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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vibrato_and_tremolo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vibrato_and_tremolo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Vibrato and tremolo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vibrato_and_tremolo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Human perception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acoustic_basis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acoustic_basis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Acoustic basis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acoustic_basis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typical_extent_of_vibrato" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_extent_of_vibrato"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Typical extent of vibrato</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_extent_of_vibrato-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_various_musical_genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_various_musical_genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Use in various musical genres</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_in_various_musical_genres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use in various musical genres subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_in_various_musical_genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_classical_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_classical_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>In classical music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_classical_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vibrato_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vibrato_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Vibrato wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vibrato_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Baroque_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Baroque_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>In Baroque music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Baroque_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>In opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_jazz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_jazz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>In jazz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_jazz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_folk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_folk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>In folk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_folk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_pop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_pop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>In pop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_pop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques_for_producing_vibrato" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques_for_producing_vibrato"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Techniques for producing vibrato</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Techniques_for_producing_vibrato-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Techniques for producing vibrato subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Techniques_for_producing_vibrato-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Singing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Singing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keyboard_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keyboard_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Keyboard instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keyboard_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-String_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#String_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>String instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-String_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Woodwind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Woodwind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Woodwind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woodwind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Brass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auto-vibrato" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auto-vibrato"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Auto-vibrato</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auto-vibrato-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leslie_speaker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leslie_speaker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Leslie speaker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leslie_speaker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sound examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vibrato</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88" title="فيبراتو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيبراتو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vibrato" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vibrato" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vibrato" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vibrato" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibraato" title="Vibraato – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vibraato" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vibrato" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrado_(muziko)" title="Vibrado (muziko) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vibrado (muziko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88" title="ویبراتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویبراتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vibrato" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%ED%86%A0" title="비브라토 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비브라토" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vibrato" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vibrato" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vibrato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95" title="ויברטו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויברטו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Вибрато – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вибрато" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vibrato" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Вибрато – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вибрато" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vibrato" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vibrato" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="ビブラート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビブラート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vibrato" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vibrato" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Vibrato" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vibrato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Вибрато – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вибрато" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vibrato" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vibrato" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Вибрато – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вибрато" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vibrato" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vibrato" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Вібрато – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вібрато" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibr%C3%A0" title="Vibrà – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Vibrà" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%87%E9%9F%B3" title="震音 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="震音" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8C%AF%E9%9F%B3" title="振音 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="振音" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Regular, pulsating change of pitch in music</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Paul Gilbert album, see <a href="/wiki/Vibrato_(album)" title="Vibrato (album)">Vibrato (album)</a>. For the Stellar song, see <a href="/wiki/Vibrato_(song)" title="Vibrato (song)">Vibrato (song)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:VIBRATO.ogg" title="File:VIBRATO.ogg">Singing vibrato</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="VIBRATO.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/VIBRATO.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/VIBRATO.ogg/VIBRATO.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Violin_vibrato_on_open_string_notes_and_on_fingered_notes.ogg" title="File:Violin vibrato on open string notes and on fingered notes.ogg">Violin vibrato</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="19" data-mwtitle="Violin_vibrato_on_open_string_notes_and_on_fingered_notes.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Violin_vibrato_on_open_string_notes_and_on_fingered_notes.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/Violin_vibrato_on_open_string_notes_and_on_fingered_notes.ogg/Violin_vibrato_on_open_string_notes_and_on_fingered_notes.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">The first note is played without vibrato, while the rest is played with.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p><b>Vibrato</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Past_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Past participle">past participle</a> of "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vibrare" class="extiw" title="wikt:vibrare">vibrare</a>", to vibrate) is a <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">musical</a> effect consisting of a regular, pulsating change of <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a>. It is used to add expression to vocal and instrumental music. Vibrato is typically characterized in terms of two factors: the amount of pitch variation ("extent of vibrato") and the speed with which the pitch is varied ("rate of vibrato").<sup id="cite_ref-jsundberg_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jsundberg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">singing</a>, it can occur spontaneously through variations in the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a>. The vibrato of a <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instrument</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_instrument" title="Wind instrument">wind instrument</a> is an imitation of that vocal function. Vibrato can also be reproduced mechanically (<a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie speaker</a>) or electronically as an <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal_processing" title="Audio signal processing">audio effect</a> close to <a href="/wiki/Chorus_(audio_effect)" title="Chorus (audio effect)">chorus</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrato&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrato&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Descriptions of what would now be characterised as vibrato go back to the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, no evidence exists of authors using the term vibrato before the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, authors used various descriptive terms interchangeably, including <i>tremolo</i>, <i>bebung</i>, or <i>tremblement</i>, or descriptions such as <i>wavering</i>, <i>shake</i> or <i>trillo</i>. These “terminological uncertainties”<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continue to pervade modern definitions of vibrato. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vibrato_and_tremolo">Vibrato and tremolo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrato&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vibrato and tremolo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vibrato_and_tremolo_graph.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Vibrato_and_tremolo_graph.PNG/300px-Vibrato_and_tremolo_graph.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Vibrato_and_tremolo_graph.PNG/450px-Vibrato_and_tremolo_graph.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Vibrato_and_tremolo_graph.PNG 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spectrogram" title="Spectrogram">Spectrogram</a> illustrating the difference between tremolo and vibrato</figcaption></figure> <p>The terms vibrato and <a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">tremolo</a> are sometimes used interchangeably, although (in the classical world) they are properly defined as separate effects. Vibrato is defined as a periodic variation in the pitch (frequency) of a musical note that is perceived as one fundamental frequency. Tremolo, on the other hand, is defined as a fast repetition of the same note (usually a semiquaver) or alternation between two notes, especially on instruments which do not have the ability of producing long sustained notes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a> (for instance <a href="/wiki/Tremolo_picking" class="mw-redirect" title="Tremolo picking">tremolo picking</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_perception">Human perception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrato&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Human perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currently, the leading understanding is that when vibrato is utilised, listeners are able to focus on the average pitch and hear it as a single fundamental as opposed to the alternation between two different fundamental frequencies.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Seashore" title="Carl Seashore">Carl Seashore</a> (1967) conducted the first comprehensive studies on perceptions of vibrato in the context of classically trained singers, finding some individuals are 50-100 times more perceptive of the presence of vibrato than individuals with the least ability and that “much of the most beautiful vibrato is below the threshold for vibrato hearing and is perceived merely as tone quality.”<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conclusion was confirmed by <a href="/wiki/William_Vennard" title="William Vennard">William Vennard</a> (1967) who notes that the listener hears only the average pitch, and the fluctuation is interpreted as enhanced tonal quality.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practice, it is difficult for a singer or musical instrument player to achieve only pitch vibrato (where only the pitch or only the volume is varied), and variations in both pitch and volume will often be achieved at the same time. Electronic manipulation or generation of signals makes it easier to achieve or demonstrate pure tremolo or vibrato. In the world of <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a> and record production vibrato retains the same meaning as in the classical world (a periodic variation in pitch) but tremolo describes a periodic variation in volume<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (March 2020)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Vibrato#Dubious" title="Talk:Vibrato">discuss</a></i>]</sup> usually achieved using outboard <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects units</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acoustic_basis">Acoustic basis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrato&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Acoustic basis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of vibrato is intended to add warmth to a note. In the case of many <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instruments</a> the sound emitted is strongly directional, particularly at high frequencies, and the slight variations in pitch typical of vibrato playing can cause large changes in the directional patterns of the radiated sound.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can add a shimmer to the sound; with a well-made instrument it may also help a solo player to be heard more clearly when playing with a large orchestra.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This directional effect is intended to interact with the room acoustics to add interest to the sound, in much the same way as an acoustic guitarist may swing the box around on a final sustain, or the rotating baffle of a <a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie speaker</a> will spin the sound around the room. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typical_extent_of_vibrato">Typical extent of vibrato</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrato&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Typical extent of vibrato"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The extent of the variation in pitch during vibrato is controlled by the performer. The extent of vibrato for solo singers is usually less than a semitone (100 <a href="/wiki/Cent_(music)" title="Cent (music)">cents</a>) either side of the note, while singers in a choir typically use narrower vibrato with an extent of less than a tenth of a semitone (10 <a href="/wiki/Cent_(music)" title="Cent (music)">cents</a>) either side.<sup id="cite_ref-jsundberg_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jsundberg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wind and bowed instruments generally use vibratos with an extent of less than half a semitone either side.<sup id="cite_ref-jsundberg_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jsundberg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_various_musical_genres">Use in various musical genres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrato&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Use in various musical genres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vibrato is sometimes thought of as an effect added onto the note itself, but in some cases it is so fully a part of the style of the music that it can be very difficult for some performers to play without it. The <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> <a href="/wiki/Saxophone" title="Saxophone">tenor sax</a> player <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Hawkins" title="Coleman Hawkins">Coleman Hawkins</a> found he had this difficulty when requested to play a passage both with and without vibrato by Leonard Bernstein when producing his record album "What is Jazz" to demonstrate the difference between the two. Despite his technique, he was unable to play without vibrato. The featured saxophonist in Benny Goodman's Orchestra, George Auld, was brought in to play the part. </p><p>Many classical musicians, especially singers and <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string</a> players, have a similar problem. The violinist and teacher <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Auer" title="Leopold Auer">Leopold Auer</a>, writing in his book <i>Violin Playing as I Teach It</i> (1920), advised violinists to practise playing completely without vibrato, and to stop playing for a few minutes as soon as they noticed themselves playing with vibrato in order for them to gain complete control over their technique. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_classical_music">In classical music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrato&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In classical music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of vibrato in classical music is a matter of some dispute. For much of the 20th century it was used almost continuously in the performance of pieces from all eras from the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> onwards, especially by singers and string players. </p><p>The rise of notionally historically informed ("period") performance from the 1970s onwards has dramatically changed its use, especially in music of the Baroque and Classical eras. However, there is no actual proof that singers performed without vibrato in the baroque era. Notably, composer <a href="/wiki/Lodovico_Zacconi" title="Lodovico Zacconi">Lodovico Zacconi</a> advocated that vibrato "ought always to be used".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vocal music of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">renaissance</a> is almost never sung with vibrato as a rule, and it seems unlikely it ever was; however, it should be understood that "vibrato" occurs over a wide range of intensities: slow, fast, wide, and narrow. Most sources in condemning the practice seem to be referring to a wide, slow, perceptible oscillation in pitch, usually associated with intense emotion<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, whereas the ideal for modern vibrato, and possibly in earlier times as well, was to imitate the natural timbre of the adult singing voice, from which a measure of vibrato (it has since been shown) is rarely absent. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart">Leopold Mozart</a>’s <i><a href="/wiki/Versuch_einer_gr%C3%BCndlichen_Violinschule" title="Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule">Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule</a></i> (1756), for example, provides an indication of the state of vibrato in string playing at the end of the baroque period. In it, he concedes that “there are performers who tremble consistently on each note as if they had the permanent fever”, condemning the practice, and suggesting instead that vibrato should be used only on sustained notes and at the ends of phrases when used as an ornament.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This however, does not give anything more than an indication of Mozart's own personal taste, based on the fact that he was an educated late <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a>/Classical composer. Mozart acknowledges the difference between the heavy, ornamental vibrato that he finds objectionable, and a more continuous application of the technique less obtrusively for purposes of improving tone quality (in which case he does not refer to it as "vibrato" or "tremolo" at all; describing it as merely an aspect of correct fingering). In this respect he resembles his contemporary, Francesco Geminiani, who advocated using vibrato "as frequently as possible" on short notes for this purpose. Although there is no aural proof, as audio recordings were not around for more than 150 years, that string players in Europe did not use vibrato, its overuse was almost universally condemned by the leading musical authorities of the day. </p><p>Certain types of vibrato, then, were seen as an ornament, but this does not mean that it was used sparingly. In wind playing too, it seems that vibrato in music up to the 20th century was seen as an <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(music)" title="Ornament (music)">ornament</a> to be used selectively. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Agricola" title="Martin Agricola">Martin Agricola</a> writing in his <i>Musica instrumentalis deudsch</i> (1529) writes of vibrato in this way. Occasionally, composers up to the baroque period indicated vibrato with a wavy line in the <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a>. Again, this does not suggest that it was not desired for the rest of the piece any more than the infrequent use of the term in 20th-century works suggests that it is not used elsewhere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vibrato_wars">Vibrato wars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrato&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vibrato wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Music by late-<a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a> composers such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a> is now played with a fairly continuous vibrato. However, some musicians specialising in historically informed performances, such as the conductor <a href="/wiki/Roger_Norrington" title="Roger Norrington">Roger Norrington</a>, argue that it is unlikely that Brahms, Wagner, and their contemporaries would have expected it to be played in this way. This view has caused considerable controversy. The view that <i>continuous vibrato</i> was invented by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Fritz Kreisler</a> and some of his colleagues is held to be shown by early sound recordings, which allegedly demonstrate that this profuse use of vibrato appeared only in the 20th century. </p><p>The alleged growth of vibrato in 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestral</a> playing has been traced by Norrington by studying early audio recordings but his opponents contend that his interpretations are not supported by the actual samples. Norrington claims that vibrato in the earliest recordings is used only selectively, as an expressive device; the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra">Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra</a> were not recorded using vibrato comparable to modern vibrato until 1935, and the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra">Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra</a> not until 1940. French orchestras seem<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to have played with continuous vibrato somewhat earlier, from the 1920s. </p><p>Defenders of vibrato claim that the sonic limitations of 78-rpm recordings, particularly with respect to <a href="/wiki/Overtone" title="Overtone">overtones</a> and high frequency information, make an uncontroversial assessment of earlier playing techniques difficult (although, it must be said, early recordings of operatic singers manage to show clearly the extent to which a vibrato is present [or not] in their voices). In addition, the defenders of vibrato point out a distinction needs to be made between the kind of vibrato used by a solo player, and the sectional vibrato of an entire string ensemble, which cannot be heard as a uniform quantity as such. Rather, it manifests itself in terms of the warmth and amplitude of the sound produced, as opposed to a perceptible wavering of pitch. The fact that as early as the 1880s composers such as Richard Strauss (in his tone poems "Don Juan" and "Death and Transfiguration") as well as <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</a> (Symphony No. 3 "Organ") asked string players to perform certain passages "without expression" or "without nuance" somewhat suggests the general use of vibrato within the orchestra as a matter of course; by the same token, indications by Mahler and Debussy that specifically demand the use of vibrato in certain passages may suggest the opposite practice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Baroque_music">In Baroque music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrato&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In Baroque music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the clavichord, tremolo (<a href="/wiki/Bebung" title="Bebung">bebung</a>) refers to a vibrato effect created by varying the depression of the keys. </p><p>Theorists and authors of treatises on instrumental technique of the era regularly used tremolo or bebung to refer to vibrato on other instruments and in the voice; however, there was not uniform agreement in what the term meant. </p><p>Some influential authors such as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Mattheson" title="Johann Mattheson">Matteson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Adam_Hiller" title="Johann Adam Hiller">Hiller</a> believed the natural trembling in the voice occurred "without making it higher or lower". This could be achieved on string instruments by varying the speed of the bow, waving the hand, or rolling the bow in the fingers. On the organ, a similar effect is created by the <a href="/wiki/Tremulant" title="Tremulant">tremulant</a>. (Contradictory to his description, Hiller recommended string players vary the pitch by rolling the fingers to create the effect). </p><p>Other authors seem to differentiate by degrees. <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart">Leopold Mozart</a> includes tremolo in chapter 11 of his violin treatise, but describes an unnamed vibrato technique in chapter 5 on tone production. His son, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>, appears to take the exact opposite definition as his father: in a letter to his father, Mozart criticizes singers for "pulsing" their voice beyond the natural fluctuation of the voice, the latter of which being pleasant should be imitated on the violin, winds, and clavichord (with bebung). </p><p>To other authors such as <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Tartini" title="Giuseppe Tartini">Tartini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lodovico_Zacconi" title="Lodovico Zacconi">Zacconi</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Bremner_(violinist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Bremner (violinist) (page does not exist)">Bremner</a> (student of <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Geminiani" title="Francesco Geminiani">Geminiani</a>), there is no distinction between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flute treatises of the era describe a variety of techniques for <a href="/wiki/Flattement" class="mw-redirect" title="Flattement">flattement</a> as well as vibrato by shaking the flute with pitch fluctuations varying from nearly nothing to very large.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_opera">In opera</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrato&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All human voices can produce vibrato. This vibrato can be varied in width (and rapidity) through training. In opera, as opposed to pop, vibrato begins at the start of the note and continues to the end of the note with slight variations in width during the note. </p><p>Traditionally, however, the deliberate cultivation of a particularly wide, pervasive vibrato by opera singers from the Latin countries has been denounced by English-speaking music critics and pedagogues as a technical fault and a stylistic blot (see Scott, cited below, Volume 1, pp. 123–127). They have expected vocalists to emit a pure, steady stream of clear sound — irrespective of whether they were singing in church, on the concert platform, or on the operatic stage. </p><p>During the 19th century, for instance, New York and London based critics, including <a href="/wiki/Henry_Chorley" title="Henry Chorley">Henry Chorley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Klein" title="Herman Klein">Herman Klein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, castigated a succession of visiting Mediterranean <a href="/wiki/Tenors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenors">tenors</a> for resorting to an excessive, constantly pulsating vibrato during their performances. Shaw called the worst offenders "goat bleaters" in his book <i>Music in London 1890-1894</i> (Constable, London, 1932). Among those censured for this failing were such celebrated figures as <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Tamberlik" title="Enrico Tamberlik">Enrico Tamberlik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Gayarre" title="Julián Gayarre">Julián Gayarre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Stagno" title="Roberto Stagno">Roberto Stagno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italo_Campanini" title="Italo Campanini">Italo Campanini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Nicolini" title="Ernesto Nicolini">Ernesto Nicolini</a>—not to mention Fernando Valero and <a href="/wiki/Fernando_De_Lucia" title="Fernando De Lucia">Fernando De Lucia</a>, whose tremulous tones are preserved on the 78-rpm discs that they made at the beginning of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popularity of an exaggerated vibrato among many (but by no means all) Mediterranean tenors <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and singing teachers of this era has been traced back by musicologists to the influential example set by the early-19th-century virtuoso vocalist <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Rubini" title="Giovanni Battista Rubini">Giovanni Battista Rubini</a> (1794–1854). Rubini had employed it with great success as an affecting device in the new Romantic operas of <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Gaetano Donizetti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Vincenzo Bellini</a>. A host of young Italian tenors—including the renowned <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Matteo_Mario" title="Giovanni Matteo Mario">Giovanni Matteo Mario</a> (1810–1883) — copied Rubini's trend-setting innovation in order to heighten the emotional impact of the music that they were singing, and to facilitate the delivery of <a href="/wiki/Fioritura" title="Fioritura">fioritura</a> "by, as it were, running up and down the vibrato" (to quote Scott; see p. 126). </p><p>Prior to the advent of the charismatic Rubini, every well-schooled opera singer had avoided using a conspicuous and continuous vibrato because, according to Scott, it varied the pitch of the note being sung to an unacceptable degree and it was considered to be an artificial contrivance arising from inadequate breath control. British and North American press commentators and singing teachers continued to subscribe to this view long after Rubini had come and gone. </p><p>Accordingly, when <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a> (1873–1921) — the most emulated Mediterranean tenor of the 20th century — made his acclaimed New York <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> debut in November 1903, one of the specific vocal attributes for which he was praised by music reviewers was the absence of a disruptive vibrato from his singing. The scholarly critic <a href="/wiki/William_James_Henderson" title="William James Henderson">William James Henderson</a> wrote in <i>The Sun</i> newspaper, for example, that Caruso "has a pure tenor voice and [it] is without the typical Italian bleat". Caruso's <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">gramophone</a> recordings support Henderson's assessment. (Other prominent Mediterranean tenors of the late 19th century to early 20th century who, like Caruso, did not "bleat" were Angelo Masini, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Tamagno" title="Francesco Tamagno">Francesco Tamagno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Marconi" title="Francesco Marconi">Francesco Marconi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesc_Vi%C3%B1as" title="Francesc Viñas">Francisco Viñas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilio_De_Marchi_(tenor)" title="Emilio De Marchi (tenor)">Emilio De Marchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Borgatti" title="Giuseppe Borgatti">Giuseppe Borgatti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Zenatello" title="Giovanni Zenatello">Giovanni Zenatello</a>, while the phenomenon was rare among French, German, Russian and Anglo-Saxon tenors of the same period—see Scott.) </p><p>The intentional use of a pronounced vibrato by Mediterranean tenors is a practice that has died out over the course of the past 100 years, owing in no small measure to Caruso's example. The last really important practitioners of this style and method of singing were <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Bonci" title="Alessandro Bonci">Alessandro Bonci</a> (in the 1900-1925 period) and <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Lauri-Volpi" title="Giacomo Lauri-Volpi">Giacomo Lauri-Volpi</a> (in the 1920-1950 period). Both of them featured <a href="/wiki/Bel_canto" title="Bel canto">bel canto</a> works, dating from Rubini's day, in their operatic repertoires, and both of them can be heard on recordings which faithfully capture the distinct shimmer inherent in their <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>. </p><p>Italian or Spanish-trained operatic <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">sopranos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mezzo-sopranos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezzo-sopranos">mezzo-sopranos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baritones" class="mw-redirect" title="Baritones">baritones</a> exhibiting a pronounced vibrato did not escape censure, either, by British and North American arbiters of good singing. Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Adelina_Patti" title="Adelina Patti">Adelina Patti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luisa_Tetrazzini" title="Luisa Tetrazzini">Luisa Tetrazzini</a> were the only Italian sopranos to enjoy star status in London and New York in the late-Victorian and Edwardian eras, while such well-known compatriots and coevals of theirs as <a href="/wiki/Gemma_Bellincioni" title="Gemma Bellincioni">Gemma Bellincioni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugenia_Burzio" title="Eugenia Burzio">Eugenia Burzio</a> (among several others) failed to please the Anglophones' ears because, unlike Patti and Tetrazzini, they possessed unsteady, vibrato-laden voices—see Scott for evaluations of their respective techniques.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> To give an additional female example from a later date, whenever the vivacious mezzo-soprano of the 1920s and '30s, <a href="/wiki/Conchita_Superv%C3%ADa" title="Conchita Supervía">Conchita Supervía</a>, performed in London, she was admonished in print for her exceedingly vibrant and fluttery tone, which was unkindly likened by her detractors to the chatter of a machine-gun or the rattle of dice in a cup. </p><p>In 1883, Giuseppe Kaschmann (né <a href="/wiki/Josip_Ka%C5%A1man" title="Josip Kašman">Josip Kašman</a>) — a principal baritone at <a href="/wiki/La_Scala" title="La Scala">La Scala</a>, Milan—was criticised for his strong vibrato when he sang at the Met, and the theatre's management did not re-engage him for the following season, even though other aspects of his singing were admired. (Kaschmann never performed in Great Britain but he remained a popular artist in the Latin countries for several decades; in 1903, he made a few recordings which exhibit only too well his perpetual flutter.) Similarly, another one of Italy's leading baritones, <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Stracciari" title="Riccardo Stracciari">Riccardo Stracciari</a>, was unable to turn his pre-<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> London and New York operatic engagements into unambiguous triumphs due to an intrusive quiver in his tone. He subsequently moderated his vibrato, as the discs that he made for <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a> in 1917-1925 show, and this enabled him to pursue a significant career not only in his homeland but also at the Chicago opera. </p><p>There is another kind of vibrato-linked fault that can afflict the voices of operatic artists, especially aging ones—namely the slow, often irregular wobble produced when the singer's vibrato has loosened from the effects of forcing, over-parting, or the sheer wear and tear on the body caused by the stresses of a long stage career. </p><p>References: For more information about the historical employment of vibrato by classical vocalists, see <a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(artistic_director)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Scott (artistic director)">Michael Scott</a>'s two-volume survey <i><a href="/wiki/The_Record_of_Singing" title="The Record of Singing">The Record of Singing</a></i> (published by Duckworth, London, in 1977 and 1979); John Potter's <i>Tenor: History of a Voice</i> (Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 2009); and Herman Klein's <i>30 Years of Music in London</i> (Century, New York, 1903). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_jazz">In jazz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrato&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In jazz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Vibrato" title="Special:EditPage/Vibrato">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> players for the first half of the 20th century used vibrato more or less continuously. Since around the 1950s and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a>, continuous use of vibrato has largely fallen out of style in favor of more selective use.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_folk">In folk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrato&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In folk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a> singers and instrumentalists in the North American and Western European traditions rarely use vibrato, reserving it for occasional ornamentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Back_Lane_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Back_Lane-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schools_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schools-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also tends to be used by performers of transcriptions or reworkings of folk music that have been made by composers from a classical, music-school background such as <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a> or <a href="/wiki/Percy_Grainger" title="Percy Grainger">Percy Grainger</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Vibrato of varying widths and speeds may be used in folk music traditions from other regions, such as <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, or <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_pop">In pop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrato&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In pop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In pop (as opposed to opera), the vibrato usually starts somewhere in the latter part of the note. In the case of some pop balladists, the vibrato can be so wide as to constitute a pronounced wobble, although not as pronounced as that present in operatic voices. Many singers use <a href="/wiki/Pitch_correction" title="Pitch correction">pitch correction</a> software in which the effect can be reduced or eliminated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques_for_producing_vibrato">Techniques for producing vibrato</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrato&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Techniques for producing vibrato"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Not all instruments can produce vibrato, as some have fixed pitches that cannot be varied by sufficiently small degrees. Most percussion instruments are examples of this, for instance, the <a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">xylophone</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singing">Singing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrato&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Singing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three different voice vibrato processes that occur in different parts of the vocal tract. Peter-Michael Fischer has vibrato types defined by place of production: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Thyroarytenoid_muscle" title="Thyroarytenoid muscle">vocalis muscle</a> vibrates at a frequency of 6.5 to 8 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a> vibrates at a frequency below 5 Hz vibrato</li> <li>A combination of the two, resulting in a vibrato whose frequency is between 5 and 6.5 Hz vibrato. Fischer writes:</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> "This combination is relatively stable in the most beautiful voices. An important feature is that the partial functions can appear during the song as "accents": In the context of the presentation expressive wave dominates respirativa, lyrical character, but in an accelerated, or glottis wave, hard feature heroic, but in a slow way."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Peter-Michael Fischer.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote><p>Some studies have shown that vibrato is the result of a neuromuscular tremor in the vocal folds. In 1922, Max Schoen was the first to make the comparison of vibrato to a tremor due to the following similarities: </p><ul><li>Vibrato and tremors have a change in amplitude</li> <li>Both occur when the muscles are under strain</li> <li>Neither are under the automatic control of the person</li> <li>Vibrato and tremors occur at half the rate of normal muscular discharge<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keyboard_instruments">Keyboard instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrato&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Keyboard instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some types of <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organ</a> can produce vibrato by altering the pressure of the air passing through the pipes, or by various mechanical devices (see the <a href="/wiki/Hammond_Organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammond Organ">Hammond</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wurlitzer_Organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Wurlitzer Organ">Wurlitzer Organs</a> for example). The <a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">clavichord</a>, though technically a fixed-pitch keyboard instrument, is capable of producing a type of vibrato known as <i><a href="/wiki/Bebung" title="Bebung">Bebung</a></i> by varying the pressure on the key as the note sounds. Some digital keyboards can produce an electronic vibrato effect, either by pressure on the keys, or by using a joystick or other MIDI controller. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="String_instruments">String instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrato&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: String instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Finger_vibrato" title="Finger vibrato">Finger vibrato</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Bissing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Peter_Bissing.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Petrowitsch_Bissing" title="Petrowitsch Bissing">Petrowitsch Bissing</a> was an instructor of vibrato method on the violin<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and published a book titled <i>Cultivation of the Violin Vibrato Tone</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The method of producing vibrato on other instruments varies. On <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instruments</a>, for example, the finger used to stop the string can be wobbled on the fingerboard, or actually moved up and down the string for a wider vibrato. </p><p>Many contemporary string players vary the pitch from below, only up to the nominal note and not above it,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although great violin pedagogues of the past such as <a href="/wiki/Carl_Flesch" title="Carl Flesch">Carl Flesch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joseph Joachim</a> explicitly referred to vibrato as a movement towards the bridge, meaning upwards in pitch,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—and the cellist <a href="/wiki/Diran_Alexanian" title="Diran Alexanian">Diran Alexanian</a>, in his 1922 treatise <i>Traité théorique et pratique du Violoncelle</i>, shows how one should practice vibrato as starting from the note and then moving upwards in a rhythmic motion.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1996 acoustic study by the <a href="/wiki/Acoustical_Society_of_America" title="Acoustical Society of America">Acoustical Society of America</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley College</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, found that the perceived pitch of a note with vibrato "is that of its mean", or the middle of the fluctuating pitch.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Vibrato_on_cello.webm/220px--Vibrato_on_cello.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="8" data-mwtitle="Vibrato_on_cello.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Vibrato_on_cello.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/Vibrato_on_cello.webm/Vibrato_on_cello.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/Vibrato_on_cello.webm/Vibrato_on_cello.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/Vibrato_on_cello.webm/Vibrato_on_cello.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Vibrato_on_cello.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/Vibrato_on_cello.webm/Vibrato_on_cello.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/Vibrato_on_cello.webm/Vibrato_on_cello.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/Vibrato_on_cello.webm/Vibrato_on_cello.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Vibrato played on a <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stratocaster_detail_DSC06937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Stratocaster_detail_DSC06937.jpg/220px-Stratocaster_detail_DSC06937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Stratocaster_detail_DSC06937.jpg/330px-Stratocaster_detail_DSC06937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Stratocaster_detail_DSC06937.jpg/440px-Stratocaster_detail_DSC06937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>A vibrato, sometimes called whammy bar, on an electric guitar allows to lower or raise the strings in order to produce vibrato.</figcaption></figure> <p>Wide vibrato, as wide as a whole-tone, is commonly used among <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a> players and adds the signature vocal-like expressiveness to the sound. This effect can be achieved both by the movement of fingers on the fretboard and by the use of a <a href="/wiki/Vibrato_systems_for_guitar" title="Vibrato systems for guitar">vibrato tailpiece</a>, a lever that adjusts the tension of the strings. </p><p>Some violinists, like <a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Kavakos" title="Leonidas Kavakos">Leonidas Kavakos</a>, use bow vibrato by moving the right hand up and down slightly to change the angle and pressure of the bow and thus oscillate the pitch and intensity of a note.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first known description of this technique on violin was by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Geminiani" title="Francesco Geminiani">Francesco Geminiani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique was not limited to violin but was known to players of all string instruments in Italy, France, Germany, and England during the Baroque era.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Silvestro_Ganassi_dal_Fontego" title="Silvestro Ganassi dal Fontego">Sylvestro Ganassi dal Fontego</a> is known to have described this technique for the <a href="/wiki/Viol_da_gamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Viol da gamba">viol da gamba</a> as early as the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Woodwind">Woodwind</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrato&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Woodwind"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Players of woodwind instruments generally create vibrato by modulating their air flow into the instrument. This may be accomplished either through stomach vibrato, the pulsing of the diaphragm slightly up and down, or throat vibrato, a variation of vocal cord tension to manipulate air pressure as singers do. Players of other instruments may employ less common techniques. Although saxophonists and clarinetists can also use airflow, it is more common for them to create vibrato by repeatedly moving their jaw up and down slightly.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However classical clarinetists rarely play with vibrato. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brass">Brass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrato&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Brass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">Brass instrument</a> players can produce vibrato by repeatedly and rapidly altering the <a href="/wiki/Embouchure" title="Embouchure">embouchure</a>, or use and shaping of the lips and facial muscles, essentially repeatedly "bending" the note. This is called lip-vibrato, and is probably the most commonly used technique of vibrato on a lower brass instrument. It is also known to give the best sound and timbre on a brass instrument and is encouraged in upper-level or militaristic style brass ensembles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Players may also produce vibrato by gently shaking the horn which varies the pressure of the mouthpiece against the lip. This is referred to as hand vibrato. It is more favored in higher brass, but does not possess the same sound quality as lip-vibrato and at upper levels and can be viewed as a technical mistake, most notable in military style brass training. </p><p>On a <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombone</a>, a player may provide a slightly more pronounced vibrato by gently moving the slide back and forth, centering on one note to give a lyrical effect. Often this is more of a jazz technique, and is called <i>slide vibrato</i>. In brass playing, <i>diaphragmatic vibrato</i> is possible, but is viewed as an immature technique by collegiate or professional brass players as this technique interferes with proper airflow from the lungs to the instrument. The use of diaphragmatic vibrato in a brass setting is detrimental to the sound and stamina that a brass player can produce, and so is strongly discouraged at any level of musical training. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Auto-vibrato">Auto-vibrato</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrato&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Auto-vibrato"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Malekko_Omicron_Vibrato_-_Stomp_Romp_Snack_Demos_3.ogv/220px--Malekko_Omicron_Vibrato_-_Stomp_Romp_Snack_Demos_3.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="48" data-mwtitle="Malekko_Omicron_Vibrato_-_Stomp_Romp_Snack_Demos_3.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Malekko_Omicron_Vibrato_-_Stomp_Romp_Snack_Demos_3.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Malekko_Omicron_Vibrato_-_Stomp_Romp_Snack_Demos_3.ogv/Malekko_Omicron_Vibrato_-_Stomp_Romp_Snack_Demos_3.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Malekko_Omicron_Vibrato_-_Stomp_Romp_Snack_Demos_3.ogv/Malekko_Omicron_Vibrato_-_Stomp_Romp_Snack_Demos_3.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Malekko_Omicron_Vibrato_-_Stomp_Romp_Snack_Demos_3.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Malekko_Omicron_Vibrato_-_Stomp_Romp_Snack_Demos_3.ogv/Malekko_Omicron_Vibrato_-_Stomp_Romp_Snack_Demos_3.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Malekko_Omicron_Vibrato_-_Stomp_Romp_Snack_Demos_3.ogv/Malekko_Omicron_Vibrato_-_Stomp_Romp_Snack_Demos_3.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Malekko_Omicron_Vibrato_-_Stomp_Romp_Snack_Demos_3.ogv/Malekko_Omicron_Vibrato_-_Stomp_Romp_Snack_Demos_3.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Malekko_Omicron_Vibrato_-_Stomp_Romp_Snack_Demos_3.ogv/Malekko_Omicron_Vibrato_-_Stomp_Romp_Snack_Demos_3.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A vibrato <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effect pedal</a>, played on <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some instruments can be played only with constant, mechanical vibrato (or none at all). This effect is notable in electric organists using a <a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie speaker</a>, the most popular of which use a two-speed vibrato; a degree of expression is gained from the acceleration between speeds. Vibrato on the <a href="/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin">theremin</a>, which is a continuously variable-pitch instrument with no "stops", can range from delicate to extravagant, and often serves to mask the small pitch adjustments that instrument requires. </p><p>Some manufacturers also build vibrato <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effect pedals</a> that imitate the natural vibrato but can also produce much faster speeds. The vibrato effect is close to a <a href="/wiki/Chorus_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus effect">chorus effect</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leslie_speaker">Leslie speaker</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrato&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Leslie speaker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie speaker</a> (best known through its historical and popular association with the <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a>) creates vibrato as a byproduct of tremolo production. As a Leslie speaker is moved by the rotating mechanism on which it is mounted, it moves closer to or farther away from any given object (such as a listener's ears) not also mounted on the mechanism. Because amplitude varies directly with sound pressure (<i>A = k<sub>1</sub>P</i>) and sound pressure <a href="/wiki/Inverse-square_law#Acoustics" title="Inverse-square law">varies directly with distance</a> (<i>P = k<sub>2</sub>d</i>), such that amplitude also varies directly with distance (<i><a href="/wiki/Elementary_algebra#Second_method_of_finding_a_solution" title="Elementary algebra">A = k<sub>1</sub>(k<sub>2</sub>d) = k<sub>1</sub>k<sub>2</sub>d</a></i>), the amplitude of the sound as perceived by the listener will be greatest when the speaker is at the point in its rotation closest to the listener and least when the speaker is farthest away. Because the speaker is constantly moving either toward or away from the listener, however, the mechanism's rotation is constantly affecting the listener-perceived sound's wavelength by either "stretching" the wave (increasing wavelength) or "squeezing" it (decreasing wavelength) — and because frequency, i.e., pitch, is <a href="/wiki/Frequency#Frequency_of_waves" title="Frequency">inversely proportional to wavelength</a>, such that increasing wavelength decreases frequency and vice versa, any listener for whom the speaker's motion changes the sound's perceived amplitude (<i>i.e.</i>, any listener whose distance from the speaker is changing) must also <a href="/wiki/Doppler_effect" title="Doppler effect">perceive a change in frequency</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sound_examples">Sound examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrato&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sound examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e7\/Frequenzmodulation.ogg\/Frequenzmodulation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Vibrato, Sound Frequency 500 Hz - Frequency Modulation 50 Hz - Vibrato Frequency 6 Hz"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Frequenzmodulation.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Frequenzmodulation.ogg/Frequenzmodulation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Vibrato, Sound Frequency 500 Hz - Frequency Modulation 50 Hz - Vibrato Frequency 6 Hz</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Frequenzmodulation.ogg" title="File:Frequenzmodulation.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></li> <li><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/93\/Amplitudenmodulation.ogg\/Amplitudenmodulation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Tremolo, Sound Frequency 500 Hz - Amplitude Modulation 6 Hz"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Amplitudenmodulation.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Amplitudenmodulation.ogg/Amplitudenmodulation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Tremolo, Sound Frequency 500 Hz - Amplitude Modulation 6 Hz</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Amplitudenmodulation.ogg" title="File:Amplitudenmodulation.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></li> <li><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e5\/Schwebung_500_506_hz.ogg\/Schwebung_500_506_hz.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Tremolo by beating - Sound Frequencies 500 and 506 Hz, Beat Frequency 6 Hz"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Schwebung 500 506 hz.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Schwebung_500_506_hz.ogg/Schwebung_500_506_hz.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Tremolo by beating - Sound Frequencies 500 and 506 Hz, Beat Frequency 6 Hz</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Schwebung_500_506_hz.ogg" title="File:Schwebung 500 506 hz.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrato&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ornaments" title="List of ornaments">List of ornaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_vibrato" title="Finger vibrato">Finger vibrato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">Tremolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrato_unit" title="Vibrato unit">Vibrato unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wah-wah_(music)" title="Wah-wah (music)">Wah-wah (music)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrato&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-jsundberg-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jsundberg_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jsundberg_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jsundberg_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSundberg" class="citation web cs1">Sundberg, Johan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407231055/http://www.speech.kth.se/prod/publications/files/qpsr/1994/1994_35_2-3_045-068.pdf">"Acoustic and psychoacoustic aspects of vocal vibrato"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.speech.kth.se/prod/publications/files/qpsr/1994/1994_35_2-3_045-068.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acoustic+and+psychoacoustic+aspects+of+vocal+vibrato&rft.aulast=Sundberg&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.speech.kth.se%2Fprod%2Fpublications%2Ffiles%2Fqpsr%2F1994%2F1994_35_2-3_045-068.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Agricola, and William E. Hettrick. The “Musica Instrumentalis Deudsch” of Martin Agricola: A Treatise on Musical Instruments, 1529 and 1545. Cambridge Musical Texts and Monographs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994; Lodovico Zacconi, Prattica Di Musica. Bibliotheca Musica Bononiensis. Sezione Ii, N. 1-2. Bologna: Forni, 1983; Michael Praetorius, Syntagma Musicum. Documenta Musicologica; 1. Reihe: Druckschriften-Faksimiles. Kassel: Bärenreiter, 1959.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart, Ideen Zu Einer Aesthetik Der Tonkunst. Wien: Degen, 1806.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greta Moens-Haenen, “Vibrato.” Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. Oxford University Press, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nair, Garyth. Voice, Tradition and Technology: A State-of-the-Art Studio. San Diego, Calif: Singular Pub, 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl E. Seashore, Psychology of Music. New York: Dover, 1967. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Vennard, Singing: The Mechanism and the Technic. rev. ed., greatly enlarged ed. New York: Fischer, 1967. 203; Sundberg, “Aspects of Vocal Vibrato”. 59.; Nair. Voice, Tradition and Technology. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtin2000" class="citation web cs1">Curtin, Joseph (April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141229211555/http://josephcurtinstudios.com/article/the-violin-finally-speaks/">"Weinreich and Directional Tone Colour"</a>. <i>Strad Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://josephcurtinstudios.com/article/the-violin-finally-speaks/">the original</a> on 2014-12-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-23</span></span>. <q>In the case of string instruments, however, not only are they strongly directional, but the pattern of their directionality changes very rapidly with frequency. If you think of that pattern at a given frequency as beacons of sound, like the quills of a porcupine, then even the slight changes in pitch created by vibrato can cause those quills to be continually undulating.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Strad+Magazine&rft.atitle=Weinreich+and+Directional+Tone+Colour&rft.date=2000-04&rft.aulast=Curtin&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjosephcurtinstudios.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-violin-finally-speaks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchleske" class="citation web cs1">Schleske, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schleske.de/en/our-research/handbook-violinacoustics/vibrato-of-the-musician.html">"The psychoacoustic secret of vibrato"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2010</span>. <q>The "fiery tone" that likely results from this phenomenon is an essential characteristic of good violins.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+psychoacoustic+secret+of+vibrato&rft.aulast=Schleske&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schleske.de%2Fen%2Four-research%2Fhandbook-violinacoustics%2Fvibrato-of-the-musician.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodovico" class="citation book cs1">Lodovico, Zacconi. <i>Prattica di Musica</i>. Translated by Honea, Sion. University of Central Oklahoma.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prattica+di+Musica&rft.pub=University+of+Central+Oklahoma&rft.aulast=Lodovico&rft.aufirst=Zacconi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071208103812/http://www.koelnklavier.de/quellen/moz-le/kap11-1.html">"Mozart, L.: Violinschule - Kap. 11 (1)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koelnklavier.de/quellen/moz-le/kap11-1.html">the original</a> on December 8, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mozart%2C+L.%3A+Violinschule+-+Kap.+11+%281%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koelnklavier.de%2Fquellen%2Fmoz-le%2Fkap11-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neumann, Frederick (1991) "The Vibrato Controversy," <i>Performance Practice Review</i>: Vol. 4: No. 1, Article 3. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5642%2Fperfpr.199104.01.3">10.5642/perfpr.199104.01.3</a> Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://scholarship.claremont.edu/ppr/vol4/iss1/3">https://scholarship.claremont.edu/ppr/vol4/iss1/3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestrad.com/did-early-string-players-use-continuous-vibrato/1863.article">"Did early string players use continuous vibrato?"</a>. <i>The Strad</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Strad&rft.atitle=Did+early+string+players+use+continuous+vibrato%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestrad.com%2Fdid-early-string-players-use-continuous-vibrato%2F1863.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBania" class="citation journal cs1">Bania, Maria. "Flute vibrato in the 18th and 19th centuries". <i>Traverso</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traverso&rft.atitle=Flute+vibrato+in+the+18th+and+19th+centuries&rft.aulast=Bania&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPharand2019" class="citation journal cs1">Pharand, Michel (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/shaw.39.1.0111">"A Selected Bibliography of Writings By and About Bernard Shaw Concerning Music"</a>. <i>Shaw</i>. <b>39</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">111–</span>127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Fshaw.39.1.0111">10.5325/shaw.39.1.0111</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0741-5842">0741-5842</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/shaw.39.1.0111">10.5325/shaw.39.1.0111</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194355992">194355992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shaw&rft.atitle=A+Selected+Bibliography+of+Writings+By+and+About+Bernard+Shaw+Concerning+Music&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=0741-5842&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194355992%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5325%2Fshaw.39.1.0111%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5325%2Fshaw.39.1.0111&rft.aulast=Pharand&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5325%2Fshaw.39.1.0111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeghers2008" class="citation book cs1">Seghers, Ren (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Omb44pjpl4C&q=vibrato+and+Mediterranean+tenors&pg=PA94"><i>Franco Corelli: Prince of Tenors</i></a>. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57467-163-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57467-163-6"><bdi>978-1-57467-163-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco+Corelli%3A+Prince+of+Tenors&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard+Corporation&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-57467-163-6&rft.aulast=Seghers&rft.aufirst=Ren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Omb44pjpl4C%26q%3Dvibrato%2Band%2BMediterranean%2Btenors%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavel_Voronin2017" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Pavel Voronin (2017-08-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=bgD6U5AWQkuHVcY5&t=216&v=P_dFcd3s0bU&feature=youtu.be"><i>Mel Torme Quartet (May 2, 1964) - Jazz Casual (at 3m 36s)</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-23</span></span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mel+Torme+Quartet+%28May+2%2C+1964%29+-+Jazz+Casual+%28at+3m+36s%29&rft.date=2017-08-21&rft.au=Pavel+Voronin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fsi%3DbgD6U5AWQkuHVcY5%26t%3D216%26v%3DP_dFcd3s0bU%26feature%3Dyoutu.be&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Back_Lane-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Back_Lane_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsen2013" class="citation book cs1">Larsen, Grey (2013). <i>Down the Back Lane: Variation in Traditional Irish Dance Music</i>. Mel Bay Publications, Incorporated. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781619114487" title="Special:BookSources/9781619114487"><bdi>9781619114487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Down+the+Back+Lane%3A+Variation+in+Traditional+Irish+Dance+Music&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Mel+Bay+Publications%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781619114487&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=Grey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schools-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schools_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2002" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Richard (2002). "Vibrato and National Tendencies". <i>National Schools of Singing English, French, German, and Italian Techniques of Singing Revisited</i>. Scarecrow Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810845800" title="Special:BookSources/9780810845800"><bdi>9780810845800</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vibrato+and+National+Tendencies&rft.btitle=National+Schools+of+Singing+English%2C+French%2C+German%2C+and+Italian+Techniques+of+Singing+Revisited&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780810845800&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, Peter-Michael: <i>Die Stimme des Sängers</i>. Wiesbaden: Metzler, 1993, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStark2003" class="citation book cs1">Stark, James (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rVFQdViY7jAC&q=max+schoen+vibrato+neuro+muscular+tremor&pg=PA139"><i>Bel Canto: A History of Vocal Pedagogy</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802086143" title="Special:BookSources/9780802086143"><bdi>9780802086143</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bel+Canto%3A+A+History+of+Vocal+Pedagogy&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780802086143&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrVFQdViY7jAC%26q%3Dmax%2Bschoen%2Bvibrato%2Bneuro%2Bmuscular%2Btremor%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton1919" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Louis (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9-EqAAAAYAAJ&q=PETROWITCH+BISSING&pg=RA2-PA52"><i>The Violin</i></a>. Jacobs' Band Monthly, Volume 4. p. 52<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Violin&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Jacobs%27+Band+Monthly%2C+Volume+4&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9-EqAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DPETROWITCH%2BBISSING%26pg%3DRA2-PA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBissing" class="citation book cs1">Bissing, Petrowitsch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IwhLMgEACAAJ"><i>Cultivation of the Violin Vibrato Tone</i></a>. Central States Music Publishing Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultivation+of+the+Violin+Vibrato+Tone&rft.pub=Central+States+Music+Publishing+Company&rft.aulast=Bissing&rft.aufirst=Petrowitsch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIwhLMgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, Simon: <i>Basics</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901507-00-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901507-00-3">978-1-901507-00-3</a>, page 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eberhardt, S.: <i>Violin Vibrato: Its Mastery and Artistic Uses</i>, pages 12 and 21. Carl Fischer, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexanian, D.: "Traité théorique et pratique du Violoncelle", pages 96 and 97. Dover.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academics.wellesley.edu/Physics/brown/pubs/vibPerF100P1728-P1735.pdf">"Pitch center of stringed instrument vibrato tones"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pitch+center+of+stringed+instrument+vibrato+tones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademics.wellesley.edu%2FPhysics%2Fbrown%2Fpubs%2FvibPerF100P1728-P1735.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/i8z23zFvPnU">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190928061012/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8z23zFvPnU">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarulli2012" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Farulli, Antonello (Jun 2, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8z23zFvPnU"><i>Farulli - Bow vibrato (CLIP).mp4</i></a> (Video).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Farulli+-+Bow+vibrato+%28CLIP%29.mp4&rft.date=2012-06-02&rft.aulast=Farulli&rft.aufirst=Antonello&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Di8z23zFvPnU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumann1983" class="citation book cs1">Neumann, Frederick (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7yEUTTyqgJkC&q=bow+vibrato&pg=PA45-IA10"><i>Ornamentation in Baroque and Post-baroque Music: With Special Emphasis on J.S. Bach</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691027072" title="Special:BookSources/0691027072"><bdi>0691027072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ornamentation+in+Baroque+and+Post-baroque+Music%3A+With+Special+Emphasis+on+J.S.+Bach&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0691027072&rft.aulast=Neumann&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7yEUTTyqgJkC%26q%3Dbow%2Bvibrato%26pg%3DPA45-IA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurtzman2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Kurtzman" title="Jeffrey Kurtzman">Kurtzman, Jeffrey</a> (2000-01-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fiz2YtnCcWUC&q=ganassi+bow+vibrato&pg=PA476"><i>The Monteverdi Vespers of 1610 : Music, Context, Performance: Music, Context, Performance</i></a>. Clarendon Press. p. 476. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191590719" title="Special:BookSources/9780191590719"><bdi>9780191590719</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monteverdi+Vespers+of+1610+%3A+Music%2C+Context%2C+Performance%3A+Music%2C+Context%2C+Performance&rft.pages=476&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2000-01-06&rft.isbn=9780191590719&rft.aulast=Kurtzman&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfiz2YtnCcWUC%26q%3Dganassi%2Bbow%2Bvibrato%26pg%3DPA476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2009" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, Pete (2009-05-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tamingthesaxophone.com/lessons/tone-sound/saxophone-vibrato/">"Types of saxophone vibrato"</a>. <i>Taming The Saxophone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taming+The+Saxophone&rft.atitle=Types+of+saxophone+vibrato&rft.date=2009-05-15&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftamingthesaxophone.com%2Flessons%2Ftone-sound%2Fsaxophone-vibrato%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVibrato" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrato&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vibrato_(music)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vibrato (music)">Vibrato (music)</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/vibrato" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/vibrato"><i>vibrato</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051223022317/http://www.vibroworld.com/magnatone/vibrato.html">Vibrato or tremolo?</a> - technical treatment, accessible to laypersons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.standingstones.com/vibrtopg.html">The Vibrato Page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040216021139/http://www.standingstones.com/vibrtopg.html">Archived</a> 2004-02-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - collection of critiques of vibrato.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,12084,904398,00.html">Roger Norrington writing on vibrato</a> - from a conductor's perspective, critical of vibrato</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://douglasniedt.com/TechTipVibratoPart3TheVibratoThingByDavidMontgomery.pdf">David Montgomery: The Vibrato Thing</a> - from a musician's perspective, defending vibrato</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307153625/http://www.fretjam.com/string-vibrato.html">Punctuating your Lead Guitar with String Vibratos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ladyviola1593.tripod.com/musichistory">Use of Vibrato in Baroque Vocal Music</a> - Historical documentation and a short bibliography</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100107050941/http://www.classicstoday.com/features/vibratothree.asp">David Hurwitz: Vibrato in the Classical Orchestra</a> - latest of three-part essay defending vibrato; covers the Classical Period</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120012818/http://www.geocities.jp/imyfujita/mozart-clarinet-quintet/mozartclarinetquintet.html">A riddle over vibrato of clarinet</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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