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cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Francis Collins, see <a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Francis Collins (disambiguation)">Francis Collins (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Francis Sellers Collins <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Member_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Member of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a> (born April 14, 1950) is an American <a href="/wiki/Physician-scientist" title="Physician-scientist">physician-scientist</a> who discovered the genes associated with a number of diseases and led the <a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a>. He served as director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH) in <a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland" title="Bethesda, Maryland">Bethesda, Maryland</a>, from 17 August 2009 to 19 December 2021, serving under three presidents.<a href="#cite_note-hhs-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-WaPo-2">[2]</a> <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Francis Collins</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Collins_official_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Francis_Collins_official_photo.jpg/220px-Francis_Collins_official_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Francis_Collins_official_photo.jpg/330px-Francis_Collins_official_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Francis_Collins_official_photo.jpg/440px-Francis_Collins_official_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4131" data-file-height="5163"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 2017</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Science_Advisor_to_the_President" title="Science Advisor to the President">Science Advisor to the President</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender">Acting</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office February 18, 2022 – October 3, 2022</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Lander" title="Eric Lander">Eric Lander</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arati_Prabhakar" title="Arati Prabhakar">Arati Prabhakar</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">16th <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_National_Institutes_of_Health" title="Director of the National Institutes of Health">Director of the National Institutes of Health</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office August 17, 2009 – December 19, 2021</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_A._Tabak" title="Lawrence A. Tabak">Lawrence A. Tabak</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Raynard_S._Kington" title="Raynard S. Kington">Raynard S. Kington</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_A._Tabak" title="Lawrence A. Tabak">Lawrence A. Tabak</a> (acting)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd Director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Human_Genome_Research_Institute" title="National Human Genome Research Institute">National Human Genome Research Institute</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office April 1993 – August 1, 2008</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_M._Gottesman" title="Michael M. Gottesman">Michael M. Gottesman</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Edward_Guttmacher" title="Alan Edward Guttmacher">Alan Edward Guttmacher</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Francis Sellers Collins</div> (1950-04-14) April 14, 1950 (age 74) <a href="/wiki/Staunton,_Virginia" title="Staunton, Virginia">Staunton, Virginia</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Diane Baker</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>) <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>) <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">MD</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Scientific career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Molecular_genetics" title="Molecular genetics">Molecular genetics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Human_Genome_Research_Institute" title="National Human Genome Research Institute">National Human Genome Research Institute</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/288233821/">Semiclassical theory of vibrationally inelastic scattering, with application to H+ + H₂</a> (1974)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">James Cross</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Collins_speaks_on_the_development_of_the_Covid-19_vaccine.ogg" title="File:Francis Collins speaks on the development of the Covid-19 vaccine.ogg">Francis Collins's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="354" data-mwtitle="Francis_Collins_speaks_on_the_development_of_the_Covid-19_vaccine.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Francis_Collins_speaks_on_the_development_of_the_Covid-19_vaccine.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/Francis_Collins_speaks_on_the_development_of_the_Covid-19_vaccine.ogg/Francis_Collins_speaks_on_the_development_of_the_Covid-19_vaccine.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></div> <div class="description">Francis Collins speaks on the development of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccine</a> Recorded September 9, 2020</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Before being appointed director of the NIH, Collins led the Human Genome Project and other genomics research initiatives as director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Human_Genome_Research_Institute" title="National Human Genome Research Institute">National Human Genome Research Institute</a> (NHGRI), one of the 27 institutes and centers at NIH. Before joining NHGRI, he earned a reputation as a gene hunter at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> He has been elected to the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Medicine">Institute of Medicine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, and has received the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a>. Collins has written books on science, medicine, and religion, including the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> bestseller <a href="/wiki/The_Language_of_God:_A_Scientist_Presents_Evidence_for_Belief" class="mw-redirect" title="The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief">The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief</a>. After leaving the directorship of NHGRI and before becoming director of the NIH, he founded and served as president of <a href="/wiki/The_BioLogos_Foundation" title="The BioLogos Foundation">The BioLogos Foundation</a>, which promotes discourse on the <a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_science_and_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Relationship between science and religion">relationship between science and religion</a> and advocates the perspective that belief in Christianity can be reconciled with acceptance of evolution and science, especially through the <a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">theistic evolution</a> idea that the Creator brought about his plan through the processes of evolution.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> appointed Collins to the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Pontifical Academy of Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> On October 5, 2021, Collins announced that he would resign as NIH director by the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-resignation-6">[6]</a> Four months later in February 2022, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Joe_Biden" title="Cabinet of Joe Biden">Cabinet of Joe Biden</a> as Acting <a href="/wiki/Science_Advisor_to_the_President" title="Science Advisor to the President">Science Advisor to the President</a>, replacing <a href="/wiki/Eric_Lander" title="Eric Lander">Eric Lander</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life_and_education">1 Early life and education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Genetics_research">2 Genetics research</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Genomics">3 Genomics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#NIH_director">4 NIH director</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Nomination_and_confirmation">4.1 Nomination and confirmation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Projects">4.2 Projects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Acting_science_advisor">5 Acting science advisor</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Music">6 Music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Awards_and_honors">7 Awards and honors</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Views">8 Views</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Christianity">8.1 Christianity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Agnosticism">8.2 Agnosticism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Abortion">8.3 Abortion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Books">9 Books</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References">11 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Collins&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Collins was born in <a href="/wiki/Staunton,_Virginia" title="Staunton, Virginia">Staunton, Virginia</a>, the youngest of four sons of Fletcher Collins and Margaret James Collins. Raised on a small farm in Virginia's <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a>, Collins was <a href="/wiki/Home_schooled" class="mw-redirect" title="Home schooled">home schooled</a> until the sixth grade.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> He attended <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_High_School_(Staunton,_Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert E. Lee High School (Staunton, Virginia)">Robert E. Lee High School</a> in Staunton, Virginia. Through most of his high school and college years he aspired to be a chemist, and he had little interest in what he then considered the "messy" field of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>. What he referred to as his "formative education" was received at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>, where he earned a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> degree in <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> in 1970. He went on to graduate as a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">physical chemistry</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-thesis-collins-1974-10">[10]</a> During his time at Yale, a course in <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a> sparked his interest in the subject. After consulting with his mentor from the University of Virginia, Carl Trindle, he changed fields and enrolled in medical school at the <a href="/wiki/UNC_School_of_Medicine" title="UNC School of Medicine">University of North Carolina School of Medicine</a>, earning a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a> degree there in 1977.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> From 1978 to 1981, Collins served a <a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">residency</a> and chief residency in internal medicine at <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Memorial_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina Memorial Hospital">North Carolina Memorial Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill</a>. He then returned to Yale, where he was a <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">fellow</a> in human genetics at the medical school from 1981 to 1984.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Genetics_research">Genetics research</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Collins&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Genetics research" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> At Yale, Collins worked under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Weissman" title="Sherman Weissman">Sherman Weissman</a>, and in 1984 the two published a paper, "Directional cloning of DNA fragments at a large distance from an initial probe: a circularization method".<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The method described was named <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_jumping" title="Chromosome jumping">chromosome jumping</a>, to emphasize the contrast with an older and much more time-consuming method of copying DNA fragments called <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_walking" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome walking">chromosome walking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Collins joined the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> faculty in 1984, rising to the rank of professor in internal medicine and human genetics. His gene-hunting approach, which he named "<a href="/wiki/Positional_cloning" class="mw-redirect" title="Positional cloning">positional cloning</a>",<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> developed into a powerful component of modern molecular genetics.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Several scientific teams worked in the 1970s and 1980s to identify genes and their loci as a cause of <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a>. Progress was modest until 1985, when <a href="/wiki/Lap-Chee_Tsui" title="Lap-Chee Tsui">Lap-Chee Tsui</a> and colleagues at Toronto's Hospital for Sick Children identified the locus for the gene.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> It was then determined that a shortcut was needed to speed the process of identification, so Tsui contacted Collins, who agreed to collaborate with the Toronto team and share his chromosome-jumping technique. The gene was identified in June 1989,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and the results were published in the journal <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> on September 8, 1989.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> This identification was followed by other genetic discoveries made by Collins and a variety of collaborators. They included isolation of the genes for <a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neurofibromatosis" title="Neurofibromatosis">neurofibromatosis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Multiple_endocrine_neoplasia_type_1" title="Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1">multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> inv(16) AML<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson%E2%80%93Gilford_progeria_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome">Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Genomics">Genomics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Collins&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genomics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> In 1993, National Institutes of Health Director <a href="/wiki/Bernadine_Healy" title="Bernadine Healy">Bernadine Healy</a> appointed Collins to succeed <a href="/wiki/James_D._Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. Watson">James D. Watson</a> as director of the <a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">National Center for Human Genome Research</a>, which became <a href="/wiki/National_Human_Genome_Research_Institute" title="National Human Genome Research Institute">National Human Genome Research Institute</a> (NHGRI) in 1997. As director he oversaw the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> which was the group that successfully carried out the <a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In 1994, Collins founded NHGRI's Division of Intramural Research,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> a collection of investigator-directed laboratories that conduct genome research on the NIH campus.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In June 2000 Collins was joined by President Bill Clinton and biologist <a href="/wiki/Craig_Venter" title="Craig Venter">Craig Venter</a> in making the announcement of a working draft of the <a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">human genome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> He stated that "It is humbling for me, and awe-inspiring to realize that we have caught the first glimpse of our own instruction book, previously known only to God."<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lennox2009-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> An initial analysis was published in February 2001, and scientists worked toward finishing the reference version of the human genome sequence by 2003, coinciding with the 50th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/James_D._Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. Watson">James D. Watson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a>'s publication of the structure of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Another major activity at NHGRI during his tenure as director was the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Haplotype_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplotype map">haplotype map</a> of the human genome. This <a href="/wiki/International_HapMap_Project" title="International HapMap Project">International HapMap Project</a> produced a catalog of human genetic variations—called <a href="/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-nucleotide polymorphisms">single-nucleotide polymorphisms</a>—which is now being used to discover variants correlated with disease risk. Among the labs engaged in that effort is Collins's own lab at NHGRI, which has sought to identify and understand the genetic variations that influence the risk of developing <a href="/wiki/Type_2_diabetes" title="Type 2 diabetes">type 2 diabetes</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In addition to his basic genetic research and scientific leadership, Collins is known for his close attention to ethical and legal issues in genetics. He has been a strong advocate for protecting the privacy of genetic information and has served as a national leader in securing the passage of the federal Genetic Information and Nondiscrimination Act, which prohibits gene-based discrimination in employment and health insurance.<a href="#cite_note-interview-35">[35]</a> In 2013, spurred by concerns over the publication of the genome of the widely used <a href="/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa">HeLa</a> cell line derived from the late <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a>, Collins and other NIH leaders worked with the Lacks family to reach an agreement to protect their privacy, while giving researchers controlled access to the genomic data.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Building on his own experiences as a physician volunteer in a rural missionary hospital in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Collins is also very interested in opening avenues for genome research to benefit the health of people living in developing nations. For example, in 2010, he helped establish an initiative called <a href="/wiki/Human_Heredity_and_Health_in_Africa" title="Human Heredity and Health in Africa">Human Heredity and Health in Africa</a> (H3Africa)<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> to advance African capacity and expertise in genomic science.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Collins announced his resignation as NHGRI director on May 28, 2008, but has continued to lead an active lab there with a research focus<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> on progeria and type 2 diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="NIH_director">NIH director</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Collins&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: NIH director" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomination_and_confirmation">Nomination and confirmation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Collins&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nomination and confirmation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Collins_with_Kathleen_Sebelius_after_swearing-in_ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Francis_Collins_with_Kathleen_Sebelius_after_swearing-in_ceremony.jpg/220px-Francis_Collins_with_Kathleen_Sebelius_after_swearing-in_ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2455" data-file-height="1759"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Francis_Collins_with_Kathleen_Sebelius_after_swearing-in_ceremony.jpg/220px-Francis_Collins_with_Kathleen_Sebelius_after_swearing-in_ceremony.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Francis_Collins_with_Kathleen_Sebelius_after_swearing-in_ceremony.jpg/330px-Francis_Collins_with_Kathleen_Sebelius_after_swearing-in_ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Francis_Collins_with_Kathleen_Sebelius_after_swearing-in_ceremony.jpg/440px-Francis_Collins_with_Kathleen_Sebelius_after_swearing-in_ceremony.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Collins with Health and Human Services Secretary <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Sebelius" title="Kathleen Sebelius">Kathleen Sebelius</a> after swearing-in ceremony</figcaption></figure> On July 8, 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Collins as director of the National Institutes of Health,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> and the Senate unanimously confirmed him for the post. He was sworn in by Health and Human Services Secretary <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Sebelius" title="Kathleen Sebelius">Kathleen Sebelius</a> on August 17, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-hhs-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> writer Jocelyn Kaiser opined that Collins was "known as a skilled administrator and excellent communicator", that Obama's nomination "did not come as a big surprise", and that the appointment "ignited a volley of flattering remarks from researchers and biomedical groups." She also wrote that Collins "does have his critics", some of them who were concerned with the new director's "outspoken Christian faith".<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a> staffer David Brown wrote that Collins's status as a "<a href="/wiki/Born-again_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Born-again Christian">born-again Christian</a> ... may help him build bridges with those who view some gene-based research as a potential threat to religious values."<a href="#cite_note-wp-43">[43]</a> Collins's appointment was welcomed by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>,<a href="#cite_note-wp-43">[43]</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Bernadine_Healy" title="Bernadine Healy">Bernadine Healy</a>, the former head of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In October 2009, shortly after his appointment as NIH director, Collins stated in an interview in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>: "I have made it clear that I have no religious agenda for the N.I.H., and I think the vast majority of scientists have been reassured by that and have moved on."<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> On October 1, 2009, in the second of his four appearances on <a href="/wiki/The_Colbert_Report" title="The Colbert Report">The Colbert Report</a>, Collins discussed his leadership at the NIH and other topics such as <a href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">personalized medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem cell research">stem cell research</a>. And, in November 2011, Collins was included on The New Republic's list of Washington's most powerful, least famous people. Collins appeared on the series finale of The Colbert Report, participating in a <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">chorus</a> with several other famous people singing "<a href="/wiki/We%27ll_Meet_Again" title="We'll Meet Again">We'll Meet Again</a>".<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> On June 6, 2017, President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> announced his selection of Collins to continue to serve as the NIH Director.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> On 19 December 2017, Collins and the NIH lifted the Obama moratorium on <a href="/wiki/Gain-of-function_research" title="Gain-of-function research">gain of function research</a> because it was deemed to be "important in helping us identify, understand, and develop strategies and effective countermeasures against rapidly evolving pathogens that pose a threat to <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>."<a href="#cite_note-nihd19-49">[49]</a> In October 2020, Collins criticized the <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrington_Declaration" title="Great Barrington Declaration">Great Barrington Declaration</a>'s "focused protection" herd immunity strategy, calling it "a fringe component of epidemiology. This is not mainstream science. It's dangerous. It fits into the political views of certain parts of our confused political establishment."<a href="#cite_note-BostonGlobe-50">[50]</a> In a private email to Fauci, Collins called the authors of the declaration "fringe epidemiologists" and said: "There needs to be a quick and devastating published take down of its premises."<a href="#cite_note-:102-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board" title="Editorial board">editorial board</a> accused Collins of "work[ing] with the media to trash the Great Barrington Declaration" and of "Shut[ting] Down Covid Debate".<a href="#cite_note-:12-52">[52]</a> On January 15, 2021, President-elect <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> announced his selection of Collins to continue to serve as NIH Director.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> On October 5, 2021, Collins announced that he would resign as NIH director by the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-resignation-6">[6]</a> His last day was 19 December 2021.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Projects">Projects</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Collins&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Projects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Collins was instrumental in establishing the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Advancing_Translational_Sciences" title="National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences">National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences</a> (NCATS) on December 23, 2011.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In January 2013, Collins created two senior scientific positions on <a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">Big Data</a>,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> as well as the diversity of the scientific workforce.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Other projects he took on early in his tenure included increased support for <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> research, which was announced in May 2012;<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Brain_Research_through_Advancing_Innovative_Neurotechnologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies">Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies</a> (BRAIN) Initiative, announced by President Obama and Collins on April 2, 2013, at the White House; and in February 2014 the Accelerating Medicines Partnership (AMP), a public-private partnership between NIH, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a>, 10 biopharmaceutical firms, and multiple non-profit organizations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2014, Collins worked with the larger biomedical research community to create principles and guidelines to foster rigor and reproducibility in preclinical research,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> including incorporating sex as a biological variable to ensure differences in treatment response between men and women are addressed.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Beginning in 2014, the NIH provided multi-year grants to <a href="/wiki/EcoHealth_Alliance" title="EcoHealth Alliance">EcoHealth Alliance</a>, which studied bat coronaviruses, including genetically engineering bat coronaviruses called <a href="/wiki/Bat_SARS-like_coronavirus_WIV1" title="Bat SARS-like coronavirus WIV1">WIV1</a>, in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology" title="Wuhan Institute of Virology">Wuhan Institute of Virology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bat_Research-60">[60]</a> The grants were terminated in 2020 under the Donald Trump administration, during Trump's feud with China over the origins of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bat_Research-60">[60]</a> In January 2015, President Obama announced the NIH-led <a href="/wiki/Precision_Medicine_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Precision Medicine Initiative">Precision Medicine Initiative</a> (PMI), later renamed the All of Us Research Program, in his State of the Union address.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> All of Us seeks to extend precision medicine to all diseases by building a national research cohort of 1 million or more U.S. participants.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In other precedent-setting actions during his time as NIH director, Collins announced in November 2015 that NIH will no longer support any biomedical research involving chimpanzees.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In December 2015, Collins and other NIH leaders released a detailed plan that charted a course for NIH's efforts over the ensuing five years. The NIH-Wide Strategic Plan, Fiscal Years 2016-2020: Turning Discovery Into Health was aimed at ensuring the agency remains well positioned to capitalize on new opportunities for scientific exploration and to address new challenges for human health.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In January 2016, President Obama announced a new initiative to galvanize the nation's research efforts against cancer.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Fueled by an additional $680 million in the proposed fiscal year 2017 budget for NIH, the National Cancer Moonshot Initiative aims to accelerate progress toward the next generation of interventions to reduce cancer incidence and improve patient outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In 2016, Collins instituted a number of clinical trial reforms<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> to enhance protection of participants in research and improve reporting of research results in ClinicalTrials.gov.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In 2017, Collins implemented the Next Generation Researchers Initiative<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> to improve the odds for early investigators to win NIH grants.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> To support the Administration's Stop Opioid Abuse Initiative, Collins launched the NIH HEAL (Helping to End Addiction Long-term) Initiative in April 2018.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The NIH HEAL Initiative bolsters research across NIH to improve treatments for opioid misuse and addiction and enhance pain management. Also in 2018, Collins launched an initiative to address sexual harassment in science and change a culture that sends messages to women and other underrepresented groups that they don't belong in biomedical research.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In October 2021, NIH principal deputy director <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_A._Tabak" title="Lawrence A. Tabak">Larry Tabak</a> sent a letter to Kentucky Congressman <a href="/wiki/James_Comer_(politician)" title="James Comer (politician)">James Comer</a> addressing NIH grants to EcoHealth Alliance.<a href="#cite_note-Bat_Research-60">[60]</a> Comer, who has held hearings criticizing the use of U.S. federal funds for research related to bat coronaviruses in China, subsequently accused Collins of having potentially misled the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform">Oversight Committee</a> Republicans as to EcoHealth Alliance's activities.<a href="#cite_note-Bat_Research-60">[60]</a> In 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Biden_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Biden administration">Biden administration</a> announced an initiative to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">hepatitis C</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Collins was the special advisor to President Biden on the hepatitis C elimination plan.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Dr. Collins's wrote an op-ed in The New York Times on the elimination plan advocating that the U.S. commit the appropriate resources.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Acting_science_advisor">Acting science advisor</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Collins&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Acting science advisor" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> On February 17, 2022, President Biden named Collins the acting <a href="/wiki/Science_Advisor_to_the_President" title="Science Advisor to the President">science advisor to the president</a> after <a href="/wiki/Eric_Lander" title="Eric Lander">Eric Lander</a> resigned.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> He also serves as co-chair of the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Council_of_Advisors_on_Science_and_Technology" title="President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology">President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Collins&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Collins's love of <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a> playing and <a href="/wiki/Motor-cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor-cycle">motorcycle</a> riding is often mentioned in articles about him.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> While directing NHGRI, he formed a <a href="/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)" title="Band (rock and pop)">rock band</a> with other NIH scientists. Sometimes the band, called the Directors, dueled with a rock band from <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> led by cancer researcher <a href="/wiki/Bert_Vogelstein" title="Bert Vogelstein">Bert Vogelstein</a>. Lyrics of the Directors' songs included spoofs of <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a> classics re-written to address the challenges of contemporary biomedical research.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Collins has performed at <a href="/wiki/TEDMED" title="TEDMED">TEDMED</a> 2012, StandUpToCancer,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The 2017 <a href="/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University" title="Southern Methodist University">Southern Methodist University</a> Commencement<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> and Rock Stars of Science.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> His passion for <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> also inspired him to partner with the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">Kennedy Center</a> to expand the Sound Health Initiative, which was announced in February 2017.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Sound Health aims to expand current knowledge and explore ways to enhance the potential for music as therapy for <a href="/wiki/Neurological_disorder" title="Neurological disorder">neurological</a> and other disorders.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Collins&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Awards and honors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> While leading the <a href="/wiki/National_Human_Genome_Research_Institute" title="National Human Genome Research Institute">National Human Genome Research Institute</a>, Collins was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Medicine">Institute of Medicine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>. He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Gairdner_International_Award" title="Canada Gairdner International Award">Canada Gairdner International Award</a> in 1990. He was a <a href="/wiki/Kilby_International_Awards" title="Kilby International Awards">Kilby International Awards</a> recipient in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-85">[85]</a> Collins received the Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a> in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> He received the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Molecular_Pathology" title="Association for Molecular Pathology">Association for Molecular Pathology</a> Award for Excellence in Molecular Diagnostics in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> He received the <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_Heritage_Award" title="Biotechnology Heritage Award">Biotechnology Heritage Award</a> with <a href="/wiki/J._Craig_Venter" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Craig Venter">J. Craig Venter</a> in 2001, from the <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_Industry_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotechnology Industry Organization">Biotechnology Industry Organization</a> (BIO) and the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Heritage_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical Heritage Foundation">Chemical Heritage Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Biotechnology-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strickland-89">[89]</a> Collins and Venter shared the "Biography of the Year" title from <a href="/wiki/A%26E_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="A&E Network">A&E Network</a> in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In 2005, Collins and Venter were honored as two of "America's Best Leaders" by <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a> and the Harvard University <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Leadership" title="Center for Public Leadership">Center for Public Leadership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In 2005 Collins received the <a href="/wiki/William_Allan_Award" title="William Allan Award">William Allan Award</a> from the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Human_Genetics" title="American Society of Human Genetics">American Society of Human Genetics</a>. In 2007 he was presented with the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> by President George W. Bush.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In 2008, he was awarded the Inamori Ethics Prize,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Also in 2008, Collins and <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a>, a Nobel Prize recipient for physics, shared the <a href="/wiki/Trotter_Prize_(Texas_A%26M)" title="Trotter Prize (Texas A&M)">Trotter Prize</a>, and discussed the interplay between science and religion.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Collins received the <a href="/wiki/Albany_Medical_Center_Prize" title="Albany Medical Center Prize">Albany Medical Center Prize</a> in 2010 and the Pro Bono Humanum Award of the Galien Foundation in 2012, the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) Public Service Award in 2017,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> the Pontifical Key Scientific Award in 2018,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> and the Warren Alpert Foundation Prize in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In 2020, he received the <a href="/wiki/Templeton_Prize" title="Templeton Prize">Templeton Prize</a>,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> and was elected a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Member_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Member of the Royal Society">Foreign Member of the Royal Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Collins&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Views" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Collins&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Christianity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> By graduate school, Collins considered himself <a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">agnostic</a>. A conversation with a hospital patient led him to question his lack of religious views, and he investigated various faiths. He familiarized himself with the evidence for and against God in cosmology, and on the recommendation of a <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> minister used <a href="/wiki/Mere_Christianity" title="Mere Christianity">Mere Christianity</a> by <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> as a foundation to develop his religious views. He believes that people cannot be converted to Christianity by reason and argument alone, and that the final stage of conversion entails a "<a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">leap of faith</a>". After several years of deliberation, he finally converted to Christianity during a trip to the Cascade Mountains, where he describes a striking image of a frozen waterfall as removing his final resistance, resulting in his conversion the following morning.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> He has described himself as a "serious Christian".<a href="#cite_note-interview-35">[35]</a> In his 2006 book <a href="/wiki/The_Language_of_God:_A_Scientist_Presents_Evidence_for_Belief" class="mw-redirect" title="The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief">The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief</a>, Collins wrote that scientific discoveries were an "opportunity to worship" and that he rejected both <a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">Young Earth creationism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a>. He wrote that his own belief was <a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">theistic evolution</a> or <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary creation">evolutionary creation</a>, which he preferred to call <a href="/wiki/BioLogos" class="mw-redirect" title="BioLogos">BioLogos</a>. He wrote that one can "think of DNA as an instructional script, a software program, sitting in the nucleus of the cell."<a href="#cite_note-Collins2008-102">[102]</a> He appeared on <a href="/wiki/The_Colbert_Report" title="The Colbert Report">The Colbert Report</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Fresh_Air" title="Fresh Air">Fresh Air</a> radio to discuss his book.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/D._J._Grothe" title="D. J. Grothe">D. J. Grothe</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Point_of_Inquiry" title="Point of Inquiry">Point of Inquiry</a> podcast, he said that the overall aim of the book was to show that "one can be intellectually in a rigorous position and argue that science and faith can be compatible", and that he was prompted to write the book because "most people are seeking a possible harmony between these worldviews [science and faith], and it seems rather sad that we hear so little about this possibility.<a href="#cite_note-languageofgod-105">[105]</a> Collins said he had been a <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Episcopalian" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopalian">Episcopalian</a>, emphasizing that denominational differences were not essential to him.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> He recalled that, growing up, he participated in the choir of an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Collins is a critic of intelligent design, and for this reason he was not asked to participate in the 2008 documentary <a href="/wiki/Expelled:_No_Intelligence_Allowed" title="Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed">Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed</a>. Walt Ruloff, a producer for the film, stated that by rejecting intelligent design, Collins was "toeing the party line", a claim which Collins called "just ludicrous".<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In an interview he stated that "intelligent design is headed for collapse in the not too distant future" and that "science class ought to be about science, and opening the door to religious perspectives in that setting is a big mistake."<a href="#cite_note-languageofgod-105">[105]</a> In 2007, Collins founded the <a href="/wiki/BioLogos_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="BioLogos Foundation">BioLogos Foundation</a> to "contribute to the public voice that represents the harmony of science and faith." He served as the foundation's president until he was confirmed as director of the NIH.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Collins has also spoken at the <a href="/wiki/Veritas_Forum" title="Veritas Forum">Veritas Forum</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_science_and_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Relationship between science and religion">relationship between science and religion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a> referred to Collins as "one of the greatest living Americans", and stated that Collins was one of the most devout believers he had ever met.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> He further stated that Collins was sequencing the genome of the cancer that would ultimately claim Hitchens's life, and that their friendship despite their differing opinion on religion was an example of the greatest armed truce in modern times.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Collins&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Agnosticism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In an interview with National Geographic in February 2007, writer <a href="/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Horgan (American journalist)">John Horgan</a> criticized Collins's description of <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnosticism</a> as "a cop-out". In response, Collins clarified his position on agnosticism so as to exclude "earnest agnostics who have considered the evidence and still don't find an answer. I was reacting to the agnosticism I see in the scientific community, which has not been arrived at by a careful examination of the evidence. I went through a phase when I was a casual agnostic, and I am perhaps too quick to assume that others have no more depth than I did."<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abortion">Abortion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Collins&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Abortion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In a 1998 interview with <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>, Collins stated that he is "intensely uncomfortable with abortion as a solution to anything" and does not "perceive a precise moment at which life begins other than the moment of conception." In the same interview, it was said that Collins also "does not advocate changing the law".<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Collins&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Books" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li>Principles of Medical Genetics, 2nd Edition, with T. D. Gelehrter and D. Ginsburg (<a href="/wiki/Lippincott_Williams_%26_Wilkins" title="Lippincott Williams & Wilkins">Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</a>, 1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Language_of_God:_A_Scientist_Presents_Evidence_for_Belief" class="mw-redirect" title="The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief">The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_Press_(publisher)" title="Free Press (publisher)">Free Press</a>, 2006)</li> <li>The Language of Life: DNA and the Revolution in Personalized Medicine (<a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, published in early 2010)</li> <li>Belief: Readings on the Reason for Faith (<a href="/wiki/HarperOne" title="HarperOne">HarperOne</a>, March 2, 2010)</li> <li>The Language of Science and Faith: Straight Answers to Genuine Questions with <a href="/wiki/Karl_Giberson" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Giberson">Karl Giberson</a> (<a href="/wiki/InterVarsity_Press" title="InterVarsity Press">InterVarsity Press</a>; February 15, 2011)</li> <li>The Road to Wisdom: On Truth, Science, Faith, and Trust (<a href="/wiki/Hachette_Book_Group" title="Hachette Book Group">Hachette Book Group</a>, September 17, 2024)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Collins&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_events_in_NHGRI_history" title="List of events in NHGRI history">List of events in National Human Genome Research Institute history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and religion">Science and religion</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Collins&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hhs-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hhs_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hhs_1-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2009pres/08/20090807d.html">Secretary Sebelius Announces Senate Confirmation of Dr. Francis Collins as Director of the National Institutes of Health</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120921064420/http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2009pres/08/20090807d.html">Archived</a> September 21, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 7-Aug-09 </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSellers" class="citation news cs1">Sellers, Stead. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/washington-post-live/2021/12/17/leadership-during-crisis-with-francis-s-collins-md-phd/">"Leadership During Crisis with Francis S. 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Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847396150" title="Special:BookSources/9781847396150"><bdi>9781847396150</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+God%3A+A+Scientist+Presents+Evidence+for+Belief&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2008-09-04&rft.isbn=9781847396150&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Collins" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161110064017/http://www.cc.com/video-clips/dqyz7h/the-colbert-report-francis-collins">"Francis Collins"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Colbert_Report" title="The Colbert Report">The Colbert Report</a>. December 6, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cc.com/video-clips/dqyz7h/the-colbert-report-francis-collins">the original</a> on November 10, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Francis+Collins&rft.pub=The+Colbert+Report&rft.date=2006-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cc.com%2Fvideo-clips%2Fdqyz7h%2Fthe-colbert-report-francis-collins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Collins" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9207913">"Francis Collins on 'The Language of God'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fresh_Air" title="Fresh Air">Fresh Air</a>. March 29, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fresh+Air&rft.date=2007-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D9207913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Collins" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-languageofgod-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-languageofgod_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-languageofgod_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD.J._Grothe2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/D.J._Grothe" class="mw-redirect" title="D.J. Grothe">D.J. Grothe</a> (August 31, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pointofinquiry.org/dr_francis_collins_the_language_of_god/">"Dr. Francis Collins - The Language of God"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Point_of_Inquiry" title="Point of Inquiry">Point of Inquiry</a>. Retrieved September 3, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Francis+Collins+-+The+Language+of+God&rft.pub=Point+of+Inquiry&rft.date=2007-08-31&rft.au=D.J.+Grothe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pointofinquiry.org%2Fdr_francis_collins_the_language_of_god%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Collins" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2006/07/21/july-21-2006-dr-francis-s-collins-interview/3676/">"July 21, 2006 ~ Dr. Francis S. Collins Interview | July 21, 2006 | Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly | PBS"</a>. Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly. July 21, 2006. Retrieved May 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religion+%26+Ethics+NewsWeekly&rft.atitle=July+21%2C+2006+~+Dr.+Francis+S.+Collins+Interview+%7C+July+21%2C+2006+%7C+Religion+%26+Ethics+NewsWeekly+%7C+PBS&rft.date=2006-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Freligionandethics%2F2006%2F07%2F21%2Fjuly-21-2006-dr-francis-s-collins-interview%2F3676%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Collins" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/questionofgod/voices/collins.html">"The Question of God . Other Voices . Francis Collins | PBS"</a>. www.pbs.org. Retrieved May 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=The+Question+of+God+.+Other+Voices+.+Francis+Collins+%7C+PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fquestionofgod%2Fvoices%2Fcollins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Collins" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2007" class="citation news cs1">Dean, Cornelia (September 27, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/27/science/27expelled.html?_r=3&pagewanted=1&oref=slogin">"Scientists Feel Miscast in Film on Life's Origin"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved May 2, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Scientists+Feel+Miscast+in+Film+on+Life%27s+Origin&rft.date=2007-09-27&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Cornelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F09%2F27%2Fscience%2F27expelled.html%3F_r%3D3%26pagewanted%3D1%26oref%3Dslogin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Collins" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biologos.org/news-events/francis-collins-confirmed-as-director-of-the-national-institutes-of-health/">BioLogos website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090902103115/http://biologos.org/news-events/francis-collins-confirmed-as-director-of-the-national-institutes-of-health">Archived</a> September 2, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151128042639/http://veritas.org/speakers/francis-collins">"Francis Collins - The Veritas Forum"</a>. veritas.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://veritas.org/speakers/francis-collins/">the original</a> on November 28, 2015. Retrieved March 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=veritas.org&rft.atitle=Francis+Collins+-+The+Veritas+Forum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fveritas.org%2Fspeakers%2Ffrancis-collins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Collins" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFilisbaani2011" class="citation web cs1">ilisbaani (April 23, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hc6UdA3TtWY">"Christopher Hitchens says "I'm dying.""</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/hc6UdA3TtWY">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved March 29, 2018 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christopher+Hitchens+says+%22I%27m+dying.%22&rft.date=2011-04-23&rft.au=ilisbaani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dhc6UdA3TtWY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Collins" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWehner2020" class="citation web cs1">Wehner, Peter (March 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/03/interview-francis-collins-nih/608221/">"NIH Director: 'We're on an Exponential Curve'"</a>. The Atlantic. Retrieved April 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=NIH+Director%3A+%27We%27re+on+an+Exponential+Curve%27&rft.date=2020-03-17&rft.aulast=Wehner&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fideas%2Farchive%2F2020%2F03%2Finterview-francis-collins-nih%2F608221%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Collins" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203070802/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0702/voices.html">Francis Collins: The Scientist as Believer</a> Feb. 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeardsley_T1998" class="citation journal cs1">Beardsley T (1998). "Profile: Where Science and Religion Meet". <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>. 278 (2): 28–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0298-28">10.1038/scientificamerican0298-28</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9490474">9490474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Where+Science+and+Religion+Meet&rft.volume=278&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=28-29&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0298-28&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9490474&rft.au=Beardsley+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Collins" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Collins&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050502154804/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_19/b3932026.htm">"Dr. Francis S. Collins: On The Trail Of Disease Genes"</a>. Businessweek. John Carey. May 9, 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asa3.org/ASA/newsletter/julaug09.pdf">"Collins Forms BioLogos Foundation"</a>. Newsletter of the <a href="/wiki/American_Scientific_Affiliation" title="American Scientific Affiliation">American Scientific Affiliation</a>. Jul/Aug 2009</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Collins&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Francis_Collins" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Francis Collins">Francis Collins</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 13px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="13" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Francis_Collins" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Francis Collins">Francis Collins</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biologos.org/">The BioLogos Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nih.gov/about/director/directorbio.htm">NIH Bio</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genome.gov/10001018">NHRGI Bio</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?43657">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ted.com/speakers/francis_collins">Francis Collins</a> at <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336658#P2611" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_D._Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. Watson">James D. Watson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Human_Genome_Research_Institute" title="National Human Genome Research Institute">National Human Genome Research Institute</a> 1993–2008 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eric_D._Green" title="Eric D. Green">Eric D. Green</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Raynard_S._Kington" title="Raynard S. Kington">Raynard Kington</a> Acting</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_National_Institutes_of_Health" title="Director of the National Institutes of Health">Director of the National Institutes of Health</a> 2009–2021 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_A._Tabak" title="Lawrence A. Tabak">Lawrence A. Tabak</a> Acting</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Lander" title="Eric Lander">Eric Lander</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Science_Advisor_to_the_President" title="Science Advisor to the President">Science Advisor to the President</a> Acting 2022 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arati_Prabhakar" title="Arati Prabhakar">Arati Prabhakar</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_Collins&oldid=1260523993">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_Collins&oldid=1260523993</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Collins&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 1 December 2024, at 07:00 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2" title="فرانسيس كولينز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرانسيس كولينز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2" title="فرانسیس کالینز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فرانسیس کالینز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="ফ্রান্সিস কলিন্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রান্সিস কলিন্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Francis Collins" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Francis Collins" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Francis Collins" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francis Collins" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Francis Collins" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Francis Collins" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2" title="فرانسیس کالینز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانسیس کالینز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_S._Collins" title="Francis S. Collins – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Francis S. Collins" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%9C%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4_%EC%BD%9C%EB%A6%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="프랜시스 콜린스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랜시스 콜린스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रांसिस कोलेंस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ्रांसिस कोलेंस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Francis Collins" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Francis Collins" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_Sellers_Collins" title="Franciscus Sellers Collins – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Franciscus Sellers Collins" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Francis Collins" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_S._Collins" title="Francis S. Collins – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Francis S. Collins" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2" title="فرانسيس كولينز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرانسيس كولينز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဖရန်စစ် ကိုလင်းစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖရန်စစ် ကိုလင်းစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Francis Collins" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA" title="フランシス・コリンズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランシス・コリンズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Francis Collins" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Francis Collins" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Francis Collins" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Коллинз, Френсис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коллинз, Френсис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Francis Collins" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Francis Collins" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Francis Collins" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B7" title="Френсіс Коллінз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Френсіс Коллінз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Francis Collins" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF" title="法蘭西斯·柯林斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法蘭西斯·柯林斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 December 2024, at 07:00 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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