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revolt, 1548</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aden_revolt,_1548-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Qatif,_1551" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Qatif,_1551"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Siege of Qatif, 1551</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Qatif,_1551-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piri_Reis_expedition,_1552" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piri_Reis_expedition,_1552"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Piri Reis expedition, 1552</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piri_Reis_expedition,_1552-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murat_Reis_the_Elder_Expedition_and_Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Hormuz,_1553" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murat_Reis_the_Elder_Expedition_and_Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Hormuz,_1553"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Murat Reis the Elder Expedition and Battle of the Strait of Hormuz, 1553</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murat_Reis_the_Elder_Expedition_and_Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Hormuz,_1553-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seydi_Ali_Reis_Expedition_and_Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Oman,_1554" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seydi_Ali_Reis_Expedition_and_Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Oman,_1554"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Seydi Ali Reis Expedition and Battle of the Gulf of Oman, 1554</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seydi_Ali_Reis_Expedition_and_Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Oman,_1554-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Red_Sea_Campaign,_1556" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_Sea_Campaign,_1556"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Red Sea Campaign, 1556</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_Sea_Campaign,_1556-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Bahrain,_1559" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Bahrain,_1559"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Siege of Bahrain, 1559</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Bahrain,_1559-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Kamaran_Island,_1560" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Kamaran_Island,_1560"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Battle of Kamaran Island, 1560</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Kamaran_Island,_1560-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1%E2%80%93Portuqaliya_m%C3%BCnaqi%C5%9F%C9%99l%C9%99ri_(1538%E2%80%931557)" title="Osmanlı–Portuqaliya münaqişələri (1538–1557) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Osmanlı–Portuqaliya münaqişələri (1538–1557)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmansko-portugalsk%C3%A9_v%C3%A1lky_(1538%E2%80%931560)" title="Osmansko-portugalské války (1538–1560) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Osmansko-portugalské války (1538–1560)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflits_entre_Ottomans_et_Portugais_(1538%E2%80%931559)" title="Conflits entre Ottomans et Portugais (1538–1559) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conflits entre Ottomans et Portugais (1538–1559)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6r%C3%B6k%E2%80%93portug%C3%A1l_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA_(1538%E2%80%9357)" title="Török–portugál háború (1538–57) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Török–portugál háború (1538–57)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Turco-Portuguesa" title="Guerra Turco-Portuguesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra Turco-Portuguesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_(1538%E2%80%941557)" title="Португало-турецкая война (1538—1557) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Португало-турецкая война (1538—1557)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1-Portekiz_%C3%A7eki%C5%9Fmesi_(1538%E2%80%931559)" title="Osmanlı-Portekiz çekişmesi (1538–1559) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Osmanlı-Portekiz çekişmesi (1538–1559)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q762191#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Series of military encounters between the Portuguese and Ottoman Empires</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output 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colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_confrontations" title="Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations">Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fortress_of_Diu_in_1539.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Fortress_of_Diu_in_1539.jpg/300px-Fortress_of_Diu_in_1539.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Fortress_of_Diu_in_1539.jpg/450px-Fortress_of_Diu_in_1539.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Fortress_of_Diu_in_1539.jpg/600px-Fortress_of_Diu_in_1539.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1163" /></a></span><br />The Portuguese fortress of Diu in India, strongly attacked by the Ottomans in 1538.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1538–1560 <br />(22 years)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">The <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">Status quo ante bellum</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Mesut_Uyar_2009,_p._76_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesut_Uyar_2009,_p._76-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <ul><li>Portugal maintains control of the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ottomans expand their influence in the Red Sea</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hormuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hormuz">Kingdom of Hormuz</a></li></ul> <p><b>Supported by:</b><br /> </p> <span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire"><img alt="Ethiopian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ethiopian_Pennants.svg/23px-Ethiopian_Pennants.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ethiopian_Pennants.svg/35px-Ethiopian_Pennants.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ethiopian_Pennants.svg/45px-Ethiopian_Pennants.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a> Sultanate</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="283" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul> <p><b>Supported by:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Sultanate" title="Gujarat Sultanate">Gujarat Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_da_Gama_(16th_century)" title="Estêvão da Gama (16th century)">Estêvão da Gama</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_da_Gama" title="Cristóvão da Gama">Cristóvão da Gama</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B3nio_da_Silveira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="António da Silveira (page does not exist)">António da Silveira</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Noronha" title="Diogo de Noronha">Diogo de Noronha</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Noronha" class="mw-redirect" title="António de Noronha">António de Noronha</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Castro" title="João de Castro">João de Castro</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span></span> Álvaro de Castro</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281521%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span></span> Fernando de Meneses</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire"><img alt="Ethiopian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ethiopian_Pennants.svg/23px-Ethiopian_Pennants.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ethiopian_Pennants.svg/35px-Ethiopian_Pennants.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ethiopian_Pennants.svg/45px-Ethiopian_Pennants.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dawit_II_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawit II of Ethiopia">Dawit II of Ethiopia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire"><img alt="Ethiopian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ethiopian_Pennants.svg/23px-Ethiopian_Pennants.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ethiopian_Pennants.svg/35px-Ethiopian_Pennants.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ethiopian_Pennants.svg/45px-Ethiopian_Pennants.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gelawdewos_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelawdewos of Ethiopia">Gelawdewos of Ethiopia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="283" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Had%C4%B1m_Suleiman_Pasha" title="Hadım Suleiman Pasha">Suleiman Pasha</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="283" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis">Piri Reis</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="283" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Seydi_Ali_Reis" title="Seydi Ali Reis">Seydi Ali Reis</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="283" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Reis" title="Sefer Reis">Sefer Reis</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="283" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Murat_Reis_the_Elder" title="Murat Reis the Elder">Murat Reis</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="283" /></a></span></span> Mustafa Pasha</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoja_Zufar" title="Khoja Zufar">Khadjar Safar</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrihim_al-Ghazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi">Ahmad al-Ghazi</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> 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href="/wiki/Attack_on_Jeddah_(1541)" title="Attack on Jeddah (1541)">Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jarte" title="Battle of Jarte">Jarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wofla" title="Battle of Wofla">Wofla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wayna_Daga" title="Battle of Wayna Daga">Wayna Daga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1546)" title="Siege of Diu (1546)">2nd Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Aden_(1548)" title="Capture of Aden (1548)">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Reis#Battle_of_Bab_el-Mandeb" title="Sefer Reis">Bab el Mandeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qatif_(1551)" title="Siege of Qatif (1551)">Qatif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_campaign_against_Hormuz" title="Ottoman campaign against Hormuz">Ottoman campaign against Hormuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Muscat_(1552)" title="Capture of Muscat (1552)">Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hormuz_(1552)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Hormuz (1552)"> Hormuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bay_of_Velez" title="Battle of the Bay of Velez">Velez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Hormuz_(1553)" title="Battle of the Strait of Hormuz (1553)">Strait of Hormuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Oman" title="Battle of the Gulf of Oman">Oman Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_at_Diu" class="mw-redirect" title="Action at Diu">3rd Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Mocha" class="mw-redirect" title="Attack on Mocha">Mocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bahrain" title="Siege of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kamaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kamaran">Kamaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ottoman–Portuguese_conflicts" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Portuguese-Turkish_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Portuguese-Turkish War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Portuguese-Turkish_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Portuguese-Turkish War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Portuguese-Turkish_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Portuguese-Turkish War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ottoman–Portuguese_conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_confrontations" title="Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations"><span class="wrap">Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jeddah_(1517)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jeddah (1517)">Siege of Jeddah (1517)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ash-Shihr_(1531)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ash-Shihr (1531)">Battle of Ash-Shihr (1531)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1531)" title="Siege of Diu (1531)">Siege of Diu (1531)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Conquest of Tunis (1535)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">Conquest of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1568)" title="Siege of Malacca (1568)">Siege of Malacca (1568)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir" title="Battle of Alcácer Quibir">Battle of Alcácer Quibir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Muscat_(1581)" title="Capture of Muscat (1581)">Capture of Muscat (1581)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1586%E2%80%931589)" title="Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1586–1589)">Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1586–1589)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Madeira" title="Sack of Madeira">Sack of Madeira (1617)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1714%E2%80%931718)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718)">Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718)</a></li> <li>Battle at the Portuguese coast (1726)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts</b> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Guerra Turco-Portuguesa</i>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Osmanlı İmparatorluğu-Portekiz İmparatorluğu çekişmesi</i>, 1538–60) were a period of conflict during the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_confrontations" title="Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations">Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations</a> and series of armed military encounters between the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> along with regional allies in and along the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)" title="Special:EditPage/Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After the voyages of <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>, a powerful <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Navy#History" title="Portuguese Navy">Portuguese Navy</a> took control of the Indian Ocean in the early 16th century. It threatened the coastal cities of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. The headquarters of the Portuguese was <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, a city on the west coast of India, captured in 1510. </p><p>Ottoman control of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> meanwhile began in 1517 when <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> annexed <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> to the Ottoman Empire after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ridaniya" title="Battle of Ridaniya">Battle of Ridaniya</a>. Most of the habitable zone of the Arabian Peninsula (<a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah</a>) soon fell voluntarily to the Ottomans. <a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis">Piri Reis</a>, who was famous for his <a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis_map" title="Piri Reis map">World Map</a>, presented it to Selim just a few weeks after the sultan arrived in Egypt. Part of the 1513 map, which covers the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, is now in the <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Topkapı Museum">Topkapı Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The portion concerning the Indian Ocean is missing; it is argued that Selim may have taken it, so that he could make more use of it in planning future military expeditions in that direction. In fact, after the Ottoman domination in the Red Sea, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts">Turco-Portuguese rivalry</a> began. Selim entered into negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Shah_II" title="Muzaffar Shah II">Muzaffar Shah II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, (a sultanate in northwest India), about a possible joint strike against the Portuguese in Goa.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However Selim died in 1520. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_attack_on_Jiddah_1517.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Portuguese_attack_on_Jiddah_1517.jpg/220px-Portuguese_attack_on_Jiddah_1517.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Portuguese_attack_on_Jiddah_1517.jpg/330px-Portuguese_attack_on_Jiddah_1517.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Portuguese_attack_on_Jiddah_1517.jpg/440px-Portuguese_attack_on_Jiddah_1517.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>The Ottoman admiral <a href="/wiki/Selman_Reis" title="Selman Reis">Selman Reis</a> defended Jeddah against a Portuguese attack in 1517</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1525, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman I</a> (Selim's son), <a href="/wiki/Selman_Reis" title="Selman Reis">Selman Reis</a>, a former corsair, was appointed as the admiral of a small Ottoman fleet in the Red Sea which was tasked with defending Ottoman coastal towns against Portuguese attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1534, Suleiman annexed most of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and by 1538 the Ottomans had reached <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. The Ottoman Empire still faced the problem of <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> controlled coasts. Most coastal towns on the Arabian Peninsula were either Portuguese ports or Portuguese vassals. Another reason for Turco-Portugal rivalry was economic. In the 15th century, the main trade routes from the Far East to Europe, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Spice_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice route">spice route</a>, was via the Red Sea and Egypt. But after Africa was circumnavigated the trade income was decreasing.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Ottoman Empire was a major sea power in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, it was not possible to transfer the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman Navy</a> to the Red Sea. So, a new fleet was built in <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a> and named the "Indian fleet".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The apparent reason of the expeditions in the Indian Ocean, nonetheless, was an invitation from India. </p><p>This war took place upon the backdrop of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_War" title="Ethiopian–Adal War">Ethiopian–Adal War</a>. Ethiopia had been invaded in 1529 by the <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a> with Ottoman backing. Portuguese help, which was first requested by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Dawit_II" title="Dawit II">Dawit II</a> in 1520, finally arrived in <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a> during the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Gelawdewos_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelawdewos of Ethiopia">Galawdewos</a>. The force was led by <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_da_Gama" title="Cristóvão da Gama">Cristóvão da Gama</a> (second son of <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>) and included 400 musketeers, several breech-loading field guns, and a few Portuguese cavalrymen as well as a number of artisans and other non-combatants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course_of_hostilities">Course of hostilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Course of hostilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_Diu,_1538"><span id="Siege_of_Diu.2C_1538"></span>Siege of Diu, 1538</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Siege of Diu, 1538"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1538)" title="Siege of Diu (1538)">Siege of Diu (1538)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Portuguese_Fortress_of_Diu_in_the_mid-16th_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Portuguese_Fortress_of_Diu_in_the_mid-16th_century.png/220px-The_Portuguese_Fortress_of_Diu_in_the_mid-16th_century.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Portuguese_Fortress_of_Diu_in_the_mid-16th_century.png/330px-The_Portuguese_Fortress_of_Diu_in_the_mid-16th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Portuguese_Fortress_of_Diu_in_the_mid-16th_century.png/440px-The_Portuguese_Fortress_of_Diu_in_the_mid-16th_century.png 2x" data-file-width="2704" data-file-height="1682" /></a><figcaption>The Portuguese fortress of Diu in Gujarat, India.</figcaption></figure> <p>Major hostilities between Portugal and the Ottoman Empire began in 1538,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the Ottomans assisted the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Gujarat">Sultanate of Gujarat</a> with about 80 vessels to lay <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1538)" title="Siege of Diu (1538)">siege to Diu</a>, which had been built by the Portuguese in 1535. The Ottoman fleet was led by <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman I</a>'s governor of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Had%C4%B1m_Suleiman_Pasha" title="Hadım Suleiman Pasha">Suleiman Pasha</a>, but the attack was not successful, and the siege was lifted. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_of_Gujarat" title="Bahadur Shah of Gujarat">Bahadur Shah</a>, the son of Muzaffer II, the ruler of Gujarat who had negotiated with Selim, appealed to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> for joint action against the Portuguese navy. Suleiman I used this opportunity to check Portuguese domination in the Indian Ocean and appointed <a href="/wiki/Hadim_Suleiman_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadim Suleiman Pasha">Hadim Suleiman Pasha</a> as the admiral of his Indian Ocean fleet. Hadim Suleiman Pasha's naval force consisted of some 90 <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galleys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1538, he sailed to India via the Red and <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Seas</a>, only to learn that Bahadur Shah had been killed during a clash with the Portuguese navy and his successor had allied himself with Portugal. After an unsuccessful siege at <a href="/wiki/Diu,_India" title="Diu, India">Diu</a>, he decided to return. On his way back to <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a>, however, he conquered most of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>. After the expedition, Hadim Suleiman was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Grand_vizier" title="Grand vizier">grand vizier</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suez_campaign,_1541"><span id="Suez_campaign.2C_1541"></span>Suez campaign, 1541</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Suez campaign, 1541"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suakin_(1541)" title="Battle of Suakin (1541)">Battle of Suakin (1541)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Jeddah_(1541)" title="Attack on Jeddah (1541)">Attack on Jeddah (1541)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Tor" title="Battle of El Tor">Battle of El Tor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suez_(1541)" title="Battle of Suez (1541)">Battle of Suez (1541)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_de_Castro_-_Roteiro_do_Mar_Roxo_-_Suez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_de_Castro_-_Roteiro_do_Mar_Roxo_-_Suez.jpg/220px-Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_de_Castro_-_Roteiro_do_Mar_Roxo_-_Suez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_de_Castro_-_Roteiro_do_Mar_Roxo_-_Suez.jpg/330px-Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_de_Castro_-_Roteiro_do_Mar_Roxo_-_Suez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_de_Castro_-_Roteiro_do_Mar_Roxo_-_Suez.jpg/440px-Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_de_Castro_-_Roteiro_do_Mar_Roxo_-_Suez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1157" data-file-height="1552" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese depiction of Suez in 1541.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Portuguese under <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_da_Gama_(16th_century)" title="Estêvão da Gama (16th century)">Estêvão da Gama</a> (first son of Vasco da Gama) organized an expedition to destroy the Ottoman fleet at <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a>, leaving <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> on 31 December 1540 and reaching <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> by 27 January 1541. The fleet reached <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a> on 12 February, where Gama left a number of ships and continued north. The Portuguese then destroyed the Ottoman ports of <a href="/wiki/Suakin" title="Suakin">Suakin</a> and Qoseir, they attacked Jeddah but were repulsed. Reaching Suez, he discovered that the Ottomans had long known of his raid, and foiled his attempt to burn the beached ships. Gama was forced to retrace his steps to Massawa, although pausing to attack the port of <a href="/wiki/El-Tor" class="mw-redirect" title="El-Tor">El-Tor</a> (Sinai Peninsula). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopian_campaign,_1541–1543"><span id="Ethiopian_campaign.2C_1541.E2.80.931543"></span>Ethiopian campaign, 1541–1543</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ethiopian campaign, 1541–1543"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)" title="Special:EditPage/Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian–Adal war">Ethiopian–Adal war</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codice_Casanatense_Ethiopians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Codice_Casanatense_Ethiopians.jpg/220px-Codice_Casanatense_Ethiopians.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Codice_Casanatense_Ethiopians.jpg/330px-Codice_Casanatense_Ethiopians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Codice_Casanatense_Ethiopians.jpg/440px-Codice_Casanatense_Ethiopians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1907" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption>16th century Portuguese depiction of Ethiopians, from the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3dice_Casanatense" title="Códice Casanatense">Códice Casanatense</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>At Massawa, governor Estevão da Gama responded to an appeal to assist the Christian Ethiopian Empire against invading Adalite forces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An expeditionary corps of 400 men were left behind, commanded by the governor's brother, Cristóvão da Gama. In February 1542, the Portuguese were able to capture an important Adalite stronghold at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ba%C3%A7ente" title="Battle of Baçente">Battle of Baçente</a>. The Portuguese were again victorious at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jarte" title="Battle of Jarte">Battle of Jarte</a>, killing almost all of the Turkish contingent. However, Gragn then requested aid from the Ottoman governor of Yemen in <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>, who sent 2000 Arabian musketeers, 900 Turkish <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pikemen</a>, 1000 Turkish foot <a href="/wiki/Musketeer" title="Musketeer">musketeers</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Shqiptar</a> foot soldiers (with muskets) and Turkish horsemen. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wofla" title="Battle of Wofla">Battle of Wofla</a>, Somali and Turkish forces defeated the Portuguese, Da Gama was captured, and upon refusing to convert to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, executed. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Gelawdewos was eventually able to reorganize his forces and absorb the remaining Portuguese soldiers, defeating and slaying Gragn at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wayna_Daga" title="Battle of Wayna Daga">Battle of Wayna Daga</a>, marking the end of the Ethiopian-Adal war (although warfare would resume not long after, at a much-diminished scale). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_Diu,_1546"><span id="Siege_of_Diu.2C_1546"></span>Siege of Diu, 1546</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Siege of Diu, 1546"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1546)" title="Siege of Diu (1546)">Siege of Diu (1546)</a></div> <p>In 1546, the Gujarati governor of Surat, <a href="/wiki/Khoja_Zufar" title="Khoja Zufar">Khoja Zufar</a> wanted to recapture Diu from the Portuguese. A fleet dispatched by <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman</a> consisting of 30 ships and Ottoman soldiers arrived in Diu to help the Gujarati forces besiege the city. After around 7 months of fighting, Portuguese reinforcements from Goa arrived under the command of <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Castro" title="João de Castro">João de Castro</a> and the Muslim forces were routed. Khoja Zufar would die in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aden_revolt,_1548"><span id="Aden_revolt.2C_1548"></span>Aden revolt, 1548</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aden revolt, 1548"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1548_capture_of_Aden" class="mw-redirect" title="1548 capture of Aden">1548 capture of Aden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assault_on_Aden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Assault_on_Aden.jpg/220px-Assault_on_Aden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Assault_on_Aden.jpg/330px-Assault_on_Aden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Assault_on_Aden.jpg/440px-Assault_on_Aden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>1513 Portuguese depiction of Aden.</figcaption></figure> <p>The aim of the second expedition was to restore Ottoman authority in the Red Sea and Yemen. The new admiral was <a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis">Piri Reis</a>, who had earlier presented his <a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis_map" title="Piri Reis map">world map</a> to Selim. He <a href="/wiki/1548_capture_of_Aden" class="mw-redirect" title="1548 capture of Aden">recaptured Aden</a> which in 1548 had revolted against Ottoman authority, thus securing the Red Sea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_Qatif,_1551"><span id="Siege_of_Qatif.2C_1551"></span>Siege of Qatif, 1551</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Siege of Qatif, 1551"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qatif_(1551)" title="Siege of Qatif (1551)">Siege of Qatif (1551)</a></div> <p>In 1551, the Ottoman governor of Basra captured the fort of Qatif on the Arabian Peninsula, owned by a vassal of the Portuguese, the King of Hormuz. The Portuguese, together with their Hormuzi vassals successfully sieged and captured the fort from the Ottomans, whose garrison fled under the cover of the night. The fort was then razed afterward. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piri_Reis_expedition,_1552"><span id="Piri_Reis_expedition.2C_1552"></span>Piri Reis expedition, 1552</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Piri Reis expedition, 1552"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_campaign_against_Hormuz" title="Ottoman campaign against Hormuz">Ottoman campaign against Hormuz</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piris_Reis_expedition_map-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Piris_Reis_expedition_map-fr.svg/220px-Piris_Reis_expedition_map-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Piris_Reis_expedition_map-fr.svg/330px-Piris_Reis_expedition_map-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Piris_Reis_expedition_map-fr.svg/440px-Piris_Reis_expedition_map-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>Route of Piri Reis in 1552.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_position_of_the_city_of_Hormuz_set_on_the_strait_at_the_bottom_of_the_Arabian_Gulf-1572.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/The_position_of_the_city_of_Hormuz_set_on_the_strait_at_the_bottom_of_the_Arabian_Gulf-1572.jpg/220px-The_position_of_the_city_of_Hormuz_set_on_the_strait_at_the_bottom_of_the_Arabian_Gulf-1572.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/The_position_of_the_city_of_Hormuz_set_on_the_strait_at_the_bottom_of_the_Arabian_Gulf-1572.jpg/330px-The_position_of_the_city_of_Hormuz_set_on_the_strait_at_the_bottom_of_the_Arabian_Gulf-1572.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/The_position_of_the_city_of_Hormuz_set_on_the_strait_at_the_bottom_of_the_Arabian_Gulf-1572.jpg/440px-The_position_of_the_city_of_Hormuz_set_on_the_strait_at_the_bottom_of_the_Arabian_Gulf-1572.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1697" data-file-height="1579" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> ships in <a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Hormuz</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Three years later Piri Reis sailed out from Suez again with 30 ships and the goal of wresting <a href="/wiki/Hormuz_Island" title="Hormuz Island">Hormuz Island</a>, the key to the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, from Portugal. Piri Reis sacked <a href="/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat, Oman">Muscat</a> on his way. Turning further east, Piri Reis <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_campaign_against_Hormuz" title="Ottoman campaign against Hormuz">failed to capture Hormuz</a>, at the entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sacked the town, but the Portuguese fortress remained intact. Faced with reports of an approaching Portuguese fleet, Piri Reis decided to withdraw the fleet to <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>. He returned to Suez with two galleys which were his personal property.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sultan sentenced Piri Reis to death for these acts and had him executed in 1553.<sup id="cite_ref-soucek_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soucek-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following these events, the Portuguese dispatched considerable reinforcements to Hormuz, and the following year defeated an Ottoman fleet at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Hormuz_(1553)" title="Battle of the Strait of Hormuz (1553)">Battle of the Strait of Hormuz</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murat_Reis_the_Elder_Expedition_and_Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Hormuz,_1553"><span id="Murat_Reis_the_Elder_Expedition_and_Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Hormuz.2C_1553"></span>Murat Reis the Elder Expedition and Battle of the Strait of Hormuz, 1553</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Murat Reis the Elder Expedition and Battle of the Strait of Hormuz, 1553"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisuarte_de_Abreu-Hormuz.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lisuarte_de_Abreu-Hormuz.png/220px-Lisuarte_de_Abreu-Hormuz.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lisuarte_de_Abreu-Hormuz.png/330px-Lisuarte_de_Abreu-Hormuz.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lisuarte_de_Abreu-Hormuz.png/440px-Lisuarte_de_Abreu-Hormuz.png 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Battle of the Strait of Hormuz, depicted in the Book of Lisuarte de Abreu.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Hormuz_(1553)" title="Battle of the Strait of Hormuz (1553)">Battle of the Strait of Hormuz (1553)</a></div> <p>In 1553, the Portuguese soundly defeated an Ottoman fleet led by <a href="/wiki/Murat_Reis_the_Elder" title="Murat Reis the Elder">Murat Reis the Elder</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Hormuz_(1553)" title="Battle of the Strait of Hormuz (1553)">Battle of the Strait of Hormuz</a>. The purpose of this expedition was to bring the fleet back to Suez. The new Ottoman admiral was the former <a href="/wiki/Sanjak-bey" title="Sanjak-bey">sanjak-bey</a> (governor) of <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a>. While trying to sail out of the Persian Gulf, he encountered a large Portuguese fleet commanded by Dom <a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Noronha" title="Diogo de Noronha">Diogo de Noronha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (October 2020)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> In the largest open-sea engagement between the two countries, Murat was defeated by the Portuguese fleet and had returned to Basra.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seydi_Ali_Reis_Expedition_and_Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Oman,_1554"><span id="Seydi_Ali_Reis_Expedition_and_Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Oman.2C_1554"></span>Seydi Ali Reis Expedition and Battle of the Gulf of Oman, 1554</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Seydi Ali Reis Expedition and Battle of the Gulf of Oman, 1554"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Oman" title="Battle of the Gulf of Oman">Battle of the Gulf of Oman</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seydi_Ali-Ambush.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Seydi_Ali-Ambush.png/220px-Seydi_Ali-Ambush.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Seydi_Ali-Ambush.png/330px-Seydi_Ali-Ambush.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Seydi_Ali-Ambush.png/440px-Seydi_Ali-Ambush.png 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>The Portuguese rout the Turkish fleet, in <i>Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu</i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Seydi_Ali_Reis" title="Seydi Ali Reis">Seydi Ali Reis</a> was appointed as the admiral after the failure of the third expedition, in 1553. But what he found in Basra was a group of neglected galleys. Nevertheless, after some maintenance, he decided to sail. He passed through the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a> and began sailing along Omani shores where he fought the Portuguese fleet twice. After the second battle, Seydi Ali Reis fled the battle, eventually reaching Gujarat and was forced into the harbor of Surat by the caravels of Dom Jerónimo, where the Gujarati governor welcomed him. When the Portuguese Viceroy knew in Goa of their presence in India, he dispatched two galleons and 30 warships on October 10 to the city, to pressure the governor to hand over the Turks. The governor did not surrender them but proposed to destroy their ships, to which the Portuguese agreed. The remainder of the fleet was unserviceable, resulting in his return home overland with 50 men. Seydi Ali Reis then arrived at the royal court of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> where he met the future Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> who was then 12 years old. </p><p>The route from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> was a very dangerous one because of the war between the Ottoman Empire and <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Persia">Persia</a>. Seydi Ali Reis returned home after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amasya" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Amasya">treaty of Amasya</a> was signed between the two countries in 1555. He wrote a book named <i>Mirror of Countries </i> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Mirat_ul_Memalik" title="Mirat ul Memalik">Mir’at ül Memalik</a>)</i> about this adventurous journey and presented it to Suleiman I in 1557.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This book is now considered one of the earliest travel books in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature#Ottoman_literature" title="Turkish literature">Ottoman literature</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red_Sea_Campaign,_1556"><span id="Red_Sea_Campaign.2C_1556"></span>Red Sea Campaign, 1556</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Red Sea Campaign, 1556"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gale_portugueza_na_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Gale_portugueza_na_India.jpg/220px-Gale_portugueza_na_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Gale_portugueza_na_India.jpg/330px-Gale_portugueza_na_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Gale_portugueza_na_India.jpg/440px-Gale_portugueza_na_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1545" data-file-height="1030" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese galley.</figcaption></figure> <p>In early 1556, two Portuguese galleys under the command of João Peixoto sailed into the Red Sea to collect information regarding Ottoman preparations at Suez.<sup id="cite_ref-danvers_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danvers-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having found everything to be quiet there, he set sail to the city of Suakin, where he arrived one night. Finding the city asleep, Peixoto landed with his men and killed many, including the ruler, and captured considerable spoil.<sup id="cite_ref-danvers_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danvers-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He departed the following day, and keeping close to shore sacked a number of towns en route to Goa.<sup id="cite_ref-danvers_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danvers-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_Bahrain,_1559"><span id="Siege_of_Bahrain.2C_1559"></span>Siege of Bahrain, 1559</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Siege of Bahrain, 1559"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bahrain" title="Siege of Bahrain">Siege of Bahrain</a></div> <p>In 1559 the Ottomans <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bahrain" title="Siege of Bahrain">laid siege to Bahrain</a>, which had been conquered by the Portuguese in 1521 and ruled indirectly since then,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen198368_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen198368-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the forces led by the Governor of Al-Hasa were decisively beaten back.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this, the Portuguese effectively controlled the entirety of the naval traffic in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. They raided the Ottoman coastal city of <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Al-Katif</a> during this time, in 1559.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEİnalcıkQuataert1994337_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEİnalcıkQuataert1994337-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Kamaran_Island,_1560"><span id="Battle_of_Kamaran_Island.2C_1560"></span>Battle of Kamaran Island, 1560</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Battle of Kamaran Island, 1560"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Reis" title="Sefer Reis">Sefer Reis</a></div> <p>In 1560 the Turkish privateer <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Reis" title="Sefer Reis">Sefer Reis</a> captured two Portuguese warships by <a href="/wiki/Kamaran" title="Kamaran">Kamaran</a> Island in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_fleet_Indian_Ocean_16th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ottoman_fleet_Indian_Ocean_16th_century.jpg/220px-Ottoman_fleet_Indian_Ocean_16th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ottoman_fleet_Indian_Ocean_16th_century.jpg/330px-Ottoman_fleet_Indian_Ocean_16th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ottoman_fleet_Indian_Ocean_16th_century.jpg/440px-Ottoman_fleet_Indian_Ocean_16th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman fleet in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> in the 16th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The original Ottoman goals of checking Portuguese domination in the ocean and assisting Muslim Indian lords were not achieved. This was in spite of what an author has called "overwhelming advantages over Portugal", as the Ottoman Empire was wealthier and much more populous than Portugal, professed the same religion as most coastal populations of the Indian Ocean basin and its naval bases were closer to the theater of operations.<sup id="cite_ref-soucek_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soucek-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, Yemen, as well as the west bank of the Red Sea, roughly corresponding to a narrow coastal strip of <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, were annexed by <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zdemir_Pasha" title="Özdemir Pasha">Özdemir Pasha</a>, the deputy of Hadım Suleiman Pasha. Three more provinces in East Africa were established: <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Habesh">Habesh</a> (Abyssia) and <a href="/wiki/Suakin" title="Suakin">Sawakin</a> (Suakin). The ports around the Arabian Peninsula were also secured.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With its strong control of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, the Ottomans successfully managed to dispute control of the trade routes to the Portuguese and maintained a significant level of trade with the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> throughout the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes, Ottoman assistance to <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>), in 1569 is also considered to be a part of these expeditions (<i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/Kurto%C4%9Flu_H%C4%B1z%C4%B1r_Reis" title="Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis">Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis</a>). However, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_expedition_to_Aceh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman expedition to Aceh">that expedition</a> was not a military expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is known that <a href="/wiki/Sokollu_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Sokollu Mehmed Pasha">Sokollu Mehmed Pasha</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_vizier" title="Grand vizier">grand vizier</a> of the empire between 1565 and 1579, had proposed a canal between the Mediterranean and Red Seas. If that project could have been realized, it would be possible for the navy to pass through the canal and eventually into the Indian Ocean. However, this project was beyond the technological capabilities of the 16th century. The <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> was not opened until some three centuries later, in 1869, by the largely autonomous <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate of Egypt</a>. </p><p>Unable to decisively defeat the Portuguese or threaten their shipping, the Ottomans abstained from further substantial action, choosing instead to supply Portuguese enemies such as the <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a>, and things returned to the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">status quo ante bellum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mesut_Uyar_2009,_p._76_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesut_Uyar_2009,_p._76-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese for their part enforced their commercial and diplomatic ties with <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Persia">Safavid Persia</a>, an enemy of the Ottoman Empire. A tense truce was gradually formed, wherein the Ottomans were allowed to control the overland routes into <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, thereby keeping <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, which the Portuguese had been eager to acquire, and the Portuguese were allowed to dominate sea trade to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumperStanley200774_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumperStanley200774-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans then shifted their focus to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, which they had been expanding into previously, with the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> in 1517 and <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> in 1538.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShillington2013954_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShillington2013954-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banner_of_the_Order_of_Christ.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Banner_of_the_Order_of_Christ.svg/220px-Banner_of_the_Order_of_Christ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Banner_of_the_Order_of_Christ.svg/330px-Banner_of_the_Order_of_Christ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Banner_of_the_Order_of_Christ.svg/440px-Banner_of_the_Order_of_Christ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese naval banner bearing a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_Cross" title="Order of Christ Cross">Cross of the Order of Christ</a>, commonly used in the 16th century.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Portugal" title="Military history of Portugal">Military history of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1568)" title="Siege of Malacca (1568)">Siege of Malacca (1568)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ormus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Ormus">Kingdom of Ormus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Conquest of Tunis (1535)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1586%E2%80%931589)" title="Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1586–1589)">Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1586–1589)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Gujarati–Portuguese conflicts">Gujarati–Portuguese conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Somali–Portuguese conflicts">Somali–Portuguese conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese-Portuguese_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Acehnese-Portuguese conflicts">Acehnese-Portuguese conflicts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Mesut_Uyar_2009,_p._76-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mesut_Uyar_2009,_p._76_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mesut_Uyar_2009,_p._76_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mesut Uyar, Edward J. Erickson, <i>A military history of the Ottomans: from Osman to Atatürk</i>, ABC CLIO, 2009, p. 76, "In the end both Ottomans and Portuguese had the recognize the other side's sphere of influence and tried to consolidate their bases and network of alliances."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdas1993" class="citation book cs1">Adas, Michael (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9mvzKWt50JsC&pg=PA113"><i>Islamic & European Expansion: The Forging of a Global Order</i></a>. Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-068-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-068-2"><bdi>978-1-56639-068-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+%26+European+Expansion%3A+The+Forging+of+a+Global+Order&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-56639-068-2&rft.aulast=Adas&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9mvzKWt50JsC%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman%E2%80%93Portuguese+conflicts+%281538%E2%80%931560%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130813090645/http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/PSEUDOSC/PiriRies.HTM">"Piri Reis' map"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/PSEUDOSC/PiriRies.HTM">the original</a> on 2013-08-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Piri+Reis%27+map&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwgb.edu%2Fdutchs%2FPSEUDOSC%2FPiriRies.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman%E2%80%93Portuguese+conflicts+%281538%E2%80%931560%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycooperative.org/proceedings/seascapes/casale.html">History cooperative</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110525014847/http://www.historycooperative.org/proceedings/seascapes/casale.html">Archived</a> 2011-05-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928041611/http://www.dataxinfo.com/hormuz/essays/4.4.pdf">"Essays on Hurmuz"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dataxinfo.com/hormuz/essays/4.4.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Hurmuz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dataxinfo.com%2Fhormuz%2Fessays%2F4.4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman%E2%80%93Portuguese+conflicts+%281538%E2%80%931560%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lord Kinross: <i>Ottoman centuries</i> (translated by Meral Gasıpıralı) Altın Kitaplar, İstanbul, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-21-0955-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-21-0955-1">978-975-21-0955-1</a>, p.237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prof Dr. Yaşar Yücel-Prof Dr. Ali Sevim :<i>Türkiye Tarihi II</i>, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları,1990,İstanbul <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzbarande_Lyma1972" class="citation journal cs1">Özbaran, Salih; de Lyma, Dom Manuell (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41929749">"The Ottoman Turks and the Portuguese in the Persian Gulf, 1534–1581"</a>. <i>Journal of Asian History</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 45–87. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-910X">0021-910X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41929749">41929749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+History&rft.atitle=The+Ottoman+Turks+and+the+Portuguese+in+the+Persian+Gulf%2C+1534%E2%80%931581&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-87&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41929749%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0021-910X&rft.aulast=%C3%96zbaran&rft.aufirst=Salih&rft.au=de+Lyma%2C+Dom+Manuell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41929749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman%E2%80%93Portuguese+conflicts+%281538%E2%80%931560%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabor Anaston-Bruce masters: <i>The Encyclopaedia of the Ottoman Empire</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6259-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6259-1">978-0-8160-6259-1</a> p.467</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalekandathil2010" class="citation book cs1">Malekandathil, Pius (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rN69iFj1PJoC&dq=Diu+1545+ottoman&pg=PA116"><i>Maritime India: Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean</i></a>. Primus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-01-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-01-6"><bdi>978-93-80607-01-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+India%3A+Trade%2C+Religion+and+Polity+in+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-93-80607-01-6&rft.aulast=Malekandathil&rft.aufirst=Pius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrN69iFj1PJoC%26dq%3DDiu%2B1545%2Bottoman%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman%E2%80%93Portuguese+conflicts+%281538%E2%80%931560%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasale2010" class="citation book cs1">Casale, Giancarlo (2010-02-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NTTRCwAAQBAJ&dq=Diu+1545+ottoman&pg=PA76"><i>The Ottoman Age of Exploration</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970338-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970338-8"><bdi>978-0-19-970338-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Age+of+Exploration&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-02-25&rft.isbn=978-0-19-970338-8&rft.aulast=Casale&rft.aufirst=Giancarlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNTTRCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DDiu%2B1545%2Bottoman%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman%E2%80%93Portuguese+conflicts+%281538%E2%80%931560%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, Micheal (2017-04-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzCDgAAQBAJ&dq=Ottoman+1546+Diu&pg=PA29"><i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2585-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2585-0"><bdi>978-1-4766-2585-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492-2015%2C+4th+ed.&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-2585-0&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkNzCDgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DOttoman%2B1546%2BDiu%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman%E2%80%93Portuguese+conflicts+%281538%E2%80%931560%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt, Lambton, Lewis, p. 332</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pirireis.com/index.html">World map of Piri Reis</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-soucek-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-soucek_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soucek_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoucek2013" class="citation cs2">Soucek, Svat (June 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627202943/http://production-scientifique.bnf.fr/Biblio/cartes-marines-dune-technique-une-culture-actes-du-colloque-du-3-decembre-2012">"Piri Reis. His uniqueness among cartographers and hydrographers of the Renaissance"</a>, in Vagnon, Emmanuelle; Hofmann, Catherine (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://production-scientifique.bnf.fr/Biblio/cartes-marines-dune-technique-une-culture-actes-du-colloque-du-3-decembre-2012"><i>Cartes marines : d'une technique à une culture. Actes du colloque du 3 décembre 2012.</i></a>, CFC, pp. 135–144, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lecfc.fr/new/articles/216-article-11.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-06-27<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Piri+Reis.+His+uniqueness+among+cartographers+and+hydrographers+of+the+Renaissance&rft.btitle=Cartes+marines+%3A+d%27une+technique+%C3%A0+une+culture.+Actes+du+colloque+du+3+d%C3%A9cembre+2012.&rft.pages=135-144&rft.pub=CFC&rft.date=2013-06&rft.aulast=Soucek&rft.aufirst=Svat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lecfc.fr%2Fnew%2Farticles%2F216-article-11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman%E2%80%93Portuguese+conflicts+%281538%E2%80%931560%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Hormuz_(1553)">"Battle of the Strait of Hormuz (1553)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+the+Strait+of+Hormuz+%281553%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBattle_of_the_Strait_of_Hormuz_%281553%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman%E2%80%93Portuguese+conflicts+%281538%E2%80%931560%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giancarlo Casale: The Ottoman age of Exploration, Oxford University Press, 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537782-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537782-8">978-0-19-537782-8</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giancarlo Casale: The Ottoman age of Exploration, Oxford University Press, 2010 ISBN 978-0-19-537782-8, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/16CSidi1.html">Summary of Mir'at ül Memalik</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-danvers-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-danvers_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-danvers_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-danvers_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick Charles Danvers: <i>The Portuguese In India, Being a History of the Rise and Decline of Their Eastern Empire</i>, W. H. Allen & Co. Limited, Vol. 1, 1894, p. 507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen198368-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen198368_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarsen1983">Larsen 1983</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelida_Fuccaro2009" class="citation book cs1">Nelida Fuccaro (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wKU6jvKGicUC&pg=PA60"><i>Histories of City and State in the Persian Gulf: Manama Since 1800</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51435-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51435-4"><bdi>978-0-521-51435-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histories+of+City+and+State+in+the+Persian+Gulf%3A+Manama+Since+1800&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51435-4&rft.au=Nelida+Fuccaro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwKU6jvKGicUC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman%E2%80%93Portuguese+conflicts+%281538%E2%80%931560%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEİnalcıkQuataert1994337-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEİnalcıkQuataert1994337_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFİnalcıkQuataert1994">İnalcık & Quataert 1994</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, Expo 70 ed, Vol.22, p.372</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey</i> by Ezel Kural Shaw p. 107 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UVmsI0P9RDUC&pg=PA107">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226065927/https://books.google.com/books?id=UVmsI0P9RDUC&pg=PA107">Archived</a> 26 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080119135247/http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs/Aceh-project/full-papers/aceh_fp_ismailhakkigoksoy.pdf">"International Conference of Aceh and Indian Ocean"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs/Aceh-project/full-papers/aceh_fp_ismailhakkigoksoy.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Conference+of+Aceh+and+Indian+Ocean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ari.nus.edu.sg%2Fdocs%2FAceh-project%2Ffull-papers%2Faceh_fp_ismailhakkigoksoy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman%E2%80%93Portuguese+conflicts+%281538%E2%80%931560%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumperStanley200774-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumperStanley200774_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumperStanley2007">Dumper & Stanley 2007</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShillington2013954-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShillington2013954_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShillington2013">Shillington 2013</a>, p. 954.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Peter Malcolm Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis <i>The Cambridge history of Islam</i> 1977. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Attila and Balázs Weiszhár: <i>Lexicon of War</i> (Háborúk lexikona), Athenaum publisher, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> 2004.</li> <li>Britannica Hungarica, Hungarian encyclopedia, <i>Hungarian World</i> publisher, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> 1994.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShillington2013" class="citation book cs1">Shillington, Kevin (2013). <i>Encyclopedia of African History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45670-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45670-2"><bdi>978-1-135-45670-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-45670-2&rft.aulast=Shillington&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman%E2%80%93Portuguese+conflicts+%281538%E2%80%931560%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumperStanley2007" class="citation book cs1">Dumper, Michael R.T.; Stanley, Bruce E. (2007). <i>Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: a Historical Encyclopedia</i>. ABC-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-919-5"><bdi>978-1-57607-919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+a+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-919-5&rft.aulast=Dumper&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.T.&rft.au=Stanley%2C+Bruce+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman%E2%80%93Portuguese+conflicts+%281538%E2%80%931560%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFİnalcıkQuataert1994" class="citation book cs1">İnalcık, Halıl; Quataert, Donald (1994). <i>An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914</i>. Cambridge Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34315-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34315-2"><bdi>978-0-521-34315-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1300%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-34315-2&rft.aulast=%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k&rft.aufirst=Hal%C4%B1l&rft.au=Quataert%2C+Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman%E2%80%93Portuguese+conflicts+%281538%E2%80%931560%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsen1983" class="citation book cs1">Larsen, Curtis E. (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifelanduseon00curt"><i>Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: the Geoarcheology of an Ancient Society</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46906-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46906-5"><bdi>978-0-226-46906-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Land+Use+on+the+Bahrain+Islands%3A+the+Geoarcheology+of+an+Ancient+Society&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-226-46906-5&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=Curtis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifelanduseon00curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman%E2%80%93Portuguese+conflicts+%281538%E2%80%931560%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nuno Vila-Santa, "Between Ottomans and Gujaratis: D. Diogo de Noronha, the Repositioning of Diu in the Indian Ocean, and the Creation of the Northern Province (1548–1560)", Asian Review of World Histories, Volume 8 (2020): Issue 2 (Jul 2020), pp. 207–233. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/43640689/_Between_Ottomans_and_Gujaratis_D_Diogo_de_Noronha_the_Repositioning_of_Diu_in_the_Indian_Ocean_and_the_Creation_of_the_Northern_Province_1548_1560_Asian_Review_of_World_Histories_Volume_8_2020_Issue_2_Jul_2020_pp_207_233_Pre_peer_review_version">[2]</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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