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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rights_pamphlet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Rights pamphlet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rights_pamphlet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minuteman_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minuteman_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Minuteman Project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minuteman_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enforcement_of_immigration_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enforcement_of_immigration_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Enforcement of immigration laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enforcement_of_immigration_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israeli–Palestinian_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli–Palestinian_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Israeli–Palestinian conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli–Palestinian_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lawsuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawsuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Lawsuits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lawsuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=CASA_de_Maryland&params=38.998193_N_76.9942981_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°59′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°59′39″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.998193°N 76.9942981°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.998193; -76.9942981</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=CASA_of_Maryland&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="CASA of Maryland">CASA of Maryland</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Immigration organization in Maryland, US</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">CASA, Inc.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:CASA_of_Maryland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="CASA of Maryland logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/31/CASA_of_Maryland.jpg/220px-CASA_of_Maryland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/31/CASA_of_Maryland.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1985</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_Identification_Number" title="Taxpayer Identification Number">Tax ID no.</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">52-1372972<sup id="cite_ref-990-2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-990-2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Legal status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(3)">501(c)(3)</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Silver_Spring,_Maryland" title="Silver Spring, Maryland">Silver Spring, Maryland</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=CASA_de_Maryland&params=38.998193_N_76.9942981_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°59′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°59′39″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.998193°N 76.9942981°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.998193; -76.9942981</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Services</th><td class="infobox-data note">Employment and workforce development; legal services; community organization; communication with political leaders<sup id="cite_ref-990-2013_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-990-2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Executive_director" title="Executive director">Executive director</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Gustavo Torres<sup id="cite_ref-staff_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-staff-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">President</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Rima Matsumoto<sup id="cite_ref-board_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-board-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data">CASA's Baltimore Workers' Center LLC; CASA's Wheaton Workers' Center LLC; CASA's Prince George's Workers' Center LLC; CASA Workers' Mansion LLC; CASA Multicultural Center Borrower LLC; CASA Multicultural Center MM Inc<sup id="cite_ref-990-2013_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-990-2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data">$7,907,782<sup id="cite_ref-990-2013_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-990-2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2014)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Expenses</th><td class="infobox-data">$7,766,953<sup id="cite_ref-990-2013_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-990-2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2014)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">240<sup id="cite_ref-990-2013_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-990-2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2013)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wearecasa.org">wearecasa<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Formerly called</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Central American Solidarity Association of Maryland; CASA of Maryland, Inc.; CASA de Maryland <sup id="cite_ref-corp_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>CASA</b> (formerly <i>CASA de Maryland</i>) is a Latino and <a href="/wiki/Immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant">immigration</a> advocacy-and-assistance organization based in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>. It is active throughout the state, but has major foci in <a href="/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland" title="Prince George's County, Maryland">Prince George's County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Maryland" title="Montgomery County, Maryland">Montgomery County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore</a>. CASA influences Maryland politics on a wide range of policies, ranging from law-enforcement to education.<sup id="cite_ref-ICEman_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICEman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has offices in Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Georgia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CASA_de_Maryland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CASA was originally known as the "Central American Solidarity Association of Maryland".<sup id="cite_ref-corp_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization's name was officially changed to CASA of Maryland, Inc., on July 28, 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-corp_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization's name was officially changed to CASA de Maryland, Inc., on September 4, 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-corp_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now, the organization is named CASA. </p><p>CASA was founded in 1985 in the basement of the <a href="/wiki/Takoma_Park_Presbyterian_Church" title="Takoma Park Presbyterian Church">Takoma Park Presbyterian Church</a> by US citizens and Central American immigrants. It has since expanded its scope.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost070602_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost070602-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is affiliate organization of the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_La_Raza" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of La Raza">National Council of La Raza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NCLR_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCLR-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are a member of the National Day Laborer Organizing Network.<sup id="cite_ref-NDLON_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDLON-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CASA is also a founding member of the National Capital Immigration Coalition, which promotes "comprehensive immigration reform".<sup id="cite_ref-NCIC_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCIC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (November 2010)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In June 2010, CASA opened a 20,000-square-foot (1,900 m<sup>2</sup>) multicultural center in the heart of Langley Park and located in the former <a href="/wiki/Langley_Park_(Langley_Park,_Maryland)" title="Langley Park (Langley Park, Maryland)">Langley Park mansion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project was budgeted at $31 million in 2007. Governor <a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Malley" title="Martin O'Malley">Martin O'Malley</a>, a Democrat, said at the fundraising kickoff for the project, "In our Maryland, there's no such thing as a spare American".<sup id="cite_ref-gazette100507_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazette100507-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activity">Activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CASA_de_Maryland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CASA offers health assistance, medical interpretations, English classes, financial literacy classes, vocational training, social services, leadership development, legal services, and employment placement for low-income families, particularly Latino immigrants and other immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-ICEman_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICEman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CASA provides legal support to the large and growing community of immigrants—documented or otherwise—in the greater Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. They have successfully promoted a wide range of legislation in support of the immigrant community, including a Maryland law that requires reasonable access to government services for people with <a href="/wiki/Limited_English_proficiency" title="Limited English proficiency">limited English proficiency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CASA is very aggressive in pursuing absconding employers, contractors who do not pay their day-laborers.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CASA is also involved in housing law and advocacy. In 2004, CASA attorney Kimberley A. Propeack told the <i>Daily Record</i> that the group's housing attorney represents immigrants who are targeted by landlords if they raise concerns or try to form residents' associations.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost030305_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost030305-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CASA has rescued a number of victims of domestic slavery, also known as <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost030205_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost030205-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Day_labor_centers">Day labor centers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CASA_de_Maryland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Day labor centers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CASA operates five <a href="/wiki/Day_labor_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Day labor center">day labor centers</a> throughout the state of Maryland, with public and private funding; three centers are in Montgomery County. These centers, run by CASA on behalf of the county government under contract, provide central sites where contractors can pick up <a href="/wiki/Day_labor" title="Day labor">day-laborers</a>. The centers have sparked protests and counter-protests.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost072107_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost072107-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The center near Shady Grove was damaged by a fire within its first month of operation; the fire was ruled to be arson and classified a "hate incident" by county police.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arson_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arson-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The centers allow day laborers to seek work without violating Gaithersburg's anti-solicitation ordinance, a law that makes it a misdemeanor to conduct hires in public places.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the opposition centers around the assumption that many of the day-laborers in Montgomery County are <a href="/wiki/Undocumented_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Undocumented workers">undocumented workers</a>, mostly from <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ICEman_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICEman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CASA opened an employment center in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> on December 20, 2007. The center is funded by foundations and <a href="/wiki/Community_Development_Block_Grant" title="Community Development Block Grant">Community Development Block Grant</a> funds; renovation of the building housing the center was funded by the City of Baltimore and an anonymous donor. According to Maryland Secretary of the Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Perez" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Perez">Thomas Perez</a>, "Labor centers are the most cost-effective investment of government money I can imagine ... We're providing employment, addressing public safety by creating an orderly process, keeping people from street corners and protecting workers." The opening was applauded by local labor groups, immigrant advocates, and city leaders. Local residents had been pushing for an alternative to street-corner hiring.<sup id="cite_ref-baltimore1207_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baltimore1207-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CASA advocates for <a href="/wiki/US_immigration_amnesty" class="mw-redirect" title="US immigration amnesty">citizenship</a> for <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="migrant_farmworkers_in_Maryland"></span><span class="vanchor-text">migrant farmworkers in Maryland</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-deliver_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deliver-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funding">Funding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CASA_de_Maryland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CASA has received funding from a variety of sources, including a two-year grant funding operations in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> from <a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George Soros</a>' <a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Society Institute">Open Society Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OSI_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSI-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other funding sources include the <a href="/wiki/Annie_E._Casey_Foundation" title="Annie E. Casey Foundation">Annie E. Casey Foundation</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Way_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United Way of America">United Way</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> CASA received $1.5 million from <a href="/wiki/CITGO" class="mw-redirect" title="CITGO">CITGO</a>, the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuelan</a> petroleum products corporation, in 2008 to fund educational, training, and economic-development programs.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost080408_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost080408-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CASA_de_Maryland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CASA works on many issues of concern to the immigrant community in Maryland, and as a result, CASA has been a source of controversy. Most of the controversy centers around allegations that the day-labor centers administrated by the group are primarily used by undocumented immigrants, who may not legally be employed in any capacity in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-ICEman_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICEman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Montgomery_County_day-labor_center">Montgomery County day-labor center</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CASA_de_Maryland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Montgomery County day-labor center"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Montgomery County's award of contracts to develop day-labor centers near <a href="/wiki/Gaithersburg,_Maryland" title="Gaithersburg, Maryland">Gaithersburg</a> to CASA ignited some controversy, including a case of arson.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost072107_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost072107-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arson_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arson-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site, located outside both Gaithersburg and Rockville, was a service park behind a Department of Liquor Control warehouse, and was opened as a temporary location. Because of the site's location, the county had sole control over the site approval process; although the county Planning Board had to undertake a mandatory referral process, the planning rules allowed County Executive <a href="/wiki/Isiah_Leggett" class="mw-redirect" title="Isiah Leggett">Isiah Leggett</a> to make the ultimate decision.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site stirred worry in nearby Derwood and other communities. Some residents expressed concerns about the proposal. </p><p>In a letter to <i>The Gazette</i>, Brad Botwin announced that he was forming a group called Help Save Maryland because of "growing abuses of official power", specifically the day-labor center near Shady Grove. Botwin characterized the center as "a taxpayer-funded illegal worker pickup center on property slated for job-creating high-tech companies and a needed fire station."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Botwin, a member of the Shady Grove Advisory Committee and former co-president of the Greater Shady Grove Civic Alliance, was concerned over the center's impact on the sector plan implementation process. He said that the plan required extensive committee meetings and approvals, but Leggett did not use such processes in siting the center.<sup id="cite_ref-gazette-mixed_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazette-mixed-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pat Labuda, president of the Greater Shady Grove Civic Alliance and also a member of the Shady Grove Advisory Committee, said "I think it's a problem that what Rockville and Gaithersburg don't want, Derwood gets". Like Botwin, Labuda was concerned about the center's impact on the sector plan. While Labuda supported the need for the facility, she expressed the wish that the county had discussed it with residents before choosing the site.<sup id="cite_ref-gazette-mixed_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazette-mixed-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Gaithersburg resident task force that had studied the day-laborer situation supported the proposal. Cathy Drzyzgula, a member of that task force, called the proposal "a middle path, since it pleases neither extreme, but instead the larger share of people who hold moderate views on the issue" in a letter to <i>The Gazette</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rights_pamphlet">Rights pamphlet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CASA_de_Maryland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rights pamphlet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to local immigration raids, CASA published a pamphlet with basic information about rights such as the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney. According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i>, the pamphlet, "which features cartoonlike drawings of armed black and white police officers escorting Hispanic men in handcuffs and shows babies crying because their fathers are behind bars, is the product of CASA of Maryland Inc., working with other organizations."<sup id="cite_ref-wt-raid_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wt-raid-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CASA director of community organizing and political action Kim Propeack said "We consider providing people with accurate information about their rights fundamentally important to the people we serve, the local community concerned about public safety, and to the national community, which has adopted a bill of rights".<sup id="cite_ref-wt-raid_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wt-raid-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Representative <a href="/wiki/Dana_Rohrabacher" title="Dana Rohrabacher">Dana Rohrabacher</a> of California, a Republican, called the pamphlet "harmful to America" because it teaches illegal aliens "how to circumvent the law", and that CASA was "aiding and abetting criminal activity" by distributing it.<sup id="cite_ref-wt-raid_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wt-raid-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minuteman_Project">Minuteman Project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CASA_de_Maryland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Minuteman Project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Statements to <i>The Gazette</i> by Gustavo Torres, CASA's Executive Director, that CASA was determined to track the leadership of a local unit of <a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Project" title="Minuteman Project">Minuteman Project</a>, caused controversy. The Maryland Minuteman Civil Defense Corps, a non-governmental watchdog group, photographed and videotaped employers hiring workers at day-laborer sites run by CASA, with the intent of reporting the employers to state and Federal officials as violating immigration laws. Torres told <i>The Gazette</i> that CASA would target the Minutemen: "We are going picket their houses, and the schools of their kids, and go to their work. If they are going to do this to us, we are going to respond in the same way, to let people know their neighbors are <a href="/wiki/Extremists" class="mw-redirect" title="Extremists">extremists</a>, that they are <a href="/wiki/Anti-immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-immigrant">anti-immigrant</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-wt-intimidate_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wt-intimidate-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Torres later partially retracted this statement, saying that his threat to picket schools attended by Minuteman members' children was a "misunderstanding" made in anger.<sup id="cite_ref-backoff_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-backoff-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Steven Schreiman, president of the Maryland Minuteman Civil Defense Corps, said "the threat shows an intent and it shows their mentality, and it shows them for what they are[...] They’re a bunch of thugs and bullies and they have a political agenda and they want to push that agenda regardless of the costs or consequences. Furthermore, they’ve threatened to go after us at our homes and our places of business, which is harassment."<sup id="cite_ref-backoff_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-backoff-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kim Propeack, CASA spokeswoman, said "People should not expect in a modern society to engage in a campaign of intimidation without having a response", adding that if the Minutemen "want to come to CASA de Maryland, it's perfectly legitimate of us to go to the Minutemen's homes and also protest."<sup id="cite_ref-wt-intimidate_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wt-intimidate-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enforcement_of_immigration_laws">Enforcement of immigration laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CASA_de_Maryland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Enforcement of immigration laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CASA promotes community policing over local police enforcement of immigration enforcement, a power historically reserved to the federal government. Montgomery County officials expressed support for this notion, yet the government's inclusion, in 2002, of hundreds of thousands of names of people who had outstanding deportation orders into the <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Information_Center" title="National Crime Information Center">National Crime Information Center</a> (NCIC) database threatened to undermine Montgomery County's efforts. Ignoring a deportation order is an administrative violation, not a violation of criminal law; the NCIC is, by design, a database of criminal warrants.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two police associations lobbied against the inclusion, saying that it would hinder cooperation from witnesses and victims of violent crimes who are in the country unlawfully.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CASA advocated that the Montgomery County Department of Police ignore these <a href="/wiki/Immigration_detention_in_the_United_States#Secure_Communities" title="Immigration detention in the United States">civil detainers</a>. "These are people who haven’t broken any laws other than getting a traffic ticket, and they’re being arrested and taken to jail", declared Kim Propeack, CASA director of community action.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a meeting with Latino advocates in late June 2007, County Police Chief <a href="/wiki/J._Thomas_Manger" title="J. Thomas Manger">J. Thomas Manger</a> said that while he disagrees with the decision to put immigration detainers in NCIC, he believes police officers have no choice but to serve them. As a result, <i>The Gazette</i> reported, "the chief said he could not in 'good conscience' order his officers not to serve the warrants if he were told to ignore them by county officials. 'Get a new police chief when that happens,'" said Manger, who later clarified that he had no intent to leave. Manger, who was praised by Propeack for his accessibility, said that the immigration issue "breaks my heart."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of June 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CASA_de_Maryland&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Montgomery County police were still checking, and honoring, the NCIC wants-and-warrants notifications, albeit with some reluctance as evidenced in this statement from Chief Manger: "It's very important for the local police department to develop strong relationships with the community[...] That trust is being jeopardized <sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CASA's executive director Gustavo Torres said, "We dearly hope that the county re-evaluates its role serving as immigration police[...] The [county police's] enforcement of civil immigration law has severely damaged the faith of the immigration community in its county."<sup id="cite_ref-arrests-continue_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arrests-continue-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of October 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CASA_de_Maryland&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Maryland did not have a consistent statewide policy on civil detainers. The <a href="/wiki/Frederick_County,_Maryland" title="Frederick County, Maryland">Frederick County</a> sheriff's office has deputies with specialized training in searching for undocumented immigrants, while the <a href="/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland" title="Prince George's County, Maryland">Prince George's County</a> Police do not enforce immigration warrants as a matter of county policy. <a href="/wiki/Takoma_Park,_Maryland" title="Takoma Park, Maryland">Takoma Park</a> has a policy of being a "sanctuary city" and does not permit its police department to arrest people based on criminal immigration warrants.<sup id="cite_ref-arrests-continue_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arrests-continue-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israeli–Palestinian_conflict"><span id="Israeli.E2.80.93Palestinian_conflict"></span>Israeli–Palestinian conflict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CASA_de_Maryland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Israeli–Palestinian conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2023, amid the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">2023 Israel–Hamas war</a>, CASA released a statement expressing solidarity with Palestinians and calling for an immediate ceasefire, and ended with the line, "Free Palestine NOW!".<sup id="cite_ref-CASAPalestine_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CASAPalestine-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CASA later retracted their statement on the war following criticism and issued an apology.<sup id="cite_ref-MoCoIsrael_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoCoIsrael-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview with <i><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Matters" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Matters">Maryland Matters</a></i>, CASA's executive director Gustavo Torres repeatedly expressed remorse and regret over the statement, but defended the statement by saying that CASA weighing in on the war in Gaza was consistent with its mission of "speaking out for humanity and peace".<sup id="cite_ref-CASAPalestine_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CASAPalestine-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CASA released a formal apology for the statement on November 16.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics said the statement contained "antisemitic tropes and sentiments" and was denounced by the <a href="/wiki/Harry_and_Jeanette_Weinberg_Foundation" title="Harry and Jeanette Weinberg Foundation">Harry and Jeanette Weinberg Foundation</a> and several members of the <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County_Council_(Maryland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montgomery County Council (Maryland)">Montgomery County Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MoCoIsrael_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoCoIsrael-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County_Delegation" title="Montgomery County Delegation">Montgomery County Senate Delegation</a><sup id="cite_ref-InterceptCeasefire_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InterceptCeasefire-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a group of Jewish lawmakers in the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_General_Assembly" title="Maryland General Assembly">Maryland General Assembly</a><sup id="cite_ref-TorresApologize_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TorresApologize-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also released statements condemning the organization's statement and suggested that the state may cease its multi-million dollar contracts with CASA.<sup id="cite_ref-InterceptCeasefire_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InterceptCeasefire-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lawmakers' statements were condemned by the <a href="/wiki/ACLU" class="mw-redirect" title="ACLU">ACLU of Maryland</a>, who called the threat of defunding "unconstitutional viewpoint discrimination".<sup id="cite_ref-TorresApologize_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TorresApologize-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HarryJeanette_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarryJeanette-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2023, the Harry and Jeanette Weinberg Foundation, CASA's largest private donor, announced that it would pull funding meant for the group following the letter, saying that it would redirect its donation "to another nonprofit committed to serving refugees and asylum seekers in Maryland".<sup id="cite_ref-HarryJeanette_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarryJeanette-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lawsuits">Lawsuits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CASA_de_Maryland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lawsuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CASA has launched a variety of <a href="/wiki/Lawsuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawsuits">lawsuits</a>. One such <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">lawsuit</a> was against the Maryland Motor Vehicle Administration to improve the administration of drivers licenses for out of country applicants.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lawsuit is ongoing, but is essentially mooted by implementation of the Federal <a href="/wiki/REAL_ID_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="REAL ID Act">Real ID</a> Act of 2005. In response to Real ID, the Motor Vehicle Administration considered a two-tiered system, issuing Maryland drivers licenses and then another Real ID–compliant identification that would permit entry into Federal buildings and the boarding of airplanes.<sup id="cite_ref-downloaded_Jan_13,_2008_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-downloaded_Jan_13,_2008-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maryland, along with several other states, was given an extension of time to comply with Real ID requirements. Governor <a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Malley" title="Martin O'Malley">Martin O'Malley</a> rejected the proposal, directing the Maryland Motor Vehicle Administration to phase in compliance with Real ID starting in 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CASA_de_Maryland&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>. CASA's Kim Propeack said "The administration is prioritizing political pandering over good policymaking" and that the governor "is ignoring all the support he's heard over the years for the system as it exists".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2008, CASA filed a Public Information Act lawsuit alleging that the Frederick County Sheriff's Office violated the Constitution and engaged in racial profiling by performing immigration law enforcement functions under <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_287(g)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g)">section 287(g) of the Immigration and Nationality Act</a>. "We're trying to shine a light on this program, which we feel has been kind of operating in the shadows," said Justin Cox, an attorney for CASA. "We have very strong anecdotal evidence of constitutional violations and racial profiling and the ultimate goal is to make sure the Sheriff's Office is being held accountable."<sup id="cite_ref-gazette03052009_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazette03052009-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CASA_de_Maryland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_United_Latin_American_Citizens" title="League of United Latin American Citizens">League of United Latin American Citizens</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CASA_de_Maryland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-990-2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-990-2013_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-990-2013_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-990-2013_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-990-2013_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-990-2013_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-990-2013_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Template:Immigration to the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Immigration to the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_the_United_States_and_related_topics751" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration to the United States</a> and related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Relevant colonial era,<br />United States and<br />international laws</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonial era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_in_the_American_Colonies" title="Nationality law in the American Colonies">Nationality law in the American Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Act_1740" title="Plantation Act 1740">Plantation Act 1740</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790" title="Naturalization Act of 1790">Naturalization Act 1790</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1795" title="Naturalization Act of 1795">1795</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1798" title="Naturalization Act of 1798">1798</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Law_of_1802" title="Naturalization Law of 1802">Naturalization Law 1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_to_Encourage_Immigration" title="An Act to Encourage Immigration">Act to Encourage Immigration (1864)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870" title="Naturalization Act of 1870">Naturalization Act 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_Act_of_1875" title="Page Act of 1875">Page Act (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1882" title="Immigration Act of 1882">Immigration Act of 1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion (1882)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Act_(1888)" title="Scott Act (1888)">Scott Act (1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1891" title="Immigration Act of 1891">Immigration Act of 1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geary_Act" title="Geary Act">Geary Act (1892)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1900–1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1903" title="Immigration Act of 1903">Immigration Act 1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1906" title="Naturalization Act of 1906">Naturalization Act 1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907" title="Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907">Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1907" title="Immigration Act of 1907">Immigration Act 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" title="Immigration Act of 1917">Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1918" title="Immigration Act of 1918">Immigration Act 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Quota_Act" title="Emergency Quota Act">Emergency Quota Act (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Act" title="Cable Act">Cable Act (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Repatriation_Act" title="Filipino Repatriation Act">Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_Act_of_1940" title="Nationality Act of 1940">Nationality Act of 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_Program" title="Bracero Program">Bracero Program (1942–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson_Act" title="Magnuson Act">Magnuson Act (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Brides_Act" title="War Brides Act">War Brides Act (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Fianc%C3%A9es_and_Fianc%C3%A9s_Act" title="Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act">Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce%E2%80%93Celler_Act" title="Luce–Celler Act">Luce–Celler Act (1946)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1950–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention relating to the Status of Refugees">UN Refugee Convention (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act 1952</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_212(f)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 212(f)">Section 212(f)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_287(g)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g)">Section 287(g)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_Act" title="Refugee Act">Refugee Act (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986" title="Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986">Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Fairness" title="Family Fairness">Family Fairness (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Homecoming_Act" title="American Homecoming Act">American Homecoming Act (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1990" title="Immigration Act of 1990">Immigration Act 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Technical_Corrections_Act_of_1994" title="Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act of 1994">Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_of_1996" title="Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996">Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Adjustment_and_Central_American_Relief_Act" title="Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act">Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_and_Workforce_Improvement_Act" title="American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act">American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_in_the_21st_Century_Act" title="American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act">American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Immigration_Family_Equity_Act" title="Legal Immigration Family Equity Act">Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-1B_Visa_Reform_Act_of_2004" title="H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004">H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_ID_Act" title="Real ID Act">Real ID Act (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Fence_Act_of_2006" title="Secure Fence Act of 2006">Secure Fence Act (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Parents_of_Americans" title="Deferred Action for Parents of Americans">Deferred Action for Parents of Americans (DAPA) (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13769" title="Executive Order 13769">Executive Order 13769 (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13780" title="Executive Order 13780">Executive Order 13780 (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ending_Discriminatory_Bans_on_Entry_to_The_United_States" title="Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States">Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeping_Families_Together_(United_States_immigration_policy)" title="Keeping Families Together (United States immigration policy)">Keeping Families Together (KFT) (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visas and policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Visa policy of the United States">Visa policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_card" title="Green card">Permanent residence (Green card)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_Waiver_Program" title="Visa Waiver Program">Visa Waiver Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_protected_status" title="Temporary protected status">Temporary protected status (TPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_the_United_States" title="Asylum in the United States">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_Immigrant_Visa" title="Diversity Immigrant Visa">Green Card Lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Minors_Program" title="Central American Minors Program">Central American Minors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_authorization_document" title="Employment authorization document">Employment authorization document (EAD card)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_action" title="Deferred action">Deferred action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parole_(United_States_immigration)" title="Parole (United States immigration)">Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_of_status" title="Adjustment of status">Adjustment of status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-VISIT" class="mw-redirect" title="US-VISIT">US-VISIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Advisory_Opinion" title="Security Advisory Opinion">Security Advisory Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Verify" title="E-Verify">E-Verify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Origins_Formula" title="National Origins Formula">National Origins Formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedited_removal" title="Expedited removal">Expedited removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration detention in the United States">Detention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Family immigration detention in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unaccompanied_Alien_Children" title="Unaccompanied Alien Children">Unaccompanied children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">Trump administration family separation policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Government<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Border_Patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Border Patrol">U.S. Border Patrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/BORTAC" title="BORTAC">BORTAC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service">Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_for_Immigration_Review" title="Executive Office for Immigration Review">Executive Office for Immigration Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Immigration_Appeals" title="Board of Immigration Appeals">Board of Immigration Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Refugee_Resettlement" title="Office of Refugee Resettlement">Office of Refugee Resettlement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_immigration_and_naturalization_case_law" title="Category:United States immigration and naturalization case law">Supreme Court cases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark"><i>US v. Wong Kim Ark</i> (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozawa_v._United_States" title="Ozawa v. United States"><i>Ozawa v. US</i> (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bhagat_Singh_Thind" title="United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind"><i>US v. Bhagat Singh Thind</i> (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Brignoni-Ponce" title="United States v. Brignoni-Ponce"><i>US v. Brignoni-Ponce</i> (1975)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zadvydas_v._Davis" title="Zadvydas v. Davis">Zadvydas v. Davis</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce_v._Whiting" title="Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting"><i>Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting</i> (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_v._Barr" title="Barton v. Barr"><i>Barton v. Barr</i> (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California"><i>DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.</i></a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Wolf_v._Vidal" title="Wolf v. Vidal">Wolf v. Vidal</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niz-Chavez_v._Garland" title="Niz-Chavez v. Garland"><i>Niz-Chavez v. Garland</i> (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanchez_v._Mayorkas" title="Sanchez v. Mayorkas"><i>Sanchez v. Mayorkas</i> (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_v._Mu%C3%B1oz" title="Department of State v. Muñoz"><i>Department of State v. Muñoz</i> (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related issues<br />and events</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests" title="2006 United States immigration reform protests">2006 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_County,_Texas" title="Brooks County, Texas">Brooks County, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_migrant_caravans" title="Central American migrant caravans">Central American migrant caravans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_illegal_immigrants_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic impact of illegal immigrants in the United States">Economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Effects of immigration to the United States">Effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">Eugenics in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_worker_program" title="Guest worker program">Guest worker program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_smuggling" title="People smuggling">Human smuggling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coyotaje" class="mw-redirect" title="Coyotaje">Coyotaje</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reform" title="Immigration reform">Immigration reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_deported_or_removed_from_the_United_States" title="List of people deported or removed from the United States">List of people deported from the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Mexico–United States border crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_wall" title="Mexico–United States border wall">Mexico–United States border wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortage#add_Labor_shortage" title="Shortage">Labor shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_America" title="March for America">March for America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigrant_population_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrant population of the United States">Illegal immigrant population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_immigration_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse immigration in the United States">Reverse immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_American_immigration_crisis" title="2014 American immigration crisis">Unaccompanied minors from Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration to the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol_interior_checkpoints" title="United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints">United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DREAM_Act" title="DREAM Act">DREAM Act (2001–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Protection,_Anti-terrorism_and_Illegal_Immigration_Control_Act_of_2005" title="Border Protection, Anti-terrorism and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005">H.R. 4437 (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_America_and_Orderly_Immigration_Act" title="Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act">McCain–Kennedy (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2006" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Through_Regularized_Immigration_and_a_Vibrant_Economy_Act_of_2007" title="Security Through Regularized Immigration and a Vibrant Economy Act of 2007">STRIVE Act (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2007" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniting_American_Families_Act" title="Uniting American Families Act">Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security,_Economic_Opportunity,_and_Immigration_Modernization_Act_of_2013" title="Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013">Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_SAFE_Act_of_2015" title="American SAFE Act of 2015">SAFE Act (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAISE_Act" title="RAISE Act">RAISE Act (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Citizenship_Act_of_2021" class="mw-redirect" title="US Citizenship Act of 2021">US Citizenship Act of 2021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigration stations<br />and points of entry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Island_Immigration_Station" title="Angel Island Immigration Station">Angel Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Clinton" title="Castle Clinton">Castle Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Boston_Immigration_Station" title="East Boston Immigration Station">East Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otay_Mesa_Port_of_Entry" title="Otay Mesa Port of Entry">Otay Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro_Port_of_Entry" title="San Ysidro Port of Entry">San Ysidro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan%27s_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Sullivan's Island, South Carolina">Sullivan's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Avenue_Immigration_Station" title="Washington Avenue Immigration Station">Washington Avenue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wetback" title="Operation Wetback">"Wetback" (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peter_Pan" title="Operation Peter Pan">"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Babylift" title="Operation Babylift">"Babylift" (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gatekeeper" title="Operation Gatekeeper">"Gatekeeper" (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Endgame" title="Operation Endgame">"Endgame" (2003–2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Front_Line" title="Operation Front Line">"Front Line" (2004–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Streamline" title="Operation Streamline">"Streamline" (2005–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Return_to_Sender" title="Operation Return to Sender">"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jump_Start" title="Operation Jump Start">"Jump Start" (2006–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phalanx_(2010-2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Phalanx (2010-2016)">"Phalanx" (2010–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faithful_Patriot" title="Operation Faithful Patriot">"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_DREAM_Act" title="California DREAM Act">California DREAM Act (2006–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_SB_1070" title="Arizona SB 1070">Arizona SB 1070 (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_HB_56" title="Alabama HB 56">Alabama HB 56 (2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Non-governmental<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Border_Recon" title="Arizona Border Recon">Arizona Border Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Coalition_for_Immigration_Reform" title="California Coalition for Immigration Reform">California Coalition for Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CASA_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="CASA of Maryland">CASA of Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">Center for Immigration Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Migration_Studies_of_New_York" title="Center for Migration Studies of New York">Center for Migration Studies of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Humane_Immigrant_Rights_of_Los_Angeles" title="Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles">Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform" title="Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform">Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Change" title="Community Change">Community Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">Federation for American Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improve_The_Dream" title="Improve The Dream">Improve The Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexica_Movement" title="Mexica Movement">Mexica Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_Without_Borders" title="Mexicans Without Borders">Mexicans Without Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Policy_Institute" title="Migration Policy Institute">Migration Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Civil_Defense_Corps" title="Minuteman Civil Defense Corps">Minuteman Civil Defense Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Project" title="Minuteman Project">Minuteman Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Forum" title="National Immigration Forum">National Immigration Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Korean_American_Service_%26_Education_Consortium" title="National Korean American Service & Education Consortium">National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_Population_Growth" title="Negative Population Growth">Negative Population Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_More_Deaths" title="No More Deaths">No More Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Our_State" title="Save Our State">Save Our State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Compact" title="Utah Compact">Utah Compact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borderland_(TV_series)" title="Borderland (TV series)">Borderland (TV series)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missing_in_Brooks_County" title="Missing in Brooks County">Missing in Brooks County</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5008845#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata579" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>Add languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> 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