territories and <a href="/wiki/Nantou,_Shenzhen_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantou, Shenzhen (historical)">Nantou</a> in present-day Shenzhen, where a Ming coastal defense force was stationed.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adding to the confusion is the description in Portuguese sources that Tamão was an island. As Tuen Mun is not an island, researchers have proposed that Tamão actually refers to one of the nearby islands. <a href="/wiki/Lintin_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Lintin Island">Lintin Island</a>, west of Tuen Mun, is commonly accepted in Western academia as one of the more likely possibilities,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the much larger <a href="/wiki/Lantau_Island" title="Lantau Island">Lantau Island</a> has also been suggested.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tunmen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xicaowan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Xicaowan">Battle of Xicaowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wugongchuan" title="Wugongchuan">Wugongchuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Spanish_War" title="Cambodian–Spanish War">Cambodian–Spanish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kau_Keng_Shan" title="Kau Keng Shan">Kau Keng Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Pires_de_Andrade" title="Fernão Pires de Andrade">Fernão Pires de Andrade</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tunmen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills201128-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWills201128_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWills201128_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWills2011">Wills 2011</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang197857-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang197857_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChang1978">Chang 1978</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1998338-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1998338_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTwitchett1998">Twitchett 1998</a>, p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutra1995426-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutra1995426_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDutra1995">Dutra 1995</a>, p. 426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cambridge_338_339-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cambridge_338_339_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wills, 338–339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills201130-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWills201130_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWills2011">Wills 2011</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ng (1983), p. 65. Quote: "were more than fifty ships in the fleet. These were the heady days when Wang Hong was able to engage and defeat a Portuguese expedition"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHao201012-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHao201012_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHao2010">Hao 2010</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPires1990xi-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPires1990xi_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPires1990">Pires 1990</a>, p. xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-douglas_11-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-douglas_11_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-douglas_11_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-douglas_11_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas, 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-williams_76-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-williams_76_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-williams_76_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-douglas_11_12-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-douglas_11_12_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas, 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills201138-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWills201138_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWills2011">Wills 2011</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills201145-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWills201145_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWills2011">Wills 2011</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiffie1977390-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiffie1977390_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiffie1977">Diffie 1977</a>, p. 390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaques2007-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jaques2007_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTony_Jaques2007" class="citation book cs1">Tony Jaques (1 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC&pg=PA620"><i>Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 620–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33538-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33538-9"><bdi>978-0-313-33538-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Battles+and+Sieges%3A+F-O&rft.pages=620-&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33538-9&rft.au=Tony+Jaques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDh6jydKXikoC%26pg%3DPA620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tunmen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BarwiseWhite2002-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BarwiseWhite2002_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._M._BarwiseNicholas_J._White2002" class="citation book cs1">J. M. Barwise; Nicholas J. White (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travellershistor00jmba"><i>A Traveller's History of Southeast Asia</i></a></span>. Interlink Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travellershistor00jmba/page/110">110</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56656-439-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56656-439-7"><bdi>978-1-56656-439-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Traveller%27s+History+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=110-&rft.pub=Interlink+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-56656-439-7&rft.au=J.+M.+Barwise&rft.au=Nicholas+J.+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftravellershistor00jmba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tunmen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricklefs2001-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs2001_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerle_Calvin_Ricklefs2001" class="citation book cs1">Merle Calvin Ricklefs (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0GrWCmZoEBMC&pg=PA36"><i>A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1200</i></a>. Stanford University Press. pp. 36–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4480-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4480-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-4480-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia+Since+C.+1200&rft.pages=36-&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4480-5&rft.au=Merle+Calvin+Ricklefs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0GrWCmZoEBMC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tunmen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauLiu2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lau, Chi-pang; Liu, Shuyong (2012). <i>屯門: 香港地區史研究之四</i> [<i>History of Tuen Mun</i>] (in Chinese). Hong Kong: <a href="/wiki/Joint_Publishing" title="Joint Publishing">Joint Publishing</a>. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789620431470" title="Special:BookSources/9789620431470"><bdi>9789620431470</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B1%AF%E9%96%80%3A+%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E5%8F%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%9B&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Joint+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789620431470&rft.aulast=Lau&rft.aufirst=Chi-pang&rft.au=Liu%2C+Shuyong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tunmen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraga1939" class="citation journal cs1">Braga, J. M. (May 1939). "The "Tamao" of the Portuguese Pioneers". <i>Tien Hsia Monthly</i>. <b>VIII</b> (5): 420–432.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tien+Hsia+Monthly&rft.atitle=The+%22Tamao%22+of+the+Portuguese+Pioneers&rft.volume=VIII&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=420-432&rft.date=1939-05&rft.aulast=Braga&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tunmen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lau and Liu (2012), p. 39</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text from </i>Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society for the year ..., Volumes 27-28<i>, by Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. China Branch, a publication from 1895, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States.</i></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text from </i>Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volumes 26-27<i>, by Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch, a publication from 1894, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tunmen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Battle of Tunmen</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Battle+of+Tunmen">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Battle+of+Tunmen&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2016" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Tonio_Andrade" title="Tonio Andrade">Andrade, Tonio</a> (2016), <i>The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History</i>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13597-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13597-7"><bdi>978-0-691-13597-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gunpowder+Age%3A+China%2C+Military+Innovation%2C+and+the+Rise+of+the+West+in+World+History&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13597-7&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tunmen" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang1978" class="citation cs2">Chang, Tien Tse (1978), <i>Sino Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644: A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources</i>, Ams Pr Inc, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0404569064" title="Special:BookSources/0404569064"><bdi>0404569064</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sino+Portuguese+Trade+from+1514+to+1644%3A+A+Synthesis+of+Portuguese+and+Chinese+Sources&rft.pub=Ams+Pr+Inc&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0404569064&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Tien+Tse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tunmen" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase2003" class="citation cs2">Chase, Kenneth (2003), <i>Firearms: A Global History to 1700</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-82274-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-82274-2"><bdi>0-521-82274-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Firearms%3A+A+Global+History+to+1700&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-82274-2&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tunmen" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiffie1977" class="citation cs2">Diffie, Bailey W. (1977), <i>Foundations of the Portuguese Empire: 1415 - 1580</i>, University of Minnesota Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+the+Portuguese+Empire%3A+1415+-+1580&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Diffie&rft.aufirst=Bailey+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tunmen" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas2006" class="citation cs2">Douglas, Robert Kennaway (2006), <i>Europe and the Far East</i>, Adamant Media Corporation</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+and+the+Far+East&rft.pub=Adamant+Media+Corporation&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Robert+Kennaway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tunmen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutra1995" class="citation cs2">Dutra, Francis A. (1995), <i>Proceedings of the International Colloquium on the Portuguese and the Pacific</i>, University of California, Santa Barbara, October 1993</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+International+Colloquium+on+the+Portuguese+and+the+Pacific&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Santa+Barbara%2C+October+1993&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Dutra&rft.aufirst=Francis+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tunmen" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHao2010" class="citation cs2">Hao, Zhidong (2010), <i>Macau History and Society</i>, HKU Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789888028542" title="Special:BookSources/9789888028542"><bdi>9789888028542</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macau+History+and+Society&rft.pub=HKU+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789888028542&rft.aulast=Hao&rft.aufirst=Zhidong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tunmen" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonteiro1995" class="citation cs2">Monteiro, Saturnino (1995), <i>Portuguese Sea Battles - Volume II - Christianity, Commerce and Corso 1522-1538</i>, Saturnino Monteiro</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portuguese+Sea+Battles+-+Volume+II+-+Christianity%2C+Commerce+and+Corso+1522-1538&rft.pub=Saturnino+Monteiro&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Monteiro&rft.aufirst=Saturnino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tunmen" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPires1990" class="citation cs2">Pires, Tomé (1990), <i>The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires</i>, Asian Educational Services</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Suma+Oriental+of+Tome+Pires&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Pires&rft.aufirst=Tom%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tunmen" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwitchett1998" class="citation cs2">Twitchett, Denis C. (1998), <i>The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, Part 2; Parts 1368-1644</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%3A+Volume+8%2C+The+Ming+Dynasty%2C+Part+2%3B+Parts+1368-1644&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Twitchett&rft.aufirst=Denis+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tunmen" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1897" class="citation cs2">Williams, S. Wells (1897), <i>A History of China: Being the History Chapters From "The Middle Kingdom"</i>, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+China%3A+Being+the+History+Chapters+From+%22The+Middle+Kingdom%22&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=S.+Wells&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tunmen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWills2011" class="citation cs2">Wills, John E. (2011), <i>China and Maritime Europe, 1500–1800: Trade, Settlement, Diplomacy, and Missions</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+Maritime+Europe%2C+1500%E2%80%931800%3A+Trade%2C+Settlement%2C+Diplomacy%2C+and+Missions&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tunmen" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ming_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Ming dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ming_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Ming dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ming_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ming dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ming_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="History of the Ming dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1368–1435)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Turban Rebellion">Red Turban Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Mian_rebellion" title="Wu Mian rebellion">Wu Mian rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_conquest_of_Yunnan" title="Ming conquest of Yunnan">Ming conquest of Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Mong_Mao_War_(1386%E2%80%931388)" title="Ming–Mong Mao War (1386–1388)">Ming–Mong Mao War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_campaign_against_the_Uriankhai" title="Ming campaign against the Uriankhai">Campaign against the Uriankhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buir_Lake" title="Battle of Buir Lake">Battle of Buir Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Kuan_rebellion" title="Lin Kuan rebellion">Lin Kuan rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_Ganmeng_rebellion" title="Dao Ganmeng rebellion">Dao Ganmeng rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingnan_campaign" title="Jingnan campaign">Jingnan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages" title="Ming treasure voyages">Ming treasure voyages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Turpan_conflict" title="Ming–Turpan conflict">Ming–Turpan conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_conquest_of_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Ngu" title="Ming conquest of Đại Ngu">Ming–Đại Ngu War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palembang_(1407)" title="Battle of Palembang (1407)">Battle of Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kherlen" title="Battle of Kherlen">Battle of Kherlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Kotte_War" title="Ming–Kotte War">Ming–Kotte War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lam_S%C6%A1n_uprising" title="Lam Sơn uprising">Lam Sơn uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor%27s_campaigns_against_the_Mongols" title="Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols">Campaigns against the Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Ren_and_Xuan" title="Reign of Ren and Xuan">Reign of Ren and Xuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Middle <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1435–1572)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luchuan%E2%80%93Pingmian_campaigns" title="Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns">Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumu_Crisis" title="Tumu Crisis">Tumu Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Beijing" title="Defense of Beijing">Defense of Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_Cao_Qin" title="Rebellion of Cao Qin">Rebellion of Cao Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_rebellions_in_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Miao rebellions in the Ming dynasty">Miao rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Anhua_rebellion" title="Prince of Anhua rebellion">Prince of Anhua rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Ning_rebellion" title="Prince of Ning rebellion">Prince of Ning rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)" title="Capture of Malacca (1511)">Capture of Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_missions_to_Ming_China" title="Japanese missions to Ming China">Japanese missions to Ming China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_incident" title="Ningbo incident">Ningbo incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rites_Controversy" title="Great Rites Controversy">Great Rites Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_plot_of_Renyin_year" title="Palace plot of Renyin year">Renyin plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luso-Chinese_agreement" title="Luso-Chinese agreement">Luso-Chinese agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiajing_wokou_raids" title="Jiajing wokou raids">Jiajing wokou raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_whip_law" title="Single whip law">Single whip law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Late <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1572–1683)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_unification#Jianzhou_war" title="Jurchen unification">Jianzhou war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozhou_rebellion" title="Bozhou rebellion">Bozhou rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_campaign_(1592)" title="Ordos campaign (1592)">Ordos campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Japanese invasions of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donglin_movement" title="Donglin movement">Donglin movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Dutch_conflicts" title="Sino-Dutch conflicts">Sino-Dutch conflicts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liaoluo_Bay" title="Battle of Liaoluo Bay">Liaoluo Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Transition from Ming to Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_unification" title="Jurchen unification">Jurchen unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Grievances" title="Seven Grievances">Seven Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarh%C5%AB" title="Battle of Sarhū">Sarhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_in_the_late_Ming_dynasty" title="Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty">Great Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She-An_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="She-An Rebellion">She-An Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ming_peasant_rebellions" title="Late Ming peasant rebellions">Peasant rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiashen_Incident" title="Jiashen Incident">Jiashen Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass" title="Battle of Shanhai Pass">Shanhai Pass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">Southern Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Ming dynasty">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Chinese_monarchs_(late)#Ming_dynasty_and_Southern_Ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Chinese monarchs (late)">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Zhu" title="House of Zhu">House of Zhu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Secretariat" title="Grand Secretariat">Grand Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_territory_in_dynastic_China#Ming_dynasty_(1368–1644)" title="Administration of territory in dynastic China">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Depot" title="Eastern Depot">Eastern Depot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princes_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Princes of the Ming dynasty">Princes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vassal_prince_peerages_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="List of vassal prince peerages of the Ming dynasty">Vassal prince</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Commissioner_(China)" title="Imperial Commissioner (China)">Imperial Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Grand coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embroidered_Uniform_Guard" title="Embroidered Uniform Guard">Embroidered Uniform Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusi" title="Tusi">Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futou#Ming_dynasty" title="Futou">Fotou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Military of the Ming dynasty">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Great_Wall" title="Ming Great Wall">Great Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_weapons_in_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Gunpowder weapons in the Ming dynasty">Gunpowder weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenjiying" title="Shenjiying">Shenjiying</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_conquests_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Military conquests of the Ming dynasty">Military conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Garrisons_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Nine Garrisons of the Ming dynasty">Nine Garrisons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Frontiers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Ming dynasty in Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Ming_rule" title="Manchuria under Ming rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Wokou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_under_Ming_rule" title="Yunnan under Ming rule">Yunnan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Compilations and Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hundred-word_Eulogy" title="The Hundred-word Eulogy">The Hundred-word Eulogy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huang-Ming_Zuxun" title="Huang-Ming Zuxun">Huang-Ming Zuxun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Encyclopedia" title="Yongle Encyclopedia">Yongle Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collected_Statutes_of_the_Ming_Dynasty" title="Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty">Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ming_Veritable_Records" title="Ming Veritable Records">Ming Veritable Records</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palaces and Mausoleums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaotian_Palace" title="Chaotian Palace">Chaotian Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Xiaoling" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Xiaoling">Ming Xiaoling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Ancestors_Mausoleum" title="Ming Ancestors Mausoleum">Ming Ancestors Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_tombs" title="Ming tombs">Ming tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Tombs_of_the_Ming_and_Qing_Dynasties" title="Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties">Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Society and Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_poetry" title="Ming poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicians_in_Ming_China" title="Musicians in Ming China">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_painting" title="Ming dynasty painting">Painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Ming dynasty">Four Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_School" title="Wu School">Wu School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhe_school_(painting)" title="Zhe school (painting)">Zhe School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_lacquerware_table" title="Chinese lacquerware table">Chinese lacquerware table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_presentation_porcelain" title="Ming presentation porcelain">Ming presentation porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covered_jar_with_carp_design" title="Covered jar with carp design">Covered jar with carp design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongning_Temple_Stele" title="Yongning Temple Stele">Yongning Temple Stele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Economy of the Ming dynasty">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples#Ming_dynasty_Tai_history" title="Tai peoples">Tai history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Islam during the Ming dynasty">Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_coinage" title="Ming dynasty coinage">Coinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Tongbao" title="Hongwu Tongbao">Hongwu Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Tongbao" title="Yongle Tongbao">Yongle Tongbao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ming_Treasure_Note" title="Great Ming Treasure Note">Great Ming Treasure Note</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from 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