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href="/w/index.php?title=2001_in_science&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <p>The year <b>2001 in science</b> and technology involved many events, some of which are included below. </p><table class="infobox"> <tbody><tr> <th style="font-size:larger;"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; width:15%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_science" title="List of years in science">List of years in science</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right; width:15%;">(<a href="/wiki/Table_of_years_in_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Table of years in science">table</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_by_year" title="Category:Science by year">…</a> <a href="/wiki/1991_in_science" title="1991 in science">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_in_science" title="1992 in science">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_in_science" title="1993 in science">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_in_science" title="1994 in science">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_in_science" title="1995 in science">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_in_science" title="1996 in science">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_in_science" title="1997 in science">1997</a><br></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_in_science" title="1998 in science">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_in_science" title="1999 in science">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_in_science" title="2000 in science">2000</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2001</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_in_science" title="2002 in science">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_in_science" title="2003 in science">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_in_science" title="2004 in science">2004</a><br></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_science" title="2005 in science">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_science" title="2006 in science">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_science" title="2007 in science">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_science" title="2008 in science">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_science" title="2009 in science">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_science" title="2010 in science">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_science" title="2011 in science">2011</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Science_by_year" title="Category:Science by year">…</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_in_art" title="2001 in art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_in_archaeology" title="2001 in archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_in_architecture" title="2001 in architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_in_literature" title="2001 in literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_in_music" title="2001 in music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_in_philosophy" title="2001 in philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Science</a></li></ul> </div><i><a href="/wiki/Category:2001" title="Category:2001">+...</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Astronomy_and_space_exploration"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Astronomy and space exploration</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Biology"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Biology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Chemistry"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Chemistry</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Computer_science"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Computer science</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Medicine"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Medicine</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Paleontology"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Paleontology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Philosophy"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Philosophy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Physics"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Physics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Awards"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Awards</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Deaths"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Deaths</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Astronomy_and_space_exploration">Astronomy and space exploration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001_in_science&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Astronomy and space exploration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <ul><li>February 12 – The <i><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></i> spacecraft lands in the "saddle" region of <a href="/wiki/433_Eros" title="433 Eros">433 Eros</a>, becoming the first <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> to land on an <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a>.</li> <li>June 21 – <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_June_21,_2001" title="Solar eclipse of June 21, 2001">Solar eclipse of June 21, 2001</a>, a total eclipse.</li> <li>August 8 – <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a></i> spacecraft is launched.</li> <li>October 15 – NASA's <i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i> spacecraft passes within 112 miles (180 km) of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>'s moon <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>.</li> <li>November 27 – The <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> detects <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> in the atmosphere of <a href="/wiki/HD_209458_b" title="HD 209458 b">HD 209458 b</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanet</a> atmosphere to be measured.</li> <li>December 14 – <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_December_14,_2001" title="Solar eclipse of December 14, 2001">Solar eclipse of December 14, 2001</a>, an annular eclipse.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001_in_science&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <ul><li>January 8 – The first animal from an <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">cloning</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">gaur</a> named Noah, is born at Trans Ova Genetics in <a href="/wiki/Sioux_Center,_Iowa" title="Sioux Center, Iowa">Sioux Center, Iowa</a>. He dies within 48 hours of a common <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>January – The second animal from an endangered species produced by <a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">cloning</a>, a European <a href="/wiki/Mouflon" title="Mouflon">mouflon</a> lamb, is born in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>February – The publicly funded <a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis Collins</a> and the privately funded Celera effort, led by <a href="/wiki/Craig_Venter" title="Craig Venter">Craig Venter</a> simultaneously publish their decoding of the human <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> (in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>, respectively).</li> <li>April 6 – <a href="/wiki/Linda_Partridge" title="Linda Partridge">Linda Partridge</a> and colleagues publish their identification of the role of a specific gene in animal <a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">ageing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>April 19 – <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_three-toed_sloth" title="Pygmy three-toed sloth">Pygmy three-toed sloth</a> first <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">described</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Craig Venter and Mark Adams complete the <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> map of the <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">laboratory mouse</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossil</a> remains of the whale <i><a href="/wiki/Rodhocetus_balochistanensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodhocetus balochistanensis">Rodhocetus balochistanensis</a></i> found in <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochistan (Pakistan)">Balochistan</a> province, Pakistan, by <a href="/wiki/Philip_D._Gingerich" title="Philip D. Gingerich">Philip D. Gingerich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001_in_science&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemistry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul><li>February 15 – Production of a capsule-based fibre-reinforced polymer composite <a href="/wiki/Self-healing_material" title="Self-healing material">self-healing material</a> is announced.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Computer_science">Computer science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001_in_science&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Computer science" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li>January 9 – <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> releases the <a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a> <a href="/wiki/Media_player_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Media player (software)">media player</a> (modified from <a href="/wiki/SoundJam_MP" title="SoundJam MP">SoundJam MP</a>).</li> <li>January 15 – <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> launches on the internet.</li> <li>May – <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> and colleagues name the <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>August 24 – <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> released by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>; it is available for retail sale on October 25.</li> <li>October 23 – <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> unveil the <a href="/wiki/IPod_classic#First_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="IPod classic">first generation</a> <a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a> <a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">portable media player</a>.</li> <li>December 1–2 – The <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative" title="Budapest Open Access Initiative">Budapest Open Access Initiative</a>, a public statement of principles promoting <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> to research literature, is launched at a conference convened in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Society Institute">Open Society Institute</a>.</li> <li>December – The <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C# programming language</a> specification is released.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Quantum_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum computers">quantum computing</a>, the first working 7-qubit NMR computer is demonstrated at <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s Almaden Research Center, demonstrating <a href="/wiki/Shor%27s_algorithm" title="Shor's algorithm">Shor's algorithm</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatterbot" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatterbot">Chatterbot</a> <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Goostman" title="Eugene Goostman">Eugene Goostman</a> is developed.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Walkman_Circ" class="mw-redirect" title="Walkman Circ">Walkman Circ</a> is released.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Medicine">Medicine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001_in_science&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Medicine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li>July 2 – The world's first self-contained <a href="/wiki/Artificial_heart" title="Artificial heart">artificial heart</a> is implanted in <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tools" title="Robert Tools">Robert Tools</a> in the United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult-onset_basal_ganglia_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult-onset basal ganglia disease">Adult-onset basal ganglia disease</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Ferritin_light_chain" title="Ferritin light chain">Ferritin light chain</a> (FTL) mutations is described.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Paleontology">Paleontology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001_in_science&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Paleontology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li>July – First fossil skull fragments of the <a href="/wiki/Hominid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominid">hominid</a> 'Toumaï' (<i><a href="/wiki/Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a> tchadensis</i>; 7 million years <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>) found by a team led by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Brunet_(paleontologist)" title="Michel Brunet (paleontologist)">Michel Brunet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001_in_science&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Philosophy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2001_in_philosophy" title="2001 in philosophy">2001 in philosophy</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Physics">Physics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001_in_science&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Physics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li>Francisco-Miguel Marqués and co-workers at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Acc%C3%A9l%C3%A9rateur_National_d%27Ions_Lourds" title="Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds">Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds</a> in <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a> claim to detect a <a href="/wiki/Tetraneutron" title="Tetraneutron">tetraneutron</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reproducibility" title="Reproducibility">reproducibility</a> of this observation has not been possible.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001_in_science&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Awards" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Eric Allin Cornell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Wolfgang Ketterle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_E._Wieman" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl E. Wieman">Carl E. Wieman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_S._Knowles" class="mw-redirect" title="William S. Knowles">William S. Knowles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dji_Noyori" title="Ryōji Noyori">Ryōji Noyori</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._Barry_Sharpless" class="mw-redirect" title="K. Barry Sharpless">K. Barry Sharpless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Medicine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Leland H. Hartwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/R._Timothy_Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Timothy Hunt">R. Timothy Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_M._Nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul M. Nurse">Paul M. Nurse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ole-Johan_Dahl" title="Ole-Johan Dahl">Ole-Johan Dahl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard">Kristen Nygaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wollaston_Medal" title="Wollaston Medal">Wollaston Medal</a> for Geology: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmore_Whittington" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Blackmore Whittington">Harry Blackmore Whittington</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001_in_science&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Deaths" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li>February 9 – <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1916_in_science" title="1916 in science">1916</a>), American <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a>, recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>February 13 – <a href="/wiki/Ugo_Fano" title="Ugo Fano">Ugo Fano</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1912_in_science" title="1912 in science">1912</a>), Italian-born American physicist.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>February 24 – <a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a> (b. 1916), American <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>.</li> <li>March 31 – <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Clifford Shull</a> (b. 1915), American physicist, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize</a> laureate<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>May 5 – <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yinglai" title="Wang Yinglai">Wang Yinglai</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1907_in_science" title="1907 in science">1907</a>), <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Biochemist" title="Biochemist">biochemist</a>.</li> <li>May 8 – <a href="/wiki/William_T._Stearn" title="William T. Stearn">William T. Stearn</a> (b. 1911), English <a href="/wiki/Botanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanist">botanist</a>.</li> <li>May 28 – <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a> (b. 1946), <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chilean</a> <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologist</a> and philosopher.</li> <li>June 4 – <a href="/wiki/Lu_Jiaxi_(chemist)" title="Lu Jiaxi (chemist)">Lu Jiaxi</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1915_in_science" title="1915 in science">1915</a>), Chinese physical chemist.</li> <li>June 18 – <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Dumont" title="René Dumont">René Dumont</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1904_in_science" title="1904 in science">1904</a>), French <a href="/wiki/Agronomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Agronomist">agronomist</a>.</li> <li>June 26 – <a href="/wiki/John_F._Yardley" title="John F. Yardley">John F. Yardley</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1925_in_science" title="1925 in science">1925</a>), American aeronautical engineer.</li> <li>August 9 – Sir <a href="/wiki/Alec_Skempton" title="Alec Skempton">Alec Skempton</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1914_in_science" title="1914 in science">1914</a>), English pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Soil_science" title="Soil science">soil science</a> and engineering historian.</li> <li>August 15 – <a href="/wiki/Kateryna_Yushchenko_(scientist)" title="Kateryna Yushchenko (scientist)">Kateryna Yushchenko</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1919_in_science" title="1919 in science">1919</a>), Ukrainian computer scientist and academic.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>August 20 – Sir <a href="/wiki/Fred_Hoyle" title="Fred Hoyle">Fred Hoyle</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1915_in_science" title="1915 in science">1915</a>), English <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> and science fiction writer.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>August 31 – <a href="/wiki/Doris_Calloway" title="Doris Calloway">Doris Calloway</a> (Nesheim) (b. <a href="/wiki/1923_in_science" title="1923 in science">1923</a>), American <a href="/wiki/Nutritionist" title="Nutritionist">nutritionist</a>.</li> <li>September 2 – <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard">Christiaan Barnard</a> (b. 1922), <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac surgeon">cardiac surgeon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>October 31 – <a href="/wiki/Warren_Elliot_Henry" title="Warren Elliot Henry">Warren Elliot Henry</a> (b. 1909), <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>.</li> <li>November 30 – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tools" title="Robert Tools">Robert Tools</a> (b. 1942), American first recipient of a self-contained artificial heart, after 151 days without a living heart.</li> <li>December 5 – <a href="/wiki/Franco_Rasetti" title="Franco Rasetti">Franco Rasetti</a> (b. 1901), <a href="/wiki/Italian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a> nuclear physicist.</li> <li>December 12 – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schommer" title="Robert Schommer">Robert Schommer</a> (b. 1946), American astronomer.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001_in_science&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="2001 год в науке – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="2001 год в науке" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetenskaps%C3%A5ret_2001" title="Vetenskapsåret 2001 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vetenskapsåret 2001" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96" title="2001 у науці – Ukrainian" 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