Auditory abstraction from spectro-temporal features to coding auditory entities

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usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="ozftJKwtHfQCo9RZUy18wpE9Vs9BmFb3zxLyrBQOGojZACF5PdDjp4aeeSK6y9dO"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="ozftJKwtHfQCo9RZUy18wpE9Vs9BmFb3zxLyrBQOGojZACF5PdDjp4aeeSK6y9dO"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="ozftJKwtHfQCo9RZUy18wpE9Vs9BmFb3zxLyrBQOGojZACF5PdDjp4aeeSK6y9dO"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="ozftJKwtHfQCo9RZUy18wpE9Vs9BmFb3zxLyrBQOGojZACF5PdDjp4aeeSK6y9dO"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap"> <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label> <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link"> <button type="button" disabled class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="23112145"> <aside class="page-sidebar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="full-text-links"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Full text links </h3> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" 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name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="ozftJKwtHfQCo9RZUy18wpE9Vs9BmFb3zxLyrBQOGojZACF5PdDjp4aeeSK6y9dO"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-new" class="collections-new" name="collections" value="new" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label><input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button><button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" 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data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label='"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"[jour]' href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2012 Nov 13;109(46):18968-73.</span> </div> <span class="citation-doi"> doi: 10.1073/pnas.1111242109. </span> <span class="secondary-date"> Epub 2012 Oct 29. </span> </div> <h1 class="heading-title"> Auditory abstraction from spectro-temporal features to coding auditory entities </h1> <div class="inline-authors"> <div class="authors"> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Chechik+G&cauthor_id=23112145" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Gal Chechik">Gal Chechik</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel. 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id="full-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel. gal.chechik@biu.ac.il</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="full-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">23112145</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC3503225&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3503225/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC3503225 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1073/pnas.1111242109&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1111242109" 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Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2012 Nov 13;109(46):18968-73.</span> </div> <span class="citation-doi"> doi: 10.1073/pnas.1111242109. </span> <span class="secondary-date"> Epub 2012 Oct 29. </span> </div> <div class="expanded-authors" id="short-view-expanded-authors"> <div class="authors"> <h3 class="title"> Authors </h3> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Chechik+G&cauthor_id=23112145" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Gal Chechik">Gal Chechik</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel. gal.chechik@biu.ac.il" href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Nelken+I&cauthor_id=23112145" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Israel Nelken">Israel Nelken</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliation </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel. gal.chechik@biu.ac.il</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">23112145</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC3503225&id_type=PMC" 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value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="abstract" id="abstract"> <h2 class="title"> Abstract </h2> <div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract"> <p> The auditory system extracts behaviorally relevant information from acoustic stimuli. The average activity in auditory cortex is known to be sensitive to spectro-temporal patterns in sounds. However, it is not known whether the auditory cortex also processes more abstract features of sounds, which may be more behaviorally relevant than spectro-temporal patterns. Using recordings from three stations of the auditory pathway, the inferior colliculus (IC), the ventral division of the medial geniculate body (MGB) of the thalamus, and the primary auditory cortex (A1) of the cat in response to natural sounds, we compared the amount of information that spikes contained about two aspects of the stimuli: spectro-temporal patterns, and abstract entities present in the same stimuli such as a bird chirp, its echoes, and the ambient noise. IC spikes conveyed on average approximately the same amount of information about spectro-temporal patterns as they conveyed about abstract auditory entities, but A1 and the MGB neurons conveyed on average three times more information about abstract auditory entities than about spectro-temporal patterns. Thus, the majority of neurons in auditory thalamus and cortex coded well the presence of abstract entities in the sounds without containing much information about their spectro-temporal structure, suggesting that they are sensitive to abstract features in these sounds. </p> </div> </div> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" ga_category="literature_resources" ga_action="disclaimer_link" ga_label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="conflict-of-interest" id="conflict-of-interest"> <h2 class="title"> Conflict of interest statement </h2> <div class="statement"> <p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one">The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p> </div> </div> <div class="figures" id="figures"> <h2 class="title"> Figures </h2> <div class="figures-list" id="slides-container" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="0" data-label-slug="fig-1"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/c857/3503225/aad054b88178/pnas.1111242109fig01.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-0" role="button" data-image-width="680" data-image-height="277" data-image-alt="Fig. 1." data-pmc-id="PMC3503225" data-figure-id="fig01"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-0" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/c857/3503225/4bffc5de1070/pnas.1111242109fig01.gif" alt="Fig. 1." /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="680"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="277"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 1. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> A schematic diagram of the… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 1. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> A schematic diagram of the studied sounds and their representations. The original stimuli… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 1. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">A schematic diagram of the studied sounds and their representations. The original stimuli are processed in two ways. On the left, stimuli are transformed into a ST representation, segmented and grouped into clusters. On the right, stimuli are grouped by the presence of abstract auditory entities.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="1" data-label-slug="fig-4"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/c857/3503225/b126d282b003/pnas.1111242109fig04.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-1" role="button" data-image-width="732" data-image-height="201" data-image-alt="Fig. 4." data-pmc-id="PMC3503225" data-figure-id="fig04"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-1" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/c857/3503225/cf41662604c7/pnas.1111242109fig04.gif" alt="Fig. 4." /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="732"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="201"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 4. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Coding of ST patterns vs.… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 4. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Coding of ST patterns vs. coding auditory entities. ( <i> A </i> ) Distribution of… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 4. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Coding of ST patterns vs. coding auditory entities. (<i>A</i>) Distribution of mutual information values across the population of neurons in the IC for coding ST clusters and auditory entities. Horizontal bars are centered on the mean of the distributions, and their length is twice the SEM (one SE on each side of the mean). The two distributions have similar means (<i>t =</i> −0.94, <i>df</i> = 52, <i>P</i> = 0.34). (<i>B</i>) Same as <i>A</i>, for A1 neurons. The two distributions have different means (<i>t</i> = −2.9, <i>df</i> = 88, <i>P</i> < 4 × 10<sup>−3</sup>). (<i>C</i>) Each circle denotes the normalized MI for one A1 neuron. The MI between ST patterns and responses was estimated by using 4-ms spike patterns; the MI about entities was computed by using spike patterns of variable length (optimized for each neuron separately). The rightmost point was drawn out of scale for clarity and marked by a diamond to emphasize that point. The black rectangle denotes the mean of the distribution. The numbers of neurons below and above the equality line are displayed.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="2" data-label-slug="fig-2"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/c857/3503225/5c0343f384a1/pnas.1111242109fig02.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-2" role="button" data-image-width="777" data-image-height="385" data-image-alt="Fig. 2." data-pmc-id="PMC3503225" data-figure-id="fig02"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-2" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/c857/3503225/f5d36bc389c8/pnas.1111242109fig02.gif" alt="Fig. 2." /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="777"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="385"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 2. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> A quantization approach to study… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 2. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> A quantization approach to study coding ST patterns. To compute the joint distribution… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 2. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">A quantization approach to study coding ST patterns. To compute the joint distribution of spike trains (represented as a binary pattern) and the stimulus (a high dimensional continuous variable), the stimuli were first transformed into a series of discrete symbols, each corresponding to a “typical” ST pattern. (<i>A</i>) Fifty-millisecond overlapping segments were collected from all stimuli. (<i>B</i>) Segments were grouped into 32 classes by using <i>k</i>-means clustering (45). The means of four of these classes are displayed as examples. All class means are displayed in <ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1111242109/-/DCSupplemental/pnas.201111242SI.pdf?targetid=nameddest=SF2">Fig. S2</ext-link>. (<i>C</i>) An illustration of how the joint count matrix of stimuli and responses was computed. Every stimulus was represented as a series of symbols by matching each segment to its nearest class mean. This process generated a symbol once every millisecond. The corresponding response of a neuron was represented as a series of short binary patterns, corresponding to the occurrence of spike patterns that occurred just after the occurrence of the pattern. The joint count matrix tallied the occurrences of every response (spiking pattern) after a stimulus (segment class). In this example, spike patterns are of length 4.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="3" data-label-slug="fig-3"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/c857/3503225/480b48115e66/pnas.1111242109fig03.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-3" role="button" data-image-width="670" data-image-height="446" data-image-alt="Fig. 3." data-pmc-id="PMC3503225" data-figure-id="fig03"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-3" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/c857/3503225/75a5c151d53c/pnas.1111242109fig03.gif" alt="Fig. 3." /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="670"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="446"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 3. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Information about auditory entities. Five… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 3. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Information about auditory entities. Five stimuli were mapped to three classes according to… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 3. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Information about auditory entities. Five stimuli were mapped to three classes according to the entities they contain (<i>A</i> and <i>B</i>). The responses (<i>C</i>) are represented as binary patterns for computing the information.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="4" data-label-slug="fig-5"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/c857/3503225/dbec1863f15e/pnas.1111242109fig05.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-4" role="button" data-image-width="670" data-image-height="474" data-image-alt="Fig. 5." data-pmc-id="PMC3503225" data-figure-id="fig05"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-4" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/c857/3503225/31ba48487b9e/pnas.1111242109fig05.gif" alt="Fig. 5." /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="670"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="474"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 5. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Responses of three entity-sensitive neurons.… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 5. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Responses of three entity-sensitive neurons. Raster plots showing spike times across 20 repetitions… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 5. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Responses of three entity-sensitive neurons. Raster plots showing spike times across 20 repetitions of the stimulus, and the corresponding stimulus.</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div>  <div class="pswp figures-dialog" id="figures-dialog" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" data-image-gallery-uid="article-figures" aria-label="Figures Dialog">  <div class="pswp__bg"></div>  <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">  <div class="pswp__container"> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> </div>  <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden"> <div class="pswp__top-bar">  <div class="pswp__counter"></div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--share" title="Share"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></button>   <div class="pswp__preloader"> <div class="pswp__preloader__icn"> <div 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Auditory abstraction from spectro-temporal features to coding auditory entities - PubMed