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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Anglo-Saxon cultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-Saxon_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scandinavian_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandinavian_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Scandinavian cultures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scandinavian_cultures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scandinavian cultures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scandinavian_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bragafull" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bragafull"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bragafull</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bragafull-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Minni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bauschatz's_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bauschatz's_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bauschatz's theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bauschatz's_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_paganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_paganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern paganism</span> </div> </a> <ul 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Feast in Germanic paganism</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_scene_on_an_image_stone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Drinking_scene_on_an_image_stone.jpg/300px-Drinking_scene_on_an_image_stone.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Drinking_scene_on_an_image_stone.jpg/450px-Drinking_scene_on_an_image_stone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Drinking_scene_on_an_image_stone.jpg/600px-Drinking_scene_on_an_image_stone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A drinking scene on an <a href="/wiki/Image_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Image stone">image stone</a> from <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Museum_of_National_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Museum of National Antiquities">Swedish Museum of National Antiquities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the British band, see <a href="/wiki/Symbel_(band)" title="Symbel (band)">Symbel (band)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sumble" redirects here. For the legendary king, see <a href="/wiki/Sumble_(Finnish_king)" title="Sumble (Finnish king)">Sumble (Finnish king)</a>.</div> <p><b>Symbel</b> (<a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">OE</a>) and <b>sumbl</b> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">ON</a>) are Germanic terms for "feast, banquet". </p><p>Accounts of the <i>symbel</i> are preserved in the Anglo-Saxon <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i> (lines 489–675 and 1491–1500), <i><a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Rood" class="mw-redirect" title="Dream of the Rood">Dream of the Rood</a></i> (line 141) and <i><a href="/wiki/Judith_(poem)" title="Judith (poem)">Judith</a></i> (line 15), Old Saxon <i><a href="/wiki/Heliand" title="Heliand">Heliand</a></i> (line 3339), and the Old Norse <i><a href="/wiki/Lokasenna" title="Lokasenna">Lokasenna</a></i> (stanza 8) as well as other Eddic and Saga texts, such as in the <i><a href="/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla">Heimskringla</a></i> account of the <a href="/wiki/Viking_funeral#Funeral_ale_and_the_passing_of_inheritance" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking funeral">funeral ale</a> held by <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_I_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweyn I of Denmark">King Sweyn</a>, or in the <i><a href="/wiki/Fagrskinna" title="Fagrskinna">Fagrskinna</a></i>. </p><p>Paul C. Bauschatz in 1976 suggested that the term reflects a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">pagan</a> ritual which had a "great religious significance in the culture of the early Germanic people".<sup id="cite_ref-bauschatz_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauschatz-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prevalent view today is that <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">symbel</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> <span title="Old Saxon-language text"><i lang="osx">symbal</i></span>, <i><span title="Old Saxon-language text"><i lang="osx">sumbal</i></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text">*<i lang="ang">sumbal</i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <i>sumbl</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all of which translate roughly as "feast, banquet, (social) gathering", continue a <a href="/wiki/Common_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Germanic">Common Germanic</a> <i>*sumlan</i> "banquet", which would correspond to a <a href="/wiki/PIE" class="mw-redirect" title="PIE">PIE</a> <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*sṃ-lo-</span></span></i> "joint meal" or "congregation" (literally, <i><a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">symposium</a></i> or <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/assembly" class="extiw" title="wikt:assembly">assembly</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of earlier scholars have argued for a borrowing from Latin <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">symbola</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Against this derivation (in the case of OE <i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">symbel</i></span></i>), P.A. Erades argues that these cognates go back to Common Germanic *<i>sumil</i> or *<i>sumal</i> "gathering" (in the last case, with <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">ablaut</a> in the suffix). He explains the Germanic stem *<i>sum</i>- as ultimately deriving from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> *<i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">sṃ</span></span>-</i> <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut#Zero_grade" title="Indo-European ablaut">zero-grade of ablaut</a> of *<i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">sem</span></span></i> "one, together".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the same element which developed into <a href="/wiki/Copulative_a" title="Copulative a">copulative <i>a</i></a> in Ancient Greek. </p><p>Paul Bauschatz appears to accept <i>sum</i>, <i>sam</i> "together", but proposes that the word represents a <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound</a> with <i><a href="/wiki/Alu_(runic)" title="Alu (runic)">alu</a></i> "ale" as its second element (rather than a <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a>). This would render the meaning "gathering or coming together of ale".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Old English noun is usually translated as "feast", and forms various compounds such as <i>symbel-wyn</i> "joy at feasting", <i>symbel-dæg</i> "feast day", <i>symbel-niht</i> "feast-night", <i>symbel-hūs</i> "feast-house, guest-room", <i>symbel-tīd</i> "feast time", <i>symbel-werig</i> "weary of feasting" etc. There is also a derived verb, <i>symblian</i> or <i>symblan</i>, meaning "to feast, caraouse, enjoy one's self". Not to be confused is the unrelated homophone <i>symbel, symble</i> meaning "always, ever". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anglo-Saxon_cultures">Anglo-Saxon cultures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anglo-Saxon cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unferth" class="mw-redirect" title="Unferth">Unferth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wealhtheow" title="Wealhtheow">Wealhtheow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyle" title="Thyle">thyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flyting" title="Flyting">flyting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scop" title="Scop">scop</a></div> <p>In Old English poetry, especially <i>Beowulf</i>, feasts could be instrumental occasions to bind the community, secure the loyalty of warriors and to bolster their determination to perform heroic deeds. </p> <ul><li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Unferth" class="mw-redirect" title="Unferth">Unferth</a> the <i><a href="/wiki/Thyle" title="Thyle">thyle</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">ON</a> <i>þulr</i>) appears to act as a royal officiant at the feast which King Hrothgar organised for the Geatish newcomers, Beowulf and his companions. He challenged and questioned Beowulf, not eschewing taunts and mockery (<i><a href="/wiki/Flyting" title="Flyting">flyting</a></i>). Since no one intervenes during the incident, such behaviour appears to have been expected of him.</li> <li>In <i>Beowulf</i>, a warrior's boast (<i>gielp, gylp</i>) or his oath (<a href="/wiki/Beot" title="Beot">beot</a>) is often spoken at a feast.</li> <li>Another role commonly attested for during a feast was that of the <i><a href="/wiki/Scop" title="Scop">scop</a></i> (cf.: ON <i><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skald</a></i>), who recited genealogies, folklore and metrical poetry.</li> <li>The alcoholic drink was served by women or alekeepers (<i>ealu bora</i> "ale bearer"), the first round usually poured by the lady of the house.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scandinavian_cultures">Scandinavian cultures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scandinavian cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bragafull">Bragafull</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bragafull"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olav_Tryggvasons_saga_-_Sigvalde_jarl_-_H._Egedius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Olav_Tryggvasons_saga_-_Sigvalde_jarl_-_H._Egedius.jpg/350px-Olav_Tryggvasons_saga_-_Sigvalde_jarl_-_H._Egedius.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Olav_Tryggvasons_saga_-_Sigvalde_jarl_-_H._Egedius.jpg/525px-Olav_Tryggvasons_saga_-_Sigvalde_jarl_-_H._Egedius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Olav_Tryggvasons_saga_-_Sigvalde_jarl_-_H._Egedius.jpg/700px-Olav_Tryggvasons_saga_-_Sigvalde_jarl_-_H._Egedius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>At the funeral feast of <a href="/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth" title="Harald Bluetooth">Harald Bluetooth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jarl_Sigvaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarl Sigvaldi">Jarl Sigvaldi</a> swears an oath on his father's memory to go to Norway and kill or drive away <a href="/wiki/Haakon_Jarl" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon Jarl">Haakon Jarl</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><b>bragarfull</b></i> "promise-cup" or <i><b>bragafull</b></i> "best cup" or "chieftain's cup" (compare <a href="/wiki/Bragi" title="Bragi">Bragi</a>) was in <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> culture a particular drinking from a cup or drinking horn on ceremonial occasions, often involving the swearing of oaths when the cup or horn was drunk by a chieftain or passed around and drunk by those assembled. The names are sometimes anglicized as <i><b>bragarful</b></i> and <i><b>bragaful</b></i> respectively. </p><p>That the name appears in two forms with two meanings makes it difficult to determine the literal meaning. The word <i>bragr</i> 'best, foremost' is a source for its first element. The form <i>bragafull</i> (but not <i>bragarfull</i>) can also be interpreted as '<a href="/wiki/Bragi" title="Bragi">Bragi</a>'s cup', referring to the Bragi, god of poetry, though no special connection to Bragi appears in any of the sources. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla">Heimskringla</a></i>, in the <i>Saga of Hákon the Good</i>, describes the custom of the <i>bragarfull</i> at feasts: </p> <blockquote><p>The fire was in the middle of the floor of the temple, and over it hung the kettles, and the full goblets were handed across the fire; and he who made the feast, and was a <i><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">godi</a></i> ['chief'], blessed the full goblets, and all the meat of the sacrifice. And first <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>'s goblet was emptied for victory and power to his king; thereafter, <a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6rd" class="mw-redirect" title="Njörd">Njörd</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a>'s goblets for peace and a good season. Then it was the custom of many to empty the <i>bragafull</i>; and then the guests emptied a goblet to the memory of departed friends, called the <i>minni</i> ['remembrance'].</p></blockquote> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_saga" title="Ynglinga saga">Ynglinga saga</a></i> section of the same work, Snorri relates: </p> <blockquote><p>It was the custom at that time that he who gave an heirship-feast after kings or jarls, and entered upon the heritage, should sit upon the footstool in front of the high seat, until the full bowl, which was called the <i>bragafull</i>, was brought in. Then he should stand up, take the <i>bragafull</i>, make solemn vows to be afterwards fulfilled, and thereupon empty the beaker. Then he should ascend the high seat which his father had occupied; and thus he came to the full heritage after his father. Now it was done so on this occasion. When the full <i>bragafull</i> came in, King <a href="/wiki/Ingjald" title="Ingjald">Ingjald</a> stood up, grasped a large bull's horn, and made a solemn vow to enlarge his dominions by one half, towards all the four corners of the world, or die; and thereupon pointed with the horn to the four quarters.</p></blockquote> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Fagrskinna" title="Fagrskinna">Fagrskinna</a></i> (a 13th-century history of the Kings of Norway), has a similar account in respect to <a href="/wiki/Svein_Forkbeard" class="mw-redirect" title="Svein Forkbeard">Svein Forkbeard</a>, mentioning first ceremonial drinkings dedicated to the greatest of one's kindred, then to <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a> or others of the gods. Then the <i>bragarfull</i> was poured out and when the giver of the feast had drunk this, he was to make a vow, to be also sworn by those present with him, and only then to sit himself on throne of the deceased. </p><p>A prose passage inserted in the <a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a> poem <i><a href="/wiki/Helgakvi%C3%B0a_Hj%C3%B6rvar%C3%B0ssonar" title="Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar">Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar</a></i> relates: </p> <blockquote><p>Hedin was coming home alone from the forest one <a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a>-eve, and found a <a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">troll</a>-woman; she rode on a wolf, and had snakes in place of a bridle. She asked Hedin for his company. "Nay," said he. She said, "Thou shalt pay for this at the <i>bragarfull</i>." That evening the great vows were taken; the sacred boar was brought in, the men laid their hands thereon, and took their vows at the <i>bragarfull</i>. Hedin vowed that he would have Sváva, Eylimi's daughter, the beloved of his brother Helgi; then such great grief seized him that he went forth on wild paths southward over the land, and found Helgi, his brother.</p></blockquote> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Hervarar_saga_ok_Hei%C3%B0reks" title="Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks">Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks</a></i> relates that Hjörvard, the son of <a href="/wiki/Arngrim" title="Arngrim">Arngrim</a>, promised at his bragarfull to wed Ingeborg the princess of Sweden, and the legends of <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok" title="Ragnar Lodbrok">Ragnar Lodbrok</a> relate that the <a href="/wiki/Geat" class="mw-redirect" title="Geat">Geatish</a> <a href="/wiki/Jarl_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarl (title)">jarl</a> Herraud promised his daughter to anyone who could liberate her from a dragon or talk to her in its presence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minni">Minni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Minni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>minni</i> "remembrance, memory" was used for ritual drinking dedicated to the remembrance of the gods. Terms used in this context, both in the Eddaic poems and in the sagas, include <i>minnis-öl</i> "memory-ale", <i>minnis-horn</i> "memory-horn", <i>minnis-full</i> "memory-cup", <i>minni-sveig</i> "memory-draught". The term <i>minnisveig</i> is used by the annotator of the <a href="/wiki/Sigrdr%C3%ADfum%C3%A1l" title="Sigrdrífumál">Sigrdrífumál</a> before the valkyrie's invocation of the gods. <a href="/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla">Olafssaga</a> has <i>minniǫl signuð ásom</i> "memory-ale dedicated to the æsir". "Memory-cups" dedicated to individual gods are also named <i>Oðins full, Niarðar full, Freys full</i> etc. The custom was continued uninterrupted by Christianization, and <i>minni</i> was now drunk to Christ, Mary and the saints (<i>Krists minni, Michaêls minni</i>, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But the <i>minni</i> given to gods or saints was only the most prominent instance of this custom, placed at the beginning of the ritual drinking. Later on, drinkers would also give <i>minni</i> to their departed friends. The term <i>minni</i> is the exact cognate of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> <i>minne</i>. The German word had the same meaning of "remembrance of absent or departed loved ones", but acquired the meaning of "romantic longing for an unattainable woman of higher status" in courtly culture, giving rise to the genre of <i><a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a></i>, and the personification of "remembrance" as <a href="/wiki/Frau_Minne" title="Frau Minne">Frau Minne</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bauschatz's_theory"><span id="Bauschatz.27s_theory"></span>Bauschatz's theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bauschatz's theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paul C. Bauschatz in 1976 suggested that the term reflects a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">pagan</a> ritual which had a "great religious significance in the culture of the early Germanic people".<sup id="cite_ref-bauschatz_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauschatz-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ritual according to Bauschatz was always conducted indoors, usually in a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_chieftain" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic chieftain">chieftain</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mead_hall" title="Mead hall">mead hall</a>. Symbel involved a formulaic ritual that was more solemn and serious than mere drinking or celebration. The primary elements of symbel are drinking <a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">ale</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">mead</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Drinking_horn" title="Drinking horn">drinking horn</a>, speech making (which often included formulaic boasting and oaths) and gift giving. Eating and feasting were specifically excluded from symbel, and no alcohol was set aside for the gods or other deities in the form of a sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_paganism">Modern paganism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern paganism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inspired by Bauschatz' theory from the 1970s, the sumbel has become a central ritual of <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_in_the_United_States" title="Heathenry in the United States">Heathenry in the United States</a>. In this version, sumbel is a drinking-ritual in which a drinking horn full of mead or ale is passed around and a series of toasts are made, usually to gods, ancestors, and/or heroes of the religion. The toasts vary by group, and some groups make a distinction between a "regular" sumbel and a "high" sumbel, which have different levels of formality, and different rules during toasting. Participants may also make boasts of their own deeds, or oaths or promises of future actions. Words spoken during the sumbel are considered carefully and any oaths made are considered sacrosanct, becoming part of the destiny of those assembled. </p><p>The name <i>sumbel</i> (or <i>symbel</i>) is mainly derived from Anglo-Saxon sources. For this reason, the ritual is not known by this name among Icelandic Nordic pagans, who nevertheless practice a similar ritual as part of their <i>blot</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Theodism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodism">Theodism</a> or Anglo-Saxon neopaganism in particular, the <i>symbel</i> has a particularly high importance, considered "perhaps the highest rite" or "amongst the most holy rites"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> celebrated. Symbel consists of rounds of ritual drinking and toasting, and invariably takes place within an enclosed space of some kind.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is usually inaugurated by three formal rounds, as determined by the host; often led by toasts in honor of the Gods, then ancestors and/or heroes, and then a general or personal boast. Other boasts may take place as necessary. Symbel is always formally closed once the formal boasts are completed, in order that the symbel might maintain its dignity and not degenerate into "mere partying".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two types of boast are the ȝielp (pronounced 'yelp') and the <a href="/wiki/Beot" title="Beot">beot</a> (pronounced 'bayawt', but as one syllable). The former is a boast of one's own worthiness, such as one's accomplishments, ancestry, etc. The latter is a boast of an action one plans to undertake. In order to protect the luck of the hall, such boasts are subject to challenge by the <a href="/wiki/Thyle" title="Thyle">thyle</a>, whose job it is to make sure that unlucky boasts do not contaminate the luck of all present. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bauschatz-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bauschatz_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bauschatz_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">First proposed at the Third International Conference of Nordic and General Linguistics, at the University of Texas at Austin, April 5–9, 1976 (published in 1978), elaborated in Bauschatz, "The Germanic ritual feast" and <i>The Well and the Tree</i>; Pollington, <i>Mead-hall</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Heliand" title="Heliand">Heliand</a></i>, line 3340: "sittan at sumble".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>verðar nema oc sumbl</i> (<i>cibum capere et symposium</i>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northvegr.org/lore/grimmst/014_01.php">Grimm, ch. 14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Handbook of Germanic Etymology</i> (2003): 386. See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexicon.ff.cuni.cz/png/pgmc_torp/b0434.png">Torp-Falk, <i>Wörterbuch der Indogermanischen Sprachen</i> (1909)</a>, of which Erades does not seem to have been aware.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerhard Köbler, <i>Altsächsisches Wörterbuch</i> s.v. "sumbal"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P.A. Erades, "A Romance Congener." He rejects the earlier if somewhat hesitant view that Old English <i>symbel</i> derives from Latin <i>symbola</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauschatz, "The Germanic ritual feast". 291. Icelandic <i>sumbl</i> had previously been explained as a compound of <i>sam</i>- and <i>öl</i>, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexicon.ff.cuni.cz/png/oi_cleasbyvigfusson/b0604.png">Cleasby-Vigfussion: 604</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mythologie" title="Deutsche Mythologie">Deutsche Mythologie</a></i> (1835), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northvegr.org/secondary%20sources/mythology/grimms%20teutonic%20mythology/003_11.html">chapter 3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauschatz pp.74-75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Strmiska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Strmiska (page does not exist)">Michael Strmiska</a>, <i>Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives</i>, P ABC-CLIO, 2005, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-608-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-608-4">978-1-85109-608-4</a>, pp. 129, 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.englatheod.org/symbel.htm">englatheod.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080503233358/http://www.englatheod.org/symbel.htm">Archived</a> 2008-05-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garman Lord, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garman Lord, p. 30</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alu_(runic)" title="Alu (runic)">Alu (runic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_horn" title="Drinking horn">Drinking horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvasir" title="Kvasir">Kvasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_of_poetry" title="Mead of poetry">Mead of poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamada" title="Tamada">Tamada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toast_(honor)" title="Toast (honor)">Toast (honor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitstrenging" title="Heitstrenging">Heitstrenging</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bauschatz, Paul C. <i>The Well and the Tree: World and Time in Early Germanic Culture</i>. Amhurst: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87023-352-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87023-352-1">0-87023-352-1</a>.</li> <li>Bauschatz, Paul C. "The Germanic Ritual Feast." In <i>Proceedings of the Third International Conference of Nordic and General Linguistics</i>, ed. John Weinstock. The Nordic Languages and Modern Linguistics 3. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978. 289-95.</li> <li>Bjork, Robert E. "Speech as Gift in <i>Beowulf</i>." <i>Speculum</i> (1994).</li> <li>Conquergood, Dwight, "Boasting in Anglo-Saxon England, Performance and the Heroic Ethos." <i>Literature and Performance</i> I (April 1991).</li> <li>Enright, M.J., <i>Lady with a Mead Cup: Ritual, Prophecy, and Lordship in the European Warband</i>. Dublin, 1976</li> <li>Erades, P.A. "A Romance Congener of OE <i>symbel</i>." <i>English Studies</i> 48 (1967): 25-7.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlosecki1989" class="citation book cs1">Glosecki, Stephen O. (1989). <i>Shamanism and Old English Poetry</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-5952-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-5952-2"><bdi>0-8240-5952-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shamanism+and+Old+English+Poetry&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8240-5952-2&rft.aulast=Glosecki&rft.aufirst=Stephen+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nelson, Marie. "Beowulf's Boast Words." <i>Neophilologus</i> 89.2 (April 2005): 299-310.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpland1980" class="citation book cs1">Opland, Jeff (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonoralpo0000opla"><i>Anglo-Saxon Oral Poetry: A Study of the Traditions</i></a></span>. Yale Univ Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-02426-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-02426-6"><bdi>0-300-02426-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+Oral+Poetry%3A+A+Study+of+the+Traditions&rft.pub=Yale+Univ+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-300-02426-6&rft.aulast=Opland&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanglosaxonoralpo0000opla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Orel, Vladimir E. <i>A Handbook of Germanic Etymology</i>. Leiden, 2003.</li> <li>Pollington, Steven. <i>The Mead-Hall: The Feasting Tradition in Anglo-Saxon England</i>. Anglo-Saxon Books. Norfolk, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-898281-30-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-898281-30-0">1-898281-30-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130112204413/http://wodening.englatheod.org/eric/symbel.html">Anglo-Saxon Symbel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080503233358/http://www.englatheod.org/symbel.htm">Symbel</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_paganism" title="Template:Germanic paganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_paganism" title="Template talk:Germanic paganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_paganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic paganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_practices_and_worship_in_Germanic_paganism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religious practices and worship in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Bless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfabl%C3%B3t" title="Álfablót">Álfablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADsabl%C3%B3t" title="Dísablót">Dísablót</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Death_in_Germanic_mythology" title="Template:Death in Germanic mythology">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">Galdr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Goði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallow">Hallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorrabl%C3%B3t" title="Þorrablót">Þorrablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Seeress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Old_German_spells" title="Template:Old German spells">Spell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Symbel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Veneration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dísir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landd%C3%ADsir" title="Landdísir">Landdísir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">Vættir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic paganism">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic_wooden_cult_figurines_of_Central_and_Northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe">Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externsteine" title="Externsteine">Externsteine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">Hof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hörgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminsul" title="Irminsul">Irminsul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">Sacred trees and groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trollkyrka" title="Trollkyrka">Trollkyrka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upp%C3%A5kra_temple" title="Uppåkra temple">Uppåkra temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9_(shrine)" title="Vé (shrine)">Vé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hof_%C3%81satr%C3%BAarf%C3%A9lagsins" title="Hof Ásatrúarfélagsins">Hof Ásatrúarfélagsins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manheim_(hof)" title="Manheim (hof)">Manheim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianisation of the Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry (new religious movement)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglo-Saxon_paganism_and_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#cc9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Template:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Template talk:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-Saxon_paganism_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon paganism</a> and mythology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Gods and divine figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Ēse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowa" title="Beowa">Beowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre">Ēostre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefjon" title="Gefjon">Gefjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheda_(mythology)" title="Rheda (mythology)">Hretha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Ing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaxn%C4%93at" title="Seaxnēat">Saxnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Þunor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Tiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_(folklore)" title="Wade (folklore)">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Wayland the Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Wōden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Heroic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agilaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Agilaz">Ægil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowa" title="Beowa">Beowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermanaric" title="Ermanaric">Eormenric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finn_(Frisian)" title="Finn (Frisian)">Finn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengist_and_Horsa" title="Hengist and Horsa">Hengist and Horsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceafa" title="Sceafa">Sceafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldere" title="Waldere">Waldere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Other beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cofgod" title="Cofgod">Cofgod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarf (Dweorh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idis_(Germanic)" title="Idis (Germanic)">Ides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Eoten/Thurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_(folklore)" title="Nixie (folklore)">Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%A6lcyrge" class="mw-redirect" title="Wælcyrge">Wælcyrge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wight" title="Wight">Wight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midgard" title="Midgard">Middangeard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86cerbot" title="Æcerbot">Æcerbot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rune_poems#Anglo-Saxon_Rune_Poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Rune poems">Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_temporum_ratione" class="mw-redirect" title="De temporum ratione">De temporum ratione</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deor" title="Deor">Deor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ealuscerwen" title="Ealuscerwen">Ealuscerwen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnesburg_Fragment" title="Finnesburg Fragment">Finnesburg Fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks_Casket" title="Franks Casket">Franks Casket</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum">Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm" title="Nine Herbs Charm">Nine Herbs Charm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spong_Hill" title="Spong Hill">Spong Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Widsith" title="Widsith">Widsith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wi%C3%B0_f%C3%A6rstice" title="Wið færstice">Wið færstice</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Society and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beot" title="Beot">Bēot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blōtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Early Germanic calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folkmoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkmoot">Folkmoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frith" title="Frith">Frith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hearg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maypole" title="Maypole">Maypole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_metrical_charms" title="Anglo-Saxon metrical charms">Metrical charms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moot_hill" title="Moot hill">Moot hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic cultures">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scop" title="Scop">Scop</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Symbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">Thegn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Thing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyle" title="Thyle">Thyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weregild" title="Weregild">Weregild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Wicce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism">Wetlands and islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilweorthunga" title="Wilweorthunga">Wilweorthunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyrd" title="Wyrd">Wyrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Modern pagan revival</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seax-Wica" title="Seax-Wica">Seax-Wica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#cc9;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Category:Anglo-Saxon paganism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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