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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Heat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Radiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waxing/oiling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waxing/oiling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Waxing/oiling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waxing/oiling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fracture_filling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fracture_filling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Fracture filling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fracture_filling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bleaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bleaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Bleaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bleaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socioeconomic_issues_in_the_gemstone_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socioeconomic_issues_in_the_gemstone_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Socioeconomic issues in the gemstone industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socioeconomic_issues_in_the_gemstone_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic_and_artificial_gemstones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_and_artificial_gemstones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Synthetic and artificial gemstones</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Synthetic_and_artificial_gemstones-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Synthetic and artificial gemstones subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_and_artificial_gemstones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Synthetic_corundum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_corundum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Synthetic corundum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_corundum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic_beryls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_beryls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Synthetic beryls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_beryls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic_quartz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_quartz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>Synthetic quartz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_quartz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic_spinel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_spinel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.4</span> <span>Synthetic spinel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_spinel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Creation process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verneuil_flame_fusion_process_(melt_process)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verneuil_flame_fusion_process_(melt_process)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Verneuil flame fusion process (melt process)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verneuil_flame_fusion_process_(melt_process)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czochralski_process_(melt_process)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czochralski_process_(melt_process)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Czochralski process (melt process)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czochralski_process_(melt_process)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flux_growth_(solution_process)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flux_growth_(solution_process)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.3</span> <span>Flux growth (solution process)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flux_growth_(solution_process)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrothermal_growth_(solution_process)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrothermal_growth_(solution_process)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.4</span> <span>Hydrothermal growth (solution process)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrothermal_growth_(solution_process)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_rare_gemstones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_rare_gemstones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>List of rare gemstones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_rare_gemstones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gemstone</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelsteen" title="Edelsteen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Edelsteen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelsteine" title="Edelsteine – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Edelsteine" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85" title="حجر كريم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حجر كريم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xema_(xeolox%C3%ADa)" title="Xema (xeoloxía) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xema (xeoloxía)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiym%C9%99tli_da%C5%9Flar" title="Qiymətli daşlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qiymətli daşlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%B0" title="রত্নপাথর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রত্নপাথর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%AB%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аҫыл таштар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аҫыл таштар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Каштоўныя камяні – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каштоўныя камяні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Каштоўныя камяні – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Каштоўныя камяні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gapong_alahas" title="Gapong alahas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Gapong alahas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BA" title="Скъпоценен камък – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Скъпоценен камък" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma" title="Gemma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gemma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83_%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Пархатарлă чул – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пархатарлă чул" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drahokam" title="Drahokam – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Drahokam" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glain" title="Glain – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Glain" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smykkesten" title="Smykkesten – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Smykkesten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmuckstein" title="Schmuckstein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schmuckstein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4%C3%A4riskivi" title="Vääriskivi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vääriskivi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πολύτιμος λίθος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολύτιμος λίθος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gema" title="Gema – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gema" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemo" title="Gemo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harribitxi" title="Harribitxi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Harribitxi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF" title="گوهرسنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گوهرسنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemme" title="Gemme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gemme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clocha_l%C3%B3mhara" title="Clocha lómhara – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Clocha lómhara" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xema_(mineralox%C3%ADa)" title="Xema (mineraloxía) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xema (mineraloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3-sa%CC%8Dk" title="Pó-sa̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pó-sa̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%84%9D" title="보석 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보석" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%A5%D6%84_%D6%87_%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%A5%D6%84_%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Թանկարժեք և կիսաթանկարժեք քարեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թանկարժեք և կիսաթանկարժեք քարեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="रत्न – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रत्न" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drago_kamenje" title="Drago kamenje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Drago kamenje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemo" title="Gemo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gemo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_permata" title="Batu permata – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Batu permata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_(mineralogia)" title="Gemma (mineralogia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gemma (mineralogia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%97%D7%9F" title="אבן חן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבן חן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watu_permata" title="Watu permata – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Watu permata" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ರತ್ನದ ಕಲ್ಲು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರತ್ನದ ಕಲ್ಲು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Асыл тастар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Асыл тастар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kito_(madini)" title="Kito (madini) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kito (madini)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Py%C3%A8_presye" title="Pyè presye – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pyè presye" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Асыл таштар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Асыл таштар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_(lapis)" title="Gemma (lapis) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gemma (lapis)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%81rgakmens" title="Dārgakmens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dārgakmens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eedelsteen" title="Eedelsteen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Eedelsteen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brangakmenis" title="Brangakmenis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Brangakmenis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedelstein" title="Aedelstein – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aedelstein" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A1gak%C5%91" title="Drágakő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Drágakő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Скапоцен камен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Скапоцен камен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatosoa" title="Vatosoa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vatosoa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="രത്നം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രത്നം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0" title="जडजवाहीर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जडजवाहीर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87" title="الاحجار الكريمه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاحجار الكريمه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_permata" title="Batu permata – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Batu permata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%8D%CC%A4-si%C5%8Fh" title="Bō̤-siŏh – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bō̤-siŏh" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC" title="ကျောက်မျက် ရတနာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျောက်မျက် ရတနာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatutalei" title="Vatutalei – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vatutalei" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelsteen" title="Edelsteen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edelsteen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80" title="थी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="थी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9D%E7%9F%B3" title="宝石 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宝石" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelsten" title="Edelsten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edelsten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smykkestein" title="Smykkestein – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Smykkestein" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhagaa_gati_jabeessa" title="Dhagaa gati jabeessa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Dhagaa gati jabeessa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javohirlar" title="Javohirlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Javohirlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%97" title="ਨਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%BE%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="نگ پتھر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نگ پتھر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamienie_jubilerskie" title="Kamienie jubilerskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kamienie jubilerskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gema_(mineralogia)" title="Gema (mineralogia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gema (mineralogia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piatr%C4%83_pre%C8%9Bioas%C4%83" title="Piatră prețioasă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Piatră prețioasă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umi%C3%B1a" title="Umiña – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Umiña" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Драгоценные камни – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Драгоценные камни" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A" title="මැණික් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මැණික්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewel" title="Jewel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jewel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drahokam" title="Drahokam – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Drahokam" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragulj" title="Dragulj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dragulj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Драго камење – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Драго камење" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragulj" title="Dragulj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dragulj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalokivi" title="Jalokivi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jalokivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84delsten" title="Ädelsten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ädelsten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Piece of mineral crystal used to make jewelry</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gemstone_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gemstone (disambiguation)">Gemstone (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gems_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gems (disambiguation)">Gems (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gem_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gem (disambiguation)">Gem (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewels_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jewels (disambiguation)">Jewels (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Precious_stone_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Precious stone (disambiguation)">Precious stone (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardinal_gems.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cardinal_gems.png/250px-Cardinal_gems.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cardinal_gems.png/500px-Cardinal_gems.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Group of precious and semiprecious stones—both uncut and faceted—including (clockwise from top left) <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a>, uncut synthetic <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">ruby</a>, uncut <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emerald</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">amethyst</a> crystal cluster.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>gemstone</b> (also called a <b>fine gem</b>, <b>jewel</b>, <b>precious stone</b>, <b>semiprecious stone</b>, or simply <b>gem</b>) is a piece of <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystal</a> which, when cut or polished, is used to make <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewelry</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Adornment" title="Adornment">adornments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocks</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a>) and occasionally <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic</a> materials that are not minerals (such as <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jet_(gemstone)" title="Jet (gemstone)">jet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearl</a>) may also be used for jewelry and are therefore often considered to be gemstones as well.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most gemstones are hard, but some softer minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Brazilianite" title="Brazilianite">brazilianite</a> may be used in jewelry<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of their color or <a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">luster</a> or other physical properties that have <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic value">aesthetic value</a>. However, generally speaking, soft minerals are not typically used as gemstones by virtue of their brittleness and lack of durability.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Found all over the world, the industry of coloured gemstones (i.e. anything other than diamonds) is currently estimated at US$1.55<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion as of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> and is projected to steadily increase to a value of $4.46<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion by 2033.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A gem expert is a <a href="/wiki/Gemology" title="Gemology">gemologist</a>, a gem maker is called a <a href="/wiki/Lapidarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapidarist">lapidarist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gemcutter" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemcutter">gemcutter</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> cutter is called a <a href="/wiki/Diamantaire" title="Diamantaire">diamantaire</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_and_classification">Characteristics and classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics and classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gem.pebbles.800pix.labelled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Gem.pebbles.800pix.labelled.jpg/250px-Gem.pebbles.800pix.labelled.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Gem.pebbles.800pix.labelled.jpg/375px-Gem.pebbles.800pix.labelled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Gem.pebbles.800pix.labelled.jpg/500px-Gem.pebbles.800pix.labelled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mineral_collecting" title="Mineral collecting">collection</a> of gemstone <a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">pebbles</a> made by <a href="/wiki/Tumble_finishing" title="Tumble finishing">tumbling</a> the rough stones, except the ruby and <a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">tourmaline</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">abrasive</a> grit inside a rotating barrel. The largest pebble here is 40 mm (1.6 in) long.</figcaption></figure> <p>The traditional classification in the West, which goes back to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a>, begins with a distinction between <i>precious</i> and <i>semi-precious</i>; similar distinctions are made in other cultures. In modern use, the precious stones are <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emerald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">ruby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a>, with all other gemstones being semi-precious.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This distinction reflects the rarity of the respective stones in ancient times, as well as their quality: all are <a href="/wiki/Translucent" class="mw-redirect" title="Translucent">translucent</a>, with fine color in their purest forms (except for the colorless diamond), and very hard with a hardness score of 8 to 10 on the <a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other stones are classified by their color, <a href="/wiki/Translucency" class="mw-redirect" title="Translucency">translucency</a>, and hardness. The traditional distinction does not necessarily reflect modern values; for example, while <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnets</a> are relatively inexpensive, a green garnet called <a href="/wiki/Tsavorite" title="Tsavorite">tsavorite</a> can be far more valuable than a mid-quality emerald.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another traditional term for semi-precious gemstones used in <a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">art history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> is <a href="/wiki/Hardstone" title="Hardstone">hardstone</a>. Use of the terms 'precious' and 'semi-precious' in a commercial context is, arguably, misleading in that it suggests certain stones are more valuable than others when this is not reflected in the actual market value, although it would generally be correct if referring to desirability. </p><p>In modern times gemstones are identified by <a href="/wiki/Gemology" title="Gemology">gemologists</a>, who describe gems and their characteristics using <a href="/wiki/Technical_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical terminology">technical terminology</a> specific to the field of <a href="/wiki/Gemology" title="Gemology">gemology</a>. The first characteristic a gemologist uses to identify a gemstone is its <a href="/wiki/Chemical_composition" title="Chemical composition">chemical composition</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a> are made of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C</span>), while sapphires and rubies are made of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">aluminium oxide</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">Al<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>). Many gems are crystals which are classified by their <a href="/wiki/Crystal_system" title="Crystal system">crystal system</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">cubic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trigonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonal">trigonal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Monoclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclinic">monoclinic</a>. Another term used is <a href="/wiki/Crystal_habit" title="Crystal habit">habit</a>, the form the gem is usually found in.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, diamonds, which have a cubic crystal system, are often found as <a href="/wiki/Octahedron" title="Octahedron">octahedrons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Gemstone_species"></span> Gemstones are classified into different <i>groups</i>, <i>species</i>, and <i>varieties</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, ruby is the red variety of the species <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">corundum</a>, while any other color of corundum is considered sapphire. Other examples are the <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emerald</a> (green), <a href="/wiki/Aquamarines" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquamarines">aquamarine</a> (blue), <a href="/wiki/Red_beryl" title="Red beryl">red beryl</a> (red), <a href="/wiki/Goshenite" class="mw-redirect" title="Goshenite">goshenite</a> (colorless), <a href="/wiki/Heliodor" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliodor">heliodor</a> (yellow), and <a href="/wiki/Morganite" class="mw-redirect" title="Morganite">morganite</a> (pink), which are all varieties of the mineral species <a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">beryl</a>. </p><p>Gems are characterized in terms of their color (hue, tone and saturation), optical phenomena, luster, <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birefringence" title="Birefringence">birefringence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)" title="Dispersion (optics)">dispersion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">specific gravity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">hardness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)" title="Cleavage (crystal)">cleavage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fracture" title="Fracture">fracture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may exhibit <a href="/wiki/Pleochroism" title="Pleochroism">pleochroism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Double_refraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Double refraction">double refraction</a>. They may have <a href="/wiki/Luminescence" title="Luminescence">luminescence</a> and a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Absorption_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption spectrum">absorption spectrum</a>. Gemstones may also be classified in terms of their "water". This is a recognized grading of the gem's luster, transparency, or "brilliance".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very transparent gems are considered "<a href="/wiki/First_water" title="First water">first water</a>", while "second" or "third water" gems are those of a lesser transparency.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, material or flaws within a stone may be present as <a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(mineral)" title="Inclusion (mineral)">inclusions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Value">Value</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_jewellery-Gold_and_emerald_pendant_at_VAM-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Spanish_jewellery-Gold_and_emerald_pendant_at_VAM-01.jpg/170px-Spanish_jewellery-Gold_and_emerald_pendant_at_VAM-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Spanish_jewellery-Gold_and_emerald_pendant_at_VAM-01.jpg/255px-Spanish_jewellery-Gold_and_emerald_pendant_at_VAM-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Spanish_jewellery-Gold_and_emerald_pendant_at_VAM-01.jpg/340px-Spanish_jewellery-Gold_and_emerald_pendant_at_VAM-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Spanish emerald and gold pendant at <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pendant_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pendant_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Pendant_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Pendant_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Enamelled gold, amethyst, and pearl pendant, about 1880, Pasquale Novissimo (1844–1914), V&A Museum number M.36-1928</figcaption></figure> <p>Gemstones have no universally accepted grading system. Diamonds are graded using a system developed by the <a href="/wiki/Gemological_Institute_of_America" title="Gemological Institute of America">Gemological Institute of America</a> (GIA) in the early 1950s. Historically, all gemstones were graded using the naked eye. The GIA system included a major innovation: the introduction of 10x magnification as the standard for grading clarity. Other gemstones are still graded using the naked eye (assuming 20/20 vision).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Mnemonic device">mnemonic device</a>, the "four Cs" (color, cut, clarity, and carats), has been introduced to help describe the factors used to grade a diamond. With modification, these categories can be useful in understanding the grading of all gemstones. The four criteria carry different weights depending upon whether they are applied to colored gemstones or to colorless diamonds. In diamonds, the cut is the primary determinant of value, followed by clarity and color. An ideally cut diamond will sparkle, to break down light into its constituent rainbow colors (dispersion), chop it up into bright little pieces (scintillation), and deliver it to the eye (brilliance). In its rough crystalline form, a diamond will do none of these things; it requires proper fashioning and this is called "cut". In gemstones that have color, including colored diamonds, the purity, and beauty of that color is the primary determinant of quality.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Physical characteristics that make a colored stone valuable are color, clarity to a lesser extent (emeralds will always have a number of inclusions), cut, unusual <a href="/wiki/Optical_phenomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical phenomena">optical phenomena</a> within the stone such as color zoning (the uneven distribution of coloring within a gem)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Star_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Star stone">asteria</a> (star effects). </p><p>Apart from the more generic and commonly used gemstones such as from <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">rubies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphires</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emeralds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a><sup id="cite_ref-church_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-church-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have also been defined as precious in the jewellery trade. Up to the discoveries of bulk <a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">amethyst</a> in Brazil in the 19th century, amethyst was considered a "precious stone" as well, going back to ancient Greece. Even in the last century certain stones such as <a href="/wiki/Aquamarines" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquamarines">aquamarine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">peridot</a> and cat's eye (<a href="/wiki/Cymophane" class="mw-redirect" title="Cymophane">cymophane</a>) have been popular and hence been regarded as precious, thus reinforcing the notion that a mineral's rarity may have been implicated in its classification as a precious stone and thus contribute to its value. </p><p>Today the gemstone trade no longer makes such a distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-WiseSecrets1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WiseSecrets1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many gemstones are used in even the most expensive jewelry, depending on the brand-name of the designer, fashion trends, market supply, treatments, etc. Nevertheless, diamonds, rubies, sapphires, and emeralds still have a reputation that exceeds those of other gemstones.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rare or unusual gemstones, generally understood to include those gemstones which occur so infrequently in gem quality that they are scarcely known except to connoisseurs, include <a href="/wiki/Andalusite" title="Andalusite">andalusite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Axinite" title="Axinite">axinite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassiterite" title="Cassiterite">cassiterite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinohumite" title="Clinohumite">clinohumite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Painite" title="Painite">painite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_beryl" title="Red beryl">red beryl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gemstone pricing and value are governed by factors and characteristics in the quality of the stone. These characteristics include clarity, rarity, freedom from defects, the beauty of the stone, as well as the demand for such stones. There are different pricing influencers for both colored gemstones, and for diamonds. The pricing on colored stones is determined by market supply-and-demand, but diamonds are more intricate.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the addition to the aesthetic and adorning/ornamental purpose of gemstones, there are many proponents of <a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">energy medicine</a> who also value gemstones on the basis of their alleged <a href="/wiki/Healing" title="Healing">healing</a> powers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A gemstone that has been rising in popularity is Cuprian Elbaite Tourmaline which is also called "Paraiba Tourmaline". It was first discovered in the late 1980s in Paraíba, Brazil and later in Mozambique and Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is famous for its glowing neon blue color. Paraiba Tourmaline has become one of the most popular gemstones in recent times thanks to its color and is considered to be one of the important gemstones after rubies, emeralds, and sapphires according to Gübelin Gemlab. Even though it is a tourmaline, Paraiba Tourmaline is one of the most expensive gemstones.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grading">Grading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of laboratories which grade and provide reports on gemstones.<sup id="cite_ref-WiseSecrets1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WiseSecrets1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemological_Institute_of_America" title="Gemological Institute of America">Gemological Institute of America</a> (GIA), the main provider of education services and diamond grading reports</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gemological_Institute" title="International Gemological Institute">International Gemological Institute</a> (IGI), independent laboratory for grading and evaluation of diamonds, jewelry, and colored stones</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_World_Diamond_Centre" title="Antwerp World Diamond Centre">Hoge Raad Voor Diamant</a> (HRD Antwerp), The Diamond High Council, Belgium is one of Europe's oldest laboratories; its main stakeholder is the Antwerp World Diamond Centre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Gemological_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="American Gemological Society">American Gemological Society</a> (AGS) is not as widely recognized nor as old as the GIA</li> <li>American Gem Trade Laboratory which is part of the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA), a trade organization of jewelers and dealers of colored stones</li> <li>American Gemological Laboratories (AGL), owned by Christopher P. Smith</li> <li>European Gemological Laboratory (EGL), founded in 1974 by Guy Margel in Belgium</li> <li>Gemmological Association of All Japan (GAAJ-ZENHOKYO), Zenhokyo, Japan, active in gemological research</li> <li>The Gem and Jewelry Institute of Thailand (Public Organization) or GIT, Thailand's national institute for gemological research and gem testing, Bangkok<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gemmology Institute of Southern Africa, Africa's premium gem laboratory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Institute_of_Gemological_Sciences" title="Asian Institute of Gemological Sciences">Asian Institute of Gemological Sciences</a> (AIGS), the oldest gemological institute in South East Asia, involved in gemological education and gem testing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Gemmological_Institute" title="Swiss Gemmological Institute">Swiss Gemmological Institute</a> (SSEF), founded by Henry Hänni, focusing on colored gemstones and the identification of natural pearls</li> <li>Gübelin Gem Lab, the traditional Swiss lab founded by <a href="/wiki/Eduard_G%C3%BCbelin" title="Eduard Gübelin">Eduard Gübelin</a></li></ul> <p>Each laboratory has its own methodology to evaluate gemstones. A stone can be called "pink" by one lab while another lab calls it "padparadscha". One lab can conclude a stone is untreated, while another lab might conclude that it is heat-treated.<sup id="cite_ref-WiseSecrets1_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WiseSecrets1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To minimize such differences, seven of the most respected labs, AGTA-GTL (New York), CISGEM (Milano), GAAJ-ZENHOKYO (Tokyo), GIA (Carlsbad), GIT (Bangkok), Gübelin (Lucerne) and SSEF (Basel), have established the Laboratory Manual Harmonisation Committee (LMHC), for the standardization of wording reports, promotion of certain analytical methods and interpretation of results. Country of origin has sometimes been difficult to determine, due to the constant discovery of new source locations. Determining a "country of origin" is thus much more difficult than determining other aspects of a gem (such as cut, clarity, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gem dealers are aware of the differences between gem laboratories and will make use of the discrepancies to obtain the best possible certificate.<sup id="cite_ref-WiseSecrets1_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WiseSecrets1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cutting_and_polishing">Cutting and polishing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cutting and polishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamond_cutter._Amsterdam._2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diamond_cutter._Amsterdam._2012.jpg/250px-Diamond_cutter._Amsterdam._2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diamond_cutter._Amsterdam._2012.jpg/330px-Diamond_cutter._Amsterdam._2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diamond_cutter._Amsterdam._2012.jpg/500px-Diamond_cutter._Amsterdam._2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2323" /></a><figcaption>A diamond cutter in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A few gemstones are used as gems in the crystal or other forms in which they are found. Most, however, are cut and polished for usage as jewelry. The two main classifications are as follows: </p> <ul><li>Stones cut as smooth, dome-shaped stones called <a href="/wiki/Cabochon" title="Cabochon">cabochons</a> or simply cab. These have been a popular shape since ancient time and are more durable than faceted gems.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Stones which are cut with a <a href="/wiki/Faceting_machine" title="Faceting machine">faceting machine</a> by polishing small flat windows called <a href="/wiki/Facet" title="Facet">facets</a> at regular intervals at exact angles.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Stones which are opaque or semi-opaque such as <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">turquoise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Variscite" title="Variscite">variscite</a>, etc. are commonly cut as cabochons. These gems are designed to show the stone's color, luster and other surface properties as opposed to internal reflection properties like brilliance.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grinding wheels and polishing agents are used to grind, shape, and polish the smooth dome shape of the stones.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gems that are transparent are normally faceted, a method that shows the optical properties of the stone's interior to its best advantage by maximizing reflected light which is perceived by the viewer as sparkle. There are many commonly used shapes for <a href="/wiki/Diamond_cut" title="Diamond cut">faceted stones</a>. The facets must be cut at the proper angles, which varies depending on the <a href="/wiki/Optical" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical">optical</a> properties of the gem. If the angles are too steep or too shallow, the light will pass through and not be reflected back toward the viewer. The faceting machine is used to hold the stone onto a flat lap for cutting and polishing the flat facets.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rarely, some cutters use special curved laps to cut and polish curved facets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colors">Colors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aurora_Pyramid_of_Hope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Aurora_Pyramid_of_Hope.jpg/220px-Aurora_Pyramid_of_Hope.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Aurora_Pyramid_of_Hope.jpg/330px-Aurora_Pyramid_of_Hope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Aurora_Pyramid_of_Hope.jpg/440px-Aurora_Pyramid_of_Hope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>Nearly 300 variations of diamond color exhibited at <a href="/wiki/Aurora_Pyramid_of_Hope" title="Aurora Pyramid of Hope">the Aurora display</a> at the Natural History Museum in London</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Semiprecious_stones_in_a_piece_of_jewellery.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Semiprecious_stones_in_a_piece_of_jewellery.jpeg/220px-Semiprecious_stones_in_a_piece_of_jewellery.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Semiprecious_stones_in_a_piece_of_jewellery.jpeg/330px-Semiprecious_stones_in_a_piece_of_jewellery.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Semiprecious_stones_in_a_piece_of_jewellery.jpeg/440px-Semiprecious_stones_in_a_piece_of_jewellery.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1628" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption>A variety of semiprecious stones in a piece of jewellery</figcaption></figure> <p>The color of any material is due to the nature of light itself. Daylight, often called white light, is all of the colors of the spectrum combined. When light strikes a material, most of the light is absorbed while a smaller amount of a particular frequency or wavelength is reflected. The part that is reflected reaches the eye as the perceived color.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A ruby appears red because it absorbs all other colors of white light while reflecting red. </p><p>A material which is mostly the same can exhibit different colors. For example, ruby and sapphire have the same primary chemical composition (both are <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">corundum</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but exhibit different colors because of impurities which absorb and reflect different wavelengths of light depending on their individual compositions. Even the same named gemstone can occur in many different colors: sapphires show different shades of blue and pink and "fancy sapphires" exhibit a whole range of other colors from yellow to orange-pink, the latter called "<a href="/wiki/Padparadscha" class="mw-redirect" title="Padparadscha">padparadscha sapphire</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This difference in color is based on the atomic structure of the stone. Although the different stones formally have the same chemical composition and structure, they are not exactly the same. Every now and then an atom is replaced by a completely different atom, sometimes as few as one in a million atoms. These so-called <a href="/wiki/Impurities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impurities">impurities</a> are sufficient to absorb certain colors and leave the other colors unaffected. For example, <a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">beryl</a>, which is colorless in its pure mineral form, becomes emerald with chromium impurities. If <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> is added instead of <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, beryl becomes pink <a href="/wiki/Morganite" class="mw-redirect" title="Morganite">morganite</a>. With iron, it becomes <a href="/wiki/Aquamarines" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquamarines">aquamarine.</a>Some gemstone treatments make use of the fact that these impurities can be "manipulated", thus changing the color of the gem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gemstones are often treated to enhance the color or clarity of the stone.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, the treatment applied to the gemstone can also increase its durability. Even though natural gemstones can be transformed using the traditional method of cutting and polishing, other treatment options allow the stone's appearance to be enhanced.<sup id="cite_ref-gia.edu_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gia.edu-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the type and extent of treatment, they can affect the value of the stone. Some treatments are used widely because the resulting gem is stable, while others are not accepted most commonly because the gem color is unstable and may revert to the original tone.<sup id="cite_ref-enhancement_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enhancement-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the innovation of modern-day tools, thousands of years ago, people were recorded to use a variety of techniques to treat and enhance gemstones. Some of the earliest methods of gemstone treatment date back to the Minoan Age, for example foiling, which is where metal foil is used to enhance a gemstone's colour.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other methods recorded 2000 years ago in the book <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> include oiling and dyeing/staining. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heat">Heat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Heat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heat can either improve or spoil gemstone color or clarity. The heating process has been well known to gem miners and cutters for centuries, and in many stone types heating is a common practice. Most <a href="/wiki/Citrine_quartz" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrine quartz">citrine</a> is made by heating <a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">amethyst</a>, and partial heating with a strong gradient results in "<a href="/wiki/Ametrine" title="Ametrine">ametrine</a>" – a stone partly amethyst and partly citrine. <a href="/wiki/Aquamarine_(gemstone)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquamarine (gemstone)">Aquamarine</a> is often heated to remove yellow tones, or to change green colors into the more desirable blue, or enhance its existing blue color to a deeper blue.<sup id="cite_ref-enhancement_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enhancement-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearly all <a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">tanzanite</a> is heated at low temperatures to remove brown undertones and give a more desirable blue / purple color.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A considerable portion of all <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">ruby</a> is treated with a variety of heat treatments to improve both color and clarity. </p><p>When jewelry containing diamonds is heated for repairs, the diamond should be protected with <a href="/wiki/Boric_acid" title="Boric acid">boric acid</a>; otherwise, the diamond, which is pure carbon, could be burned on the surface or even burned completely up. When jewelry containing <a href="/wiki/Sapphires" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapphires">sapphires</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rubies" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubies">rubies</a> is heated, those stones should not be coated with boric acid (which can etch the surface) or any other substance. They do not have to be protected from burning, like a diamond (although the stones do need to be protected from heat stress fracture by immersing the part of the jewelry with stones in the water when metal parts are heated). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiation">Radiation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Radiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gemstone_irradiation" title="Gemstone irradiation">Gemstone irradiation</a></div> <p>The irradiation process is widely practiced in <a href="/wiki/Jewelry_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewelry industry">jewelry industry</a><sup id="cite_ref-Omi_Rela_2021_p1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omi_Rela_2021_p1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and enabled the creation of gemstone colors that do not exist or are extremely rare in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurlbut_p170_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurlbut_p170-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, particularly when done in a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a>, the processes can make gemstones radioactive. Health risks related to the residual radioactivity of the treated gemstones have led to government regulations in many countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurlbut_p170_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurlbut_p170-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Virtually all <a href="/wiki/Blue_topaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue topaz">blue topaz</a>, both the lighter and the darker blue shades such as "London" blue, has been irradiated to change the color from white to blue. Most green quartz (Oro Verde) are also irradiated to achieve the yellow-green color. Diamonds are mainly irradiated to become blue-green or green, although other colors are possible. When light-to-medium-yellow diamonds are treated with gamma rays they may become green; with a high-energy electron beam, blue.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossman_70_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossman_70-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waxing/oiling"><span id="Waxing.2Foiling"></span>Waxing/oiling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Waxing/oiling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emeralds containing natural fissures are sometimes filled with <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> to disguise them. This wax or oil is also colored to make the emerald appear of better color as well as clarity. Turquoise is also commonly treated in a similar manner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fracture_filling">Fracture filling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fracture filling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emerald_Fracture_Filled_Rainbow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The foreign material inside this fracture-filled emerald appears rainbow-colored under darkfield illumination." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Emerald_Fracture_Filled_Rainbow.jpg/220px-Emerald_Fracture_Filled_Rainbow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Emerald_Fracture_Filled_Rainbow.jpg/330px-Emerald_Fracture_Filled_Rainbow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Emerald_Fracture_Filled_Rainbow.jpg/440px-Emerald_Fracture_Filled_Rainbow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The foreign material inside this fracture-filled emerald appears rainbow-colored under darkfield illumination.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fracture filling has been in use with different gemstones such as diamonds, emeralds, and sapphires. In 2006 "glass-filled rubies" received publicity. Rubies over 10 carats (2 g) with large fractures were filled with lead glass, thus dramatically improving the appearance (of larger rubies in particular). Such treatments are fairly easy to detect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bleaching">Bleaching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bleaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pearl_from_Pinctada_maxima_(gold-lipped_pearl_oyster)_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Pearl_from_Pinctada_maxima_%28gold-lipped_pearl_oyster%29_1.jpg/250px-Pearl_from_Pinctada_maxima_%28gold-lipped_pearl_oyster%29_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Pearl_from_Pinctada_maxima_%28gold-lipped_pearl_oyster%29_1.jpg/330px-Pearl_from_Pinctada_maxima_%28gold-lipped_pearl_oyster%29_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Pearl_from_Pinctada_maxima_%28gold-lipped_pearl_oyster%29_1.jpg/500px-Pearl_from_Pinctada_maxima_%28gold-lipped_pearl_oyster%29_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Pearls are a gemstone that is commonly treated with hydrogen peroxide to remove unwanted colours.</figcaption></figure> <p>Another treatment method that is commonly used to treat gemstones is bleaching. This method uses a chemical in order to reduce the colour of the gem. After bleaching, a combination treatment can be done by dying the gemstone once the unwanted colours are removed. Hydrogen peroxide is the most commonly used product used to alter gemstones and have notably been used to treat jade and pearls. The treatment of bleaching can also be followed by impregnation, which allows the gemstone's durability to be increased.<sup id="cite_ref-gia.edu_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gia.edu-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Socioeconomic_issues_in_the_gemstone_industry">Socioeconomic issues in the gemstone industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Socioeconomic issues in the gemstone industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The socio-economic dynamics of the gemstone industry are shaped by market forces and consumer preferences and typically go undiscussed. Changes in demand and prices can significantly affect the livelihoods of those involved in gemstone mining and trade, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> where the industry serves as a crucial source of income.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A situation that arises as a result of this is the exploitation of <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> and labor within gemstone mining operations. Many mines, particularly in developing countries, face challenges such as inadequate safety measures, low wages, and poor working conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Miner" title="Miner">Miners</a>, often from disadvantaged backgrounds, endure hazardous working conditions and receive meager wages, contributing to cycles of <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> and exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gemstone <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> operations are frequently conducted in remote or underdeveloped areas, lacking proper infrastructure and access to essential services such as healthcare and education. This further contributes to the pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socio-economic disparities</a> and obstructs community development such that the benefits of gemstone extraction may not adequately reach those directly involved in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another such issue revolves around <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> resulting from mining activities. Environmental degradation can pose long-term threats to ecosystems and biodiversity, further worsening the socio-economic state in affected regions.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unregulated mining practices often result in <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water contamination</a> thus threatening <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unregulated mining activity can also cause depletion of natural resources, thus diminishing the prospects for <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The environmental impact of gemstone mining not only poses a threat to ecosystems but also undermines the long-term viability of the industry by diminishing the quality and quantity of available resources. </p><p>Furthermore, the gemstone industry is also susceptible to issues related to transparency and ethics, which impact both producers and consumers. The lack of standardized certification processes and the prevalence of illicit practices undermine market integrity and trust.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of transparency and accountability in the supply chain aggravates pre-existing inequalities, as middlemen and corporations often capture a disproportionate share of the profits. As a result, the unequal distribution of profits along the <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a> does little to improve socio-economic inequalities, particularly in regions where gemstones are mined. </p><p>Addressing these socio-economic challenges requires intensive effort from various stakeholders, including governments, industry executives, and society, to promote sustainable practices and ensure equitable outcomes for all involved parties. Implementing and enforcing regulations to ensure fair labor practices, environmental sustainability, and ethical sourcing is essential. Additionally, investing in community development projects, such as education and healthcare initiatives, can help alleviate poverty and empower marginalized communities dependent on the gemstone industry. Collaboration across sectors is crucial for fostering a more equitable and sustainable gemstone trade that benefits both producers and consumers while respecting human rights and environmental integrity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthetic_and_artificial_gemstones">Synthetic and artificial gemstones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Synthetic and artificial gemstones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Synthetic gemstones are distinct from imitation or simulated gems. </p><p>Synthetic gems are physically, optically, and chemically identical to the natural stone, but are created in a laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imitation or simulated stones are chemically different from the natural stone, but may appear quite similar to it; they can be more easily manufactured synthetic gemstones of a different mineral (<a href="/wiki/Spinel#Synthetic_spinel" title="Spinel">spinel</a>), glass, plastic, resins, or other compounds. </p><p>Examples of simulated or imitation stones include <a href="/wiki/Cubic_zirconia" title="Cubic zirconia">cubic zirconia</a>, composed of <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a> oxide, synthetic <a href="/wiki/Moissanite" title="Moissanite">moissanite</a>, and uncolored, synthetic <a href="/wiki/Corundum#Synthetic_corundum" title="Corundum">corundum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spinel#Synthetic_spinel" title="Spinel">spinels</a>; all of which are <a href="/wiki/Diamond_simulants" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond simulants">diamond simulants</a>. The simulants imitate the look and color of the real stone but possess neither their chemical nor physical characteristics. In general, all are less <a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">hard</a> than diamond. Moissanite actually has a <i>higher</i> refractive index than diamond, and when presented beside an equivalently sized and cut diamond will show more "fire". </p><p>Cultured, synthetic, or "lab-created" gemstones are not imitations: The bulk mineral and trace coloring elements are the same in both. For example, <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">rubies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphires</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emeralds</a> have been manufactured in labs that possess chemical and physical characteristics identical to the naturally occurring variety. Synthetic (lab created) <a href="/wiki/Corundum#Synthetic_corundum" title="Corundum">corundum</a>, including ruby and sapphire, is very common and costs much less than the natural stones. Small <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_diamond" title="Synthetic diamond">synthetic diamonds</a> have been manufactured in large quantities as industrial <a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">abrasives</a>, although larger gem-quality synthetic diamonds are becoming available in multiple carats.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whether a gemstone is a natural stone or synthetic, the chemical, physical, and optical characteristics are the same: They are composed of the same <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> and are colored by the same trace materials, have the same <a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">hardness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strength_of_materials" title="Strength of materials">strength</a>, and show the same <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">color spectrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Birefringence" title="Birefringence">birefringence</a> (if any). Lab-created stones tend to have a more vivid color since impurities common in natural stones are not present in the synthetic stone. Synthetics are made free of common naturally occurring impurities that reduce gem clarity or color unless intentionally added in order to provide a more drab, natural appearance, or to deceive an assayer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On the other hand, synthetics often show flaws not seen in natural stones, such as minute particles of corroded metal from lab trays used during synthesis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some gemstones are more difficult to synthesize than others and not all stones are commercially viable to attempt to synthesize. These are the most common on the market currently.<sup id="cite_ref-Weldon_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weldon-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Synthetic_corundum">Synthetic corundum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Synthetic corundum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Synthetic corundum includes ruby (red variation) and sapphire (other color variations), both of which are considered highly desired and valued.<sup id="cite_ref-Weldon_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weldon-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruby was the first gemstone to be synthesized by Auguste Verneuil with his development of the flame-fusion process in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Synthetic corundum continues to be made typically by flame-fusion as it is most cost-effective, but can also be produced through flux growth and hydrothermal growth.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Synthetic_beryls">Synthetic beryls</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Synthetic beryls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common synthesized beryl is emerald (green). Yellow, red and blue beryls are possible but much more rare. Synthetic emerald became possible with the development of the flux growth process and is produced in this way and well as hydrothermal growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Lefever-1982_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lefever-1982-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Synthetic_quartz">Synthetic quartz</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Synthetic quartz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Types of synthetic quartz include citrine, rose quartz, and amethyst. Natural occurring quartz is not rare, but is nevertheless synthetically produced as it has practical application outside of aesthetic purposes. Quartz generates an electric current when under pressure and is used in watches, clocks, and oscillators.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Synthetic_spinel">Synthetic spinel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Synthetic spinel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Synthetic spinel was first produced by accident.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It can be created in any color making it popular to simulate various natural gemstones. It is created through flux growth and hydrothermal growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Weldon_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weldon-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_process">Creation process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Creation process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two main categories for creation of these minerals: melt or solution processes.<sup id="cite_ref-Weldon_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weldon-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verneuil_flame_fusion_process_(melt_process)"><span id="Verneuil_flame_fusion_process_.28melt_process.29"></span>Verneuil flame fusion process (melt process)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Verneuil flame fusion process (melt process)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verneuil_process_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Verneuil_process_diagram.svg/250px-Verneuil_process_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Verneuil_process_diagram.svg/330px-Verneuil_process_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Verneuil_process_diagram.svg/500px-Verneuil_process_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="1438" /></a><figcaption>Verneuil furnace</figcaption></figure> <p>The flame fusion process was the first process used which successfully created large quantities of synthetic gemstones to be sold on the market.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheel-2000_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheel-2000-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This remains the most cost effective and common method of creating corundums today. </p><p>The flame fusion process is completed in a Verneuil furnace. The furnace consists of an inverted blowpipe burner which produces an extremely hot oxyhydrogen flame, a powder dispenser, and a ceramic pedestal.<sup id="cite_ref-Read-1999_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Read-1999-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A chemical powder which corresponds to the desired gemstone is passed through this flames. This melts the ingredients which drop on to a plate and solidify into a crystal called a <i>boule</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Read-1999_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Read-1999-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For corundum the flame must be 2000 °C. This process takes hours and yields a crystal with the same properties as its natural counterpart. </p><p>To produce corundum, a pure aluminium powder is used with different additives to achieve different colors.<sup id="cite_ref-Read-1999_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Read-1999-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Chromic oxide for ruby</li> <li>Iron and titanium oxide for blue sapphire</li> <li>Nickel oxide for yellow sapphire</li> <li>Nickel, chromium and iron for orange sapphire</li> <li>Manganese for pink sapphire</li> <li>Copper for blue-green sapphire</li> <li>Cobalt for dark blue sapphire</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Czochralski_process_(melt_process)"><span id="Czochralski_process_.28melt_process.29"></span>Czochralski process (melt process)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Czochralski process (melt process)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1918 this process was developed by J. Czocharalski<sup id="cite_ref-Read-1999_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Read-1999-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is also referred to as the "crystal pulling" method. In this process, the required gemstone materials are added to a crucible. A seed stone is placed into the melt in the crucible. As the gem begins to crystallize on the seed, the seed is pulled away and the gem continues to grow.<sup id="cite_ref-Weldon_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weldon-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is used for corundum but is currently the least popular method.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheel-2000_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheel-2000-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flux_growth_(solution_process)"><span id="Flux_growth_.28solution_process.29"></span>Flux growth (solution process)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Flux growth (solution process)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The flux growth process was the first process able to synthesize emerald.<sup id="cite_ref-Lefever-1982_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lefever-1982-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flux growth begins with a crucible which can withstand high heat; either graphite or platinum which is filled with a molten liquid referred to as flux.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheel-2003_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheel-2003-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specific gem ingredients are added and dissolved in this fluid and recrystallize to form the desired gemstone.This is a longer process compared to the flame fusion process and can take two months up to a year depending on the desired final size.<sup id="cite_ref-Arem_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arem-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hydrothermal_growth_(solution_process)"><span id="Hydrothermal_growth_.28solution_process.29"></span>Hydrothermal growth (solution process)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Hydrothermal growth (solution process)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The hydrothermal growth process attempts to imitate the natural growth process of minerals. The required gem materials are sealed in a container of water and placed under extreme pressure. The water is heated beyond its boiling point which allows normally insoluble materials to dissolve. As more material cannot be added once the container is sealed, in order to create a larger gem the process would begin with a "seed" stone from a previous batch which the new material will crystallize on. This process takes a few weeks to complete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Synthetic gemstones share chemical and physical properties with natural gemstones, but there are some slight differences that can be used to discern synthetic from natural.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These differences are slight and often require microscopy as a tool to distinguish differences. Undetectable synthetics pose a threat to the market if they are able to be sold as rare natural gemstones.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Because of this there are certain characteristic gemologists look for. Each crystal is characteristic to the environment and growth process under which it was created. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Apatite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Golden_Apatite.jpg/220px-Golden_Apatite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Golden_Apatite.jpg/330px-Golden_Apatite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Golden_Apatite.jpg/440px-Golden_Apatite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1372" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>Visible banding in an <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a> gemstone</figcaption></figure> <p>Gemstones created from the flame-fusion process may have </p> <ul><li>small air bubbles which were trapped inside the boule during formation process</li> <li>visible banding from formation of the boule</li> <li>chatter marks which on the surface which appear crack like which are caused from damage during polishing of the gemstone</li></ul> <p>Gemstones created from flux melt process may have </p> <ul><li>small cavities which are filled with flux solution</li> <li>inclusions in the gemstone from crucible used<sup id="cite_ref-Li-2001_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-2001-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Gemstones created from hydrothermal growth may have </p> <ul><li>inclusions from container used<sup id="cite_ref-Li-2001_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-2001-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auguste_Victor_Louis_Verneuil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Auguste_Victor_Louis_Verneuil.jpg/170px-Auguste_Victor_Louis_Verneuil.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Auguste_Victor_Louis_Verneuil.jpg/255px-Auguste_Victor_Louis_Verneuil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Auguste_Victor_Louis_Verneuil.jpg/340px-Auguste_Victor_Louis_Verneuil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption>Auguste Verneuil – creator of flame-fusion process 1902</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to development of synthesising processes the alternatives on the market to natural gemstones were imitations or fake. In 1837, the first successful synthesis of ruby occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheel-2000_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheel-2000-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French chemist Marc Gaudin managed to produce small crystals of ruby from melting together potassium aluminium sulphate and potassium chromate through what would later be known as the flux melt process.<sup id="cite_ref-Read-1999_64-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Read-1999-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this, another French chemist Fremy was able to grow large quantities of small ruby crystals using a lead flux.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheel-2003_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheel-2003-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few years later an alternative to flux melt was developed which led to the introduction of what was labeled "reconstructed ruby" to the market. Reconstructed ruby was sold as a process which produced larger rubies from melting together bits of natural ruby.<sup id="cite_ref-Arem_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arem-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later attempts to recreate this process it was found to not be possible and is believed reconstructed rubies were most likely created using a multi-step method of melting of ruby powder.<sup id="cite_ref-Read-1999_64-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Read-1999-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Auguste Verneuil, a student of Fremy, went on to develop flame-fusion as an alternative to the flux-melt method. He developed large furnaces which were able to produce large quantities of corundums more efficiently and shifted the gemstone market dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process is still used today and the furnaces have not changed much from the original design.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> World production of corundum using this method reaches 1000 million carats a year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_rare_gemstones">List of rare gemstones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: List of rare gemstones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painite" title="Painite">Painite</a> was discovered in 1956 in Ohngaing in Myanmar. The mineral was named in honor of the British gemologist Arthur Charles Davy Pain. At one point it was considered the rarest mineral on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2022206_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2022206-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a> was discovered in 1967 in Northern Tanzania. With its supply possibly declining in the next 30 years, this gemstone is considered to be more rare than a diamond. This type of gemstone receives its vibrant blue from being heated.<sup id="cite_ref-Spruce_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spruce-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibonite" title="Hibonite">Hibonite</a> was discovered in 1956 in Madagascar. It was named after the discoverer, French geologist Paul Hibon. Gem quality hibonite has been found only in Myanmar.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RedBeryl-G-EmpireTheWorldOfGems_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/RedBeryl-G-EmpireTheWorldOfGems_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-RedBeryl-G-EmpireTheWorldOfGems_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/RedBeryl-G-EmpireTheWorldOfGems_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-RedBeryl-G-EmpireTheWorldOfGems_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/RedBeryl-G-EmpireTheWorldOfGems_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Red Beryl - discovered in 1904</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_beryl" title="Red beryl">Red beryl</a> or bixbite was discovered in an area near Beaver, Utah in 1904 and named after the American mineralogist Maynard Bixby.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremejevite" title="Jeremejevite">Jeremejevite</a> was discovered in 1883 in Russia and named after its discoverer, Pawel Wladimirowich Jeremejew (1830–1899).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambersite" title="Chambersite">Chambersite</a> was discovered in 1957 in Chambers County, Texas, US, and named after the deposit's location.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taaffeite" title="Taaffeite">Taaffeite</a> was discovered in 1945. It was named after the discoverer, the Irish gemologist Count Edward Charles Richard Taaffe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musgravite" title="Musgravite">Musgravite</a> was discovered in 1967 in the Musgrave Mountains in South Australia and named for the location.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_opal_(Stayish_Mine,_Wollo_Province,_Ethiopia)_6_(23226115484).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Black_opal_%28Stayish_Mine%2C_Wollo_Province%2C_Ethiopia%29_6_%2823226115484%29.jpg/220px-Black_opal_%28Stayish_Mine%2C_Wollo_Province%2C_Ethiopia%29_6_%2823226115484%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Black_opal_%28Stayish_Mine%2C_Wollo_Province%2C_Ethiopia%29_6_%2823226115484%29.jpg/330px-Black_opal_%28Stayish_Mine%2C_Wollo_Province%2C_Ethiopia%29_6_%2823226115484%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Black_opal_%28Stayish_Mine%2C_Wollo_Province%2C_Ethiopia%29_6_%2823226115484%29.jpg/440px-Black_opal_%28Stayish_Mine%2C_Wollo_Province%2C_Ethiopia%29_6_%2823226115484%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Black Opal – the rarest type of opal</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_opal" class="mw-redirect" title="Black opal">Black opal</a> is directly mined in New South Wales, Australia, making it the rarest type of opal. Having a darker composition, this gemstone can be in a variety of colours.<sup id="cite_ref-Spruce_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spruce-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandidierite" title="Grandidierite">Grandidierite</a> was discovered by Antoine François Alfred Lacroix (1863–1948) in 1902 in Tuléar Province, Madagascar. It was named in honor of the French naturalist and explorer Alfred Grandidier (1836–1912).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poudretteite" title="Poudretteite">Poudretteite</a> was discovered in 1965 at the Poudrette Quarry in Canada and named after the quarry's owners and operators, the Poudrette family.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serendibite" title="Serendibite">Serendibite</a> was discovered in Sri Lanka by Sunil Palitha Gunasekera in 1902 and named after Serendib, the old Arabic name for Sri Lanka.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zektzerite" title="Zektzerite">Zektzerite</a> was discovered by Bart Cannon in 1968 on Kangaroo Ridge near Washington Pass in Okanogan County, Washington, USA. The mineral was named in honor of mathematician and geologist Jack Zektzer, who presented the material for study in 1976.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>French singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Nolwenn_Leroy" title="Nolwenn Leroy">Nolwenn Leroy</a> was inspired by the gemstones for her 2017 album <i>Gemme</i> (meaning gemstone in French) and the single of the same name.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Land_of_the_Lustrous" title="Land of the Lustrous">Land of the Lustrous</a> is a Japanese manga and anime series whose main characters are depicted as humanoid jewels.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Steven_Universe" title="Steven Universe">Steven Universe</a> is an American animated television series whose main characters are magical gemstones who project themselves as feminine humanoids.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembled_gem" title="Assembled gem">Assembled gem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemology" title="Gemology">Gemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gemstones_by_species" title="List of gemstones by species">List of gemstones by species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_gemstones" title="List of individual gemstones">List of individual gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_derived_from_gemstones" title="List of names derived from gemstones">List of names derived from gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emeralds_by_size" title="List of emeralds by size">List of emeralds by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sapphires_by_size" title="List of sapphires by size">List of sapphires by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diamonds" title="List of diamonds">List of diamonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_gemstones" title="Luminous gemstones">Luminous gemstones</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oxford-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oxford_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200321174957/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/gemstone">"Gemstone"</a>. <i>Lexico</i>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/gemstone">the original</a> on March 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico&rft.atitle=Gemstone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fen%2Fdefinition%2Fgemstone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gemstone">Webster Online Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070603091355/http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gemstone">Archived</a> 2007-06-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlden2009" class="citation book cs1">Alden, Nancy (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWqLSol_bEwC"><i>Simply Gemstones: Designs for Creating Beaded Gemstone Jewelry</i></a>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-45135-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-45135-4"><bdi>978-0-307-45135-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Simply+Gemstones%3A+Designs+for+Creating+Beaded+Gemstone+Jewelry&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-307-45135-4&rft.aulast=Alden&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYWqLSol_bEwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/pearl-gemstone">"Pearl | Natural, Cultured & Imitation Gemstones | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. January 19, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Pearl+%7C+Natural%2C+Cultured+%26+Imitation+Gemstones+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fpearl-gemstone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gemstones.com/gemopedia">"Gemopedia - Gemstone Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>www.gemstones.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gemstones.com&rft.atitle=Gemopedia+-+Gemstone+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gemstones.com%2Fgemopedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gem5.com/tag/soft/">"Soft Gemstones and Minerals | Gem5.com"</a>. <i>gem5.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Dover Publications. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486219103" title="Special:BookSources/9780486219103"><bdi>9780486219103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Precious+Stones&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780486219103&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcrc7ZtRHItgC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leysen.eu/en/news/what-are-the-differences-between-precious-and-semi-precious-stones#:~:text=Precious%20stones%20are%20distinguished%20by,therefore%20called%20semi-precious%20stones.">"What are the differences between precious and semi-precious stones? - Information - Leysen - Joaillier since 1855"</a>. <i>www.leysen.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.leysen.eu&rft.atitle=What+are+the+differences+between+precious+and+semi-precious+stones%3F+-+Information+-+Leysen+-+Joaillier+since+1855&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leysen.eu%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fwhat-are-the-differences-between-precious-and-semi-precious-stones%23%3A~%3Atext%3DPrecious%2520stones%2520are%2520distinguished%2520by%2Ctherefore%2520called%2520semi-precious%2520stones.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wise, R. 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Princeton University Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21448-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21448-1"><bdi>978-0-691-21448-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gemstones%3A+A+Concise+Reference+Guide&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2022-04-12&rft.isbn=978-0-691-21448-1&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQrpFEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRead2005" class="citation book cs1">Read, Peter G. 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New York: Chartwell Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7858-3498-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7858-3498-4"><bdi>978-0-7858-3498-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gemstones%3A+a+complete+color+reference+for+precious+and+semiprecious+stones+of+the+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Chartwell+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7858-3498-4&rft.aulast=Hurrell&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Mary+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gemstones.com/articles/gemstone-how-to-identify">"Gemstone Identification: How to Identify Gemstones | Gemstones.com"</a>. <i>www.gemstones.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(November 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Desirable diamonds: The world's most famous gem. by Sarah Todd.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gia.edu/sites/Satellite?c=Page&cid=1495334900680&childpagename=GIA/Page/GGArticleDetail&pagename=GIA/Wrapper&WRAPPERPAGE=GIA/Wrapper">"Inclusions in Gemstones"</a>. <i>www.gia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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W., 2003, <i>Secrets of The Gem Trade: The Connoisseur's Guide to Precious Gemstones</i>, Brunswick House Press, Lenox, Massachusetts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adventure.howstuffworks.com/outdoor-activities/climbing/5-most-precious-stones.htm">"5 Most Precious Stones"</a>. <i>HowStuffWorks.com</i>. 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April 2, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170828191332/http://www.jewellerymonthly.com/what-is-a-gemstone/">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewellery+Monthly&rft.atitle=A+complete+guide+to+Gemstones&rft.date=2015-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewellerymonthly.com%2Fwhat-is-a-gemstone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://menzie.com/colored-gemstone-sales/prices-for-gemstones/">"Pricing of Colored Gemstones | Joseph Menzie Inc"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027172652/https://menzie.com/colored-gemstone-sales/prices-for-gemstones/">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pricing+of+Colored+Gemstones+%7C+Joseph+Menzie+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmenzie.com%2Fcolored-gemstone-sales%2Fprices-for-gemstones%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKatz2005" class="citation book cs1">Katz, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WUpDAAAACAAJ"><i>Gemstone Energy Medicine: Healing Body, Mind and Spirit</i></a>. Natural Healing Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780924700248" title="Special:BookSources/9780924700248"><bdi>9780924700248</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gemstone+Energy+Medicine%3A+Healing+Body%2C+Mind+and+Spirit&rft.pub=Natural+Healing+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780924700248&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWUpDAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2019-paraiba-tourmaline-geographic-origin-determination">"Geographic Origin Determination of Paraíba Tourmaline"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409023403/https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2019-paraiba-tourmaline-geographic-origin-determination">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geographic+Origin+Determination+of+Para%C3%ADba+Tourmaline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gia.edu%2Fgems-gemology%2Fwinter-2019-paraiba-tourmaline-geographic-origin-determination&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gemsociety.org/article/paraiba-tourmaline/">"International Gem Society LLC"</a>. <i>International Gem Society</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Gem+Society&rft.atitle=International+Gem+Society+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gemsociety.org%2Farticle%2Fparaiba-tourmaline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/learning/international-school/24948/the-gem-and-jewelry-institute-of-thailand-public-organization-">"The Gem and Jewelry Institute of Thailand (Public Organization)"</a>. <i>Bangkok Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=The+Gem+and+Jewelry+Institute+of+Thailand+%28Public+Organization%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Flearning%2Finternational-school%2F24948%2Fthe-gem-and-jewelry-institute-of-thailand-public-organization-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diamonds.net/news/NewsItem.aspx?ArticleID=17766">"Rapaport report of ICA Gemstone Conference in Dubai"</a>. Diamonds.net. May 16, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726144914/http://www.diamonds.net/news/NewsItem.aspx?ArticleID=17766">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rapaport+report+of+ICA+Gemstone+Conference+in+Dubai&rft.pub=Diamonds.net&rft.date=2007-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diamonds.net%2Fnews%2FNewsItem.aspx%3FArticleID%3D17766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gemsociety.org/article/gem-cutting-terms/">"A Guide to Gem Cutting Styles"</a>. <i>International Gem Society</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Gem+Society&rft.atitle=A+Guide+to+Gem+Cutting+Styles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gemsociety.org%2Farticle%2Fgem-cutting-terms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKraus2007" class="citation book cs1">Kraus, Pansy D. 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Krause Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801972669" title="Special:BookSources/9780801972669"><bdi>9780801972669</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Lapidary&rft.pub=Krause+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780801972669&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.aufirst=Pansy+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontola00krau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVargasVargas2002" class="citation book cs1">Vargas, Glenn; Vargas, Martha (2002). <i>Faceting For Amateurs</i>. G. & M. 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April 6, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180119235335/https://www.thenaturalsapphirecompany.com/blog/padparadscha-sapphires-a-buying-guide">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Natural+Sapphire+Company+Blog&rft.atitle=Padparadscha+Sapphires%3A+10+Tips+On+Judging+The+Rare+Gem&rft.date=2015-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenaturalsapphirecompany.com%2Fblog%2Fpadparadscha-sapphires-a-buying-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNassau1984" class="citation book cs1">Nassau, Kurt (1984). <i>Gemstone enhancement: heat, irradiation, impregnation, dyeing, and other treatments which alter the appearance of gemstones, and the detection of such treatments</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Gem+Society&rft.atitle=Understanding+Gem+Synthetics%2C+Treatments%2C+And+Imitations%2C+Part+4%3A+Synthetic+Gemstone+Guide&rft.aulast=Arem&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gemsociety.org%2Farticle%2Funderstanding-gem-synthetics-treatments-imitations-part-4-synthetic-gemstone-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJayaraman2023" class="citation journal cs1">Jayaraman, A (December 28, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24104848">"A brief overview of gem materials: Natural and synthetic"</a>. <i>Current Science</i>. <b>79</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">1555–</span>1565. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24104848">24104848</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415034735/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24104848?searchText=&searchUri=&ab_segments=&searchKey=&refreqid=fastly-default:03cfdfcd0fc6ba4823dbdf226c8f4575">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=A+brief+overview+of+gem+materials%3A+Natural+and+synthetic&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1555-%3C%2Fspan%3E1565&rft.date=2023-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24104848%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jayaraman&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24104848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Li-2001-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Li-2001_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li-2001_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLi2001" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Zhaolin (December 1, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03166857">"Study on inclusions in natural and synthetic gems"</a>. <i>Chinese Journal of Geochemistry</i>. <b>20</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">324–</span>332. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Geoch..20..324L">2001Geoch..20..324L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03166857">10.1007/BF03166857</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1993-0364">1993-0364</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129031255">129031255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Journal+of+Geochemistry&rft.atitle=Study+on+inclusions+in+natural+and+synthetic+gems&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E324-%3C%2Fspan%3E332&rft.date=2001-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03166857&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129031255%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1993-0364&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Geoch..20..324L&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Zhaolin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2FBF03166857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNassau1990" class="citation journal cs1">Nassau, Kurt (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gia.edu/doc/Synthetic-Gem-Materials-in-the-1980s.pdf">"Synthetic Gem Materials in the 1980s"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Gems & Gemology</i>. <b>26</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">50–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5741%2FGEMS.26.1.50">10.5741/GEMS.26.1.50</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211101192418/https://www.gia.edu/doc/Synthetic-Gem-Materials-in-the-1980s.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 1, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gems+%26+Gemology&rft.atitle=Synthetic+Gem+Materials+in+the+1980s&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5741%2FGEMS.26.1.50&rft.aulast=Nassau&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gia.edu%2Fdoc%2FSynthetic-Gem-Materials-in-the-1980s.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarris2003" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Daniel C. (September 26, 2003). Tustison, Randal W. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/5078/0000/A-peek-into-the-history-of-sapphire-crystal-growth/10.1117/12.501428.full">"A peek into the history of sapphire crystal growth"</a>. <i>Window and Dome Technologies VIII</i>. <b>5078</b>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spruce+Crafts&rft.atitle=10+Gems+Rarer+and+More+Valuable+Than+Diamonds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesprucecrafts.com%2Fmost-valuable-gemstones-in-the-world-4105417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHainschwangNotariMassiArmbruster2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hainschwang, Thomas; Notari, Franck; Massi, Laurent; Armbruster, Thomas; Rondeau, Benjamin; Fritsch, Emmanuel; Nagashima, Mariko (Summer 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gia.edu/doc/Hibonite-a-New-Gem-Mineral.pdf">"Hibonite: A New Gem Mineral"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Gems & Gemology</i>. <b>46</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">135–</span>138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5741%2FGEMS.46.2.135">10.5741/GEMS.46.2.135</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213082143/https://www.gia.edu/doc/Hibonite-a-New-Gem-Mineral.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gems+%26+Gemology&rft.atitle=Hibonite%3A+A+New+Gem+Mineral&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5741%2FGEMS.46.2.135&rft.aulast=Hainschwang&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Notari%2C+Franck&rft.au=Massi%2C+Laurent&rft.au=Armbruster%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Rondeau%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Fritsch%2C+Emmanuel&rft.au=Nagashima%2C+Mariko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gia.edu%2Fdoc%2FHibonite-a-New-Gem-Mineral.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtl.fr/culture/musique/video-nolwenn-leroy-lumineuse-et-enceinte-dans-le-clip-de-gemme-7789410563">"Vidéo – Nolwenn Leroy lumineuse et enceinte dans le clip de Gemme"</a>. RTL. 19 July 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://myanimelist.net/manga/44489/Houseki_no_Kuni">"Houseki no Kuni"</a>. <i>MyAnimeList.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MyAnimeList.net&rft.atitle=Houseki+no+Kuni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmyanimelist.net%2Fmanga%2F44489%2FHouseki_no_Kuni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://myanimelist.net/anime/35557/Houseki_no_Kuni"><i>Houseki no Kuni</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2024</span> – via myanimelist.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Houseki+no+Kuni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmyanimelist.net%2Fanime%2F35557%2FHouseki_no_Kuni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3061046/"><i>Steven Universe</i></a> (Animation, Short, Action), Zach Callison, Deedee Magno, Michaela Dietz, Cartoon Network Studios, July 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steven+Universe&rft.pub=Cartoon+Network+Studios&rft.date=2013-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt3061046%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemstone" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemstone&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Gemstone" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Gemstone">Gemstone</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gemstones" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gemstones">Gemstones</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gemstones" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gemstones"><i>gemstones</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/20px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Gemstone#Q83437" class="extiw" title="voy:Gemstone">Gemstone</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gemstones" title="Template:Gemstones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gemstones" title="Template talk:Gemstones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gemstones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gemstones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gemstones420" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gemstones</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Gemmological classifications by E. Ya. Kievlenko (1980), updated</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> stones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_gem" title="Cardinal gem">1st order</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_(gemstone)" title="Diamond (gemstone)">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire#Blue_sapphire" title="Sapphire">Blue Sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl#Alexandrite" title="Chrysoberyl">Alexandrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl#Natural_pearls" title="Pearl">Natural marine pearls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>2nd order</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire#Pink_sapphires" title="Sapphire">Pink sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demantoid" title="Demantoid">Demantoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsavorite" title="Tsavorite">Tsavorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal#Precious_opal" title="Opal">Precious Black Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>3rd order</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire#Sapphires_of_other_colors" title="Sapphire">Yellow, Green, Violet Sapphires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquamarine_(gem)" title="Aquamarine (gem)">Aquamarine</a></li> <li>Orange <a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">topaz</a> (Imperial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbaite" title="Elbaite">Elbaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal#Other_varieties_of_opal" title="Opal">Precious White and Fire Opal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>4th order</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a> – Verdelite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indicolite" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicolite">Indicolite</a>, polychromous</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> – <a href="/wiki/Heliodor" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliodor">Heliodor</a>, pink, yellow-green</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a> yellow, blue, pink</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnets</a> – <a href="/wiki/Spessartine" title="Spessartine">Spessartine</a> (malaya), <a href="/wiki/Rhodolite" title="Rhodolite">Rhodolite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almandine" title="Almandine">Almandine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrope" title="Pyrope">Pyrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrine_quartz" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrine quartz">Citrine</a></li> <li>Blue <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewelry-Industrial<br />stones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>1st order</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lazurite" title="Lazurite">Lazurite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeite" title="Jadeite">Jadeite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrite" title="Nephrite">Nephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baltic_amber" title="Baltic amber">Baltic amber</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoprase" title="Chrysoprase">Chrysoprase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charoite" title="Charoite">Charoite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>2nd order</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">Amazonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodonite" title="Rhodonite">Rhodonite</a></li> <li>Colorless, <a href="/wiki/Quartz#Smoky_quartz" title="Quartz">smoky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quartz#Rose_quartz" title="Quartz">pink</a> <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">Hematite</a></li> <li>Common <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a></li> <li>Opaque iridescent <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial stones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_texture" title="Graphic texture">Graphic</a> <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrified_wood" title="Petrified wood">Petrified wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacholong" title="Cacholong">Cacholong</a> (Porouse <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a>)</li> <li>Marble <a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listwanite" title="Listwanite">Listwanite</a> (green mica)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(lignite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet (lignite)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenite_(mineral)" title="Selenite (mineral)">Selenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a> <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verd_antique" title="Verd antique">Ophicalcite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentine</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">Calcite</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagodite" title="Pagodite">Pagodite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pyrophyllite" title="Pyrophyllite">Pyrophyllite</a>/<a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">Talc</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_gemstones" title="List of individual gemstones">List of individual gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diamonds" title="List of diamonds">List of diamonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emeralds_by_size" title="List of emeralds by size">List of emeralds by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sapphires_by_size" title="List of sapphires by size">List of sapphires by size</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_gemstones_by_species" title="List of gemstones by species">List of gemstones by species</a> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/15px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/24px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/31px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="3552" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Minerals" title="Portal:Minerals">Minerals portal</a></b></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewellery187" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewellery" title="Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewellery" title="Template talk:Jewellery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewellery187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jewellery_types" title="List of jewellery types">Forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklet" title="Anklet">Anklet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_clip" title="Hair clip">Barrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_chain" title="Belly chain">Belly chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_buckle" title="Belt buckle">Belt buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">Bolo tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">Bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">Brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_chain" title="Jewellery chain">Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatelaine_(chain)" title="Chatelaine (chain)">Chatelaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_pin" title="Collar pin">Collar pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cufflink" title="Cufflink">Cufflink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">Earring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferronni%C3%A8re" title="Ferronnière">Ferronnière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital jewellery">Genital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">Necklace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ring" title="Neck ring">Neck ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Pectoral (Ancient Egypt)">Pectoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">Pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_chain" title="Tie chain">Tie chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_clip" title="Tie clip">Tie clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_pin" title="Tie pin">Tie pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_ring" title="Toe ring">Toe ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch_strap" title="Watch strap">strap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Making</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bench_jeweler" title="Bench jeweler">Bench jeweler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">Clockmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker" title="Watchmaker">Watchmaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(silversmithing)" title="Centrifugal casting (silversmithing)">centrifugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">vacuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enameling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">Filigree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewelry_model" title="Jewelry model">Jewelry model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_clay" title="Metal clay">Metal clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">Plating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polishing_(metalworking)" title="Polishing (metalworking)">Polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">Repoussé and chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonesetting" title="Stonesetting">Stonesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_sculpture" title="Wire sculpture">Wire sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_wrapped_jewelry" title="Wire wrapped jewelry">Wire wrapped jewelry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_plate" title="Draw plate">Draw plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precious metal <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_silver" title="Britannia silver">Britannia silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_gold" title="Colored gold">Colored gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_gold" title="Crown gold">Crown gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">Electrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakud%C5%8D" title="Shakudō">Shakudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuichi" title="Shibuichi">Shibuichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">Sterling silver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentium_sterling_silver" title="Argentium sterling silver">Argentium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">Base metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokume-gane" title="Mokume-gane">Mokume-gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">Nickel silver (alpacca)</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">Pewter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchbeck_(alloy)" title="Pinchbeck (alloy)">Pinchbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mineral <a class="mw-selflink selflink">gemstones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">Amazonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_beryl" title="Red beryl">red</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl" title="Chrysoberyl">Chrysoberyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysocolla" title="Chrysocolla">Chrysocolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrine_(quartz)" title="Citrine (quartz)">Citrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diopside" title="Diopside">Diopside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howlite" title="Howlite">Howlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyanite" title="Kyanite">Kyanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">Labradorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larimar" title="Larimar">Larimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcasite_jewellery" title="Marcasite jewellery">Marcasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonstone_(gemstone)" title="Moonstone (gemstone)">Moonstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">Onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasiolite" title="Prasiolite">Prasiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smoky_quartz" title="Smoky quartz">smoky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalite" title="Sodalite">Sodalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunstone" title="Sunstone">Sunstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger%27s_eye" title="Tiger's eye">Tiger's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variscite" title="Variscite">Variscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">Zircon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic gemstones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammolite" title="Ammolite">Ammolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">Copal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Coral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_coral" title="Black coral">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">Precious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(gemstone)" title="Jet (gemstone)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">Nacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">Operculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell" title="Tortoiseshell">Tortoiseshell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other natural objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezoar" title="Bezoar">Bezoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebonite" title="Ebonite">Ebonite (vulcanite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair jewellery">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_jewelry" title="Shell jewelry">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spondylus" title="Spondylus">Spondylus shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toadstone" title="Toadstone">Toadstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_jewelry" title="Art jewelry">Art jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carat_(mass)" title="Carat (mass)">Carat</a> (mass)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness#Carat" title="Fineness">Carat</a> (purity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_(jewelcrafting)" title="Finding (jewelcrafting)">Finding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness" title="Fineness">Fineness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">Body piercing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gemology" title="Gemology">Gemology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wearable_art" title="Wearable art">Wearable art</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" 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this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4052949-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85053712">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563481">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="drahokamy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114355&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="drahé kameny"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114356&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="gemy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph158318&CON_LNG=ENG">3</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX4576308">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007560566805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=20960">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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