CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Plebeians - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a1ef9b7c-a53f-48c4-aa85-c3c852ec5d22","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Plebeians","wgTitle":"Plebeians","wgCurRevisionId":1259173780,"wgRevisionId":1259173780,"wgArticleId":244404,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Latin-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022","All pages needing factual verification","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2021","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from December 2023", "Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Articles containing French-language text","Social classes in ancient Rome","Social history of the United Kingdom","Class-related slurs","Social divisions"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Plebeians","wgRelevantArticleId":244404,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q104687","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/1200px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="951"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/800px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="634"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/640px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="507"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Plebeians - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeians"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeians"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Plebeians rootpage-Plebeians skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Plebeians" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Plebeians" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Plebeians" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Plebeians" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_ancient_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_ancient_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In ancient Rome</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_ancient_Rome-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In ancient Rome subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_ancient_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conflict_of_the_Orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_of_the_Orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Conflict of the Orders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_of_the_Orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noble_plebeians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noble_plebeians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Noble plebeians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noble_plebeians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Later history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Childhood_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Childhood and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Family life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Living_quarters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_quarters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Living quarters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living_quarters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Attire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Meals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreation_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreation_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Recreation and entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreation_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Financial status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Derivatives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Derivatives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Derivatives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_military_academies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_military_academies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>United States military academies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_military_academies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippine_Military_Academy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippine_Military_Academy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Philippine Military Academy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippine_Military_Academy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_and_Commonwealth_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_and_Commonwealth_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>British and Commonwealth usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_and_Commonwealth_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Plebeians</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="دهماء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دهماء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebs" title="Plebs – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Plebs" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%81" title="Плебс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Плебс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Плебеи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Плебеи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebejci" title="Plebejci – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Plebejci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebs" title="Plebs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plebs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebej" title="Plebej – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plebej" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebejer" title="Plebejer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Plebejer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebejer" title="Plebejer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plebejer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeid" title="Plebeid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Plebeid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Πληβείοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πληβείοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebe" title="Plebe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plebe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebo" title="Plebo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plebo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebe" title="Plebe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Plebe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="پلبی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پلبی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A8be" title="Plèbe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plèbe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleibigh" title="Pleibigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pleibigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebe" title="Plebe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Plebe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%88%EB%B8%8C%EC%8A%A4" title="플레브스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플레브스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%B5" title="Պլեբեյ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պլեբեյ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="पिलिबीयन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पिलिबीयन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebejac" title="Plebejac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plebejac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeyo" title="Plebeyo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Plebeyo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebs" title="Plebs – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Plebs" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeiar" title="Plebeiar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Plebeiar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebei" title="Plebei – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Plebei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A1" title="פלבס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלבס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="პლებეები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პლებეები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Плебейлер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Плебейлер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebs" title="Plebs – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Plebs" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebs" title="Plebs – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Plebs" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeji" title="Plebeji – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plebeji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebsas" title="Plebsas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plebsas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeius" title="Plebeius – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Plebeius" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Плебејци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Плебејци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB" title="പ്ലീബിയൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്ലീബിയൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="პლებეეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პლებეეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B3" title="بلبس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بلبس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebs" title="Plebs – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Plebs" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebejer" title="Plebejer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Plebejer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%83%96%E3%82%B9" title="プレブス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プレブス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeier" title="Plebeier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Plebeier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A8ba" title="Plèba – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Plèba" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeylar" title="Plebeylar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Plebeylar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebejers" title="Plebejers – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Plebejers" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebejusze" title="Plebejusze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plebejusze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebe" title="Plebe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Plebe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeian" title="Plebeian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Plebeian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Плебей – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Плебей" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Плебеи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плебеи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebs" title="Plebs – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Plebs" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebejere" title="Plebejere – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Plebejere" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebej" title="Plebej – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Plebej" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebejci" title="Plebejci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Plebejci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Плебејци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плебејци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebejci" title="Plebejci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Plebejci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeijit" title="Plebeijit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Plebeijit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebej" title="Plebej – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Plebej" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Plebo" title="Mga Plebo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Plebo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleb" title="Pleb – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pleb" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Плебей Стародавнього Риму – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плебей Стародавнього Риму" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%91%EF%BC%88%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%EF%BC%89" title="平民（古罗马） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="平民（古罗马）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleb" title="Pleb – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pleb" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%91_(%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC)" title="平民 (古羅馬) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="平民 (古羅馬)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q104687#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Plebeians" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Plebeians"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Plebeians"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Plebeians" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Plebeians" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&oldid=1259173780" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Plebeians&id=1259173780&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPlebeians"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPlebeians"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Plebeians&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q104687" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">General body of free Roman citizens</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Plebs_(spider)" title="Plebs (spider)">Plebs (spider)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plebs_(TV_series)" title="Plebs (TV series)">Plebs (TV series)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/230px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/345px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/460px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="229" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome" title="Portal:Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Crisis of the Roman Republic">fall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <p>People </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brutus" class="mw-redirect" title="Brutus">Brutus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus" title="Gaius Cassius Longinus">Cassius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Cato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clodius_Pulcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Clodius Pulcher">Clodius Pulcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Crassus">Crassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(triumvir)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)">Lepidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompey" title="Sextus Pompey">Sextus Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Marcus Agrippa</a></li></ul> <p>Events </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Triumvirate" title="First Triumvirate">First Triumvirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Caesar's Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">Assassination of Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">Battle of Philippi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Siculum" title="Bellum Siculum">Bellum Siculum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">War of Actium</a></li></ul> <p>Places </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesareum_of_Alexandria" title="Caesareum of Alexandria">Caesareum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitium" title="Comitium">Comitium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_Julia" title="Curia Julia">Curia Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_Hostilia" title="Curia Hostilia">Curia Hostilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostra" title="Rostra">Rostra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pompey" title="Theatre of Pompey">Theatre of Pompey</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_and_the_fall_of_the_Republic" title="Template:Ancient Rome and the fall of the Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_and_the_fall_of_the_Republic" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome and the fall of the Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_and_the_fall_of_the_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome and the fall of the Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sale_bread_MAN_Napoli_Inv9071_n01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sale_bread_MAN_Napoli_Inv9071_n01.jpg/220px-Sale_bread_MAN_Napoli_Inv9071_n01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sale_bread_MAN_Napoli_Inv9071_n01.jpg/330px-Sale_bread_MAN_Napoli_Inv9071_n01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sale_bread_MAN_Napoli_Inv9071_n01.jpg/440px-Sale_bread_MAN_Napoli_Inv9071_n01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Distributing bread to plebeians</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, the <b>plebeians</b> or <b>plebs<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> were the general body of free <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman citizens">Roman citizens</a> who were not <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patricians</a>, as determined by the <a href="/wiki/Capite_censi" title="Capite censi">census</a>, or in other words "<a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">commoners</a>". Both classes were hereditary. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The precise origins of the group and the term are unclear, but may be related to the Greek, <i>plēthos</i>, meaning masses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Latin, the word <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plebs#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:plebs">plebs</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a> <a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">collective noun</a>, and its <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> is <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">plebis</i></span>. Plebeians were not a monolithic social class. Those who resided in the city and were part of the four urban tribes are sometimes called the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">plebs urbana</i></span>, while those who lived in the country and were part of the 31 smaller rural tribes are sometimes differentiated by using the label <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">plebs rustica</i></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_ancient_Rome">In ancient Rome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In ancient Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Social class in ancient Rome</a></div> <p>In the annalistic tradition of <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius</a>, the distinction between patricians and plebeians was as old as Rome itself, instituted by <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>' appointment of the first hundred senators, whose descendants became the patriciate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005157_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005157-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern hypotheses date the distinction "anywhere from the regal period to the late fifth century" BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005157_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005157-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 19th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Barthold_Georg_Niebuhr" title="Barthold Georg Niebuhr">Barthold Georg Niebuhr</a> believed plebeians were possibly foreigners immigrating from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_peoples_of_italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient peoples of italy">other parts of Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995242_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995242-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hypothesis, that plebeians were racially distinct from patricians, however, is not supported by the ancient evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, the patriciate may have been defined by their monopolisation of hereditary priesthoods that granted <i>ex officio</i> membership in the senate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005167–68_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005167–68-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patricians also may have emerged from a nucleus of the rich religious leaders who formed themselves into a closed elite after accomplishing the <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">expulsion of the kings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995251–52_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995251–52-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">gentes</a></i></span> ("clans") were patrician, signalled by their family names (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">nomen</a></i></span>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the early <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, there are attested 43 clan names, of which 10 are plebeian with 17 of uncertain status.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005157_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005157-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A single clan also might have both patrician and plebeian branches sharing a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">nomen</i></span> distinguished by a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a></i></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There existed an aristocracy of wealthy families in the regal period, but "a clear-cut distinction of <i>birth</i> does not seem to have become important before the foundation of the Republic".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The literary sources hold that in the early Republic, plebeians were excluded from <a href="/wiki/Roman_Magistrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Magistrates">magistracies</a>, religious <a href="/wiki/Roman_collegia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman collegia">colleges</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those sources also hold that they were also not permitted to know the laws by which they were governed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, some scholars doubt that patricians monopolised the magistracies of the early republic, as plebeian names appear in the lists of Roman magistrates back to the fifth century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015151_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015151-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is likely that patricians, over the course of the first half of the fifth century, were able to close off high political office from plebeians and exclude plebeians from permanent social integration through marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995255–56_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995255–56-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plebeians were enrolled into the <i>curiae</i> and the tribes; they also served in the army and also in army officer roles as <i>tribuni militum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_of_the_Orders">Conflict of the Orders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conflict of the Orders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></div> <p>The Conflict of the Orders (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">ordo</i> meaning "social rank") refers to a struggle by plebeians for full political rights from the patricians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015146_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015146-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Roman tradition, shortly after the establishment of the Republic, plebeians objected to their exclusion from power and exploitation by the patricians. The plebeians were able to achieve their political goals by a series of secessions from the city: "a combination of mutiny and a strike".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015147_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015147-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient Roman tradition claimed that the Conflict led to laws being published, written down, and given open access starting in 494 BC with the law of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a>, which also introduced the concept of equality before the law, often referred to in Latin as <i>libertas</i>, which became foundational to republican politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201048_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201048-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This succession also forced the creation of <a href="/wiki/Plebeian_tribunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian tribunes">plebeian tribunes</a> with authority to defend plebeian interests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015146_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015146-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this, there was a period of <a href="/wiki/Consular_tribunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Consular tribunes">consular tribunes</a> who shared power between plebeians and patricians in various years, but the consular tribunes apparently were not endowed with religious authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201049_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201049-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 445 BC, the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Canuleia" title="Lex Canuleia">lex Canuleia</a></i> permitted intermarriage among plebeians and patricians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201045_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201045-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a radical reform in 367–6 BC, which abolished consular tribunes and "laid the foundation for a system of government led by two consuls, shared between patricians and plebeians"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201050_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201050-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over the religious objections of patricians, requiring at least one of the consuls to be a plebeian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015148,_151_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015148,_151-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And after 342 BC, plebeians regularly attained the consulship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201051_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201051-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt bondage</a> was abolished in 326, freeing plebeians from the possibility of slavery by patrician creditors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015147–48_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015147–48-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 287, with the passage of the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Hortensia" title="Lex Hortensia">lex Hortensia</a></i>, plebiscites – or laws passed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Concilium_plebis" class="mw-redirect" title="Concilium plebis">concilium plebis</a></i> – were made binding on the whole Roman people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201052_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201052-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, it banned senatorial vetoes of plebeian council laws.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (April 2021)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> And also around the year 300 BC, the priesthoods also were shared between patricians and plebeians, ending the "last significant barrier to plebeian emancipation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201052_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201052-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The veracity of the traditional story is profoundly unclear: "many aspects of the story as it has come down to us must be wrong, heavily modernised... or still much more myth than history".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015150–51_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015150–51-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Substantial portions of the rhetoric put into the mouths of the plebeian reformers of the early Republic are likely imaginative reconstructions reflecting the late republican politics of their writers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015151_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015151-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contradicting claims that plebs were excluded from politics from the fall of the monarchy, plebeians appear in the consular lists during the early fifth century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015151_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015151-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The form of the state may also have been substantially different, with a temporary ad hoc "senate", not taking on fully classical elements for more than a century from the republic's establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015152_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015152-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noble_plebeians">Noble plebeians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Noble plebeians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The completion of plebeian political emancipation was founded on a republican ideal dominated by <i><a href="/wiki/Nobiles" title="Nobiles">nobiles</a></i>, who were defined not by caste or heredity, but by their accession to the high offices of state, elected from both patrician and plebeian families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201025_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201025-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was substantial convergence in this class of people, with a complex culture of preserving the memory of and celebrating one's political accomplishments and those of one's ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201039_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201039-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This culture also focused considerably on achievements in terms of war and personal merit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201051_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201051-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Second_Samnite_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Samnite War">Second Samnite War</a> (326–304 BC), plebeians who had risen to power through these social reforms began to acquire the aura of <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Nobiles" title="Nobiles">nobilitas</a></i></span></i> ("nobility", also "fame, renown"), marking the creation of a ruling elite of <i>nobiles</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the mid-4th century to the early 3rd century BC, several plebeian–patrician "<a href="/wiki/Ticket_(election)" title="Ticket (election)">tickets</a>" for the consulship repeated joint terms, suggesting a deliberate political strategy of cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005269_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005269-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No contemporary definition of <i>nobilis</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Novus_homo" title="Novus homo">novus homo</a></i> (a person entering the nobility) exists; Mommsen, positively referenced by Brunt (1982), said the <i>nobiles</i> were patricians, patrician whose families had become plebeian (in a conjectural <i>transitio ad plebem</i>), and plebeians who had held curule offices (e.g., dictator, consul, praetor, and curule aedile).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Becoming a senator after election to a quaestorship did not make a man a <i>nobilis</i>, only those who were entitled to a <a href="/wiki/Curule_seat" title="Curule seat">curule seat</a> were <i>nobiles</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower2010155–6_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower2010155–6-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by the time of <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> in the post-Sullan Republic, the definition of <i>nobilis</i> had shifted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower2010156_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower2010156-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now, <i>nobilis</i> came to refer only to former consuls and the direct relatives and male descendants thereof.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower2010156_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower2010156-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new focus on the consulship "can be directly related to the many other displays of pedigree and family heritage that became increasingly common after Sulla" and with the expanded senate and number of praetors diluting the honour of the lower offices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower2010156–57_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower2010156–57-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A person becoming <i>nobilis</i> by election to the consulate was a <i>novus homo</i> (a new man). <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Marius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> are notable examples of <i>novi homines</i> (new men) in the late Republic,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when many of Rome's richest and most powerful men – such as <a href="/wiki/Lucullus" title="Lucullus">Lucullus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Marcus Crassus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> – were plebeian nobles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_history">Later history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the later Republic, the term lost its indication of a social order or formal hereditary class, becoming used instead to refer to citizens of lower socio-economic status.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early empire, the word was used to refer to people who were not senators (of the empire or of the local municipalities) or <a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">equestrians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much less is known about the plebeians than the patricians in Ancient Rome, as most could not write, and thus could not record what happened in their daily life.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood_and_education">Childhood and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Childhood and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The average plebeian did not come into a wealthy family; the politically active <i>nobiles</i> as a whole comprised a very small portion of the whole population. The average plebeian child was expected to enter the workforce at a young age. Plebeians typically belonged to a lower socio-economic class than their patrician counterparts, but there also were poor patricians and rich plebeians by the late Republic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Education was limited to what their parent would teach them, which consisted of only learning the very basics of writing, reading and mathematics. Wealthier plebeians were able to send their children to schools or hire a private tutor.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_life">Family life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Family life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout Roman society at all levels including plebeians, the <i><a href="/wiki/Pater_familias" title="Pater familias">paterfamilias</a></i> (oldest male in the family) held ultimate authority over household manners. Sons could have no authority over fathers at any point in their life. Women had a subservient position in the family to fathers and husbands.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Living_quarters">Living quarters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Living quarters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OstianInsulae.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/OstianInsulae.JPG/220px-OstianInsulae.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/OstianInsulae.JPG/330px-OstianInsulae.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/OstianInsulae.JPG/440px-OstianInsulae.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Insula_(building)" title="Insula (building)">insulae</a></i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Plebeians who lived in the cities were referred to as <i>plebs urbana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plebeians in ancient Rome lived in three or four-storey buildings called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Insula_(building)" title="Insula (building)">insula</a></i></span>, apartment buildings that housed many families. These apartments usually lacked running water and heat. These buildings had no bathrooms and was common for a pot to be used.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quality of these buildings varied. Accessing upper floors was done via a staircase from the street they were built on. Sometimes these were built around a courtyard and of these, some were built around a courtyard containing a cistern. Lower floors were of higher quality while the higher ones were less so. By the beginning of the Roman Empire, the <i>insulaes</i> were deemed to be so dangerous because of a risk to collapse that Emperor Augustus passed a law limiting the height of the buildings to 18 metres (59 ft) but it appeared this law was not closely followed as buildings appeared that were six or seven floors high.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plebeian apartments had frescoes and mosaics on them to serve as decorations.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rents for housing in cities was often high because of the amount of demand and simultaneously low supply.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rents were higher in Rome than other cities in Italy along with other provincial cities.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The owner of the insulae did not attend to duties regarding it and instead used an <i>insularius</i> who was most often an educated slave or a freedman instead. Their job was to collect rent from tenants, manage disputes between individual tenants and be responsible for maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all plebeians lived in these conditions, as some wealthier plebs were able to live in single-family homes, called a <a href="/wiki/Domus" title="Domus">domus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another type of housing that existed was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diversorias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diversorias (page does not exist)">diversorias</a> (lodging houses)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Taberna" title="Taberna">Tabernae</a></i> which were made of timber frames and wicker walls open to streets with the exception of shutters being one to two floors high with tightly packed spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attire">Attire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Attire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plebeian men wore a <a href="/wiki/Tunic" title="Tunic">tunic</a>, generally made of wool felt or inexpensive material, with a belt at the waist, as well as sandals.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, women wore a long dress called a <a href="/wiki/Stola" title="Stola">stola</a>. Roman fashion trends changed very little over the course of many centuries. However, hairstyles and facial hair patterns changed as initially early plebeian men had beards before a clean shaven look became more popular during the Republican era before having facial hair was popularized again by <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Emperor Hadrian</a> in the 2nd century CE. Some plebeian women would wear cosmetics made from charcoal and chalk. Romans generally wore clothes with bright colors and did wear a variety of jewelry.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meals">Meals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Meals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since meat was very expensive, animal products such as pork, beef and veal would have been considered a delicacy to plebeians. Instead, a plebeian diet mainly consisted of bread and vegetables. Common flavouring for their food included honey, vinegar and different herbs and spices. A well-known condiment to this day known as <a href="/wiki/Garum" title="Garum">garum</a>, which is a fish sauce, was also largely consumed.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apartments often did not have kitchens in them so families would get food from restaurants and/or bars.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recreation_and_entertainment">Recreation and entertainment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Recreation and entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One popular outlet of entertainment for Roman plebeians was to attend large entertainment events such as gladiator matches, military parades, religious festivals and chariot races. As time went on, politicians increased the number of games in an attempt to win over votes and make the plebeians happy.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A popular dice game among plebeians was called <i>alea</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_status">Financial status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Financial status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plebeians who resided in urban areas had to often deal with job insecurity, low pay, unemployment and high prices<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with underemployment.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A standard workday lasted for 6 hours although the length of the hours varied as Romans divided the day into 12 daytime hours and 12 nighttime hours; with the hours being determined based on the seasons. Cicero wrote in the late republican period that he estimated the average laborer working in the city of Rome earned 6 1/2 <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius"><i>denarii</i></a> a day which was 5 times what a provincial worker would make. By middle of the 1st century CE this number was higher because of inflation but however the high cost of living in the city of Rome kept the value of real wages down.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some plebeians would sell themselves into slavery or their children in order to have access to wealthy households and to them hopefully advance socially along with getting a chance to have an education. Another way plebeians would try to advance themselves was by joining the military which became easier after the <a href="/wiki/Marian_reforms" title="Marian reforms">Marian reforms</a> as soldiers were expected to pay for their own weapons. By joining the military they could get a fixed salary, share of war loot along with a pension and an allotted land parcel.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (December 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There was also the reward of getting citizenship for non-citizens. Potential recruits needed to meet a variety of requirements as well which included: being male, at least 172 centimetres (5.64 ft) tall, enlist before one was 35, having a <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_recommendation" title="Letter of recommendation">letter of recommendation</a> and completing training.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derivatives">Derivatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Derivatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_military_academies">United States military academies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United States military academies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Plebe_Summer" title="Plebe Summer">Plebe Summer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marching_Plebes_USNA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marching_Plebes_USNA.jpg/220px-Marching_Plebes_USNA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marching_Plebes_USNA.jpg/330px-Marching_Plebes_USNA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marching_Plebes_USNA.jpg/440px-Marching_Plebes_USNA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Plebes (first-year students) marching in front of <a href="/wiki/Bancroft_Hall" title="Bancroft Hall">Bancroft Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the U.S. military, <b>plebes</b> are <a href="/wiki/Freshman" title="Freshman">freshmen</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">U.S. Military Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">U.S. Naval Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge_Military_Academy_and_College" title="Valley Forge Military Academy and College">Valley Forge Military Academy and College</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Military_Academy" title="Marine Military Academy">Marine Military Academy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy" title="United States Merchant Marine Academy">U.S. Merchant Marine Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Military_College" title="Georgia Military College">Georgia Military College</a> (only for the first <a href="/wiki/Academic_quarter_(year_division)" title="Academic quarter (year division)">quarter</a>), and <a href="/wiki/California_Maritime_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="California Maritime Academy">California Maritime Academy</a>. The term is also used for new cadets at the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Military_Academy" title="Philippine Military Academy">Philippine Military Academy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippine_Military_Academy">Philippine Military Academy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Philippine Military Academy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the construction of <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Military_Academy" title="Philippine Military Academy">Philippine Military Academy</a>, the system and traditions were programmed the same as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a>. First Year Cadets in PMA are called <b>Plebes or <i>Plebos</i></b> (short term for Fourth Class Cadets) because they are still civilian antiques and they are expected to master first the spirit of <a href="/wiki/Followership" title="Followership">Followership</a>. As plebes, they are also expected to become the "working force (force men or <i><b>"porsmen"</b></i>) in the Corps of Cadets. They must also know the different plebe knowledges.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_and_Commonwealth_usage">British and Commonwealth usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: British and Commonwealth usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In British, <a href="/wiki/Irish_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish English">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African English</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Back-formation" title="Back-formation">back-formation</a> <i>pleb</i>, along with the more recently derived <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectival form</a> <i>plebby</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-oedplebby_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oedplebby-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is used as a derogatory term for someone considered unsophisticated, uncultured,<sup id="cite_ref-oedpleb_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oedpleb-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or lower class.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British comedy show <i><a href="/wiki/Plebs_(TV_series)" title="Plebs (TV series)">Plebs</a></i> followed plebeians during ancient Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Oryx_and_Crake" title="Oryx and Crake">Oryx and Crake</a></i>, there is a major class divide. The rich and educated live in safeguarded facilities while others live in dilapidated cities referred to as the "pleeblands".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_and_circuses" title="Bread and circuses">Bread and circuses</a> – Figure of speech referring to a superficial means of appeasement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capite_censi" title="Capite censi"><i>Capite censi</i></a> – Lowest class of citizens of ancient Rome</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian Council</a> – Principal assembly of the ancient Roman Republic<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebism" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebism">Plebism</a> – Turkish ideology<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a> – Class of wage-earners</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebgate" title="Plebgate">Plebgate</a> (aka Plodgate or Gategate), a 2012 British political scandal involving the use of the word as a slur</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWright2006" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Edmund, ed. (2006). <i>The Desk Encyclopedia of World History</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 507. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7394-7809-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7394-7809-7"><bdi>978-0-7394-7809-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Desk+Encyclopedia+of+World+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=507&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomiglianoLintott2012">Momigliano & Lintott 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005157-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005157_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005157_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005157_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995242-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995242_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf <a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 244. "That anyone could ever have thought that the Conflict of the Orders arose from a primordial division of the community into two ethnic groups is almost beyond belief".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005167–68-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005167–68_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, pp. 167–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995251–52-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995251–52_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, pp. 251–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015151-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015151_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015151_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015151_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeard2015">Beard 2015</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995255–56-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995255–56_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, pp. 255–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015146-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015146_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015146_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeard2015">Beard 2015</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015147-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015147_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeard2015">Beard 2015</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201048-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201048_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201049-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201049_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201045-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201045_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201050-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201050_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015148,_151-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015148,_151_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeard2015">Beard 2015</a>, pp. 148, 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201051-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201051_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201051_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015147–48-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015147–48_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeard2015">Beard 2015</a>, pp. 147–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201052-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201052_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201052_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris" class="citation web cs1">Harris, Karen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historydaily.org/when-the-peasants-went-on-strike-ancient-romes-secessions-of-the-plebs">"Secession of the Plebs: When the Peasants Went on Strike"</a>. <i>History Daily</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200524051634/https://historydaily.org/when-the-peasants-went-on-strike-ancient-romes-secessions-of-the-plebs">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Daily&rft.atitle=Secession+of+the+Plebs%3A+When+the+Peasants+Went+on+Strike&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorydaily.org%2Fwhen-the-peasants-went-on-strike-ancient-romes-secessions-of-the-plebs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015150–51-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015150–51_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeard2015">Beard 2015</a>, pp. 150–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015152-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015152_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeard2015">Beard 2015</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201025-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201025_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201039-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201039_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmon1967" class="citation book cs1">Salmon, E. T. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=boT6HtW5TCQC"><i>Samnium and the Samnites</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-06185-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-06185-8"><bdi>978-0-521-06185-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220228052838/https://books.google.com/books?id=boT6HtW5TCQC">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samnium+and+the+Samnites&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-521-06185-8&rft.aulast=Salmon&rft.aufirst=E.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DboT6HtW5TCQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005269-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005269_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunt1982" class="citation journal cs1">Brunt, P. A. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/299112">"Nobilitas and Novitas"</a>. <i>The Journal of Roman Studies</i>. <b>72</b>: 1–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F299112">10.2307/299112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0075-4358">0075-4358</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/299112">299112</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162220741">162220741</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429014009/https://www.jstor.org/stable/299112">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=Nobilitas+and+Novitas&rft.volume=72&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=1982&rft.issn=0075-4358&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162220741%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F299112%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F299112&rft.aulast=Brunt&rft.aufirst=P.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F299112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower2010155–6-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower2010155–6_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, pp. 155–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower2010156-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower2010156_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower2010156_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower2010156–57-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower2010156–57_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, pp. 156–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLintott1974" class="citation journal cs1">Lintott, A. W. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/708820">"Review: Novi Homines"</a>. <i>The Classical Review</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 261–263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009840X00243242">10.1017/S0009840X00243242</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-840X">0009-840X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/708820">708820</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162366274">162366274</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429014006/https://www.jstor.org/stable/708820">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Review&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Novi+Homines&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=261-263&rft.date=1974&rft.issn=0009-840X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162366274%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F708820%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009840X00243242&rft.aulast=Lintott&rft.aufirst=A.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F708820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/plebians.html">"Plebians"</a>. <i>The Roman Empire: In The First Century</i>. Devillier Donegan Enterprises. 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Roman+Empire%3A+In+The+First+Century&rft.atitle=Plebians&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fempires%2Fromans%2Fempire%2Fplebians.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaren" class="citation web cs1">Karen, Harris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghsgiglio.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/1/9/40190329/life_as_a_plebeian_in_ancient_rome.pdf">"Life as a Plebeian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210626162421/https://ghsgiglio.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/1/9/40190329/life_as_a_plebeian_in_ancient_rome.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+as+a+Plebeian&rft.aulast=Karen&rft.aufirst=Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fghsgiglio.weebly.com%2Fuploads%2F4%2F0%2F1%2F9%2F40190329%2Flife_as_a_plebeian_in_ancient_rome.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesSwain2010" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Mark Everson; Swain, Hilary (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2GLAgAAQBAJ"><i>Aspects of Roman History 82 BC–AD 14: A Source-based Approach</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135151607" title="Special:BookSources/9781135151607"><bdi>9781135151607</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Roman+History+82+BC%E2%80%93AD+14%3A+A+Source-based+Approach&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781135151607&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Mark+Everson&rft.au=Swain%2C+Hilary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2GLAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenshaw2012" class="citation book cs1">Renshaw, James (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-mRMAQAAQBAJ"><i>In Search of the Romans</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853997488" title="Special:BookSources/9781853997488"><bdi>9781853997488</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Romans&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781853997488&rft.aulast=Renshaw&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-mRMAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaas2005" class="citation book cs1">Faas, Patrick (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YXGlAr17oekC"><i>Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226233475" title="Special:BookSources/9780226233475"><bdi>9780226233475</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2023</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Around+the+Roman+Table%3A+Food+and+Feasting+in+Ancient+Rome&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780226233475&rft.aulast=Faas&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYXGlAr17oekC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultzWardHeichelheimYeo2019" class="citation book cs1">Schultz, Celia E.; Ward, Allen M.; Heichelheim, F. M.; Yeo, C. A. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQaQDwAAQBAJ"><i>A History of the Roman People</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351754705" title="Special:BookSources/9781351754705"><bdi>9781351754705</bdi></a>. <q>Unemployment and underemployment caused hardship for many. Housing was in high demand and short supply. Rents were steep for even the worst accommodations. This situation encourage overcrowding. That, in turn, produced serious health, sanitation, and safety problems. People lived in tightly packed rows of flimsy tabernae, one- or two-story buildings with timber frames and wicker walls open to the street except shutters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Roman+People&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781351754705&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Celia+E.&rft.au=Ward%2C+Allen+M.&rft.au=Heichelheim%2C+F.+M.&rft.au=Yeo%2C+C.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZQaQDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYavetz1958" class="citation journal cs1">Yavetz, Z. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41521048">"The Living Conditions of the Urban Plebs in Republican Rome"</a>. <i>Latomus</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 515. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41521048">41521048</a>. <q>The owner of the insula did not attend to it himself. A so called insularius was installed for that purpose, who was often a freedman, or sometimes an educated slave. The insularius was responsible for the maintenance of good order in the house; he would settle disputes between tenants, and collect the rent at fixed times in the year.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latomus&rft.atitle=The+Living+Conditions+of+the+Urban+Plebs+in+Republican+Rome&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=515&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41521048%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Yavetz&rft.aufirst=Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41521048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vita-romae.com/ancient-roman-clothing.html">"Ancient Roman Clothing"</a>. <i>www.vita-romae.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230113160753/https://www.vita-romae.com/ancient-roman-clothing.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vita-romae.com&rft.atitle=Ancient+Roman+Clothing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vita-romae.com%2Fancient-roman-clothing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historylink101.com/2/Rome/roman-plebeians.htm">"Plebeians in Ancient Rome"</a>. <i>historylink101.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historylink101.com&rft.atitle=Plebeians+in+Ancient+Rome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorylink101.com%2F2%2FRome%2Froman-plebeians.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurcell1995" class="citation journal cs1">Purcell, Nicholas (May 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/651038">"Literate Games: Roman Urban Society and the Game of Alea"</a>. <i>Past & Present</i>. <b>147</b> (147): 3–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F147.1.3">10.1093/past/147.1.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/651038">651038</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=Literate+Games%3A+Roman+Urban+Society+and+the+Game+of+Alea&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=147&rft.pages=3-37&rft.date=1995-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F147.1.3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F651038%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Purcell&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F651038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilani2017" class="citation web cs1">Milani, Maria (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mariamilani.com/ancient_rome/plebeians.htm">"Plebeians"</a>. <i>Maria Milani: Ancient Roman History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maria+Milani%3A+Ancient+Roman+History&rft.atitle=Plebeians&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Milani&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmariamilani.com%2Fancient_rome%2Fplebeians.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Lima" class="citation web cs1">de Lima, Carolina Rangel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/blog/introduction-legion-life-roman-army">"Introduction to Legion: life in the Roman army"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Legion%3A+life+in+the+Roman+army&rft.aulast=de+Lima&rft.aufirst=Carolina+Rangel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fblog%2Fintroduction-legion-life-roman-army&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oedplebby-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oedplebby_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/">"plebby"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080111125659/http://www.oed.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=plebby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oedpleb-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oedpleb_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/">"pleb"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080111125659/http://www.oed.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=pleb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2014" class="citation web cs1">Walker, Peter (2014-11-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/nov/27/plebgate-andrew-mitchell-explain-non-brits">"Andrew Mitchell and the Plebgate affair explained for non-Brits"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220210205452/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/nov/27/plebgate-andrew-mitchell-explain-non-brits">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Andrew+Mitchell+and+the+Plebgate+affair+explained+for+non-Brits&rft.date=2014-11-27&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2014%2Fnov%2F27%2Fplebgate-andrew-mitchell-explain-non-brits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2731624/plotsummary"><i>Plebs (TV Series 2013– )</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819203542/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2731624/plotsummary">archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-15</span></span> – via IMDb</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plebs+%28TV+Series+2013%E2%80%93+%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt2731624%2Fplotsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/oryxcrake/section2/page/2/">"Oryx and Crake: Chapter 2 Summary & Analysis"</a>. <i>SparkNotes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220629101838/https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/oryxcrake/section2/page/2/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SparkNotes&rft.atitle=Oryx+and+Crake%3A+Chapter+2+Summary+%26+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sparknotes.com%2Flit%2Foryxcrake%2Fsection2%2Fpage%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeard2015" class="citation book cs1">Beard, Mary (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/902661394"><i>SPQR: a history of ancient Rome</i></a> (1st ed.). New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-423-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-423-7"><bdi>978-0-87140-423-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/902661394">902661394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SPQR%3A+a+history+of+ancient+Rome&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F902661394&rft.isbn=978-0-87140-423-7&rft.aulast=Beard&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F902661394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell1995" class="citation book cs1">Cornell, Tim (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31515793"><i>The beginnings of Rome</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-01596-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-01596-0"><bdi>0-415-01596-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31515793">31515793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+beginnings+of+Rome&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31515793&rft.isbn=0-415-01596-0&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F31515793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlower2010" class="citation book cs1">Flower, Harriet I. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/301798480"><i>Roman republics</i></a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14043-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14043-8"><bdi>978-0-691-14043-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/301798480">301798480</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307052328/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/301798480">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+republics&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F301798480&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14043-8&rft.aulast=Flower&rft.aufirst=Harriet+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F301798480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsythe2005" class="citation book cs1">Forsythe, Gary (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70728478"><i>A critical history of early Rome</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94029-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94029-1"><bdi>978-0-520-94029-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70728478">70728478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+critical+history+of+early+Rome&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70728478&rft.isbn=978-0-520-94029-1&rft.aulast=Forsythe&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F70728478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomiglianoLintott2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Momigliano, Arnaldo; Lintott, Andrew (2012). "plebs". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). <i>The Oxford classical dictionary</i> (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 1161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8"><bdi>978-0-19-954556-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/959667246">959667246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=plebs&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+classical+dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1161&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F959667246&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954556-8&rft.aulast=Momigliano&rft.aufirst=Arnaldo&rft.au=Lintott%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpielvogel2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jackson_J._Spielvogel" title="Jackson J. Spielvogel">Spielvogel, Jackson J.</a> (2008). <i>World History: Journey Across Time</i>. New York: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History%3A+Journey+Across+Time&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Glencoe%2FMcGraw-Hill&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Spielvogel&rft.aufirst=Jackson+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Plebs</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Plebeians&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Plebeians">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Plebeians&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerenczy1976" class="citation book cs1">Ferenczy, Endre (1976). <i>From the Patrician State to the Patricio-Plebeian State</i>. Amsterdam: A.M. Hakkert.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Patrician+State+to+the+Patricio-Plebeian+State&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=A.M.+Hakkert&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Ferenczy&rft.aufirst=Endre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorsfall2003" class="citation book cs1">Horsfall, Nicholas (2003). <i>The Culture of the Roman Plebs</i>. London: Duckworth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+the+Roman+Plebs&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Horsfall&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillar2002" class="citation book cs1">Millar, Fergus (2002). <i>The Crowd In Rome In the Late Republic</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crowd+In+Rome+In+the+Late+Republic&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1990" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Richard E. (1990). <i>Patricians and plebeians: The origin of the Roman state</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patricians+and+plebeians%3A+The+origin+of+the+Roman+state&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorstein-Marx2004" class="citation book cs1">Morstein-Marx, Robert (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elar.uniyar.ac.ru/jspui/handle/123456789/1102"><i>Mass Oratory and Political Power in the Late Roman Republic</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511482878">10.1017/CBO9780511482878</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511482878" title="Special:BookSources/9780511482878"><bdi>9780511482878</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mass+Oratory+and+Political+Power+in+the+Late+Roman+Republic&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511482878&rft.isbn=9780511482878&rft.aulast=Morstein-Marx&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felar.uniyar.ac.ru%2Fjspui%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F1102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMouritsen2001" class="citation book cs1">Mouritsen, Henrik (2001). <i>Plebsand Politics in the Late Roman Republic</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511482885">10.1017/CBO9780511482885</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511482885" title="Special:BookSources/9780511482885"><bdi>9780511482885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plebsand+Politics+in+the+Late+Roman+Republic&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511482885&rft.isbn=9780511482885&rft.aulast=Mouritsen&rft.aufirst=Henrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaaflaub2005" class="citation book cs1">Raaflaub, Kurt A., ed. (2005). <i>Social Struggles in Archaic Rome</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470752753">10.1002/9780470752753</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470752753" title="Special:BookSources/9780470752753"><bdi>9780470752753</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Struggles+in+Archaic+Rome&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470752753&rft.isbn=9780470752753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderbroeck1987" class="citation book cs1">Vanderbroeck, Paul J. J. (1987). <i>Popular leadership and collective behavior in the late Roman Republic (ca. 80–50 B.C.)</i>. Amsterdam: Gieben.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+leadership+and+collective+behavior+in+the+late+Roman+Republic+%28ca.+80%E2%80%9350+B.C.%29&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Gieben&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Vanderbroeck&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVishnia1996" class="citation book cs1">Vishnia, Rachel Feig (1996). <i>State, Society, and Popular Leaders In Mid-Republican Rome 241–167 BC</i>. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State%2C+Society%2C+and+Popular+Leaders+In+Mid-Republican+Rome+241%E2%80%93167+BC&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Vishnia&rft.aufirst=Rachel+Feig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2005" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Caroline (2005). <i>The Laws of the Roman People</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fmpub.15992">10.3998/mpub.15992</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472110537" title="Special:BookSources/9780472110537"><bdi>9780472110537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Laws+of+the+Roman+People&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.15992&rft.isbn=9780472110537&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pleb" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:pleb">pleb</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Plebs.html">Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, article <i>Plebs</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/plebs/">Livius.org: Plebs</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Plebeians" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Plebeians">Plebeians</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plebeians&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Plebeians" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Plebeians">Plebeians</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plebeians&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Plebs" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Plebs">Plebs</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plebs&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_class" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_class" title="Template:Social class"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_class" title="Template talk:Social class"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_class" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social class"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_class" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Status</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Stratum</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic classes">Economic classes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_model" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_class_theory" title="Spoon class theory">Spoon class theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Weberian (three-component)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related<wbr /> topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattering_classes" title="Chattering classes">Chattering classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">Class society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_traitor" title="Class traitor">Class traitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">Nouveau riche</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Parvenu" title="Parvenu">Parvenu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">Ranked society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">Social orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_position" title="Social position">Social position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subaltern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Status_Anxiety" title="Status Anxiety">Status Anxiety</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_demographic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="demographic">By demographic</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detainee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual or multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">native-born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">adolescent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_rights_due_to_conviction_for_criminal_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense">Convicted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">Migrant worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By "<a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">collar</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Aristoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Patrician <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Post-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_class" title="Political class">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_politicians" title="Hereditary politicians">Hereditary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Intellectual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">Scholar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Cuāuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Hashashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nair_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nair castes">Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_warrior" title="Jaguar warrior">Ocēlōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendekar" title="Pendekar">Pendekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniyar" title="Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">Landed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">Petty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)">Superclass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">Upper middle class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazzaroni_(Naples)" title="Lazzaroni (Naples)">Lazzaroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-pickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">Under</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_tribe" title="Ant tribe">Ant tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_tribe" title="Rat tribe">Rat tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="country">By country or region</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Mobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Social class in the United States">Classes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Donor Class">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">Gentry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_middle_class" title="Mexican-American middle class">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Underprivileged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Under</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other regions<wbr /> or countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_society" title="Belizean society">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Colombia" title="Social class in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Iran" title="Social class in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Luxembourg" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Nepal" title="Caste system in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_New_Zealand" title="Social class in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_18th-century_Spain" title="Social class in 18th-century Spain">18th-century Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes_in_ancient_Greece" title="Category:Social classes in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Aztec_society" title="Social class in Aztec society">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Social class in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Pre-industrial East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Pre-industrial Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes" title="Category:Social classes">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104687#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85103443">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Plèbe (Rome)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11970884c">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Plèbe (Rome)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11970884c">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575632">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555703705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&oldid=1259173780">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&oldid=1259173780</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes_in_ancient_Rome" title="Category:Social classes in ancient Rome">Social classes in ancient Rome</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Social history of the United Kingdom">Social history of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Class-related_slurs" title="Category:Class-related slurs">Class-related slurs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_divisions" title="Category:Social divisions">Social divisions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_April_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2021">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_December_2023" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from December 2023">Articles lacking reliable references from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_short_descriptions_of_redirect_targets_via_Module:Annotated_link" title="Category:Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_Encyclopedia_Americana_with_a_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 19:52<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-nb2j4","wgBackendResponseTime":145,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.373","walltime":"1.616","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8298,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":199912,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14691,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":169465,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1452.779 1 -total"," 18.79% 272.972 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.80% 215.003 21 Template:Cite_book"," 14.74% 214.170 39 Template:Sfn"," 7.88% 114.459 1 Template:Wikt-lang"," 7.74% 112.375 9 Template:Fix"," 6.68% 97.018 1 Template:Ancient_Rome_and_the_fall_of_the_Republic"," 6.54% 94.974 1 Template:Sidebar"," 6.24% 90.710 1 Template:Social_class"," 6.06% 88.048 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.915","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21949569,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBeard2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrunt1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornell1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesSwain2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerenczy1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlower2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForsythe2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorsfall2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaren\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLintott1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilani2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillar2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMomiglianoLintott2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorstein-Marx2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMouritsen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurcell1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaaflaub2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenshaw2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRines1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalmon1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchultzWardHeichelheimYeo2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpielvogel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanderbroeck1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVishnia1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYavetz1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Lima\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Ancient Rome and the fall of the Republic\"] = 1,\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 5,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite Americana\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Collier's\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 11,\n [\"Cn\"] = 3,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 10,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 39,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Social class\"] = 1,\n [\"Vn\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-czj6x","timestamp":"20241123195214","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Plebeians","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plebeians","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q104687","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q104687","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-06-12T04:20:20Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T19:52:06Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/98\/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg","headline":"the general body of free Roman citizens in ancient Rome who were not patricians"}</script> </body> </html>