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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=REAL_ID_Act&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="REAL ID Act">REAL ID Act</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2005 United States law on identification documents</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Real ID" redirects here. For another use, see <a href="/wiki/Battle.net" title="Battle.net">Battle.net</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.25em">Real ID Act of 2005</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/140px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/210px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Long title</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">An Act to establish and rapidly implement regulations for <a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_licenses_in_the_United_States" title="Driver's licenses in the United States">state driver's license</a> and identification document security standards, to prevent terrorists from abusing the asylum laws of the United States, to unify terrorism-related grounds for inadmissibility and removal, and to ensure expeditious construction of the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico–United States barrier">San Diego border fence</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">the <a href="/wiki/109th_United_States_Congress" title="109th United States Congress">109th United States Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">Immigration provisions: May 11, 2005 Identification document provisions: May 11, 2008 (original) April 21, 2014–January 22, 2018 (state-based) May 7, 2025–May 5, 2027 (card-based)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Citations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Public law</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-119/pdf/STATUTE-119-Pg231.pdf">109-13</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Statutes at Large</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">119 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-119-302">302</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Codification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Acts repealed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Reform_and_Terrorism_Prevention_Act" title="Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act">Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act</a> §§ 5402, 5403, 7212</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">U.S.C. sections amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">Immigration provisions: <a href="/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 8 of the United States Code">8 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1101">§ 1101</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1103">§ 1103</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1153">§ 1153</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1157">§§ 1157</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1159">1159</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1182">§ 1182</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1184">§ 1184</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1227">§ 1227</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1230">§§ 1230</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1231">1231</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1252">§ 1252</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1356">§ 1356</a> Identification document provisions: <a href="/wiki/Title_49_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 49 of the United States Code">49 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/49/30301">§ 30301</a> note</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Legislative history</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><div><ul style="line-height:1.3em;text-align:left"><li>Introduced in the House as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/house-bill/418">H.R. 418</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner" title="Jim Sensenbrenner">Jim Sensenbrenner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>–<a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">WI</a>) on January 26, 2005</li><li>Committee consideration by <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">House Judiciary</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Homeland_Security" title="United States House Committee on Homeland Security">House Homeland Security</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Government_Reform" title="United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform">House Government Reform</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary</a></li><li>Passed the House on February 10, 2005 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clerk.house.gov/evs/2005/roll031.xml">261–161</a>; appended to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/house-bill/1268">H.R. 1268</a>, passed <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clerk.house.gov/evs/2005/roll077.xml">388–43</a> on March 16, 2005)</li><li>Passed the Senate on April 21, 2005 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1091/vote_109_1_00109.htm">99–0</a>, as part of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/house-bill/1268">H.R. 1268</a>)</li><li>Reported by the joint conference committee on May 3, 2005; agreed to by the House on May 5, 2005 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clerk.house.gov/evs/2005/roll161.xml">368–58</a>) and by the Senate on May 10, 2005 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1091/vote_109_1_00117.htm">100–0</a>)</li><li>Signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> on May 11, 2005</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Major amendments</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-110publ177/pdf/PLAW-110publ177.pdf">Court Security Improvement Act of 2007</a> § 508 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-115publ323/pdf/PLAW-115publ323.pdf">Real ID Act Modification for Freely Associated States Act</a> <a href="/wiki/CARES_Act" title="CARES Act">CARES Act</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-116publ136/pdf/PLAW-116publ136.pdf">(PDF)</a> § 16006 <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2021" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021">Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-116publ260/pdf/PLAW-116publ260.pdf">(PDF)</a> § 1001</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> cases</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kucana_v._Holder" title="Kucana v. Holder">Kucana v. Holder</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_558" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 558">558</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/558/233/">233</a> (2010)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrero-Lasprilla_v._Barr" title="Guerrero-Lasprilla v. Barr">Guerrero-Lasprilla v. Barr</a>, No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/589/18-776/">18-776</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_589" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 589">589</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (2020)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nasrallah_v._Barr" title="Nasrallah v. Barr">Nasrallah v. Barr</a>, No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/590/18-1432/">18-1432</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_590" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 590">590</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (2020)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_v._Garland" title="Wilkinson v. Garland">Wilkinson v. Garland</a>, No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/601/22-666/">22-666</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_601" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 601">601</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (2024)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Real ID Act of 2005 (stylized as REAL ID Act of 2005) is an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a> that establishes requirements that <a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_licenses_in_the_United_States" title="Driver's licenses in the United States">driver licenses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Identification_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Identification card">identification cards</a> issued by <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">U.S. states and territories</a> must satisfy to be accepted for accessing federal government facilities, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plants</a>, and for boarding <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airline</a> flights in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The requirements include verification of the personal information presented when applying for the identification document, security features on the document, and electronic sharing of databases between states. The act also made various modifications to <a href="/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 8 of the United States Code">U.S. immigration law</a> regarding <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">asylum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">border</a> security, <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportation</a>, and specific work <a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">visas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-law-1">[1]</a> Enacted in response to the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, the provisions regarding identification documents were originally intended to take effect in 2008, but enforcement was repeatedly delayed due to widespread opposition and refusal by many state governments to implement them.<a href="#cite_note-history-2">[2]</a> Eventually states began to comply in 2012, and enforcement based on the issuing state or territory began from 2014 to 2018 depending on the facility. After numerous extensions, by 2020, all states were certified as compliant, and by 2024, all territories were certified. As of 2025<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Real_ID_Act&action=edit">[update]</a>, enforcement based on the identification documents was scheduled to be implemented in phases from May 7, 2025 to May 5, 2027.<a href="#cite_note-fr2025-3">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_history">Legislative history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_ID_Act&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legislative history">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_licenses_in_the_United_States" title="Driver's licenses in the United States">driver licenses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Identification_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Identification card">identification cards</a> issued by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">states and territories</a> are widely used as a form of identification. Before the Real ID Act, each state and territory set its own rules for issuing such cards, including what documents must be provided to obtain one, what information was displayed on the card, and its security features.<a href="#cite_note-history-2">[2]</a> In response to the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</a> established the <a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission" title="9/11 Commission">9/11 Commission</a> to provide recommendations to prevent future attacks. In <a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission_Report" title="9/11 Commission Report">its report</a>, issued in July 2004, one of the commission's many recommendations was establishing federal standards for identification documents.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> In December 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Reform_and_Terrorism_Prevention_Act" title="Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act">Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act</a> (IRTPA), enacted to implement the commission's recommendations, directed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a> to form a <a href="/wiki/Negotiated_rulemaking" title="Negotiated rulemaking">negotiated rulemaking</a> committee with representatives from state governments and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a>, to issue regulations establishing standards for identification documents issued by the states, and prohibited <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">federal agencies</a> from accepting identification documents that did not conform to these standards.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In February 2005, less than two months after IRTPA was enacted, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> passed the Real ID Act as H.R. 418, introduced by Representative <a href="/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner" title="Jim Sensenbrenner">Jim Sensenbrenner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>-<a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">WI</a>). The bill would repeal the provisions regarding identification documents in IRTPA, replace them with a version that would set the federal standards directly rather than in negotiation with the states, and would make various changes to <a href="/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 8 of the United States Code">U.S. immigration law</a> regarding <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">asylum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">border</a> security and <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In March, the text of the Real ID Act was appended as a <a href="/wiki/Rider_(legislation)" title="Rider (legislation)">rider</a> on an <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_spending_bill" title="Omnibus spending bill">omnibus spending bill</a>, H.R. 1268, the Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">Global War on Terror</a>, and Tsunami Relief 2005, which was passed by the House. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> removed the Real ID Act from the bill, added sections regarding <a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">visas</a> for workers, and passed it in April. In May, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_conference_committee" title="United States congressional conference committee">conference report</a> merging the bill versions, including the Real ID Act added by the House and the visa sections added by the Senate, was agreed to by both houses, and the bill was signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> on May 11, 2005.<a href="#cite_note-law-1">[1]</a> The identification document provisions of the Real ID Act were codified as a note in <a href="/wiki/Title_49_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 49 of the United States Code">48 U.S.C.</a> § 30301.<a href="#cite_note-codified-7">[7]</a> Although the title of the law has the term REAL ID in <a href="/wiki/All_capitals" class="mw-redirect" title="All capitals">all capitals</a>, it does not provide a meaning for REAL as an <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a>.<a href="#cite_note-law-1">[1]</a> ID is a common acronym for <a href="/wiki/Identity_document" title="Identity document">identity document</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amendments">Amendments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_ID_Act&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Amendments">edit</a>]</div> On January 7, 2008, the Court Security Improvement Act of 2007 specified that <a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">federal judges</a> could use their court address instead of their residential address on their identification documents for purposes of the Real ID Act.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> On December 17, 2018, Congress amended the Real ID Act to remove an outdated reference to the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands</a> (terminated in 1994) and to clarify that citizens of its successor <a href="/wiki/Compact_of_Free_Association" title="Compact of Free Association">Freely Associated States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>) were eligible for driver licenses and identification cards when admitted to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> On March 27, 2020, the <a href="/wiki/CARES_Act" title="CARES Act">CARES Act</a>, enacted in response to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, extended the deadline for states to comply with the Real ID Act to at least September 30, 2021.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> On December 27, 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2021" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021">Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021</a> amended the Real ID Act to accept electronic versions of identification documents, and to exempt states from requiring applicants to provide documentation of their <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_number" title="Social Security number">Social Security number</a>, such as their Social Security card.<a href="#cite_note-amend2020-12">[12]</a> In states that chose not to require such documentation, applicants were still required to provide their Social Security number, which states would verify directly with the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Administration" title="Social Security Administration">Social Security Administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-faqs-13">[13]</a> The amendment also repealed federal funds that the original law had provided for states to assist in their compliance.<a href="#cite_note-law-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-amend2020-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provisions">Provisions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_ID_Act&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Provisions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identification_documents">Identification documents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_ID_Act&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Identification documents">edit</a>]</div> The Real ID Act prohibits federal agencies from accepting driver licenses and identification cards issued by U.S. states and territories that do not satisfy certain standards, for accessing federal government facilities, nuclear power plants, and for boarding airline flights in the United States. The standards require that:<a href="#cite_note-codified-7">[7]</a> <ul><li>The person applying for an identification document must provide documentation of the person's full name, date of birth, and residential address; a Social Security number or documentation that the person is not eligible for one; and documentation that the person is a <a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">U.S. national</a> or a foreign national legally present in the United States.</li> <li>The state or territory must capture a photograph of the applicant, store digital images of the documents presented by the applicant, and verify the documents directly with the authorities that issued them. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_number" title="Social Security number">Social Security number</a> must be verified with the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Administration" title="Social Security Administration">Social Security Administration</a>, and the legal presence of foreign nationals must be verified with the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) through the <a href="/wiki/Systematic_Alien_Verification_for_Entitlements" title="Systematic Alien Verification for Entitlements">Systematic Alien Verification for Entitlements</a> (SAVE).</li> <li>The state or territory must confirm that any existing identification document of the applicant issued by another state or territory is terminated; limit the validity of identification documents to eight years; implement background checks and fraud prevention programs for employees issuing identification documents; maintain an electronic database of identification documents issued, including driver histories and violations, and provide access to it to all other states and territories.</li> <li>The identification document must display the person's full name, date of birth, gender, photograph, address, signature, document number, security features, and machine-readable technology.</li></ul> The Real ID regulations, issued by DHS, clarified some of the verification requirements:<a href="#cite_note-regulations-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-fr2008-15">[15]</a> <ul><li>Applicants must provide at least two documents showing their address, but these documents do not need to be verified further.</li> <li>Birth certificates must be verified through the Electronic Verification of Vital Events (EVVE) system maintained by the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Public_Health_Statistics_and_Information_Systems" title="National Association for Public Health Statistics and Information Systems">National Association for Public Health Statistics and Information Systems</a> (NAPHSIS), rather than the authority that issued the certificate.</li> <li>U.S. passports and U.S. visas on foreign passports must be verified with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a>, but the foreign passports themselves do not need to be verified with the issuing authority.</li></ul> The system used to share databases of identification documents between states and territories is the State-to-State (S2S) Verification Service, supported by the State Pointer Exchange Services (SPEXS) platform, developed by the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Motor_Vehicle_Administrators" title="American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators">American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators</a> (AAMVA) with federal funds.<a href="#cite_note-s2s-16">[16]</a> Although the Real ID Act requires that states and territories share their databases, this requirement was not included in the DHS criteria to certify their compliance.<a href="#cite_note-regulations-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-cato-17">[17]</a> States and territories are still allowed to issue identification documents that do not satisfy the Real ID requirements, but in this case, the document must state that it may not be accepted for federal purposes.<a href="#cite_note-codified-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_ID_Act&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Immigration">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asylum">Asylum</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_ID_Act&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Asylum">edit</a>]</div> The Real ID Act increased the <a href="/wiki/Burden_of_proof_(law)" title="Burden of proof (law)">burden of proof</a> for individuals applying for <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">asylum</a>. It authorized immigration judges to require that applicants present evidence for their asylum claim, if available, in addition to their testimony and to determine the credibility of witnesses based on their demeanor, plausibility, and consistency. The law also eliminated the numerical limit on individuals granted asylum, previously set at 10,000 per year.<a href="#cite_note-law-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Border_security">Border security</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_ID_Act&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Border security">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_of_1996" title="Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996">Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996</a> had provided for improvements to the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico–United States barrier">border barrier</a> near <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, with a waiver of two specific environmental laws, the <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">National Environmental Policy Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">Endangered Species Act of 1973</a>, which could otherwise prevent construction in the area.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The Real ID Act expanded this provision, allowing a waiver of any laws that could interfere with the construction.<a href="#cite_note-law-1">[1]</a> Later, the <a href="/wiki/Secure_Fence_Act_of_2006" title="Secure Fence Act of 2006">Secure Fence Act of 2006</a> and the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 extended this provision to a much longer portion of the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Other sections of the Real ID Act ordered some reports and pilot projects related to border security.<a href="#cite_note-law-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inadmissibility_and_deportation">Inadmissibility and deportation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_ID_Act&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Inadmissibility and deportation">edit</a>]</div> The Real ID Act expanded the grounds for inadmissibility and <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportation</a> of foreign nationals due to <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorist</a> activities, including members of terrorist organizations, of groups that endorsed their activities or who had received military training from them. It also prohibited those found inadmissible from seeking judicial review of their deportation orders through <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandamus" title="Mandamus">mandamus</a> or other petitions.<a href="#cite_note-law-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Work_visas">Work visas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_ID_Act&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Work visas">edit</a>]</div> The Save Our Small and Seasonal Businesses Act of 2005, added to the Real ID Act during its congressional passage, allowed foreign nationals who had an <a href="/wiki/H-2B_visa" title="H-2B visa">H-2B visa</a> for temporary workers in any of the previous three years to apply as returning workers without counting toward the annual limit of that visa category.<a href="#cite_note-law-1">[1]</a> A section of the Real ID Act created the <a href="/wiki/E-3_visa" title="E-3 visa">E-3 visa</a>, a type of work visa for nationals of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and their dependents, with an annual limit of 10,500.<a href="#cite_note-law-1">[1]</a> The last section of the Real ID Act allocated up to 50,000 previously unused employment-based immigration visas for new applicants to work as physical therapists, nurses, or with exceptional ability in sciences or arts.<a href="#cite_note-law-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_ID_Act&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Implementation">edit</a>]</div> The Real ID Act, enacted on May 11, 2005, specified that after three years, from May 11, 2008, federal agencies would no longer accept identification documents that did not satisfy the standards.<a href="#cite_note-law-1">[1]</a> However, due to widespread opposition and refusal by many state governments to implement the provisions, the deadline was extended numerous times.<a href="#cite_note-history-2">[2]</a> On January 29, 2008, DHS issued the Real ID regulations, specifying a gradual implementation schedule. Until May 11, 2008, states and territories would have to comply with the Real ID Act or request an extension, valid until December 31, 2009, and they could later request an additional extension to May 11, 2011. Documents issued by states and territories that were certified as compliant or that were granted an extension would continue to be accepted, even if the documents themselves did not satisfy the standards, until December 1, 2014, for people born after December 1, 1964, or until December 1, 2017, for others. After these last deadlines, identification documents themselves would have to satisfy the standards to be accepted by federal agencies.<a href="#cite_note-fr2008-15">[15]</a> On March 7, 2011, DHS extended the deadline for states and territories to become compliant to January 15, 2013, but all identification documents continued to be accepted during 2013. On December 29, 2014, DHS extended the deadline for documents to satisfy the standards to October 1, 2020, regardless of age.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Enforcement based on the issuing state or territory finally began in 2014 and 2015 for accessing federal facilities and in 2018 for boarding airline flights:<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <ul><li>April 21, 2014: DHS headquarters at the <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Avenue_Complex" title="Nebraska Avenue Complex">Nebraska Avenue Complex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li>July 21, 2014: areas of federal facilities and nuclear power plants accessible only to employees, contractors, and guests</li> <li>January 19, 2015: areas of federal facilities accessible to the general public with identification, at facility security levels 1 and 2</li> <li>October 10, 2015: areas of federal facilities accessible to the general public with identification at facility security levels 3, 4, and 5, and military facilities</li> <li>January 22, 2018: boarding federally regulated commercial aircraft (airline flights)</li></ul> After the deadlines, only identification documents issued by states and territories that were certified as compliant with the Real ID Act or granted an extension were accepted. Between 2014 and 2018, some states and territories were not compliant and did not have an extension, resulting in their identification documents not being accepted for accessing federal facilities during some periods. However, from 2018 all states and territories were compliant or continuously maintained extensions, so their identification documents remained accepted for boarding airline flights.<a href="#cite_note-history-2">[2]</a> Due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, on April 27, 2020, the extended deadline after which identification documents would have to satisfy the Real ID Act standards to be accepted by federal agencies was again extended, by one year to October 1, 2021. On May 3, 2021, it was extended to May 3, 2023;<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> on December 5, 2022, it was extended to May 7, 2025.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> On January 14, 2025, the <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">Transportation Security Administration</a> maintained in principle the deadline of May 7, 2025, but allowed flexible enforcement, for example by warning holders of noncompliant documents rather than refusing them altogether, until May 5, 2027.<a href="#cite_note-fr2025-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_certifications">State certifications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_ID_Act&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: State certifications">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:REAL_ID_Act_compliance.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of states according to compliance with the Real ID Act" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/REAL_ID_Act_compliance.svg/300px-REAL_ID_Act_compliance.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/REAL_ID_Act_compliance.svg/450px-REAL_ID_Act_compliance.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/REAL_ID_Act_compliance.svg/600px-REAL_ID_Act_compliance.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>Real ID Act compliance by year of DHS certification. <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:70px"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  2012</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  2013</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  2014</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  2016</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  2017</div> </td> <td valign="top"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  2018</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  2019</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  2020</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  2021</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  2024</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></figcaption></figure> DHS began certifying states as compliant in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-cert2014-26">[26]</a> Adoption slowed after 2013 but increased significantly in 2018 and 2019, as the final phase of implementation approached and states were faced with potential air travel restrictions for their residents. DHS completed certification of all states by 2020, and of all territories by 2024.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The Real ID Act requires that states and territories share their ID and driver history databases with each other, but this requirement was not included in the DHS certification criteria.<a href="#cite_note-regulations-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-cato-17">[17]</a> The State-to-State (S2S) Verification Service, used to share ID databases, was implemented in 2015,<a href="#cite_note-s2s-16">[16]</a> and the feature used to share driver history records (DHR) was implemented in 2022. As of 2025<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Real_ID_Act&action=edit">[update]</a>, 43 jurisdictions were participating in S2S,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> and 31 in DHR.<a href="#cite_note-s2sme-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-dhrwa-30">[30]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small; line-height:1.3"> <tbody><tr> <th>State or territory</th> <th>Real ID certification</th> <th>S2S implementation</th> <th>DHR implementation </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></td> <td>December 20, 2012<a href="#cite_note-cert2012-31">[31]</a></td> <td>January 28, 2020<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td>March 11, 2024<a href="#cite_note-dhrcorisd-33">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/19px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/29px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/38px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="260" /> <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></td> <td>December 20, 2012<a href="#cite_note-cert2012-31">[31]</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/23px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/35px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/45px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></td> <td>December 20, 2012<a href="#cite_note-cert2012-31">[31]</a></td> <td>December 19, 2016<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td>June 10, 2024<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></td> <td>December 20, 2012<a href="#cite_note-cert2012-31">[31]</a></td> <td>January 19, 2021<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td>September 18, 2023<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></td> <td>December 20, 2012<a href="#cite_note-cert2012-31">[31]</a></td> <td>February 15, 2016<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td>February 20, 2024<a href="#cite_note-dhrinne-36">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="477" /> <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td>December 20, 2012<a href="#cite_note-cert2012-31">[31]</a></td> <td>May 23, 2016<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></td> <td>December 20, 2012<a href="#cite_note-cert2012-31">[31]</a></td> <td>February 1, 2016<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td>August 22, 2022<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/25px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/38px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/50px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /> <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></td> <td>December 20, 2012<a href="#cite_note-cert2012-31">[31]</a></td> <td>April 19, 2021<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td>July 31, 2023<a href="#cite_note-dhrohar-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></td> <td>December 20, 2012<a href="#cite_note-cert2012-31">[31]</a></td> <td>October 3, 2016<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td>March 11, 2024<a href="#cite_note-dhrcorisd-33">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></td> <td>December 20, 2012<a href="#cite_note-cert2012-31">[31]</a></td> <td>March 5, 2018<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td>April 10, 2023<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/46px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></td> <td>December 20, 2012<a href="#cite_note-cert2012-31">[31]</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></td> <td>December 20, 2012<a href="#cite_note-cert2012-31">[31]</a></td> <td>August 10, 2015<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td>April 11, 2022<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/22px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/33px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/43px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></td> <td>December 20, 2012<a href="#cite_note-cert2012-31">[31]</a></td> <td>November 21, 2016<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></td> <td>February 15, 2013<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></td> <td>October 17, 2016<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td>February 20, 2024<a href="#cite_note-dhrinne-36">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></td> <td data-sort-value="February 28, 2013">by February 28, 2013<a href="#cite_note-cert2013-42">[42]</a></td> <td>April 25, 2022<a href="#cite_note-s2sal-43">[43]</a></td> <td>April 25, 2022<a href="#cite_note-s2sal-43">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/23px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/35px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/45px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td> <td data-sort-value="February 28, 2013">by February 28, 2013<a href="#cite_note-cert2013-42">[42]</a></td> <td>January 17, 2023<a href="#cite_note-s2sfl-44">[44]</a></td> <td>January 17, 2023<a href="#cite_note-s2sfl-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td data-sort-value="February 28, 2013">by February 28, 2013<a href="#cite_note-cert2013-42">[42]</a></td> <td>December 14, 2020<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/23px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/35px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/46px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="432" /> <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></td> <td data-sort-value="February 28, 2013">by February 28, 2013<a href="#cite_note-cert2013-42">[42]</a></td> <td>January 28, 2019<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td>March 13, 2023<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/46px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></td> <td data-sort-value="February 28, 2013">by February 28, 2013<a href="#cite_note-cert2013-42">[42]</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></td> <td>September 9, 2013<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></td> <td>December 12, 2022<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></td> <td data-sort-value="December 20, 2013">by December 20, 2013<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></td> <td>April 8, 2019<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td>April 29, 2024<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/23px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/35px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/46px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></td> <td data-sort-value="December 31, 2014">by December 31, 2014<a href="#cite_note-cert2014-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-cert2016-50">[50]</a></td> <td>September 30, 2024<a href="#cite_note-s2sdc-51">[51]</a></td> <td>September 30, 2024<a href="#cite_note-s2sdc-51">[51]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/45px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></td> <td data-sort-value="December 31, 2014">by December 31, 2014<a href="#cite_note-cert2014-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-cert2016-50">[50]</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/23px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/35px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/45px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></td> <td data-sort-value="July 12, 2016">by July 12, 2016<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></td> <td>February 27, 2017<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td>September 16, 2024<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></td> <td data-sort-value="December 8, 2016">by December 8, 2016<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></td> <td>June 6, 2016<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td>July 31, 2023<a href="#cite_note-dhrohar-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/45px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></td> <td>December 22, 2016<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></td> <td>June 18, 2018<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td>May 13, 2024<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td> <td data-sort-value="August 10, 2017">by August 10, 2017<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></td> <td>September 5, 2023<a href="#cite_note-s2stx-58">[58]</a></td> <td>September 5, 2023<a href="#cite_note-s2stx-58">[58]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></td> <td data-sort-value="October 12, 2017">by October 12, 2017<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></td> <td>February 25, 2019<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7040" data-file-height="4556" /> <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></td> <td data-sort-value="January 23, 2018">by January 23, 2018<a href="#cite_note-cert2018-1-60">[60]</a></td> <td>October 17, 2018<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /> <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></td> <td data-sort-value="January 23, 2018">by January 23, 2018<a href="#cite_note-cert2018-1-60">[60]</a></td> <td>March 15, 2021<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td>October 16, 2023<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td data-sort-value="February 23, 2018">by February 23, 2018<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></td> <td>September 3, 2024<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></td> <td>May 18, 2018<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></td> <td>July 25, 2022<a href="#cite_note-s2ssc-65">[65]</a></td> <td>July 25, 2022<a href="#cite_note-s2ssc-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/19px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/29px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/38px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2496" /> <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></td> <td>July 31, 2018<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></td> <td>August 22, 2016<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td>November 18, 2024<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg/31px-Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg/41px-Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="983" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></td> <td>September 10, 2018<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></td> <td>November 16, 2015<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td>May 9, 2022<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg/45px-Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="440" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></td> <td>October 1, 2018<a href="#cite_note-cert2018-10-70">[70]</a></td> <td>June 14, 2021<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/45px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></td> <td>October 1, 2018<a href="#cite_note-cert2018-10-70">[70]</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/23px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/35px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/46px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="658" /> <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></td> <td>October 1, 2018<a href="#cite_note-cert2018-10-70">[70]</a></td> <td>September 4, 2018<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td>February 18, 2025<a href="#cite_note-dhrwa-30">[30]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/23px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/35px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/46px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></td> <td>November 1, 2018<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></td> <td>March 26, 2018<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td>June 27, 2022<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/23px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/35px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/46px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></td> <td>November 19, 2018<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></td> <td>September 30, 2019<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td>September 19, 2022<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></td> <td>December 10, 2018<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></td> <td>December 5, 2016<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td>August 26, 2024<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Guam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Guam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Guam.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="396" /> <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></td> <td>February 8, 2019<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/23px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/35px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/46px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></td> <td>March 20, 2019<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="850" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></td> <td data-sort-value="April 4, 2019">by April 4, 2019<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/21px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/33px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/43px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></td> <td data-sort-value="April 28, 2019">by April 28, 2019<a href="#cite_note-cert2019-80">[80]</a></td> <td>January 30, 2017<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/23px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/35px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/46px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1400" /> <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td data-sort-value="April 28, 2019">by April 28, 2019<a href="#cite_note-cert2019-80">[80]</a></td> <td>March 25, 2019<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td>November 12, 2024<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></td> <td data-sort-value="April 28, 2019">by April 28, 2019<a href="#cite_note-cert2019-80">[80]</a></td> <td>November 23, 2020<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td>November 13, 2023<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/19px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/30px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/39px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="580" /> <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></td> <td>April 30, 2019<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></td> <td>June 3, 2019<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td>March 11, 2024<a href="#cite_note-dhrcorisd-33">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/41px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></td> <td>May 17, 2019<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></td> <td>May 21, 2018<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>May 22, 2019<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></td> <td>July 19, 2019<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/19px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/29px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/38px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /> <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></td> <td>September 13, 2019<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></td> <td>December 16, 2024<a href="#cite_note-s2sme-29">[29]</a></td> <td>December 16, 2024<a href="#cite_note-s2sme-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="308" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></td> <td>March 27, 2020<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></td> <td>March 25, 2024<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></td> <td>August 4, 2020<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></td> <td>July 6, 2020<a href="#cite_note-s2s2021-32">[32]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></td> <td>September 10, 2020<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">N. Mariana Islands</a></td> <td>March 26, 2021<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg/35px-Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg/46px-Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></td> <td>February 14, 2024<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Document_versions">Document versions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_ID_Act&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Document versions">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Californian_sample_driver%27s_license%2C_c._2019.jpg/200px-Californian_sample_driver%27s_license%2C_c._2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Californian_sample_driver%27s_license%2C_c._2019.jpg/300px-Californian_sample_driver%27s_license%2C_c._2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Californian_sample_driver%27s_license%2C_c._2019.jpg/400px-Californian_sample_driver%27s_license%2C_c._2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="385" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Florida_Driver_License.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Florida_Driver_License.png/200px-Florida_Driver_License.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Florida_Driver_License.png 1.5x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="171" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington,_D.C._sample_driver%27s_license,_c._2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Washington%2C_D.C._sample_driver%27s_license%2C_c._2018.png/200px-Washington%2C_D.C._sample_driver%27s_license%2C_c._2018.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Washington%2C_D.C._sample_driver%27s_license%2C_c._2018.png/300px-Washington%2C_D.C._sample_driver%27s_license%2C_c._2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Washington%2C_D.C._sample_driver%27s_license%2C_c._2018.png/400px-Washington%2C_D.C._sample_driver%27s_license%2C_c._2018.png 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="441" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Sample driver licenses compliant with the Real ID Act issued by <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>. The star symbol appears in the upper right corner.</div></div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 200px; height: 126px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -66px; left: -50px; width: 317px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:Enhanced_driver%27s_licenses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sample enhanced driver license issued by the state of Washington. The U.S. flag appears near the photo." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Enhanced_driver%27s_licenses.jpg/317px-Enhanced_driver%27s_licenses.jpg" decoding="async" width="317" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Enhanced_driver%27s_licenses.jpg/476px-Enhanced_driver%27s_licenses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Enhanced_driver%27s_licenses.jpg/634px-Enhanced_driver%27s_licenses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Enhanced_driver%27s_licenses.jpg" title="File:Enhanced driver's licenses.jpg"> </a></div>Sample <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_driver%27s_license" title="Enhanced driver's license">enhanced driver license</a> issued by the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Washington">state of Washington</a>. The U.S. flag appears near the photo. </div> </div> </div> Most states and territories decided to offer two versions of identification documents, one compliant with the Real ID requirements and one not compliant. The compliant version is marked with a gold or black <a href="/wiki/Five-pointed_star" title="Five-pointed star">star</a>, a white star in a gold or black circle, a white star in a gold <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_California" title="Flag of California">bear</a> in the case of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, or a white star in a gold state map in the case of <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>. The non-compliant version has a text stating that it is not valid for federal purposes, but it can still be used to drive or as local identification, so it is useful for applicants who are ineligible or do not wish to provide all documentation required for a compliant version in their jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-symbols-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-faqs-13">[13]</a> Some states also offer <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_driver%27s_license" title="Enhanced driver's license">enhanced driver licenses and enhanced identification cards</a>, which are only available to <a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">U.S. nationals</a> and may be used for <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere_Travel_Initiative" title="Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative">international travel within the Americas</a> by land or sea.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> They are marked with a <a href="/wiki/U.S._flag" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. flag">U.S. flag</a> and may not have a Real ID star symbol but are also compliant with the Real ID requirements and are accepted for federal purposes.<a href="#cite_note-faqs-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/State_of_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Washington">state of Washington</a> is unique in that it only offers enhanced and non-compliant versions, making its residents who are not U.S. nationals ineligible for compliant state-issued identification documents.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> It is also the only state that does not offer any document with a Real ID star symbol, even though its enhanced version is compliant.<a href="#cite_note-symbols-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documents_for_boarding_flights">Documents for boarding flights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_ID_Act&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Documents for boarding flights">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DoSDL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/DoSDL.jpg/200px-DoSDL.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/DoSDL.jpg/300px-DoSDL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/DoSDL.jpg/400px-DoSDL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>Sample diplomatic driver license issued by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a> </figcaption></figure> Before boarding an airline flight in the United States, passengers must pass through an airport checkpoint operated by the <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">Transportation Security Administration</a>, which requires that passengers age 18 and older present an identification document whose name must match their <a href="/wiki/Boarding_pass" title="Boarding pass">boarding pass</a>. Many types of documents are accepted for this purpose:<a href="#cite_note-tsa-98">[98]</a> <ul><li>Driver license or identification card issued by a U.S. state or territory (only if compliant with Real ID standards, after full enforcement)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_driver%27s_license" title="Enhanced driver's license">Enhanced driver license or enhanced identification card</a> issued by a U.S. state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">Passport</a> of any country or <a href="/wiki/U.S._passport_card" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. passport card">U.S. passport card</a></li> <li>DHS trusted traveler card (<a href="/wiki/Global_Entry" title="Global Entry">Global Entry</a>, <a href="/wiki/NEXUS" title="NEXUS">NEXUS</a>, <a href="/wiki/SENTRI" title="SENTRI">SENTRI</a> or <a href="/wiki/Free_and_Secure_Trade" title="Free and Secure Trade">FAST</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_card" title="Green card">U.S. permanent resident card</a> or <a href="/wiki/Employment_authorization_document" title="Employment authorization document">employment authorization document</a> (I-766)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Crossing_Card" title="Border Crossing Card">Border Crossing Card</a></li> <li>Driver license issued by a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian province">Canadian province</a> or <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Services_Canada" title="Indigenous Services Canada">Canadian Indian Status</a> card</li> <li>Photo identification card issued by a <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribe">federally recognized tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Access_Card" title="Common Access Card">U.S. Department of Defense identification</a>, including for dependents</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIPS_201" title="FIPS 201">Personal Identity Verification (PIV) card</a> for U.S. federal employees and contractors</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Worker_Identification_Credential" title="Transportation Worker Identification Credential">Transportation Worker Identification Credential</a> or <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Mariner_Credential" title="Merchant Mariner Credential">Merchant Mariner Credential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veteran_Health_Identification_Card" title="Veteran Health Identification Card">Veteran Health Identification Card</a></li> <li>Driver license or identification card issued by the U.S. Department of State for foreign diplomatic and consular officers and their eligible dependents<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li></ul> Except for the first category of documents in the above list, the other documents listed remain accepted regardless of the Real ID Act.<a href="#cite_note-tsa-98">[98]</a> The above list is not exhaustive. Alternative forms of identification may be accepted in special circumstances, and passengers without any acceptable identification document may still be allowed to board flights after completing an identity verification process.<a href="#cite_note-tsa-98">[98]</a> However, after final implementation of the Real ID Act, the identity verification process will no longer be available.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-faqs-13">[13]</a> Passengers under age 18 are not required to present identification at airport checkpoints.<a href="#cite_note-tsa-98">[98]</a> Passengers boarding an <a href="/wiki/International_flight" title="International flight">international flight</a> may be required to present more specific documents, such as a passport or visa, to the airline during <a href="/wiki/Airport_check-in" title="Airport check-in">check-in</a> and after arrival at the destination, but they may still present any of the acceptable documents at the airport checkpoint. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_ID_Act&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a>'s Real ID Act was strongly supported by the conservative <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">Heritage Foundation</a> and other opponents of illegal immigration.<a href="#cite_note-news.com-101">[101]</a> However, it faced criticism from across the political spectrum, including from libertarian groups, like the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>;<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> immigrant advocacy groups; human and civil rights organizations, like the <a href="/wiki/ACLU" class="mw-redirect" title="ACLU">ACLU</a>; Christian advocacy groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">American Center for Law & Justice</a> (ACLJ);<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> privacy advocacy groups, like the <a href="/wiki/511_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="511 campaign">511 campaign</a>; state-level opposition groups, such as North Carolinians Against Real ID<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> and government accountability groups in Florida;<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> labor groups, like <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a>; <a href="/wiki/People_for_the_American_Way" title="People for the American Way">People for the American Way</a>; consumer and patient protection groups; some gun rights groups, such as <a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">Gun Owners of America</a>; many state lawmakers, state legislatures, and governors; the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a>;<a href="#cite_note-news.com-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> and the editorial page of <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>, among others. Highlighting the broad diversity of the coalition opposing Title II of the Real ID Act, the American Center for Law and Justice (ACLJ), founded by evangelical Christian <a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a>, participated in a joint press conference with the ACLU in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Among the 2008 presidential candidates, <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> strongly supported the Real ID Act, but <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> called for it to be reviewed, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a> flatly opposed it, and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a> called it "a huge mistake."<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">Obama administration</a> opposed it. In 2008, Cindy Southworth, technology project director for the National Network to End Domestic Violence, noted a "conundrum" in the mission "to identify people who are dangerous, such as terrorists, and at the same time, [...] in a way that keeps everyday citizens and victims safe."<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Against_Domestic_Violence" title="National Coalition Against Domestic Violence">National Coalition Against Domestic Violence</a> also voiced concern about the Real ID Act.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Wyllie" title="Adrian Wyllie">Adrian Wyllie</a>, the then-chair of the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Florida" title="Libertarian Party of Florida">Libertarian Party of Florida</a>, drove without carrying a <a href="/wiki/Driver_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Driver license">driver license</a> in 2011 in protest of the Real ID Act. After being ticketed, Wyllie argued in court that Florida's identification laws violated his privacy rights; a judge rejected this claim.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congress">Congress</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_ID_Act&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Congress">edit</a>]</div> The House of Representatives approved the original Real ID Act, H.R.418, on February 10, 2005, by a vote of 261–161. At the insistence of the bill's sponsor and then <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">House Judiciary Committee</a> Chair <a href="/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner" title="Jim Sensenbrenner">Jim Sensenbrenner</a>, the Real ID Act was subsequently attached by the House Republican leadership as a <a href="/wiki/Rider_(legislation)" title="Rider (legislation)">rider</a> to H.R.1268, a bill dealing with emergency appropriations for the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> and with the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004 tsunami</a> relief funding, which was widely regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Must_pass_bill" title="Must pass bill">must pass bill</a>. The Senate passed H.R.1268 on April 21, 2005, without the Real ID Act. However, the Real ID Act was reinserted in the conference report on H.R.1268, which was then passed by the House on May 5, 2005, by a 368–58 vote and unanimously by the Senate on May 10, 2005.<a href="#cite_note-law-1">[1]</a> The Senate never discussed or voted on the Real ID Act specifically and no Senate committee hearings were conducted on the Real ID Act prior to its passage. Critics charged that this procedure was undemocratic and that the bill's proponents avoided a substantive debate on a far-reaching piece of legislation by attaching it to a "must-pass" bill.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> A May 3, 2005, statement by the <a href="/wiki/American_Immigration_Lawyers_Association" title="American Immigration Lawyers Association">American Immigration Lawyers Association</a> said: "Because Congress held no hearings or meaningful debate on the legislation and amended it to a must-pass spending bill, the Real ID Act did not receive the scrutiny necessary for most measures, and most certainly not the level required for a measure of this importance and impact. Consistent with the lack of debate and discussion, conference negotiations also were held behind closed doors, with Democrats prevented from participating."<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> On February 28, 2007, Senator <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Akaka" title="Daniel Akaka">Daniel Akaka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">HI</a>) introduced the Identification Security Enhancement Act of 2007 to repeal the Real ID Act and restore the equivalent provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Reform_and_Terrorism_Prevention_Act" title="Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act">Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act</a>, which provided more regulatory flexibility with state participation. Seven Democratic and Republican senators cosponsored the bill. Committee hearings were held, but the bill did not advance.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> A similar bill was introduced on February 16, 2007, by Representative <a href="/wiki/Tom_Allen_(Maine_politician)" title="Tom Allen (Maine politician)">Tom Allen</a> (D-<a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">ME</a>), with 41 cosponsors, all Democrats. This bill did not advance either.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> A more limited bill, introduced on February 13, 2007, by Senator <a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Susan Collins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>-ME), with four cosponsors, would have extended the deadlines for states to comply with the Real ID Act.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> On June 15, 2009, Senator Daniel Akaka introduced the <a href="/wiki/PASS_ID" title="PASS ID">PASS ID</a> Act, which would replace the Real ID Act with a similar law without some of the requirements that were considered excessive, such as the obligation to verify documents with the issuing authority and shared databases. The bill passed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs">Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs</a> but did not advance further.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_legislatures">State legislatures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_ID_Act&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: State legislatures">edit</a>]</div> Many state legislatures strongly opposed the Real ID Act, before the states eventually complied with it years later.<a href="#cite_note-history-2">[2]</a> On January 25, 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Maine_Legislature" title="Maine Legislature">Maine Legislature</a> overwhelmingly passed a resolution refusing to implement the Real ID Act in that state and calling on Congress to repeal the law. Many <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> lawmakers believed that the law would do more harm than good, they were concerned that it would create bureaucratic problems, threaten individual privacy, could make citizens more vulnerable to ID theft, and would cost <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> taxpayers at least $185 million in five years to implement all aspects of the bill. The resolution vote in the <a href="/wiki/Maine_House_of_Representatives" title="Maine House of Representatives">Maine House of Representatives</a> was 137–4 and in the <a href="/wiki/Maine_Senate" title="Maine Senate">Maine Senate</a> unanimous, 34–0.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> On February 16, 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Utah_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah legislature">Utah legislature</a> unanimously passed a resolution opposing the Real ID Act.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The resolution stated that Real ID was "in opposition to the Jeffersonian principles of individual liberty, free markets, and limited government", and that "the use of identification-based security cannot be justified as part of a 'layered' security system if the costs of the identification 'layer'—in dollars, lost privacy, and lost liberty—are greater than the security identification provides". <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> joined <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> in passing legislation opposing the Real ID Act.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Similar resolutions were introduced in the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> On April 16, 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_House_of_Representatives" title="Missouri House of Representatives">Missouri House of Representatives</a> passed a bill prohibiting the state from complying with the Real ID Act, by a vote of 83–69 and 3 present. On May 13, 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Senate" title="Missouri Senate">Missouri Senate</a> unanimously passed the bill 43–0. Missouri Governor <a href="/wiki/Jay_Nixon" title="Jay Nixon">Jay Nixon</a> signed this bill into law on July 13, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> This law was later repealed in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Alaska also repealed its anti-Real-ID law in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In the 2012 Florida Legislative Session, the anti-Real-ID bill HB 109<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> and its Senate companion S 220 were introduced.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Named the Florida Driver's License Citizen Protection Act,<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> it would require discontinuation of several of the federally mandated provisions of the Real ID Act and destruction of copies of U.S. citizens' documents from the government database. That bill died in the Transportation and Highway Safety Subcommittee on March 9, 2012.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutionality">Constitutionality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_ID_Act&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Constitutionality">edit</a>]</div> Some critics claimed that the Real ID Act violated the <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> as a federal legislation in an area that, under the terms of the Tenth Amendment, was the province of the states. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Romero" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Romero">Anthony Romero</a>, the executive director of the <a href="/wiki/ACLU" class="mw-redirect" title="ACLU">ACLU</a>, stated: "Real ID is an unfunded mandate that violates the Constitution's 10th Amendment on state powers, destroys states' <a href="/wiki/Dual_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual sovereignty">dual sovereignty</a> and consolidates every American's private information, leaving all of us far more vulnerable to identity thieves".<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Former Republican Representative <a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr">Bob Barr</a> wrote in a February 2008 article: "A person not possessing a Real ID Act-compliant identification card could not enter any federal building, or an office of his or her congressman or senator or the U.S. Capitol. This effectively denies that person their fundamental rights to assembly and to petition the government as guaranteed in the First Amendment".<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The DHS's final rule regarding the implementation of the Real ID Act discussed several constitutional concerns raised by the commenters on the proposed version of this rule. The DHS explicitly rejected the assertion that the implementation of the Real ID Act would lead to violations of the citizens' individual constitutional rights. Concerning the Tenth Amendment argument about the violation of states' constitutional rights, the DHS rule acknowledged that these concerns had been raised by several individual commenters and in the comments by some states. The DHS rule did not attempt to rebuff the Tenth Amendment argument directly, but said that the DHS was acting in accordance with the authority granted to it by the Real ID Act and that DHS had been and would be working closely with the states on the implementation of the Real ID Act.<a href="#cite_note-fr2008-15">[15]</a> On November 1, 2007, attorneys for <a href="/wiki/Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="Defenders of Wildlife">Defenders of Wildlife</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a> filed an amended complaint in <a href="/wiki/U.S._District_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. District Court">U.S. District Court</a> challenging the Real ID Act. The amended complaint alleged that this unprecedented authority violated the fundamental separation of powers principles enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a>. On December 18, 2007, Judge <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Segal_Huvelle" title="Ellen Segal Huvelle">Ellen Segal Huvelle</a> rejected the challenge.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> On March 17, 2008, the attorneys filed a petition for a <a href="/wiki/Writ" title="Writ">writ</a> of <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> to hear their "constitutional challenge to the Secretary's decision waiving nineteen federal laws, and all state and local legal requirements related to them, in connection with the construction of a barrier along a portion of the border with Mexico". They questioned whether the preclusion of judicial review amounted to an unconstitutional delegation of legislative power and whether the "grant of waiver authority violates Article I's requirement that a duly-enacted law may be repealed only by legislation approved by both Houses of Congress and presented to the President".<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> On April 17, 2008, numerous amicus briefs "supporting the petition were filed on behalf of 14 members of Congress, a diverse coalition of conservation, religious and Native American organizations, and 28 law professors and constitutional scholars".<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The Supreme Court denied the petition on June 23, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_ID_card">National ID card</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_ID_Act&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: National ID card">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more detailed arguments for and against identity cards, see <a href="/wiki/Identity_document" title="Identity document">Identity document</a>.</div> There was disagreement about whether the Real ID Act instituted a "national identification card" system.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The new law only set forth national standards, but left the issuance of cards and the maintenance of databases in state hands; therefore, the Department of Homeland Security claimed that it was not a "national ID" system.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Websites such as no2realid.org, unrealid.com, and realnightmare.org argued that this was a trivial distinction, and that the new cards were in fact national <a href="/wiki/Identity_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Identity card">ID cards</a>, due to the uniform national standards, the linked databases created by <a href="/wiki/AAMVA" class="mw-redirect" title="AAMVA">AAMVA</a>, and the requirement of such identification for domestic air travel. Many advocacy groups and individual opponents of the Real ID Act believed that having a Real ID-compliant identification might become a requirement for various basic tasks. A January 2008 statement by the ACLU of Maryland said: "The law places no limits on potential required uses for Real IDs. In time, Real IDs could be required to vote, collect a Social Security check, access Medicaid, open a bank account, go to an <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles" title="Baltimore Orioles">Orioles</a> game, or buy a gun. The private sector could begin mandating a Real ID to perform countless commercial and financial activities, such as renting a DVD or buying car insurance. Real ID cards would become a necessity, making them de facto national IDs". However, government-issued identification was already required to perform some of these tasks; for example, two forms of identification – usually a driver license, passport, or Social Security card – were required by the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> in order to open a bank account.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privacy">Privacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_ID_Act&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Privacy">edit</a>]</div> Many privacy rights advocates charged that by creating a national system electronically storing vast amounts of detailed personal data about individuals, the Real ID Act increased the chance of such data being stolen and thus raised the risk of identity theft.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The Bush administration, in the DHS final rule regarding the Real ID Act implementation, countered that the security precautions regarding handling sensitive personal data and hiring workers for this task, which were specified in the Real ID Act and in the rule, provided sufficient protections against unauthorized use and theft of such personal data.<a href="#cite_note-fr2008-15">[15]</a> Another privacy concern raised by privacy advocates such as the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> was that the implementation of the Real ID Act would make it substantially easier for the government to track numerous activities of Americans and conduct surveillance.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Supporters of the Real ID Act, such as the conservative think-tank <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">Heritage Foundation</a>, dismissed this criticism under the grounds that states would be permitted by law to share data only when validating someone's identity.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The Data Privacy and Integrity Advisory Committee, which was established to advise the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> on privacy-related issues, released a statement regarding the Department of Homeland Security's proposed rules for the standardization of state driver licenses on May 7, 2007.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> The committee stated that "Given that these issues have not received adequate consideration, the Committee feels it is important that the following comments do not constitute an endorsement of REAL ID or the regulations as workable or appropriate", and "The issues pose serious risks to an individual's privacy and, without amelioration, could undermine the stated goals of the REAL ID Act". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender">Gender</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_ID_Act&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gender">edit</a>]</div> The Real ID Act requires that states and territories include an individual's gender on each driver license and identification card issued.<a href="#cite_note-codified-7">[7]</a> As of 2022, all states and territories allowed individuals to change their gender on identification documents to either male or female, and many states also offered the option of gender-neutral marker X.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> The requirements for changing the recorded gender varied by jurisdiction, from merely a personal request to additional documentation such as a court order or proof of surgery.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Some scholars criticized the inclusion of gender markers in identification documents, pointing to the ineffectiveness of gender in confirming a person's identity<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> or due to privacy concerns of <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> individuals.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asylum_and_deportation">Asylum and deportation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_ID_Act&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Asylum and deportation">edit</a>]</div> Many immigrant and civil rights advocates felt that the changes related to evidentiary standards and the immigration officers' discretion in asylum cases, contained in the Real ID Act, would prevent many legitimate asylum seekers from obtaining asylum.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> For example, scholars pointed to how the Real ID Act placed more emphasis on applicant account discrepancies to determine asylum seekers as "incredible" and discretion on additional corroboration requirements, which discounted potential trauma-related psychological and other barriers related to persecution that might affect testimony accounts.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Additionally, a 2005 article in <a href="/wiki/LCCR" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCR">LCCR</a>-sponsored Civil Rights Monitor stated, "The bill also contained changes to asylum standards, which according to LCCR, would prevent many legitimate asylum seekers from obtaining safe haven in the United States. These changes gave immigration officials broad discretion to demand certain evidence to support an asylum claim, with little regard to whether the evidence can realistically be obtained; as well as the discretion to deny claims based on such subjective factors as 'demeanor'. Critics said the reason for putting such asylum restrictions into what was being sold as an anti-terrorism bill was unclear, given that suspected terrorists are already barred from obtaining asylum or any other immigration benefit".<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Similarly, some immigration and human rights advocacy groups maintained that the Real ID Act provided an overly broad definition of "terrorist activity" that would prevent some deserving categories of applicants from gaining asylum or refugee status in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> A November 2007 report by <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> raised this criticism specifically in relation to former child soldiers who had been forcibly and illegally recruited to participate in an armed group.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_ID_Act&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Environment">edit</a>]</div> In 2020, the section of the Real ID Act waiving laws that could interfere with the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico–United States barrier">border barrier</a> negatively impacted the natural and cultural environment of the border area. One example was at <a href="/wiki/Quitobaquito_Springs" title="Quitobaquito Springs">Quitobaquito Springs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Organ_Pipe_Cactus_National_Monument" title="Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument">Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, one of the only reliable above-ground water sources in the <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a> and home to the endangered <a href="/wiki/Sonoyta_pupfish" title="Sonoyta pupfish">Sonoyta pupfish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonora_mud_turtle" title="Sonora mud turtle">Sonora mud turtle</a>. The spring and surrounding lands are also sacred to the <a href="/wiki/Hia_C-e%E1%B8%8D_O%CA%BCodham" title="Hia C-eḍ Oʼodham">Hia C-eḍ Oʼodham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a> peoples. Due to the construction of the border barrier, the flow of water declined precipitously from March 2020, and threatened the cultural landscape as well as the two endangered species, along with other desert animals and plants that relied on the water.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_ID_Act&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_a_Secure_Driver%27s_License" title="Coalition for a Secure Driver's License">Coalition for a Secure Driver's License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_document" title="Identity document">Identity document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_passport" title="Internal passport">Internal passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_passport_of_Russia" title="Internal passport of Russia">Internal passport of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registered_Traveler" title="Registered Traveler">Registered Traveler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Fence_Act_of_2006" title="Secure Fence Act of 2006">Secure Fence Act of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_passport" title="United States passport">United States passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Passport_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Passport Card">United States Passport Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere_Travel_Initiative" title="Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative">Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_ID_Act&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-law-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-law_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-law_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-law_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-law_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-law_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-law_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-law_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-law_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-law_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-law_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-law_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-law_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-law_1-12">m</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/house-bill/1268">H.R. 1268</a>, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, the Global War on Terror, and Tsunami Relief, 2005, United States Congress. </li> <li id="cite_note-history-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_2-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/real-id">the original</a> on August 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Real+ID&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Homeland+Security&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Freal-id&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+ID+Act" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-s2stx-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s2stx_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-s2stx_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://images.magnetmail.net/images/clients/AAMVA/attach/2023/September2023/TX-Joins-S2S-and-DHR.pdf">"Texas Becomes the 39th State to Join State-to-State Verification Service (S2S) and 13th State to Join S2S Driver History Record (DHR)"</a> (PDF). American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Texas+Becomes+the+39th+State+to+Join+State-to-State+Verification+Service+%28S2S%29+and+13th+State+to+Join+S2S+Driver+History+Record+%28DHR%29&rft.pub=American+Association+of+Motor+Vehicle+Administrators&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.magnetmail.net%2Fimages%2Fclients%2FAAMVA%2Fattach%2F2023%2FSeptember2023%2FTX-Joins-S2S-and-DHR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+ID+Act" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171013054137/https://www.dhs.gov/real-id">"Real ID"</a>. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/real-id">the original</a> on October 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Real+ID&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Homeland+Security&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Freal-id&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+ID+Act" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cert2018-1-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cert2018-1_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cert2018-1_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124104733/https://www.dhs.gov/real-id">"Real ID"</a>. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/real-id">the original</a> on January 24, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Real+ID&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Homeland+Security&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Freal-id&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+ID+Act" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aamva.org/publications-news/aamva-news/michigan-joins-state-to-state-verification-service-driver-history-record">"Michigan Joins State-to-State Verification Service Driver History Record"</a>. American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators. October 16, 202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michigan+Joins+State-to-State+Verification+Service+Driver+History+Record&rft.pub=American+Association+of+Motor+Vehicle+Administrators&rft.date=202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aamva.org%2Fpublications-news%2Faamva-news%2Fmichigan-joins-state-to-state-verification-service-driver-history-record&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+ID+Act" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224015350/https://www.dhs.gov/real-id">"Real ID"</a>. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. 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September 3, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+York+Becomes+41st+State+To+Join+State-to-State+Verification+Service+%28S2S%29&rft.pub=American+Association+of+Motor+Vehicle+Administrators&rft.date=2024-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aamva.org%2Fpublications-news%2Faamva-news%2Fnew-york-becomes-41st-state-to-join-state-to-state-verification-service-%28s2s%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+ID+Act" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180519070708/https://www.dhs.gov/real-id">"Real ID"</a>. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/real-id">the original</a> on May 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Real+ID&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Homeland+Security&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Freal-id&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+ID+Act" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-s2ssc-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s2ssc_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-s2ssc_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://images.magnetmail.net/images/clients/AAMVA/attach/subfolder5/SC-Joins-S2S-DHR.pdf">"South Carolina Joins State to State Verification Service (S2S) and Driver History Record (DHR)"</a> (PDF). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/real-id">the original</a> on August 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Real+ID&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Homeland+Security&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Freal-id&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+ID+Act" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aamva.org/publications-news/aamva-news/idaho-joins-s2s-dhr;-delaware,-florida,-idaho,-and-oklahoma-implement-cdlis-solution-for-dach">"Idaho Joins S2S DHR; Delaware, Florida, Idaho, and Oklahoma Implement CDLIS Solution for DACH"</a>. American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators. November 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Idaho+Joins+S2S+DHR%3B+Delaware%2C+Florida%2C+Idaho%2C+and+Oklahoma+Implement+CDLIS+Solution+for+DACH&rft.pub=American+Association+of+Motor+Vehicle+Administrators&rft.date=2024-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aamva.org%2Fpublications-news%2Faamva-news%2Fidaho-joins-s2s-dhr%3B-delaware%2C-florida%2C-idaho%2C-and-oklahoma-implement-cdlis-solution-for-dach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+ID+Act" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911115118/https://www.dhs.gov/real-id">"Real ID"</a>. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. 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U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/real-id">the original</a> on October 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Real+ID&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Homeland+Security&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Freal-id&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+ID+Act" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181101211009/https://www.dhs.gov/real-id">"Real ID"</a>. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. 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href="/wiki/Template:George_W._Bush" title="Template:George W. 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Bush</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">43rd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Texas" title="List of governors of Texas">46th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor of Texas</a> (1995–2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Presidency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George W. Bush">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">1st inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="Second inauguration of George W. Bush">2nd inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2001)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2001)">2001</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2002)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2002)">2002</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2003)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2003)">2003</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2004)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2004)">2004</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2005)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2005)">2005</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2006)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2006)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2007)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2007)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2008–2009)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2008%E2%80%932009)#January_2009" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2008–2009)">January 2009</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_George_W._Bush_legislation_and_programs" title="List of George W. Bush legislation and programs">Legislation and programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Economic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George W. Bush">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Russia–United States summits">Russia summits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia_Summit_2001" title="Slovenia Summit 2001">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_Summit_2005" title="Slovakia Summit 2005">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" title="U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement">Status of Forces Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicare_Prescription_Drug,_Improvement,_and_Modernization_Act" title="Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act">Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA_Freedom_Corps" title="USA Freedom Corps">USA Freedom Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the George W. Bush administration">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Offensive_Reductions_Treaty" title="Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty">Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">"War on Terror"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Council_on_Service_and_Civic_Participation" title="President's Council on Service and Civic Participation">President's Council on Service and Civic Participation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Volunteer_Service_Award" title="President's Volunteer Service Award">award</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys_controversy" title="Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy">Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_White_House_email_controversy" title="Bush White House email controversy">Email controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_Supreme_Court_nomination" class="mw-redirect" title="John Roberts Supreme Court nomination">John Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Harriet Miers Supreme Court nomination">Harriet Miers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination">Samuel Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="George W. Bush judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush Cabinet">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George W. Bush">Pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_George_W._Bush" title="Efforts to impeach George W. Bush">Impeachment efforts</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_W._Bush/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George W. Bush/Executive orders">Executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_W._Bush/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George W. Bush/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential proclamations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan">State funeral of Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford">State funeral of Gerald Ford</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Obama transition</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/100px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/150px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/200px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3000" /> <a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Childhood_Home" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush Childhood Home">Childhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Early life of George W. Bush">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center" title="George W. Bush Presidential Center">Presidential library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_portraits_of_George_W._and_Laura_Bush" title="Presidential portraits of George W. and Laura Bush">Presidential portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_military_service_controversy" title="George W. Bush military service controversy">Military service controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_controversy" title="Killian documents controversy">Killian documents controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_authenticity_issues" title="Killian documents authenticity issues">authenticity issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Professional life of George W. Bush">Professional life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_George_W._Bush" title="Governorship of George W. Bush">Governorship of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Chapel_Ranch" title="Prairie Chapel Ranch">Prairie Chapel Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker%27s_Point_Estate" title="Walker's Point Estate">Walker's Point Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2001_George_W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 2001 George W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (Feb 2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remarks_at_the_Islamic_Center_of_Washington" title="Remarks at the Islamic Center of Washington">Remarks at the Islamic Center of Washington</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2001_George_W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="September 2001 George W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress (September 11 attacks)</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Accomplished_speech" title="Mission Accomplished speech">Mission Accomplished</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2002 State of the Union Address">2002</a> (<a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">"Axis of evil"</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2003 State of the Union Address">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2004 State of the Union Address">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2005 State of the Union Address">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2006 State of the Union Address">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2007 State of the Union Address">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2008 State of the Union Address">2008</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_W._Bush" title="Electoral history of George W. Bush">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1978 United States House of Representatives elections">1978</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Texas gubernatorial election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 Texas gubernatorial election">1998</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2000_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign">2000 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2000 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2000 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2004_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign">2004 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2004 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_George_W._Bush" title="Public image of George W. Bush">Public image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushism" title="Bushism">Bushisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_used_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of nicknames used by George W. Bush">Nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_and_films_about_George_W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books and films about George W. Bush">As the subject of books and films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictionalized_portrayals_of_George_W._Bush" title="Fictionalized portrayals of George W. Bush">Fictionalized portrayals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Me_Yet%3F" title="Miss Me Yet?">Miss Me Yet?</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Yo,_Blair" title="Yo, Blair">Yo, Blair</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George W. Bush">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Charge_to_Keep" title="A Charge to Keep">A Charge to Keep</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_Points" title="Decision Points">Decision Points</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/41:_A_Portrait_of_My_Father" title="41: A Portrait of My Father">41: A Portrait of My Father</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Courage" title="Portraits of Courage">Portraits of Courage</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out_of_Many,_One:_Portraits_of_America%27s_Immigrants" title="Out of Many, One: Portraits of America's Immigrants">Out of Many, One</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_9/11" title="Fahrenheit 9/11">Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._(film)" title="W. (film)">W. (2008 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_(born_1981)" title="Barbara Bush (born 1981)">Barbara Pierce Bush</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager" title="Jenna Bush Hager">Jenna Bush Hager</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (father</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">presidency</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Robinson_Bush" title="Pauline Robinson Bush">Robin Bush</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bush" title="Marvin Bush">Marvin Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Dorothy Bush Koch</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_(dog)" title="Barney (dog)">Barney</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Beazley" title="Miss Beazley">Miss Beazley</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_(cat)" title="India (cat)">India</a> (cat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spot_Fetcher" title="Spot Fetcher">Spot Fetcher</a> (dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">← Bill Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:George_W._Bush" title="Category:George W. Bush">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_the_United_States_and_related_topics751" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Template:Immigration to the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Immigration to the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_the_United_States_and_related_topics751" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration to the United States</a> and related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Relevant colonial era, United States and international laws</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonial era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_in_the_American_Colonies" title="Nationality law in the American Colonies">Nationality law in the American Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Act_1740" title="Plantation Act 1740">Plantation Act 1740</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790" title="Naturalization Act of 1790">Naturalization Act 1790</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1795" title="Naturalization Act of 1795">1795</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1798" title="Naturalization Act of 1798">1798</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Law_of_1802" title="Naturalization Law of 1802">Naturalization Law 1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_to_Encourage_Immigration" title="An Act to Encourage Immigration">Act to Encourage Immigration (1864)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870" title="Naturalization Act of 1870">Naturalization Act 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_Act_of_1875" title="Page Act of 1875">Page Act (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1882" title="Immigration Act of 1882">Immigration Act of 1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion (1882)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Act_(1888)" title="Scott Act (1888)">Scott Act (1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1891" title="Immigration Act of 1891">Immigration Act of 1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geary_Act" title="Geary Act">Geary Act (1892)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1900–1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1903" title="Immigration Act of 1903">Immigration Act 1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1906" title="Naturalization Act of 1906">Naturalization Act 1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907" title="Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907">Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1907" title="Immigration Act of 1907">Immigration Act 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" title="Immigration Act of 1917">Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1918" title="Immigration Act of 1918">Immigration Act 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Quota_Act" title="Emergency Quota Act">Emergency Quota Act (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Act" title="Cable Act">Cable Act (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Repatriation_Act" title="Filipino Repatriation Act">Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_Act_of_1940" title="Nationality Act of 1940">Nationality Act of 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_Program" title="Bracero Program">Bracero Program (1942–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson_Act" title="Magnuson Act">Magnuson Act (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Brides_Act" title="War Brides Act">War Brides Act (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Fianc%C3%A9es_and_Fianc%C3%A9s_Act" title="Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act">Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce%E2%80%93Celler_Act" title="Luce–Celler Act">Luce–Celler Act (1946)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1950–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention relating to the Status of Refugees">UN Refugee Convention (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act 1952</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_212(f)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 212(f)">Section 212(f)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_287(g)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g)">Section 287(g)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_Act" title="Refugee Act">Refugee Act (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986" title="Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986">Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Fairness" title="Family Fairness">Family Fairness (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Homecoming_Act" title="American Homecoming Act">American Homecoming Act (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1990" title="Immigration Act of 1990">Immigration Act 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Technical_Corrections_Act_of_1994" title="Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act of 1994">Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_of_1996" title="Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996">Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Adjustment_and_Central_American_Relief_Act" title="Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act">Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_and_Workforce_Improvement_Act" title="American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act">American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_in_the_21st_Century_Act" title="American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act">American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Immigration_Family_Equity_Act" title="Legal Immigration Family Equity Act">Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-1B_Visa_Reform_Act_of_2004" title="H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004">H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Real ID Act (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Fence_Act_of_2006" title="Secure Fence Act of 2006">Secure Fence Act (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Parents_of_Americans" title="Deferred Action for Parents of Americans">Deferred Action for Parents of Americans (DAPA) (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13769" title="Executive Order 13769">Executive Order 13769 (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13780" title="Executive Order 13780">Executive Order 13780 (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ending_Discriminatory_Bans_on_Entry_to_The_United_States" title="Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States">Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeping_Families_Together_(United_States_immigration_policy)" title="Keeping Families Together (United States immigration policy)">Keeping Families Together (KFT) (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visas and policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Visa policy of the United States">Visa policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_card" title="Green card">Permanent residence (Green card)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_Waiver_Program" title="Visa Waiver Program">Visa Waiver Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_protected_status" title="Temporary protected status">Temporary protected status (TPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_the_United_States" title="Asylum in the United States">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_Immigrant_Visa" title="Diversity Immigrant Visa">Green Card Lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Minors_Program" title="Central American Minors Program">Central American Minors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_authorization_document" title="Employment authorization document">Employment authorization document (EAD card)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_action" title="Deferred action">Deferred action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parole_(United_States_immigration)" title="Parole (United States immigration)">Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_of_status" title="Adjustment of status">Adjustment of status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-VISIT" class="mw-redirect" title="US-VISIT">US-VISIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Advisory_Opinion" title="Security Advisory Opinion">Security Advisory Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Verify" title="E-Verify">E-Verify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Origins_Formula" title="National Origins Formula">National Origins Formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedited_removal" title="Expedited removal">Expedited removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration detention in the United States">Detention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Family immigration detention in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unaccompanied_Alien_Children" title="Unaccompanied Alien Children">Unaccompanied children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">Trump administration family separation policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Government organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Border_Patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Border Patrol">U.S. Border Patrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/BORTAC" title="BORTAC">BORTAC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service">Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_for_Immigration_Review" title="Executive Office for Immigration Review">Executive Office for Immigration Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Immigration_Appeals" title="Board of Immigration Appeals">Board of Immigration Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Refugee_Resettlement" title="Office of Refugee Resettlement">Office of Refugee Resettlement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_immigration_and_naturalization_case_law" title="Category:United States immigration and naturalization case law">Supreme Court cases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark">US v. Wong Kim Ark (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozawa_v._United_States" title="Ozawa v. United States">Ozawa v. US (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bhagat_Singh_Thind" title="United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind">US v. Bhagat Singh Thind (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Brignoni-Ponce" title="United States v. Brignoni-Ponce">US v. Brignoni-Ponce (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zadvydas_v._Davis" title="Zadvydas v. Davis">Zadvydas v. Davis</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce_v._Whiting" title="Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting">Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_v._Barr" title="Barton v. Barr">Barton v. Barr (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California">DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolf_v._Vidal" title="Wolf v. Vidal">Wolf v. Vidal</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niz-Chavez_v._Garland" title="Niz-Chavez v. Garland">Niz-Chavez v. Garland (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanchez_v._Mayorkas" title="Sanchez v. Mayorkas">Sanchez v. Mayorkas (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_v._Mu%C3%B1oz" title="Department of State v. Muñoz">Department of State v. Muñoz (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related issues and events</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests" title="2006 United States immigration reform protests">2006 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_County,_Texas" title="Brooks County, Texas">Brooks County, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_migrant_caravans" title="Central American migrant caravans">Central American migrant caravans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_illegal_immigrants_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic impact of illegal immigrants in the United States">Economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Effects of immigration to the United States">Effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">Eugenics in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_worker_program" title="Guest worker program">Guest worker program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_smuggling" title="People smuggling">Human smuggling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coyotaje" class="mw-redirect" title="Coyotaje">Coyotaje</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reform" title="Immigration reform">Immigration reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_deported_or_removed_from_the_United_States" title="List of people deported or removed from the United States">List of people deported from the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Mexico–United States border crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_wall" title="Mexico–United States border wall">Mexico–United States border wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortage#add_Labor_shortage" title="Shortage">Labor shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_America" title="March for America">March for America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigrant_population_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrant population of the United States">Illegal immigrant population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_immigration_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse immigration in the United States">Reverse immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_American_immigration_crisis" title="2014 American immigration crisis">Unaccompanied minors from Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration to the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol_interior_checkpoints" title="United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints">United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DREAM_Act" title="DREAM Act">DREAM Act (2001–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Protection,_Anti-terrorism_and_Illegal_Immigration_Control_Act_of_2005" title="Border Protection, Anti-terrorism and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005">H.R. 4437 (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_America_and_Orderly_Immigration_Act" title="Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act">McCain–Kennedy (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2006" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Through_Regularized_Immigration_and_a_Vibrant_Economy_Act_of_2007" title="Security Through Regularized Immigration and a Vibrant Economy Act of 2007">STRIVE Act (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2007" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniting_American_Families_Act" title="Uniting American Families Act">Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security,_Economic_Opportunity,_and_Immigration_Modernization_Act_of_2013" title="Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013">Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_SAFE_Act_of_2015" title="American SAFE Act of 2015">SAFE Act (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAISE_Act" title="RAISE Act">RAISE Act (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Citizenship_Act_of_2021" class="mw-redirect" title="US Citizenship Act of 2021">US Citizenship Act of 2021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigration stations and points of entry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Island_Immigration_Station" title="Angel Island Immigration Station">Angel Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Clinton" title="Castle Clinton">Castle Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Boston_Immigration_Station" title="East Boston Immigration Station">East Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otay_Mesa_Port_of_Entry" title="Otay Mesa Port of Entry">Otay Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro_Port_of_Entry" title="San Ysidro Port of Entry">San Ysidro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan%27s_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Sullivan's Island, South Carolina">Sullivan's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Avenue_Immigration_Station" title="Washington Avenue Immigration Station">Washington Avenue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wetback" title="Operation Wetback">"Wetback" (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peter_Pan" title="Operation Peter Pan">"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Babylift" title="Operation Babylift">"Babylift" (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gatekeeper" title="Operation Gatekeeper">"Gatekeeper" (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Endgame" title="Operation Endgame">"Endgame" (2003–2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Front_Line" title="Operation Front Line">"Front Line" (2004–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Streamline" title="Operation Streamline">"Streamline" (2005–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Return_to_Sender" title="Operation Return to Sender">"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jump_Start" title="Operation Jump Start">"Jump Start" (2006–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phalanx_(2010-2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Phalanx (2010-2016)">"Phalanx" (2010–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faithful_Patriot" title="Operation Faithful Patriot">"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_DREAM_Act" title="California DREAM Act">California DREAM Act (2006–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_SB_1070" title="Arizona SB 1070">Arizona SB 1070 (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_HB_56" title="Alabama HB 56">Alabama HB 56 (2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Non-governmental organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Border_Recon" title="Arizona Border Recon">Arizona Border Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Coalition_for_Immigration_Reform" title="California Coalition for Immigration Reform">California Coalition for Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CASA_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="CASA of Maryland">CASA of Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">Center for Immigration Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Migration_Studies_of_New_York" title="Center for Migration Studies of New York">Center for Migration Studies of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Humane_Immigrant_Rights_of_Los_Angeles" title="Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles">Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform" title="Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform">Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Change" title="Community Change">Community Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">Federation for American Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improve_The_Dream" title="Improve The Dream">Improve The Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexica_Movement" title="Mexica Movement">Mexica Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_Without_Borders" title="Mexicans Without Borders">Mexicans Without Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Policy_Institute" title="Migration Policy Institute">Migration Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Civil_Defense_Corps" title="Minuteman Civil Defense Corps">Minuteman Civil Defense Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Project" title="Minuteman Project">Minuteman Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Forum" title="National Immigration Forum">National Immigration Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Korean_American_Service_%26_Education_Consortium" title="National Korean American Service & Education Consortium">National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_Population_Growth" title="Negative Population Growth">Negative Population Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_More_Deaths" title="No More Deaths">No More Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Our_State" title="Save Our State">Save Our State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Compact" title="Utah Compact">Utah Compact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd 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