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href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Portuguese+conquest+of+Maranh%C3%A3o%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Portuguese conquest of Maranhão</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese colonization of the Americas</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89l%C3%A9vation_d%27une_croix_pour_la_b%C3%A9n%C3%A9diction_de_l%27Ile_de_Maragnan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%C3%89l%C3%A9vation_d%27une_croix_pour_la_b%C3%A9n%C3%A9diction_de_l%27Ile_de_Maragnan.jpg/300px-%C3%89l%C3%A9vation_d%27une_croix_pour_la_b%C3%A9n%C3%A9diction_de_l%27Ile_de_Maragnan.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="479" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%C3%89l%C3%A9vation_d%27une_croix_pour_la_b%C3%A9n%C3%A9diction_de_l%27Ile_de_Maragnan.jpg/450px-%C3%89l%C3%A9vation_d%27une_croix_pour_la_b%C3%A9n%C3%A9diction_de_l%27Ile_de_Maragnan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%C3%89l%C3%A9vation_d%27une_croix_pour_la_b%C3%A9n%C3%A9diction_de_l%27Ile_de_Maragnan.jpg/600px-%C3%89l%C3%A9vation_d%27une_croix_pour_la_b%C3%A9n%C3%A9diction_de_l%27Ile_de_Maragnan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">Woodcut</a> depicting the erection of a cross to mark the foundation of France Equinoctiale</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>23 August 1612 - 3 November 1615</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão">Maranhão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Portuguese victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a><br /><b>Supported by:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tabajara" title="Tabajara">Tabajara</a> tribes<br />Ceará tribes<sup id="cite_ref-bethell_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bethell-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Potiguara" title="Potiguara">Potiguara</a> tribes<sup id="cite_ref-bethell_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bethell-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a><br /><b>Supported by:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tupinamb%C3%A1_people" title="Tupinambá people">Tupinamba</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Jeronimo_de_Albuquerque" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeronimo de Albuquerque">Jerónimo de Albuquerque</a><br />Diogo de Campos Moreno<br />Alexandre de Moura<br />Mandiocapuba<br /><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Filipe_Camar%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Antônio Filipe Camarão">Antônio Filipe Camarão</a><sup id="cite_ref-bethell_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bethell-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Daniel de la Touche<br />Louis de Pézieux <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br />Monsieur de la Fos Benart<br />Monsieur de Canonville</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 500 men<sup id="cite_ref-Mascarenhas,_1898,_p._376_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mascarenhas,_1898,_p._376-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 200 soldiers<br />2500 native warriors<br />10 ships<sup id="cite_ref-lopez&mota_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lopez&mota-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />50 canoes</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 10 dead<sup id="cite_ref-moreno62-64_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moreno62-64-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />18 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-moreno62-64_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moreno62-64-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 115 French dead<sup id="cite_ref-moreno62-64_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moreno62-64-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />400 native dead<br />8 <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POW</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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<li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tangier_(1463%E2%80%931464)" title="Siege of Tangier (1463–1464)">Morocco (1463–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anfa_expedition_(1468)" title="Anfa expedition (1468)">Morocco (1468)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Asilah" title="Conquest of Asilah">Morocco (1471)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Tangier" title="Portuguese conquest of Tangier">Morocco (1471)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guinea" title="Battle of Guinea">Guinea (1478)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaouia_expedition" title="Chaouia expedition">Morocco (1487)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Graciosa_(1489)" title="Siege of Graciosa (1489)">Morocco (1489)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targa_expedition_(1490)" title="Targa expedition (1490)">Morocco (1490)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>16th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Luso-Malabarese_War" title="First Luso-Malabarese War">India (1500–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir_(1501)" title="Battle of Mers-el-Kébir (1501)">Algeria (1501)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pandarane" title="Battle of Pandarane">India (1504)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mombasa_(1505)" title="Battle of Mombasa (1505)">East Africa (1505)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Mamluk–Portuguese conflicts">Indian Ocean (1505–17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Anjadiva_(1506)" title="Siege of Anjadiva (1506)">India (1506)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cannanore" title="Battle of Cannanore">India (1506)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barawa" title="Battle of Barawa">East Africa (1507)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cannanore_(1507)" title="Siege of Cannanore (1507)">India (1507)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Socotra" title="Battle of Socotra">Socotra (1507)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Muscat_(1507)" title="Capture of Muscat (1507)">Arabia (1507)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Hormuz" title="Portuguese conquest of Hormuz">Persian Gulf (1507–15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dabul" title="Battle of Dabul">India (1508)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diu" title="Battle of Diu">India (1509)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Goa" title="Portuguese conquest of Goa">India (1510)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)" title="Capture of Malacca (1511)">Malaysia (1511)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Azemmour" title="Battle of Azemmour">Morocco (1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tednest" title="Battle of Tednest">Morocco (1514)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alcaides" title="Battle of the Alcaides">Morocco (1514)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_of_Marrakesh_(1515)" title="Raid of Marrakesh (1515)">Morocco (1515)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mamora_(1515)" title="Battle of Mamora (1515)">Morocco (1515)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_expedition_to_Doukkala_(1516)" title="Portuguese expedition to Doukkala (1516)">Morocco (1516)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zeila" title="Battle of Zeila">East Africa (1517)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Goa_(1517)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Goa (1517)">Goa (1517)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pago" title="Battle of Pago">Malaysia (1520)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Sinhalese–Portuguese conflicts">Sri Lanka (1520–1658)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aceh_(1521)" title="Battle of Aceh (1521)">Sumatra (1521)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_Bahrain" title="Portuguese invasion of Bahrain">Bahrain (1521)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Bintan_(1521)" title="Attack on Bintan (1521)">Insulindia (1521)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tunmen" title="Battle of Tunmen">China (1521)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedir_expedition_(1522)" title="Pedir expedition (1522)">Sumatra (1522)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ash-Shihr_(1523)" title="Battle of Ash-Shihr (1523)">Arabia (1523)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muar_River" title="Battle of Muar River">Malaysia (1523)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_conquest_of_Pasai" title="Acehnese conquest of Pasai">Sumatra (1523–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lingga" title="Battle of Lingga">Insulindia (1525)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bintan" title="Siege of Bintan">Insulindia (1526)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calicut_(1526)" title="Siege of Calicut (1526)">India (1526)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Sunda_Kelapa" title="Conquest of Sunda Kelapa">Java (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aceh_(1528)" title="Battle of Aceh (1528)">Sumatra (1528)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mombasa_(1528)" title="Battle of Mombasa (1528)">East Africa (1528)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bahrain_(1529)" title="Siege of Bahrain (1529)">Persian Gulf (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternatean%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Ternatean–Portuguese conflicts">Moluccas (1530–1607)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1531)" title="Siege of Diu (1531)">India (1531)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Agadir_(1533)" title="Siege of Agadir (1533)">Morocco (1533)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reishahr" title="Battle of Reishahr">Persian Gulf (1534)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malacca_(1534)" title="Battle of Malacca (1534)">Malaysia (1534)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis (1535)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ugentana" title="Battle of Ugentana">Malaysia (1535)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ugentana_(1536)" title="Battle of Ugentana (1536)">Malaysia (1536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tidore" title="Battle of Tidore">Moluccas (1536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Brazil (1534–1536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beadala_(1538)" title="Battle of Beadala (1538)">India (1538)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1538)" title="Siege of Diu (1538)">India (1538)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)" title="Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)">Indian Ocean (1538–60)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suakin_(1541)" title="Battle of Suakin (1541)">Red Sea (1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Jeddah_(1541)" title="Attack on Jeddah (1541)">Red Sea (1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Tor" title="Battle of El Tor">Red Sea (1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suez_(1541)" title="Battle of Suez (1541)">Red Sea (1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Massawa_(1541)" title="Battle of Massawa (1541)">Ethiopia (1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_War" title="Ethiopian–Adal War">Ethiopia (1542)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benadir" title="Battle of Benadir">East Africa (1542)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ba%C3%A7ente" title="Battle of Baçente">Ethiopia (1542)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jarte" title="Battle of Jarte">Ethiopia (1542)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hill_of_the_Jews" title="Battle of the Hill of the Jews">Ethiopia (1542)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wofla" title="Battle of Wofla">Ethiopia (1542)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wayna_Daga" title="Battle of Wayna Daga">Ethiopia (1543)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Campar_(1543)" title="Siege of Campar (1543)">Malaysia (1543)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Jailolo" title="Attack on Jailolo">Insulindia (1545)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1546)" title="Siege of Diu (1546)">India (1546)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bharuch" title="Battle of Bharuch">India (1547)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perlis_River" title="Battle of Perlis River">Malaysia (1547)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Aden_(1548)" title="Capture of Aden (1548)">Arabia (1548)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Shihr_(1548)" title="Battle of al-Shihr (1548)">Arabia (1548)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jailolo_(1550)" title="Siege of Jailolo (1550)">Jailolo (1550)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qatif_(1551)" title="Siege of Qatif (1551)">Persian Gulf (1551)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1551)" title="Siege of Malacca (1551)">Malaysia (1551)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_campaign_against_Hormuz" title="Ottoman campaign against Hormuz">Arabia (1552–54)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Oman" title="Battle of the Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman (1554)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Thatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Thatta">Pakistan (1557)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kotte_(1557%E2%80%931558)" title="Siege of Kotte (1557–1558)">Sri Lanka (1557–58)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(1558)" title="Battle of Rio de Janeiro (1558)">Brazil (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Daman" title="Portuguese conquest of Daman">India (1559)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom_(1560)" title="Portuguese invasion of the Jaffna kingdom (1560)">Jaffna (1560)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Moji" title="Siege of Moji">Japan (1561)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Coast_(1562)" title="Battle of Cape Coast (1562)">Gold Coast (1562)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mazagan_(1562)" title="Siege of Mazagan (1562)">Morocco (1562)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">Morocco (1564)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fukuda_Bay" title="Battle of Fukuda Bay">Japan (1565)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(1567)" title="Battle of Rio de Janeiro (1567)">Brazil (1567)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1568)" title="Siege of Malacca (1568)">Malacca (1568)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martim_Afonso_de_Sousa%27s_expedition_to_Brazil" title="Martim Afonso de Sousa's expedition to Brazil">Brazil (1569-73)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aceh_(1569)" title="Battle of Aceh (1569)">Sumatra (1569)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gambia_River_(1570)" title="Battle of the Gambia River (1570)">Gambia (1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Goa_(1570%E2%80%931571)" title="Siege of Goa (1570–1571)">Goa (1570–1571)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chaul_(1570%E2%80%931571)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Chaul (1570–1571)">Chaul (1570–1571)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Honavar_(1571)" title="Siege of Honavar (1571)"> Honavar (1571)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mangalore_(1571)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Mangalore (1571)"> Mangalore (1571)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chaliyam" title="Siege of Chaliyam">Chale (1571)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_the_Indies" title="War of the League of the Indies">India (1570–75)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1573)" title="Siege of Malacca (1573)">Malaysia (1573)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1574)" title="Siege of Malacca (1574)">Malaysia (1574)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1575)" title="Siege of Malacca (1575)">Malaysia (1575)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir" title="Battle of Alcácer Quibir">Morocco (1578)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Anzele" title="Siege of Anzele">Angola (1580)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daman_(1581)" title="Siege of Daman (1581)">India (1581)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Muscat_(1581)" title="Capture of Muscat (1581)">Arabia (1581)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talandongo" title="Battle of Talandongo">Angola (1583)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1586%E2%80%931589)" title="Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1586–1589)">Indian Ocean (1586–89)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leitao_Coast" title="Battle of Leitao Coast">Persian Gulf (1586)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Johor_(1586)" title="Battle of Johor (1586)">Malaysia (1586)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Johor_(1587)" title="Siege of Johor (1587)">Malaysia (1587)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colombo_(1587%E2%80%931588)" title="Siege of Colombo (1587–1588)">Sri Lanka (1587–88)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mombasa_(1589)" title="Battle of Mombasa (1589)">Mombasa (1589)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portudal%E2%80%93Joal_Massacre" title="Portudal–Joal Massacre">Senegal (1589)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom_(1591)" title="Portuguese invasion of the Jaffna kingdom (1591)">Jaffna (1591)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kottakkal" title="Siege of Kottakkal">India (1599–1600)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>17th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bantam" title="Battle of Bantam">Java (1601)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceh_expedition_(1606)" title="Aceh expedition (1606)">Sumatra (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1606)" title="Siege of Malacca (1606)">Malaysia (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Rachado" title="Battle of Cape Rachado">Malaysia (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Seal_Ship_incident_(1609)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Seal Ship incident (1609)">China (1609)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Swally" title="Battle of Swally">India (1612)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil (1612–1615)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Cambar%C3%A3o" title="Capture of Cambarão">Persian Gulf (1614)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Formoso_River" title="Battle of Formoso River">Malaysia (1615)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_attack_on_the_Catherine_(1618)" title="Portuguese attack on the Catherine (1618)">Gambia (1618)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom" title="Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna (1619)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Crapp%C3%A9%27s_raids_on_Portuguese_colonies" title="Roland Crappé's raids on Portuguese colonies">Coromandel Coast (1619)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Qeshm" title="Anglo-Persian capture of Qeshm">Persian Gulf (1621–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Koneswaram_Temple" title="Conquest of Koneswaram Temple">Trincomalee (1622)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Hormuz" title="Anglo-Persian capture of Hormuz">Persian Gulf (1622)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Macau" title="Battle of Macau">China (1622)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mbumbi" title="Battle of Mbumbi">Angola (1622)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mbanda_Kasi" title="Battle of Mbanda Kasi">Angola (1623)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Bahia" title="Capture of Bahia">Brazil (1624)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filips_van_Zuylen%27s_campaign_agaisnt_Luanda" title="Filips van Zuylen's campaign agaisnt Luanda">Angola (1624)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_February_1625" title="Action of 1 February 1625">Persian Gulf (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Brazil (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elmina_(1625)" title="Battle of Elmina (1625)">Gold Coast (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Langat_River" title="Battle of Langat River">Malaysia (1628)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Duyon_River" title="Battle of Duyon River">Malacca (1629)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Flensborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinking of the Flensborg">Cape of Good Hope (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Recife_(1630)" title="Siege of Recife (1630)">Brazil (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jambi" title="Battle of Jambi">Jambi (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abrolhos" title="Battle of Abrolhos">Brazil (1631)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_al-Hasan#Portuguese_expedition_to_Mombasa_1632" title="Yusuf ibn al-Hasan">East Africa (1632)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hooghly" title="Siege of Hooghly">Bengal (1632)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Julfar" title="Capture of Julfar">Arabia (1633)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sohar" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Sohar">Arabia (1633–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mata_Redonda" title="Battle of Mata Redonda">Brazil (1636)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elmina_(1637)" title="Battle of Elmina (1637)">Gold Coast (1637)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goa_(1638)" title="Battle of Goa (1638)">India (1638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salvador_(1638)" title="Siege of Salvador (1638)">Brazil (1638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daman_(1638%E2%80%931639)" title="Siege of Daman (1638–1639)">India (1638–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_30_September_1639" title="Action of 30 September 1639">India (1639)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12%E2%80%9317_January_1640" title="Action of 12–17 January 1640">Brazil (1640)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazagan_Ambush_(1640)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazagan Ambush (1640)">Morocco (1640)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1641)" title="Siege of Malacca (1641)">Malaysia (1640–41)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Angola" title="Recapture of Angola">Angola (1641–48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mboror%C3%A9" title="Battle of Mbororé">Brazil (1641)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Carical_Conflict" title="Dano-Carical Conflict">India (1644–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabocas" title="Battle of Tabocas">Brazil (1645)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casa_Forte" title="Battle of Casa Forte">Brazil (1645)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kombi" title="Battle of Kombi">Angola (1647)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Guararapes" title="First Battle of Guararapes">Brazil (1648)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Guararapes" title="Second Battle of Guararapes">Brazil (1649)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Muscat_(1650)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Muscat (1650)">Arabia (1650)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Recife_(1652%E2%80%931654)" title="Recapture of Recife (1652–1654)">Brazil (1652–54)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_23_March_1654" title="Action of 23 March 1654">1st Sri Lanka (1654)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_2_May_1654" title="Action of 2 May 1654">2nd Sri Lanka (1654)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mannar_(1658)" title="Battle of Mannar (1658)">Mannar (1658)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Malabar" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Malabar">Malabar (1658–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marg%C3%A3o_(1659)" title="Battle of Margão (1659)">Margão (1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mbwila" title="Battle of Mbwila">Angola (1665)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjuration_of_Our_Father" title="Conjuration of Our Father">Brazil (1666)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mbidizi_River" title="Battle of Mbidizi River">Angola (1670)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kitombo" title="Battle of Kitombo">Angola (1670)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pungo_Andongo" title="Battle of Pungo Andongo">Angola (1671)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Katole" title="Battle of Katole">Angola (1681)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Bassein_(1693)" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of Bassein (1693)">India (1693)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mombasa_(1696%E2%80%931698)" title="Siege of Mombasa (1696–1698)">East Africa (1696–98)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>18th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surat_(1704)" title="Battle of Surat (1704)">India (1704)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(1710)" title="Battle of Rio de Janeiro (1710)">Brazil (1710)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Battle of Rio de Janeiro">Brazil (1711)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinda_Expedition" title="Cabinda Expedition">Angola (1723)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1729%E2%80%931732)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha–Portuguese War (1729–1732)">India (1729–32)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1735%E2%80%931737)" title="Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)">Banda Oriental (1735–37)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alorna" title="Siege of Alorna">India (1746)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tiracol" title="Siege of Tiracol">India (1746)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calicut_(1752)" title="Battle of Calicut (1752)">India (1752)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_War" title="Guaraní War">Brazil (1756)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_War" title="Fantastic War">Brazil (1762–63)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Cevallos_expedition" title="First Cevallos expedition">Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mazagan_(1769)" title="Siege of Mazagan (1769)">Morocco (1769)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese%E2%80%93Ovimbundu_War" title="Portuguese–Ovimbundu War">Angola (1774–1778)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1776%E2%80%931777)" title="Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777)">Banda Oriental (1776–77)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>19th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_French_Guiana" title="Portuguese conquest of French Guiana">French Guiana (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth" title="Battle of the Tiger's Mouth">China (1809–10)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Banda_Oriental" title="Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental (1816–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_War_of_Independence" title="Brazilian War of Independence">Brazil (1821–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Faiti%C3%B5es" title="Revolt of the Faitiões">China (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal-Angoche_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Portugal-Angoche conflict">Mozambique (1847–1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passale%C3%A3o_incident" title="Passaleão incident">China (1849)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marracuene" title="Battle of Marracuene">Mozambique (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coolela" title="Battle of Coolela">Mozambique (1895)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>20th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailundo_revolt" title="Bailundo revolt">Angola (1902–04)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mufilo" title="Battle of Mufilo">Angola (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_rebellion_of_1911%E2%80%931912" title="East Timorese rebellion of 1911–1912">East Timor (1911–12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_campaign_in_Angola" title="German campaign in Angola">Angola (1914–15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolongongo_War" title="Kolongongo War"> Angola (1914–1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">Mozambique (1917–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barue_uprising" title="Barue uprising">Mozambique (1917-18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Timor (1942–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" title="Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli">India (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">India (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Africa (1961–74)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angola (1961–74)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau (1963–74)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambique (1964–74)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Portuguese conquest of Maranhão</b> took place between 23 August 1612 and 3 November 1615, in the state of Maranhão, Brazil, between <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tabajara" title="Tabajara">Tabajara</a> forces, on the one hand, and French and <a href="/wiki/Tupinamb%C3%A1_people" title="Tupinambá people">Tupinambá</a> forces, on the other. The campaign resulted in the definitive expulsion of the French from Maranhão on November 4, 1615. </p><p>The expulsion of the French allowed a large part of the Amazon to fall under Portuguese dominion. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_conquest_of_Maranh%C3%A3o&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Equinoctial_France" title="Equinoctial France">Equinoctial France</a></div> <p>The French had previously tried to establish a colony Brazil, <a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">France Antarctique</a>, until they were defeated by Portugal in 1567. </p><p>In 1611, French regent Maria de Médici provided further instructions for the establishment of a new colony in Maranhão.<sup id="cite_ref-cardoso_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cardoso-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1612 a fleet of three ships and 500 men set sail from Cancale in Brattany, stopping at Fernando de Noronha before making a landfall in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-cardoso_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cardoso-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French established a colony in Maranhão, with the support of local indigenous people: on September 8, the village of Saint Louis was founded and the construction of the Fort Saint Louis began on top of a hill in front of the sea, in a region claimed by Portugal. In 1613 Daniel de La Touche had fort Itapery built in modern-day <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribamar" title="São José de Ribamar">São José de Ribamar</a> </p><p>Aware of the presence of the French in the north of Maranhão, the governor-general of Brazil Gaspar de Sousa organized in <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a> an expedition to conquer the area from the French. On August 23, 1614, serjeant-major Diogo de Campos left <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a> with 300 men and in <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Rio Grande do Norte">Rio Grande do Norte</a> joined captain-general Jerónimo de Albuquerque, who was accompanied by a large contingent of indigenous auxiliaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Mascarenhas,_1898,_p._376_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mascarenhas,_1898,_p._376-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese expedition with 500 men led by Albuquerque camped on the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Peri%C3%A1_River" title="Periá River">Periá River</a> looking for a place to build a fortification. They faced a shortage of food and fresh water. A group of 14 Portuguese scouts discovered a suitable place for the fort and the expedition set sail again on October 2, 1614. </p><p>On October 26, they reached an area called Guaxindubá by the natives, on the right bank of the Bay of São José, among many islands and narrow channels. A hexagon-shaped fortification was built on the beach of Guaxenduba under the guidance of engineer Francisco Frias de Mesquita, and named Santa Maria,<sup id="cite_ref-mascarenhas377_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mascarenhas377-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about 20 km from the current seat of the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Icatu" title="Icatu">Icatu</a>, within sight of the French fort Itapary. </p><p>Once established, the Portuguese set to work building and keeping guard of their fort while conducting the reconnaissance of the region. Some natives whom the Portuguese contacted claimed that the island was full of French, while others claimed that the French had left. </p><p>On October 30, a group of indigenous people from the island killed four women of the natives who were accompanying the Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-mascarenhas377_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mascarenhas377-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This caused them to become suspicious of the natives and believe that they had been sent by the French to spy on their ships. Through a Tupinamba prisoner made by Mandiocapuba Azevedo became aware of the strength of the French.<sup id="cite_ref-mascarenhas377_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mascarenhas377-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the final days of October, the Portuguese at the fort Santa Maria and on the island of Santana observed the movement of French ships in the Bay of São José and the landing of artillery pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_French_attack">First French attack</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_conquest_of_Maranh%C3%A3o&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First French attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On November 10, 1614, the sergeant-major Diogo de Campos sent a group of sailors to defend the vessels that were anchored or stranded in the estuary after arguing with Jerónimo de Albuquerque, ordering that they remain vigilant. At dawn on 11 November, the French, guided by Monsieur de Pézieux, Monsieur du Prat and François Rasilly, approached the ships silently. When the Portuguese became aware of the attack, the sailors blew the trumpets and alerted the soldiers of the fort, who fired the artillery, however without any effect on the French. The sailors abandoned the boats, of which three that were further away from land were captured by the French: a caravel, a war <a href="/wiki/Patache" title="Patache">patache</a> and another vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_of_Guaxenduba">Battle of Guaxenduba</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_conquest_of_Maranh%C3%A3o&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle of Guaxenduba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guaxenduba" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Guaxenduba">Battle of Guaxenduba</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_ville_fr_Lure_(Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Blason_ville_fr_Lure_%28Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne%29.svg/220px-Blason_ville_fr_Lure_%28Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Blason_ville_fr_Lure_%28Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne%29.svg/330px-Blason_ville_fr_Lure_%28Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Blason_ville_fr_Lure_%28Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne%29.svg/440px-Blason_ville_fr_Lure_%28Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Proposed coat of arms of Equinoctial France.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the morning of November 19, 1614, Portuguese soldiers sighted in the distance a large number of vessels approaching the shore close to fort Santa Maria.<sup id="cite_ref-mascarenhas379-386_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mascarenhas379-386-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jerónimo de Albuquerque went to the beach with 80 Portuguese soldiers to attack them on landing but realizing how much superior in number the number of enemies were, he withdrew.<sup id="cite_ref-mascarenhas379-386_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mascarenhas379-386-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hundreds of fighters landed on the beaches soon after.<sup id="cite_ref-mascarenhas379-386_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mascarenhas379-386-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French had 200 soldiers, many of whom were nobles, in two squadrons, carrying steel armour, swords and muskets of great quality. They had 50 canoes and 2500 Indians, two thousand from Tapuitapera (currently Alcântara) and 100 from Cumã (currently Guimarães). Daniel de la Touche, commander of the French, remained at sea with more than 200 soldiers led by the knight François Rasilly. A long exchange of fire began and in a first encounter between the French and the detachment now under sergeant Diogo de Campos, a Portuguese and two French soldiers were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-moreno52_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moreno52-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mascarenhas379-386_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mascarenhas379-386-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Campos then withdrew with his forces to fort Santa Maria to meet Albuquerque for further orders.<sup id="cite_ref-mascarenhas379-386_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mascarenhas379-386-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_spyglasses">Use of spyglasses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_conquest_of_Maranh%C3%A3o&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Use of spyglasses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guaxenduba" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Guaxenduba">battle of Guaxenduba</a> saw one of the earliest recorded uses of a <a href="/wiki/Refracting_telescope" title="Refracting telescope">spyglass</a> in battle. Diogo de Campos reported that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At this time, with some arquebusiers, who got closer, the serjeant-major began to skirmish to see how it could be fought, and two Frenchmen having fallen, plus a Portuguese soldier, he halted the endeavour, and the serjeant-major came to the fort, to see what his colleague determined, which he found with a long-sighted eyeglass looking through an <a href="/wiki/Embrasure" title="Embrasure">embrasure</a> to see what the enemies were doing [...]<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hill_battle">Hill battle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_conquest_of_Maranh%C3%A3o&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hill battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fort Santa Maria was erected in front of a hill at a distance of a light cannon shot, bordered by the sea to the north and to a river from which the Portuguese drew water to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-mascarenhas379-386_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mascarenhas379-386-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French landed and under the command of Monsieur de La Fos-Benart and about 400 Tupinambás fortified themselves on the top of the hill: they built, in all, 7 trenches with large stones, fortifying the entire space between the sea and the top of the hill, so that the canoes that arrived were partially hidden.<sup id="cite_ref-mascarenhas379-386_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mascarenhas379-386-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By a secret path, Jerónimo de Albuquerque climbed the hill with 75 soldiers and 80 native archers, while Diogo de Campos attacked the French and indigenous warriors who disembarked. Las Fos-Benard landed out of a canoe with a trumpeter carrying the royal coat of arms of France and a letter in French written by Daniel de La Touche, which said that the Portuguese must surrender in 4 hours or they would be massacred. Diogo de Campos realized that the letter was an attempt by the French to gain time and obtain information about Portuguese troops.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By that point, the soldiers and archers accompanying Jerónimo de Albuquerque had already reached the first trench. The natives who defended it with the French were a large crowd, and the Portuguese never missed a shot. Daniel de La Touche watched from the sea as the French army suffered heavy casualties. In less than an hour, the area around the fort Santa Maria was littered with French and native dead. La Touche sent the fastest ships to the beach to prevent further damage to his troops, but, under the bombardment of Portuguese artillery, he was forced to withdraw. </p><p>Once the Portuguese were in control of the fortified hill, Diogo de Campos ordered them to set fire to all the canoes, which were docked at the base of the hill.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_waiver">French waiver</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_conquest_of_Maranh%C3%A3o&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: French waiver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With all the canoes on fire, the remaining French on land had no way to flee and all they could do was retreat to the ramparts on top of the hill. Among them were Monsieur de la Fos Benart and Monsieur de Canonville. At the end of the battle, near the hill, many of the Portuguese soldiers put themselves in the line of fire of the muskets of the enemies, who still resisted. Turcou, who was the interpreter of the French in communicating with the native, was shot by the Portuguese, and with him, Monsieur de la Fos Benart, leader of the natives who fought with the French. Without guidance, the remaining natives, more than 600, began to flee, going down the hill. They were joined by the French soldiers, who had no more gunpowder to shoot.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Truce">Truce</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_conquest_of_Maranh%C3%A3o&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Truce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Battle of Guaxenduba, the remaining French troops in Maranhão gathered at Fort Saint Louis. To buy time, Ravardière proposed a truce to the Portuguese, which was accepted under the stipulation that a Portuguese officer and a Frenchman would go to France and a Portuguese officer and a Frenchman would go to Portugal, to seek a solution to the conflict in the Courts of those countries.<sup id="cite_ref-mascarenhas377_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mascarenhas377-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the ceasefire, Portuguese, French and natives remained at peace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assault_of_Fort_Saint_Louis">Assault of Fort Saint Louis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_conquest_of_Maranh%C3%A3o&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Assault of Fort Saint Louis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>News of the truce reached Europe in 1615 and orders were later dispatched to the governor-general of Brazil Gaspar de Sousa to dislodge the French from Maranhão by peaceful or forceful means, in person or via an experienced commander.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1615, the captain-general of Pernambuco Alexandre de Moura arrived in Maranhão, bringing reinforcements and supplies and being of superior rank, assumed overall command of the Portuguese force.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He disregarded the truce made with the French and demanded Daniel de la Touche to leave Maranhão in 5 months, pledging to indemnify him. Ravardière delivered the Fort of Itapari.<sup id="cite_ref-mascarenhas_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mascarenhas-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three months later, Diogo de Campos and Martim Soares returned from Europe, bringing more troops and final orders for the French to definitively abandon Brazil. On November 1, 1615, Alexandre de Moura ordered that the Fort of São Luís be surrounded and landed his troops at the point of São Francisco. </p><p>The French fort was assaulted and after 2 days of fighting La Ravardière surrendered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_conquest_of_Maranh%C3%A3o&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Instead of compensating the French as had been agreed, the Portuguese shipped them back to France in two ships, with only what they needed. </p><p>Some French stayed in Maranhão, like Charles Des Vaux, who helped with communication with the natives; most were blacksmiths. In January 1616, Daniel de La Touche was taken by force to Pernambuco, where he received an indemnity and a pardon from the governor-general, to prevent him from joining other French privateers and leading them again. In 1619 he was arrested in Lisbon, and remained imprisoned for three years in the <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m_Tower" title="Belém Tower">Belém Tower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lopez&mota_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lopez&mota-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mascarenhas_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mascarenhas-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Maranhão firmly under Portuguese control, before leaving for Pernambuco Alexandre de Moura appointed Francisco Caldeira Castello-Branco as captain-major tasked with conquering the region of <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legend_of_the_miracle_of_Guaxenduba">Legend of the miracle of Guaxenduba</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_conquest_of_Maranh%C3%A3o&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legend of the miracle of Guaxenduba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1769 book "História da Companhia de Jesus na Extinta Província do Maranhão e Pará", Father José de Moraes wrote of the appearance of Our Lady of Victory among the Portuguese battalions, encouraging the soldiers throughout the battle, turning sand into gunpowder and pebbles into projectiles. <i>Nossa Senhora da Vitória</i> is the patron saint of São Luís and the city's cathedral is named after her and a scripture in Latin, which reads: 1629 • SANCTÆ MARIÆ DE VICTORIA DICATUM • 1922. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_conquest_of_Maranh%C3%A3o&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Portuguese Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupinamb%C3%A1s_Uprising" title="Tupinambás Uprising">Tupinambás Uprising</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_conquest_of_Maranh%C3%A3o&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bethell-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bethell_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bethell_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bethell_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leslie Bethell: <i>Colonial Brazil</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1987, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mascarenhas,_1898,_p._376-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mascarenhas,_1898,_p._376_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mascarenhas,_1898,_p._376_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mascarenhas, 1898, p. 376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lopez&mota-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lopez&mota_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lopez&mota_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lopez, Adriana; Mota, Carlos Guilherme (2008). <i>História do Brasil: uma interpretação</i>. São Paulo: Senac. p. 102-103. ISBN 978-85-7359-789-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moreno62-64-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moreno62-64_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-moreno62-64_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-moreno62-64_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MORENO, 1812, pp. 62-64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cardoso-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cardoso_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cardoso_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alírio Cardoso: <i>The conquest of Maranhão and Atlantic disputes in the geopolitics of the Iberian Union (1596-1626)" in </i>Revista Brasileira de História<i>, São Paulo, volume 31, nº 61, p. 317-338 - 2011, p. 326.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mascarenhas377-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mascarenhas377_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mascarenhas377_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mascarenhas377_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mascarenhas377_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mascarenhas, 1898, p. 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MORENO, Diogo de Campos, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogo de Campos Moreno: <i>Jornada do Maranhão por ordem de Sua Majestade feita o ano de 1614</i>. Brasiliana. Lisboa: Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mascarenhas379-386-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mascarenhas379-386_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mascarenhas379-386_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mascarenhas379-386_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mascarenhas379-386_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mascarenhas379-386_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mascarenhas379-386_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mascarenhas379-386_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mascarenhas, 1898, pp. 379-386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moreno52-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moreno52_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MORENO, Diogo de Campos, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MORENO, 1812, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MORENO, Diogo de Campos, p. 55-57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MORENO, Diogo de Campos, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MORENO, Diogo de Campos, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joyce Lorimer: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zGcPEAAAQBAJ&dq=battle%20of%20Guaxenduba&pg=PA168">English and Irish Settlement on the River Amazon, 1550-1646</a></i>, 2018, Routledge, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mascarenhas, 1898, p. 378</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mascarenhas-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mascarenhas_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mascarenhas_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mascarenhas, Anibal (1898). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cursodehistoriad01mascuoft/page/378/mode/2up?view=theater">Curso de História do Brasil</a></i>. Archive.org. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria do Povo. p. 378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mascarenhas, 1898, p. 387.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_conquest_of_Maranhão&oldid=1249898747">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_conquest_of_Maranhão&oldid=1249898747</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1612" title="Category:Conflicts in 1612">Conflicts in 1612</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Portugal" title="Category:Wars involving Portugal">Wars involving Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_France" title="Category:Wars involving France">Wars involving France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Colonial_Brazil" title="Category:Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1610s_in_Brazil" title="Category:1610s in Brazil">1610s in Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Warfare_of_the_early_modern_period" title="Category:Warfare of the early modern period">Warfare of the early modern period</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Brazil" title="Category:Wars involving Brazil">Wars involving Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Brazil" title="Category:Military history of Brazil">Military history of Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Portugal" title="Category:Military history of Portugal">Military history of Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_France" title="Category:Military history of France">Military history of France</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2023">Articles needing additional references from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 October 2024, at 12:13<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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