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vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Romerske_Kongeriges_fald" title="Det Romerske Kongeriges fald – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det Romerske Kongeriges fald" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="سرنگونی پادشاهی روم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرنگونی پادشاهی روم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ייסוד הרפובליקה הרומית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ייסוד הרפובליקה הרומית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suverti_de_la_monarcia_roman" title="Suverti de la monarcia roman – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Suverti de la monarcia roman" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queda_da_monarquia_romana" title="Queda da monarquia romana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Queda da monarquia romana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Падение царской власти в Древнем Риме – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Падение царской власти в Древнем Риме" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma%27da_monar%C5%9Finin_devrilmesi" title="Roma'da monarşinin devrilmesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Roma'da monarşinin devrilmesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%97" title="Повалення Римської монархії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Повалення Римської монархії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6%E7%9A%84%E6%8E%A8%E7%BF%BB" title="羅馬君主制的推翻 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羅馬君主制的推翻" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Semi-legendary overthrow of the Roman monarchy and foundation of the republic</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>overthrow of the Roman monarchy</b> was an event in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a> that took place between the 6th and 5th centuries BC where a political revolution replaced the then-existing <a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Roman monarchy</a> under <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">republic</a>. The details of the event were largely forgotten by the Romans a few centuries later; later Roman historians presented a narrative of the events, traditionally dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 509 BC</span>, but it is largely believed to be fictitious by modern scholars. </p><p>The traditional account portrays a dynastic struggle in which the king's second son, <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Tarquinius" title="Sextus Tarquinius">Sextus Tarquinius</a>, rapes a noblewoman, <a href="/wiki/Lucretia" title="Lucretia">Lucretia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon revealing the assault to some Roman noblemen, she kills herself. The Roman noblemen, led by <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus" title="Lucius Junius Brutus">Lucius Junius Brutus</a>, obtain the support of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_aristocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman aristocracy">Roman aristocracy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">people</a> to expel the king and his family and create a republic. The <a href="/wiki/Early_Roman_army" title="Early Roman army">Roman army</a>, supporting Brutus, forces the king into exile. Despite a number of attempts by Lucius Tarquinius Superbus to reinstate the monarchy, the Roman people are successful in establishing a republic and thereafter elected two <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consuls</a> annually to rule the city. </p><p>Many modern scholars dismiss this narrative as fictitious. There does not exist, however, any concrete evidence for or against it. Various scholars have dismissed aspects of the traditional story, from the historicity of almost all of its major characters to the overthrow's entire existence. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Italy_around_500_b.C._-_Touring_Club_Italiano_CART-TRC-40.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Map_Italy_around_500_b.C._-_Touring_Club_Italiano_CART-TRC-40.jpg/220px-Map_Italy_around_500_b.C._-_Touring_Club_Italiano_CART-TRC-40.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Map_Italy_around_500_b.C._-_Touring_Club_Italiano_CART-TRC-40.jpg/330px-Map_Italy_around_500_b.C._-_Touring_Club_Italiano_CART-TRC-40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Map_Italy_around_500_b.C._-_Touring_Club_Italiano_CART-TRC-40.jpg/440px-Map_Italy_around_500_b.C._-_Touring_Club_Italiano_CART-TRC-40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6046" data-file-height="6651" /></a><figcaption>Map of Italy <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BC</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Scholars and the ancient sources themselves disagree on when the monarchy was overthrown and how old the resulting republic was. The most well-known date for the establishment of the republic, and therefore, the expulsion of the kings, is 509 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-sanders1908_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanders1908-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specific dating to 509 BC emerges from the <a href="/wiki/Varronian_chronology" title="Varronian chronology">Varronian chronology</a>, assembled during the late republic by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Marcus Terentius Varro</a> and later used by the <i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_Capitolini" title="Fasti Capitolini">fasti Capitolini</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199520_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199520-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe200594,_369_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200594,_369-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which likely – in the earlier period – runs four years behind the actual dates (i.e. Varronian year 344 corresponds to real year 340 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The simplest way for the Romans to have inferred the age of their republic would have been to look at the list of consuls, of which two were elected every year, and count the number of consular pairs to impute that the republic had existed for however many years corresponded. The <i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_Capitolini" title="Fasti Capitolini">fasti Capitolini</a></i> – relying on the Varronian chronology – go back to 509 BC; Livy's list of consuls points to the republic having begun around 502–1 BC. Of course, this would have relied on the lists of consuls being accurate. Later historians reported dates roughly around that time, implying that the republic was founded:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995218_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995218-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>according to <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>, in the first year of the 68th <a href="/wiki/Olympiad" title="Olympiad">Olympiad</a> or the year <a href="/wiki/Isagoras" title="Isagoras">Isagoras</a> was <a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">eponymous archon</a> at Athens (implying 508–7 BC),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995218_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995218-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>according to <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>, 28 years before <a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">Xerxes crossed into Greece</a> (implying 508 BC),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995218–19_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995218–19-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or</li> <li>according to a census in 389 or 388 BC, 119 years before it (implying 508 or 507 BC),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A further account is given by <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Flavius" title="Gnaeus Flavius">Gnaeus Flavius</a>, who asserted his temple to <a href="/wiki/Concordia_(mythology)" title="Concordia (mythology)">Concordia</a> was dedicated 204 years after the dedication of the capitol. Because his temple was dedicated in 303 BC, this implies the capitol – which traditionally was held to have been dedicated in the first year of the republic – was dedicated in 507.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, modern scholars are sceptical of much of this traditional chronology, especially that related to the dedication of the capitol.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005154_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005154-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This relates mainly to debate over whether the earlier entries on the consular <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">fasti</i></span> are fabrications. Many historians have argued that the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">fasti</i></span> are an unreliable anachronism of the late republic. Resolution of this topic is difficult, however, due to the absolute paucity of reliable sources such that – as the historian Fred Drogula remarks – "we have no way to prove <em>or disprove</em> most of the information contained [in the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">fasti</i></span>]".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201518_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula201518-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_account">Traditional account</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Traditional account"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitoline_Brutus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1183.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Capitoline_Brutus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1183.jpg/220px-Capitoline_Brutus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1183.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Capitoline_Brutus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1183.jpg/330px-Capitoline_Brutus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1183.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Capitoline_Brutus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1183.jpg/440px-Capitoline_Brutus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1183.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1930" data-file-height="2570" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Brutus" title="Capitoline Brutus">Capitoline Brutus</a>, an ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_sculpture" title="Roman sculpture">Roman bust</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a>, is traditionally identified as a <a href="/wiki/Roman_portraiture" title="Roman portraiture">portrait</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus" title="Lucius Junius Brutus">Lucius Junius Brutus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus" title="Lucius Junius Brutus">Lucius Junius Brutus</a></div> <p>Roman tradition held that there were seven kings of Rome who reigned from the <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">city's founding</a> (traditionally dated to 753 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-sanders1908_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanders1908-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a> up to the reign of Tarquin. Archaeological evidence indicates there were kings in Rome;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas2018129,_132_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas2018129,_132-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but most scholars do not believe that the traditional narrative is historical,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ascribing its characters and details to later literary invention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas2018152,_345_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas2018152,_345-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Account">Account</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Account"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the traditional account, a group of aristocrats overthrow the last king, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a>, in response to the rape of the noblewoman <a href="/wiki/Lucretia" title="Lucretia">Lucretia</a> by the king's second son, <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Tarquinius" title="Sextus Tarquinius">Sextus Tarquinius</a>; after revealing the rape to some noblemen, Lucretia commits suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995215,_125_(Sextus_as_second_son_per_earliest_account_from_Fabius_Pictor)_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995215,_125_(Sextus_as_second_son_per_earliest_account_from_Fabius_Pictor)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005147_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005147-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting outrage leads to an uprising against the ruling family, led by some of the king's relatives: <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus" title="Lucius Junius Brutus">Lucius Junius Brutus</a> (the king's nephew), <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Collatinus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus">Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus</a> (the king's cousin and Lucretia's husband), and <a href="/wiki/Spurius_Lucretius_Tricipitinus" title="Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus">Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus</a> (Lucretia's father). They are also joined by an influential friend <a href="/wiki/Publius_Valerius_Poplicola" title="Publius Valerius Poplicola">Publius Valerius Poplicola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995215_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995215-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time, Tarquin was conducting a war against <a href="/wiki/Ardea,_Lazio" title="Ardea, Lazio">Ardea</a>, but rushes back to Rome on news of the coup; however, the city is shut before him and the coup leaders convince the army at Ardea to join them, leading to the expulsion of the king's sons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995215_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995215-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brutus and Collatinus then become the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consuls</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19511_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19511-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Brutus administering an oath before the people to never again tolerate a king in Rome and to kill anyone who attempts to restore the monarchy; among Brutus' reforms, he proposes the banishment of all members of the <a href="/wiki/Tarquinia_gens" title="Tarquinia gens">Tarquin</a> clan, leading also to the banishment of his co-consul Collatinus, who is replaced in office by Poplicola.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995215_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995215-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19511–2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19511–2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note, however, that the Romans, also report that in this early period, the consuls were initially called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetores</a></i></span> (deriving from "leader").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995226_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995226-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005151_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005151-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after, Brutus' two sons, brothers of Brutus' wife, the <a href="/wiki/Vitellia_gens" title="Vitellia gens">Vitellii</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aquillia_gens" title="Aquillia gens">Aquilii</a>, and relatives of Collatinus are discovered plotting to restore the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995215–16_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995215–16-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the conspiracy is exposed by a slave, Brutus orders the death of his own sons and relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Tarquin flees to <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a> and persuades various cities there to attack Rome and restore him to the throne. They are unsuccessful and defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Silva_Arsia" title="Battle of Silva Arsia">Battle of Silva Arsia</a>, where Brutus falls in battle; Poplicola then returns to celebrate a triumph for victory over the Etruscans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995216_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995216-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19512_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19512-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tarquin then requests aid from <a href="/wiki/Lars_Porsenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Lars Porsenna">Lars Porsenna</a>, the king of <a href="/wiki/Clusium" title="Clusium">Clusium</a>, who marches on Rome but is stopped by <a href="/wiki/Horatius_Cocles" title="Horatius Cocles">Horatius Cocles</a> who defends a bridge alone against Porsenna's forces until it can be demolished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell2012a_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell2012a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heroism of the republic's youths and Rome's force of arms persuade Porsenna to give up his campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995216_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995216-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19515_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19515-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tarquin then appeals to his son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Octavius_Mamilius" title="Octavius Mamilius">Octavius Mamilius</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tusculum" title="Tusculum">Tusculum</a>, who mobilises the <a href="/wiki/Latin_League" title="Latin League">Latin League</a> against Rome, until they too are defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Regillus" title="Battle of Lake Regillus">Battle of Lake Regillus</a> (with the Romans receiving divine assistance from <a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas2018151_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas2018151-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With no more allies willing to attack the Romans, Tarquin leaves for a more permanent exile in <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a> before dying in 495 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995216_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995216-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell2012b_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell2012b-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman government then falls into the hands of a group of aristocratic families, the <a href="/wiki/Patricians" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricians">patricians</a>, who then elect magistrates from among their number, setting up conditions for the so-called <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakley20145_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakley20145-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri#Historicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita Libri">Ab Urbe Condita Libri § Historicity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fasti" title="Fasti">Fasti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fasti_Capitolini#Historical_accuracy" title="Fasti Capitolini">Fasti Capitolini § Historical accuracy</a></div> <p>The traditional account is likely derived from an earlier oral tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995217_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995217-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barthold_Georg_Niebuhr" title="Barthold Georg Niebuhr">Barthold Georg Niebuhr</a>, in the early nineteenth century, posited that the oral tradition may have been transmitted by poems sung or recited by bards at banquets during the republic. While this "ballad theory" is no longer widely accepted,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe200575_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200575-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/T._P._Wiseman" title="T. P. Wiseman">T. P. Wiseman</a> has more recently argued that the stories were transmitted by means of public performance of plays dramatising historical events. Such plays would be especially important in a society with low literacy, and are perhaps supported by archaeological evidence suggesting circulation of Greek myths and stories in Italy as far back as the archaic period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe200575–76_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200575–76-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attilio Mastrocinque, in <i>A companion to Livy</i>, for example, identifies <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Accius" title="Lucius Accius">Lucius Accius</a>'s tragedy <i>Brutus</i> as a source for some of the stories transmitted via Livy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMastrocinque2015302_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMastrocinque2015302-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sources we have today for the monarchy and the earliest parts of the republic are "notorious[ly] unreliable" literary sources:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakley20143_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakley20143-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>, along with some supporting work from <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>'s <i>Life of Poplicola</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19512_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19512-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first literary history in Rome was written by <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Quintus Fabius Pictor</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck2007259_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2007259-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200 BC</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBispham200632_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBispham200632-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> centuries after the actual fall of the monarchy. These ancient historians read the fragmentary evidence from early Rome and reconstructed it such that it reflected their present and the surviving accounts of Livy and others are based on these writers rather than the original evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakley20143_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakley20143-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakley20143_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakley20143-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Most scholars now agree that as a result of this process the details of Livy's political and military narrative are unreliable, amounting to reconstruction or plausible invention by Livy himself or by his sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakley20143_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakley20143-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Similarly,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201038_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201038-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Few can now doubt that earlier times tended, both consciously and unconsciously, to be re-created by a succession of Roman writers in light of the conditions in the third and second century. This was true even before [133 BC and] a new political climate in which historians had more urgent motives to project the [contemporaneous] political concerns and conflicts [on] earlier Roman history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201038_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201038-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The stories that <em>were</em> written down by the time of the second century BC were done so by a time the Romans had lost any reliable sources on the fall of the monarchy; the purpose of that history as well was not to record the past in its terms, but for senators to describe and celebrate the republic as it existed in their time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201043_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201043-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senatorial historiography served to advertise and embellish writers' families rather than describe political or social contexts already lost from memory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201044_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201044-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/T._P._Wiseman" title="T. P. Wiseman">T. P. Wiseman</a> argues that many of the kings themselves and figures from the traditional story were ahistorical inventions of the fourth and third centuries BC.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wiseman and the more critical historians similarly dismiss even the earliest Roman historians, such as Fabius Pictor, as having had little knowledge of their own past beyond the fourth century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas2018344_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas2018344-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars go further, such as James Richardson, who believes that one of the central figures of the traditional story, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus" title="Lucius Junius Brutus">Lucius Junius Brutus</a>, "never existed".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As to the sources of the early republic generally, scholars usually accept the timing and occurrence of major events such as laws or battles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakley20144_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakley20144-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The narratives and details of the early republic are, therefore, doubtful even as the events are accepted in their most general terms.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These difficulties are especially challenging when there is little middle ground between a critical reading of the sources and blind acceptance of self-contradictory and unsatisfactory sources: reconstructing the earliest parts of the republic based on a critical reading "runs the risk of simply producing [a] modern narrative with no basis at all in the evidence".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201055_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201055-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the traditional narratives given from the ancient sources are distrusted by modern scholars,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995216_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995216-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who especially note how ancient sources borrowed literary tropes to embellish sparse details – even if those details are accepted in terms of basic events such as the deposition of a corrupt and ineffective tyrant – from a fragmentary tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005148_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005148-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inconsistencies">Inconsistencies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Inconsistencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the time of Fabius Pictor, it seems the tales of the monarchy and its overthrow were already well developed. Many of the legendary events bear uncanny similarities to Greek tales: the rape of Lucretia perhaps being an adaptation of a similar affair which led to the expulsion of the <a href="/wiki/Pisistratus" title="Pisistratus">Peisistratid</a> tyranny in Athens also <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 510 BC</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe200577_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200577-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, sexual violence against innocent and virtuous young women was a common trope characterising tyrants and bad kings in ancient literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005147–48_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005147–48-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the depiction of Collatinus' exile may be paralleled on the ostracism of <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus_(brother_of_Hippias)" title="Hipparchus (brother of Hippias)">Hipparchos</a>, son of Peisistratus, and Tarquinius' war on Rome to retain his crown a parallel to <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius</a>' attempt to restore the <a href="/wiki/Hippias_(tyrant)" title="Hippias (tyrant)">last Peisistratid tyrant</a> to power in Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMastrocinque2015306_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMastrocinque2015306-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extent, however, to which these Roman tales are copies of Greek tales or are genuine Roman tales embellished with Greek details is hotly debated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe200577_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200577-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Tim_Cornell" title="Tim Cornell">Tim Cornell</a> makes the point that "as a dynastic history[,] the bare catalogue of events within the Tarquin family is, in itself, perfectly credible". Yet, it is only that dynastic history which is credible. The parts around it are less compatible: a palace coup orchestrated by possible royal claimants "sits rather uncomfortably with the notion [that the uprising was] inspired by republican ideals".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995217_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995217-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hatred of the Tarquinii is also incompatible with the election of Collatinus (a patrilineal member of the Tarquinii) and of Lucius Junius Brutus (related to the Tarquinii maternally).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995217_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995217-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intervention and defeat of <a href="/wiki/Lars_Porsenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Lars Porsenna">Lars Porsenna</a> also is questionable; other ancient accounts place him as defeating the nascent republic and imposing harsh peace terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas2018151_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas2018151-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995217–18_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995217–18-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005148–49_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005148–49-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The specific listing of the consuls in the first year of the republic is muddled and internally inconsistent. Tradition notes five: Lucius Junius Brutus, Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, Publius Valerius Poplicola, <a href="/wiki/Spurius_Lucretius_Tricipitinus" title="Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus">Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Horatius_Pulvillus" title="Marcus Horatius Pulvillus">Marcus Horatius Pulvillus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19511–3_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19511–3-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sources themselves report inconsistencies: Livy indicates that in older writing, Lucretius' consulship was nowhere to be found.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polybius asserts that a treaty signed in the first year of the republic was dated to the consulship of Brutus and Horatius, even though the two, according to Livy and Dionysius, never held office at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005153_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005153-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cicero and Pliny themselves note a consular pair: that of Brutus and Valerius Poplicola, without Collatinus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas2018151_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas2018151-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cassius Dio – according to a quote in <a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a> – dissents from the consular tradition entirely, saying that Brutus initially ruled alone but was given a colleague to prevent him from declaring himself king.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gary Forsythe, a historian, argues more broadly that the names follow a pattern observed elsewhere in the ancient narrative sources of using names appearing in later years of the consular <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">fasti</i></span> for characters set in a previous year; he therefore dismisses Valerius and Lucretius' consulships in 509, speculating that Valerius was brought from the second year of the republic into the first so that the character could pass a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">lex Valeria</i></span> which is itself fictitious and patterned on a real law from 300 BC. Furthermore, there is disagreement as to when the Capitoline temple, which was firmly associated with Horatius, was dedicated: Livy places it in the first year of the republic, while Tacitus and Dionysius both assign it to the third year of the republic, during Horatius' "second" consulship. Forsythe argues it is more likely that, to have the temple dedicated in the "momentous first year of the republic, later writers moved Horatius back two years and made him one of the first consuls".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005154_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005154-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The details aside, the traditional account supports the abolition of the monarchy <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 505 BC</span> and the creation of a nascent republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995218_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995218-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all modern scholars, however, accept a revolutionary new government as emerging so dramatically, and instead suggest that the kingship faded away into the attested and largely ceremonial <a href="/wiki/Rex_sacrorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rex sacrorum">rex sacrorum</a> over decades, which the Roman republican historians compressed into a single dramatic event.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas2018152_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas2018152-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_theories">Modern theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many different theories about what happened at the start of the republic. The evidence is sufficiently sparse that many stories can be plausibly put forth. Modern views range from a semi-traditional account accepting the general facts of Roman tradition to hyper-critical accounts which argue that basically all of Rome's early history are the result of "artificial numerological exercises" and almost pure invention from association with other historical events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoptev201045_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoptev201045-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semi-traditionalist_approach">Semi-traditionalist approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Semi-traditionalist approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The semi-traditionalist approach is built on a methodology of accepting Roman tradition as correct in terms of broad events, but discarding the narrative details themselves as fictitious. This theory was presented in its most complete form in Tim Cornell's 1995 book, <i>Beginnings of Rome</i>, and has some support among scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_2011_p19_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith_2011_p19-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accepting those broad events, a domestic crisis provides a spark which causes a revolution in Rome <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BC</span> which overthrows the existing monarchy in the city; Rome becomes involved around this time in a greater conflagration affecting most of Tyrrhenian Italy,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995237_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995237-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as around the same time there were also similar revolutions in other states.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lars_Porsenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Lars Porsenna">Lars Porsenna</a> intervenes in northern Latium as part of this conflagration, though his role in the downfall of the Tarquins or if Tarquin requested his assistance is unknown. Porsenna's Etruscan forces probably take Rome and move south to engage the Latins, but suffer a decisive defeat at Aricia. This story also has the added benefit of being supported by a Dionysius of Halicarnassus' history of <a href="/wiki/Aristodemus_of_Cumae" title="Aristodemus of Cumae">Aristodemus of Cumae</a> which confirms a defeat of Lars Porsenna and a date of 504 BC for the battle of Aricia from a separate Greek historical tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995237_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995237-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also suggesting anti-royal sentiment, around 500 BC, there is evidence in the archaeological record of destruction around the <a href="/wiki/Comitium" title="Comitium">comitium</a>. The royal sanctuary near <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Omobono" title="Sant'Omobono">Sant'Omobono</a> at the foot of the Capitoline hill also was destroyed and abandoned for around a century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995237_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995237-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cornell argues that the abandonment of the site at Sant'Omobono "contributes to the general impression... of an oligarchic coup against a populist tyranny" which was then forced to concede power to the army represented in the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">comitia centuriata</a></i></span>. If the king had been in the habit of nominating two army officers for the approval from the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">comitia</i></span>, "an attractive hypothesis is that... it was they who overthrew their master and took over the state".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995238_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995238-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cornell also argues that this populist tyranny had for some time reduced the older traditionalist kingship into the ceremonial <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Rex_Sacrorum" title="Rex Sacrorum">rex sacrorum</a></i></span>, as its existence makes it "easy to speculate" that the title descended from a real king whose political powers had been reduced to ceremony only (as in the modern <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British monarchy</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Archon_basileus" title="Archon basileus">archon basileus</a> at Athens).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995227,_238_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995227,_238-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One suggestion in this vein is that the previous king <a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a> ruled as a popular life-magistrate – a "tyranny" in ancient Greek terms – with some speculation that Tullius' supposed original name – Mastarna – is an Etruscan corruption of Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">magister</i></span> (as in <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">magister populi</i></span>, one of the Roman dictator's other titles).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995235,_139_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995235,_139-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The survival of a vestigial dictatorship, normally replaced by two consuls, also suggests similarity to other Latin towns which were ruled by dictators, including <a href="/wiki/Alba_Longa" title="Alba Longa">Alba Longa</a>, which supposedly had replaced its king with two annually elected dictators before its destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995227_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995227-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intervention_by_Porsenna">Intervention by Porsenna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Intervention by Porsenna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alternatively, another theory also accepted among scholars, including Gary Forsythe, is that the republic arose from Lars Porsenna's invasion itself.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_2011_p19_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith_2011_p19-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory was first presented by <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Alf%C3%B6ldi" title="Andreas Alföldi">Andreas Alföldi</a> in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accepting the tradition – specifically in <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – that Porsenna was successful in capturing Rome, he either abolishes the monarchy directly or puts the existing king to flight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005148_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005148-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tarquin flees to other Latin cities for support while Porsenna uses Rome as a bridgehead to invade <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a>. But after the Etruscan defeat at the Battle of Aricia in 504 BC, Porsenna is forced to withdraw and leave the Romans to face Latin attempts to restore Tarquin as king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005148–49_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005148–49-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Latins are unable to prevail by force of arms at Lake Regillus, Tarquin then goes into exile in Cumae, leaving the republic standing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005149_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005149-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If this theory is true, it also would explain the appointment of Brutus and Collatinus: Porsenna would want to install someone to govern the city and members of the former royal house would lend legitimacy to his occupation and a co-equal pair would check against abuses. In this story, upon Porsenna's withdrawal, the two officials were retained and turned into the classical consuls.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This theory could also be plausibly combined with Cornell's semi-traditionalist account above, by proposing that Porsenna's intervention was opportunistically related to Rome's overthrow of its monarchy and the resulting unstable power struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995217–18_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995217–18-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also substantial archaeological evidence of destruction in central Etruria around at the end of the sixth century, suggesting major inter-state conflict, making the use of military force, even without an internal Roman political crisis, plausible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005149_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005149-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_foundation_of_the_republic">Later foundation of the republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Later foundation of the republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some scholars also reject the <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BC</span> dating of the republic's foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995222_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995222-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One hypothesis is that the Capitoline temple is older than the republic and that the republic's <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">fasti</i></span> were artificially lengthened to make the foundation of the temple and the republic line up. Robert Werner argued this in a 1963 monograph.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that some of the names of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">fasti</i></span>, mostly Etruscan ones, were fake, dismissing plebeian names under the assumption they could not hold the consulship. Doing so brings the republic's establishment to 472 BC, which coincides with the collapse of Etruscan power in central Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995220_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995220-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternatively, the Capitoline temple's foundation may coincide with the introduction of eponymous magistrates – magistrates giving their names to the year – but without the formation of a republic (in which those magistrates held state power). Eponymous magistrates and a Roman kingdom are not necessarily incompatible: the <a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">ephors</a> of Sparta were ruled by kings but still gave their names to the years; nor was the eponymous magistrate abolished during the Pisistratid tyranny in Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995221_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995221-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hypothesis, proposed by Krister Hanell, argues that the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">fasti</i></span> have nothing to do with the republic at all, which in his view emerged gradually when royal power faded away into the hands of the eponymous magistrates who became the consuls.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cornell argues that Hanell's hypothesis only makes sense if one assumes, ab initio, the republic's creation was gradual and that there is little evidence one way or the other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995223_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995223-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Einar_Gjerstad" title="Einar Gjerstad">Einar Gjerstad</a> argued that moving the expulsion of the kings to a cultural break <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 450 BC</span> matches both with archaeological evidence of impoverishment and the disappearance of Etruscan names from the consular <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">fasti</i></span>, which synthesises both acceptance of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">fasti</i></span> and the argument that the republic's foundation might not coincide with that of the temple's.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gjerstad's theory, however, requires the end of Etruscan rule to coincide with the monarchy's expulsion, for which there is no evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995223,_224_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995223,_224-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cornell rejects all of these views as overly revisionist and dependent on a "a complex mixture of archaeological and literary data" while having strong assumptions about the changes that the expulsion of the kings created.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995221_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995221-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More critical historians, like Forsythe, however, believe Cornell's treatment is "too trusting and overly optimistic" about the nature of the source material.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe20054_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe20054-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_approach">Critical approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Critical approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars have recognised that many of the traditional stories were invented by injecting into the past many later events and literary tropes with dates likely copied over from other Hellenistic historical traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolloway2008121_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolloway2008121-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In those traditions, the large number of events in various societies that lacked firm dates was resolved by assigning the same dates to similar events in those different societies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoptev201017–18_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoptev201017–18-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That early Roman history was reconstructed (or, less generously, in Cicero's description "a forgery") was well known even to the Romans themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary sources of Roman history to the ancient Romans were lists noting the achievements of family ancestors and priestly notices, all of which lacked chronological significance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolloway2008114,_118_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolloway2008114,_118-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific years were then assigned by synchronism with various other events under various different reconstructions; for even major events such as the Gallic sack of Rome, the surviving ancient historians disagreed at what occurred in what years.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, Alexander Koptev argued in 2010 that the placement of dates in early Roman history was rooted in a single source by <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(historian)" title="Timaeus (historian)">Timaeus of Tauromenium</a>, which "as chronological <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">urvater</i></span>... shaped the chronological skeleton of Roman history, basing it on a comparison with the Hellenistic world",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoptev20106_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoptev20106-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> directly influencing the annalists, whose works flow forward to the sources we have today. Timaeus performed "artificial numerological exercises" which provided a chronology onto which dimly remembered oral stories, like that of the expulsion of the kings, could be placed. Here, Timaeus' dating the start of the republic was an arbitrary synchronism: it started in merely the same year in which <a href="/wiki/Cleisthenes" title="Cleisthenes">Cleisthenes</a> established democracy in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> (510–9 BC). This also neatly explains why Roman history accords with Dionysius' discussion of war between <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a> and Etruria: it was placed there deliberately.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoptev201046_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoptev201046-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, some historians believe that <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_(Livy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab urbe condita (Livy)">account</a> of the early republic is structured by a cyclic approach to history in which a rise in moral virtues precedes their decline, with a period of a <em>great year</em> consisting of 360–365 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMineo2015a140_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMineo2015a140-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoptev201022_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoptev201022-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting with <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>, the cycle reaches a peak under king <a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a> before a second founding under <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Furius_Camillus" title="Marcus Furius Camillus">Camillus</a>, completing the cycle. This causes a second peak in the time of <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a> before <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> enters as the figure to re-found Rome again and restart the great year, with Livy suggesting that Romulus, Camillus, and Augustus are coequal heroic figures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMineo2015a140–41,_147_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMineo2015a140–41,_147-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The critical approach also stresses the extent to which the sources available today were shaped and moulded by contemporary political concerns and ideologies with an emphasis on furthering favourable political narratives on Rome's early history.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_influence">Political influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Political influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M._Junius_Brutus,_denarius,_54_BC,_RRC_433-2_(obverse_L._Junius).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/M._Junius_Brutus%2C_denarius%2C_54_BC%2C_RRC_433-2_%28obverse_L._Junius%29.jpg/220px-M._Junius_Brutus%2C_denarius%2C_54_BC%2C_RRC_433-2_%28obverse_L._Junius%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/M._Junius_Brutus%2C_denarius%2C_54_BC%2C_RRC_433-2_%28obverse_L._Junius%29.jpg/330px-M._Junius_Brutus%2C_denarius%2C_54_BC%2C_RRC_433-2_%28obverse_L._Junius%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/M._Junius_Brutus%2C_denarius%2C_54_BC%2C_RRC_433-2_%28obverse_L._Junius%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>A coin depicting Lucius Junius Brutus, minted by his descendant Marcus Junius Brutus during his term as <i><a href="/wiki/Triumvir_monetalis" title="Triumvir monetalis">triumvir monetalis</a></i> in 54 BC<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford1974455_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford1974455-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The putative role of Lucius Junius Brutus in the abolition of the kings was commemorated by the later Romans with a statue on the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a> – holding an unsheathed sword – in front of the statues of the seven kings of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrummond2012_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrummond2012-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story of his overthrow was also referenced by the public as part of a campaign to convince one of his descendants, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Marcus Junius Brutus</a>, to organise the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">assassination of Julius Caesar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Praise of Brutus, both the one who expelled the kings and the one who killed Caesar, was common during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>; the name was appropriated as an exemplar of civic republican virtues and citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boys, and whole towns, were named after Brutus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrew2011142_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrew2011142-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaders of the French Revolution, according to <a href="/wiki/Mona_Ozouf" title="Mona Ozouf">Mona Ozouf</a>, drew on "legendary antiquity... to rise to the level of the events which they were living".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrew2011147_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrew2011147-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporaneously, in the debate over ratification of what would become the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a>, the authors of <a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> signed with the pseudonym "Publius", a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Publius_Valerius_Poplicola" title="Publius Valerius Poplicola">Publius Valerius Poplicola</a> of the Livian narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESellers2014401_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESellers2014401-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_literature_and_the_arts">In literature and the arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In literature and the arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the ancient world, the playwright <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Accius" title="Lucius Accius">Lucius Accius</a> composed a tragedy depicting the events of the overthrow, titled <i>Brutus</i>, that combined elements from Greek myth and tragic dramas with the Roman story.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMastrocinque2015302_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMastrocinque2015302-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s 1594 poem <i>Lucrece</i> "enjoyed immense acclaim when it was first published... telling the story of Lucretia in melodramatic rather than narrative fashion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995438_n._1_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995438_n._1-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His play <i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a></i> also borrowed elements from the ancient stories of Tarquin's fall: Attilio Mastrocinque argues <a href="/wiki/Macduff_(Macbeth)" title="Macduff (Macbeth)">Macduff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_(Macbeth)" title="Malcolm (Macbeth)">Malcolm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siward,_Earl_of_Northumbria" title="Siward, Earl of Northumbria">Siward of Northumbria</a> are modelled on Brutus, Lucretius, Collatinus, and Poplicola.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMastrocinque2015311_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMastrocinque2015311-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Lee" title="Nathaniel Lee">Nathaniel Lee</a>, an English playwright, dramatised the story of Lucretia and the overthrow of the Tarquins in a late 17th century play, <i>Lucius Junius Brutus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> wrote a play, <i>Brutus</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1730</span>), dramatising Lucius Junius Brutus' overthrow of Tarquin, which, while not immediately successful, became enormously popular in the 1790s during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> after <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_abolition_of_the_monarchy" title="Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy">abolition of the French monarchy</a> and the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Thomas Babington Macaulay</a> also published a poetic telling of the expulsion in <i><a href="/wiki/Lays_of_Ancient_Rome" title="Lays of Ancient Rome">Lays of Ancient Rome</a></i> which was "once extremely well known".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995438_n._1_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995438_n._1-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The death of Lucretia and the death of Brutus' sons also were subjects of many <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">neoclassical</a> paintings in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Brutus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jacques-Louis David's 1789 painting The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons, depicting Brutus contemplating the fate of his sons"><img alt="Jacques-Louis David's 1789 painting The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons, depicting Brutus contemplating the fate of his sons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/David_Brutus.jpg/200px-David_Brutus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/David_Brutus.jpg/300px-David_Brutus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/David_Brutus.jpg/400px-David_Brutus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5284" data-file-height="4040" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a>'s 1789 painting <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lictors_Bring_to_Brutus_the_Bodies_of_His_Sons" title="The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons">The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons</a></i>, depicting Brutus contemplating the fate of his sons</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Oath_of_Brutus_LACMA_M.2000.179.18.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jacques-Antoine Beaufort's 1771 depiction of Brutus' oath and Lucretia's death"><img alt="Jacques-Antoine Beaufort's 1771 depiction of Brutus' oath and Lucretia's death" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_Oath_of_Brutus_LACMA_M.2000.179.18.jpg/200px-The_Oath_of_Brutus_LACMA_M.2000.179.18.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_Oath_of_Brutus_LACMA_M.2000.179.18.jpg/300px-The_Oath_of_Brutus_LACMA_M.2000.179.18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_Oath_of_Brutus_LACMA_M.2000.179.18.jpg/400px-The_Oath_of_Brutus_LACMA_M.2000.179.18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Antoine_Beaufort" title="Jacques-Antoine Beaufort">Jacques-Antoine Beaufort</a>'s 1771 depiction of Brutus' oath and Lucretia's death</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gavin_Hamilton_-_The_Death_of_Lucretia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gavin Hamilton's 1763–64 depiction of Brutus' oath and Lucretia's death"><img alt="Gavin Hamilton's 1763–64 depiction of Brutus' oath and Lucretia's death" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gavin_Hamilton_-_The_Death_of_Lucretia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-Gavin_Hamilton_-_The_Death_of_Lucretia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gavin_Hamilton_-_The_Death_of_Lucretia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Gavin_Hamilton_-_The_Death_of_Lucretia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gavin_Hamilton_-_The_Death_of_Lucretia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/400px-Gavin_Hamilton_-_The_Death_of_Lucretia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6120" data-file-height="4924" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Hamilton_(artist)" title="Gavin Hamilton (artist)">Gavin Hamilton</a>'s 1763–64 depiction of Brutus' oath and Lucretia's death</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 215. "The incident that prompted the coup was the rape of Lucretia by Sextus Tarquinius, the tyrant's second son".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sanders1908-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sanders1908_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sanders1908_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eg <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSanders1908" class="citation journal cs1">Sanders, Henry A. (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/261793">"The Chronology of Early Rome"</a>. <i>Classical Philology</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 316–329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F359186">10.1086/359186</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-837X">0009-837X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/261793">261793</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161535192">161535192</a>. <q>It has come to be second nature ... to date the founding of Rome [to] 753 BC [and] the first year of the Republic [to] 509 BC.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=The+Chronology+of+Early+Rome&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=316-329&rft.date=1908&rft.issn=0009-837X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161535192%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F261793%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F359186&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Henry+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F261793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverthrow+of+the+Roman+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199520-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199520_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200594,_369-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe200594,_369_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, pp. 94, 369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, pp. 279, 380. Varro reports what appears to be a description of a solar eclipse in 344 BC, which corresponded to an eclipse, dated using modern astronomical data, observed in Rome on 15 September 340 BC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995218-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995218_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995218_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995218_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995218–19-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995218–19_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, pp. 218–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 218. "The consulship in question [Lucius Valerius Potitus and Titus Manlius Capitolinus] is that of Varronian 392 BC... probably 390 or 388 BC in reality". Cornell also notes that the census' validity is also questioned, though he rejects that questioning.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 218. "Flavius dedicated a shrine... dating it [to] '204 years after the dedication of the Capitol' [which was] dedicated in the first year of the republic".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005154-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005154_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005154_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula201518-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201518_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas2018129,_132-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas2018129,_132_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLomas2018">Lomas 2018</a>, pp. 129, 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaaflaub2005" class="citation book cs1">Raaflaub, Kurt A (2005). "The Conflict of the Orders in Archaic Rome: a comprehensive and comparative approach". In Raaflaub, Kurt (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470752753.ch1"><i>Social Struggles in Archaic Rome</i></a>. Malden: Blackwell. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470752753.ch1">10.1002/9780470752753.ch1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0060-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0060-1"><bdi>978-1-4051-0060-1</bdi></a>. <q>Most scholars reject the historicity of the story about the fall of monarchy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Conflict+of+the+Orders+in+Archaic+Rome%3A+a+comprehensive+and+comparative+approach&rft.btitle=Social+Struggles+in+Archaic+Rome&rft.place=Malden&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470752753.ch1&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0060-1&rft.aulast=Raaflaub&rft.aufirst=Kurt+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%2F9780470752753.ch1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverthrow+of+the+Roman+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas2018152,_345-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas2018152,_345_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLomas2018">Lomas 2018</a>, pp. 152, 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995215,_125_(Sextus_as_second_son_per_earliest_account_from_Fabius_Pictor)-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995215,_125_(Sextus_as_second_son_per_earliest_account_from_Fabius_Pictor)_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, pp. 215, 125 (Sextus as second son per earliest account from Fabius Pictor).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005147-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005147_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995215-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995215_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995215_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995215_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19511-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19511_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19511–2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19511–2_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995226-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995226_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005151-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005151_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995215–16-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995215–16_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, pp. 215–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2021" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Mark (2021). <i>Dictator: the evolution of the Roman dictatorship</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 32 n. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-12920-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-12920-1"><bdi>978-0-472-12920-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1243162549">1243162549</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictator%3A+the+evolution+of+the+Roman+dictatorship&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pages=32+n.+5&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1243162549&rft.isbn=978-0-472-12920-1&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverthrow+of+the+Roman+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span> Per Wilson, see Livy 2.3–5; Dion. Hal. <i>Ant. Rom.</i> 5.6–13; Plut. <i>Pub.</i> 3–7; and Oros. 2.5.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995216-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995216_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995216_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995216_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995216_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19512-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19512_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19512_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell2012a-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell2012a_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell2012a">Cornell 2012a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19515-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19515_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas2018151-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas2018151_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas2018151_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas2018151_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLomas2018">Lomas 2018</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell2012b-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell2012b_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell2012b">Cornell 2012b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakley20145-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakley20145_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOakley2014">Oakley 2014</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995217-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995217_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995217_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995217_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200575-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe200575_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200575–76-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe200575–76_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, pp. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMastrocinque2015302-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMastrocinque2015302_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMastrocinque2015302_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMastrocinque2015">Mastrocinque 2015</a>, p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakley20143-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakley20143_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakley20143_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakley20143_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakley20143_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOakley2014">Oakley 2014</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2007259-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck2007259_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeck2007">Beck 2007</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBispham200632-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBispham200632_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBispham2006">Bispham 2006</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201038-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201038_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201038_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201043-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201043_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201044-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201044_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiseman2008" class="citation book cs1">Wiseman, TP (8 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vjn65"><i>Unwritten Rome</i></a>. Liverpool University Press. p. 314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5949%2Fliverpool%2F9780859898225.001.0001">10.5949/liverpool/9780859898225.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-822-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-822-5"><bdi>978-0-85989-822-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vjn65">j.ctt5vjn65</a>. <q>It is natural to conclude that the stories of Lucretia and her father... and Horatius Cocles, and of the heroine Cloelia, all date from the fifth century or early fourth, while those of Brutus and Mucius were created in the late fourth and late third centuries respectively.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unwritten+Rome&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2008-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt5vjn65%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5949%2Fliverpool%2F9780859898225.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-85989-822-5&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=TP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt5vjn65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverthrow+of+the+Roman+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas2018344-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas2018344_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLomas2018">Lomas 2018</a>, p. 344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Richardson, James (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/659849">"L Iunius Brutus the Patrician and the Political Allegiance of Q Aelius Tubero"</a>. <i>Classical Philology</i>. <b>106</b> (2): 155–160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F659849">10.1086/659849</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-837X">0009-837X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/659849">10.1086/659849</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155352456">155352456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=L+Iunius+Brutus+the+Patrician+and+the+Political+Allegiance+of+Q+Aelius+Tubero&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=155-160&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0009-837X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155352456%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F659849%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F659849&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F659849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverthrow+of+the+Roman+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakley20144-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakley20144_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOakley2014">Oakley 2014</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOakley2014">Oakley 2014</a>, p. 4. "To take a simple example, Livy... gives a long description of how the Romans captured Veii in 396 BC; few, if any, scholars doubt that Veii fell to Rome in that year, but likewise few accept the historicity of all the legends with which the tale is embroidered in Livy and others".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201055-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201055_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005148-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005148_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005148_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200577-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe200577_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe200577_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005147–48-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005147–48_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, pp. 147–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMastrocinque2015306-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMastrocinque2015306_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMastrocinque2015">Mastrocinque 2015</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995217–18-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995217–18_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995217–18_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, pp. 217–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005148–49-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005148–49_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005148–49_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, pp. 148–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19511–3-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19511–3_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, pp. 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 153, citing Livy 2.8.5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005153-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005153_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, p. 3. Liv 2.8.4–5 and Dion. Hal. 5.19.2 assert that Horatius was elected in place of Lucretius, who was himself elected in place of Brutus, who was killed on the battlefield.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLomas2018">Lomas 2018</a>, p. 173, citing Zon. 7.12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas2018152-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas2018152_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLomas2018">Lomas 2018</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoptev201045-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoptev201045_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoptev2010">Koptev 2010</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith_2011_p19-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith_2011_p19_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_2011_p19_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2011" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Christopher (2011). "The magistrates of the early Roman republic". In Beck, Hans; et al. (eds.). <i>Consuls and </i>res publica<i>: holding high office in the Roman republic</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00154-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00154-1"><bdi>978-1-107-00154-1</bdi></a>. <q>Cornell 1995 remains the most persuasive and careful account, but see also Forsythe 2005...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+magistrates+of+the+early+Roman+republic&rft.btitle=Consuls+and+res+publica%3A+holding+high+office+in+the+Roman+republic&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00154-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverthrow+of+the+Roman+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995237-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995237_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995237_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995237_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 231. "What happened at Rome at the end of the sixth century... undoubtedly formed part of a wider movement of change [affecting] the Mediterranean world a whole... tyrannies were overthrown and replaced by constitutional systems combining aristocratic rule with the participation of property-owning citizens".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallia2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gallia, Andrew B. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20430571">"Reassessing the 'Cumaean Chronicle': Greek Chronology and Roman History in Dionysius of Halicarnassus"</a>. <i>The Journal of Roman Studies</i>. <b>97</b>: 55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3815%2F000000007784016052">10.3815/000000007784016052</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0075-4358">0075-4358</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20430571">20430571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=Reassessing+the+%27Cumaean+Chronicle%27%3A+Greek+Chronology+and+Roman+History+in+Dionysius+of+Halicarnassus&rft.volume=97&rft.pages=55&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0075-4358&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20430571%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3815%2F000000007784016052&rft.aulast=Gallia&rft.aufirst=Andrew+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20430571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverthrow+of+the+Roman+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995238-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995238_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995227,_238-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995227,_238_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, pp. 227, 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995235,_139-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995235,_139_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, pp. 235, 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995227-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995227_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 148. "Despite these difficulties, A. Alföldi (1965, 72–84) has offered a compelling picture of the events that might have brought about the end of the Roman monarchy".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 148, citing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlföldi1965" class="citation book cs1">Alföldi, Andreas (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/406979"><i>Early Rome and the Latins</i></a>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10400-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10400-0"><bdi>978-0-472-10400-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/406979">406979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Rome+and+the+Latins&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F406979&rft.isbn=978-0-472-10400-0&rft.aulast=Alf%C3%B6ldi&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F406979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverthrow+of+the+Roman+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 149. "Tacitus (<i>Hist.</i> 3.72) characterises [the burning of the Capitoline temple in AD 69] as the worst catastrophe that ever befell Rome, even worse than those of the city's surrender to Porsenna"; "Pliny (<i>NH</i> 31.139) says that in the treaty which Porsenna granted to the Romans, the latter were forbidden to use iron except in agriculture".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005149-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005149_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005149_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 155. "The division of power between two officials [Porsenna's governors] [is] maintained as a sensible arrangement".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995222-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995222_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 220, citing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner1963" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Werner, Robert (1963). <i>Der Beginn der römischen Republik</i> (in German). R. Oldenbourg. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7120591">7120591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Beginn+der+r%C3%B6mischen+Republik&rft.pub=R.+Oldenbourg&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7120591&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverthrow+of+the+Roman+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995220-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995220_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995221-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995221_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995221_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, pp. 221–22, citing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanell1946" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hanell, Krister (1946). <i>Das altrömische eponyme Amt</i>. Acta Instituti Romani Regni Sueciae (in German). Lund: Gleerup.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+altr%C3%B6mische+eponyme+Amt&rft.place=Lund&rft.series=Acta+Instituti+Romani+Regni+Sueciae&rft.pub=Gleerup&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Hanell&rft.aufirst=Krister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverthrow+of+the+Roman+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995223-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995223_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 222, citing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGjerstad1962" class="citation book cs1">Gjerstad, Einar (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1X4ZAQAAMAAJ"><i>Legends and facts of early Roman history</i></a>. Gleerup. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/697770965">697770965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legends+and+facts+of+early+Roman+history&rft.pub=Gleerup&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F697770965&rft.aulast=Gjerstad&rft.aufirst=Einar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1X4ZAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverthrow+of+the+Roman+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995223,_224-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995223,_224_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, pp. 223, 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe20054-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe20054_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolloway2008121-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolloway2008121_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolloway2008">Holloway 2008</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoptev201017–18-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoptev201017–18_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoptev2010">Koptev 2010</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolloway2008">Holloway 2008</a>, p. 115, citing, Cicero, <i>Brut.</i> 16.62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolloway2008">Holloway 2008</a>, pp. 124–25, quoting Livy 2.21.4, "so many chronological errors, magistrates appearing differently in different authors, suggest ... you cannot tell which consuls came after which or what belonged [to] any one year...".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolloway2008114,_118-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolloway2008114,_118_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolloway2008">Holloway 2008</a>, pp. 114, 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolloway2008">Holloway 2008</a>, p. 121. Diodorus Siculus placed the Gallic sack in 387 while Livy placed it in 390; Diodorus' consular lists disagree with those of Livy by up to seven years in places.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoptev20106-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoptev20106_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoptev2010">Koptev 2010</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoptev201046-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoptev201046_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoptev2010">Koptev 2010</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMineo2015a140-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMineo2015a140_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMineo2015a">Mineo 2015a</a>, p. 140. See also n. 1 on p. 362 in the same book.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoptev201022-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoptev201022_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoptev2010">Koptev 2010</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMineo2015a140–41,_147-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMineo2015a140–41,_147_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMineo2015a">Mineo 2015a</a>, pp. 140–41, 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMineo2015a">Mineo 2015a</a>, p. 152, citing, among others, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPielMineo2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Piel, Thierry; Mineo, Bernard, eds. (2011). <i>Et Rome devint une République: 509 av. J.-C</i> (in French). Clermont-Ferrand: Lemme edit. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-917575-26-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-917575-26-0"><bdi>978-2-917575-26-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/780301104">780301104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Et+Rome+devint+une+R%C3%A9publique%3A+509+av.+J.-C.&rft.place=Clermont-Ferrand&rft.pub=Lemme+edit&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F780301104&rft.isbn=978-2-917575-26-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverthrow+of+the+Roman+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford1974455-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford1974455_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford1974">Crawford 1974</a>, p. 455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrummond2012-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrummond2012_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrummond2012">Drummond 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTempest2017" class="citation book cs1">Tempest, Kathryn (21 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1bzfpdn"><i>Brutus</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. 86–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1bzfpdn">10.2307/j.ctv1bzfpdn</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23126-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23126-7"><bdi>978-0-300-23126-7</bdi></a>. <q><i>Utinam viveres</i> read one graffito, scrawled beneath the statue of Lucius Brutus: 'If only you were alive'... the people – in the version told by Dio at least – made it abundantly clear for [Marcus Brutus]: 'Brutus! Brutus!' they repeatedly called after him... [Marcus] Brutus had structured his entire career and reputation around his ancestor's opposition to tyranny: now he had to live up to that name.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brutus&rft.pages=86-87&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017-11-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1bzfpdn&rft.isbn=978-0-300-23126-7&rft.aulast=Tempest&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1bzfpdn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverthrow+of+the+Roman+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter2006" class="citation journal cs1">Baxter, Denise Amy (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/205841">"Two Brutuses: Violence, Virtue, and Politics in the Visual Culture of the French Revolution"</a>. <i>Eighteenth-Century Life</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 51–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00982601-2006-002">10.1215/00982601-2006-002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3192">1086-3192</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145514879">145514879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eighteenth-Century+Life&rft.atitle=Two+Brutuses%3A+Violence%2C+Virtue%2C+and+Politics+in+the+Visual+Culture+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=51-77&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145514879%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1086-3192&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00982601-2006-002&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Denise+Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F205841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverthrow+of+the+Roman+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrew2011142-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrew2011142_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrew2011">Andrew 2011</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrew2011147-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrew2011147_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrew2011">Andrew 2011</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESellers2014401-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESellers2014401_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSellers2014">Sellers 2014</a>, p. 401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995438_n._1-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995438_n._1_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995438_n._1_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 438 n. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMastrocinque2015311-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMastrocinque2015311_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMastrocinque2015">Mastrocinque 2015</a>, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2003" class="citation journal cs1">MacDonald, Joyce G (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/studies_in_eighteenth_century_culture/v032/32.macdonald.html">"Public Wounds: Sexual Bodies and the Origins of State in Nathaniel Lee's Lucius Junius Brutus"</a>. <i>Studies in Eighteenth Century Culture</i>. <b>32</b> (1): 229–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsec.2010.0157">10.1353/sec.2010.0157</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1938-6133">1938-6133</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145304025">145304025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Eighteenth+Century+Culture&rft.atitle=Public+Wounds%3A+Sexual+Bodies+and+the+Origins+of+State+in+Nathaniel+Lee%27s+Lucius+Junius+Brutus&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=229-244&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145304025%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1938-6133&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsec.2010.0157&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Joyce+G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fcontent%2Fcrossref%2Fjournals%2Fstudies_in_eighteenth_century_culture%2Fv032%2F32.macdonald.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverthrow+of+the+Roman+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKee1941" class="citation journal cs1">McKee, Kenneth N. (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2911508">"Voltaire's Brutus During the French Revolution"</a>. <i>Modern Language Notes</i>. <b>56</b> (2): 100–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2911508">10.2307/2911508</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0149-6611">0149-6611</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2911508">2911508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Language+Notes&rft.atitle=Voltaire%27s+Brutus+During+the+French+Revolution&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=100-106&rft.date=1941&rft.issn=0149-6611&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2911508%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2911508&rft.aulast=McKee&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2911508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverthrow+of+the+Roman+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2009" class="citation journal cs1">Stein, Perrin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25609740">"Crafting the Neoclassical: Two New Drawings for Jacques-Louis David's "The Lictors Bringing Brutus the Bodies of His Sons"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Master Drawings</i>. <b>47</b> (2): 221–236. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-5025">0025-5025</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25609740">25609740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Master+Drawings&rft.atitle=Crafting+the+Neoclassical%3A+Two+New+Drawings+for+Jacques-Louis+David%27s+%22The+Lictors+Bringing+Brutus+the+Bodies+of+His+Sons%22&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=221-236&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25609740%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0025-5025&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Perrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25609740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverthrow+of+the+Roman+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondanella1987" class="citation book cs1">Bondanella, Peter (1987). "The myth of Rome in an age of reason and revolution". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eternalcityroman00bond/page/n7/mode/2up"><i>The Eternal City: Roman images in the modern world</i></a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 115–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-1740-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-1740-6"><bdi>0-8078-1740-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15015674">15015674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+myth+of+Rome+in+an+age+of+reason+and+revolution&rft.btitle=The+Eternal+City%3A+Roman+images+in+the+modern+world&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=115-51&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15015674&rft.isbn=0-8078-1740-6&rft.aulast=Bondanella&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feternalcityroman00bond%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverthrow+of+the+Roman+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew2011" class="citation book cs1">Andrew, Edward (2011). "The role of Brutus in the French Revolution". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9781442695863/9781442695863/9781442695863.xml"><i>Imperial Republics</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442695863-010">10.3138/9781442695863-010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-9586-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-9586-3"><bdi>978-1-4426-9586-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+role+of+Brutus+in+the+French+Revolution&rft.btitle=Imperial+Republics&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442695863-010&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-9586-3&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fview%2Fbooks%2F9781442695863%2F9781442695863%2F9781442695863.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverthrow+of+the+Roman+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2007" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Hans (2007). "The early Roman tradition". In Marincola, John (ed.). <i>A companion to Greek and Roman historiography</i>. Blackwell. pp. 259 et seq. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0216-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0216-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-0216-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006032839">2006032839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+early+Roman+tradition&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Greek+and+Roman+historiography&rft.pages=259+et+seq&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006032839&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0216-2&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverthrow+of+the+Roman+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBispham2006" class="citation book cs1">Bispham, Edward (2006). "Literary sources". In Rosenstein, NS; Morstein-Marx, R (eds.). <i>A companion to the Roman Republic</i>. Blackwell. pp. 29–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7203-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7203-5"><bdi>978-1-4051-7203-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/86070041">86070041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Literary+sources&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+the+Roman+Republic&rft.pages=29-50&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F86070041&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7203-5&rft.aulast=Bispham&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverthrow+of+the+Roman+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroughton1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Shannon_Broughton" title="Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton">Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon</a> (1951). <i>The magistrates of the Roman republic</i>. 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In <a href="#CITEREFMineo2015">Mineo (2015)</a>, pp. 139–52.</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> (1905) [1st century AD]. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:en:From the Founding of the City"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:From_the_Founding_of_the_City"><i>From the Founding of the City</i> </a></span>. Translated by Roberts, Canon – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Founding+of+the+City&rft.date=1905&rft.au=Livy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverthrow+of+the+Roman+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome" title="Outline of ancient Rome">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">historiography of the fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Civil wars and revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy&oldid=1250481110">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy&oldid=1250481110</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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