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0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Slack_voice##" title="Talk:Slack voice">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slack_voice&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Slack+voice%22">"Slack voice"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Slack+voice%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Slack+voice%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Slack+voice%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Slack+voice%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Slack+voice%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Slack voice</b> (or <b>lax voice</b>) is the pronunciation of <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_opening" class="mw-redirect" title="Glottal opening">glottal opening</a> slightly wider than that occurring in <a href="/wiki/Modal_voice" title="Modal voice">modal voice</a>. Such sounds are often referred to informally as <a href="/wiki/Lenis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenis">lenis</a> or half-<a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> in the case of consonants. In some <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Chinese varieties</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a>, and in a few <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian language">Austronesian languages</a>, the 'intermediate' <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a> of slack <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stops</a> confuses listeners of languages without these distinctions, so that different transcription systems may use <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span> for the same consonant. In <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a>, slack-voiced consonants have usually been transcribed as <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">breathy voice</a>. Although the IPA has no dedicated diacritic for slack voice, the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a> diacritic (the under-ring) may be used with a voiced consonant letter, though this convention is also used for partially voiced consonants in languages such as English.<sup id="cite_ref-SOWL96_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOWL96-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu Chinese</a> "muddy" consonants are slack voice word-initially, the primary effect of which is a slightly breathy quality of the following vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-SOWL96_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOWL96-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"></th> <th colspan="3">Bilabial</th> <th colspan="3">Alveolar</th> <th colspan="3">Velar </th></tr> <tr> <th>IPA</th> <th>Wu</th> <th>gloss</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Wu</th> <th>gloss</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Wu</th> <th>gloss </th></tr> <tr> <th>slack voice </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b̥ʌ̀ʔ]</span></td> <td><span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu">白</span></span></td> <td><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">white</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d̥ǐ]</span></td> <td><span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu">地</span></span></td> <td><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">earth</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ̊ə̀ʔ]</span></td> <td><span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu">個</span></span></td> <td><span class="gloss-quot">(</span><span class="gloss-text">possessive particle</span><span class="gloss-quot">)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">tenuis</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʌ́ʔ]</span></td> <td><span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu">百</span></span></td> <td><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">hundred</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tíʔ]</span></td> <td><span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu">的</span></span></td> <td><span class="gloss-quot">(</span><span class="gloss-text">a grammatical particle</span><span class="gloss-quot">)</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kóʔ]</span></td> <td><span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu">角</span></span></td> <td><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">corner</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰʌ́ʔ]</span></td> <td><span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu">拍</span></span></td> <td><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">to strike</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰî]</span></td> <td><span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu">天</span></span></td> <td><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">sky</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰʌ́ʔ]</span></td> <td><span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu">客</span></span></td> <td><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">guest</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> contrasts slack and <a href="/wiki/Stiff_voice" title="Stiff voice">stiff voiced</a> bilabial, dental, retroflex, and velar stops.<sup id="cite_ref-SOWL96_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOWL96-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="2">Bilabial</th> <th colspan="2">Dental Stop</th> <th colspan="2">Dental Affricate</th> <th colspan="2">Retroflex</th> <th colspan="2">Velar </th></tr> <tr> <th>phonation</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>gloss</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>gloss</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>gloss</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>gloss</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>gloss </th></tr> <tr> <th>stiff voice </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[paku]</span></td> <td><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">nail</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tamu]</span></td> <td><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">guest</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsariʔ]</span></td> <td><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">sheet (of paper)</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʈiʈiʔ]</span></td> <td><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">little</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kali]</span></td> <td><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">river</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>slack voice </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b̥aku]</span></td> <td><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">standard</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d̥amu]</span></td> <td><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">blow</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d̥z̥arit]</span></td> <td><span class="gloss-quot">(</span><span class="gloss-text">type of women's clothing</span><span class="gloss-quot">)</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɖ̥isiʔ]</span></td> <td><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">first</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ̊ali]</span></td> <td><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">dig</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> <a href="/wiki/Parauk_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Parauk language">Parauk</a> contrasts slack voicing in its vowels. The contrast is between "slightly stiff" and "slightly breathy" vowels; the first are between modal and stiff voice, while the latter are captured by slack voice.<sup id="cite_ref-SOWL96_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOWL96-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slack_voice&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SOWL96-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SOWL96_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOWL96_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOWL96_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOWL96_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ian_Maddieson" title="Ian Maddieson">Maddieson, Ian</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/The_Sounds_of_the_World%27s_Languages" title="The Sounds of the World's Languages"><i>The Sounds of the World's Languages</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 63–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6"><bdi>0-631-19815-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sounds+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=63-6&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-631-19815-6&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Maddieson%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlack+voice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Breath</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color: #f7f7f7;"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">Breathy</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background: none;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slack voice</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color: #f7f7f7;"><a href="/wiki/Modal_voice" title="Modal voice">Modal voice</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background: none;"><a href="/wiki/Stiff_voice" title="Stiff voice">Stiff voice</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color: #f7f7f7;"><a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">Creaky voice</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background: none;"><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">Glottalized</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color: papayawhip;"><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_syllable" title="Ballistic syllable">Ballistic</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">(full airstream)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">(murmur,<br /><span class="nowrap">whispery voice)</span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">(intermediate)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">(maximum vibration)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">(intermediate)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">(restricted airstream)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">(blocked airstream)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">(fortis)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">Supra-glottal</a> phonation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faucalized_voice" title="Faucalized voice">Faucalized voice</a> ("hollow")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsh_voice" title="Harsh voice">Harsh/ventricular voice</a> ("pressed")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strident_vowel" title="Strident vowel">Strident voice</a> (epiglottal trilled)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-phonemic phonation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whispering" title="Whispering">Whisper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">Falsetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">Vibrato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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