CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Calvin Coolidge - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"afadcf4d-7d5a-4654-a587-d906334368a1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Calvin_Coolidge","wgTitle":"Calvin Coolidge","wgCurRevisionId":1275478689,"wgRevisionId":1275478689,"wgArticleId":6195,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2023","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Featured articles","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use American English from April 2020","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use mdy dates from March 2024","Articles with hAudio microformats","Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch", "Articles with Project Gutenberg links","Articles with Internet Archive links","People appearing on C-SPAN","Articles with excerpts","Articles containing video clips","Calvin Coolidge","1872 births","1933 deaths","19th-century Congregationalists","20th-century American male writers","20th-century American non-fiction writers","20th-century Congregationalists","20th-century members of the Massachusetts General Court","20th-century presidents of the United States","20th-century vice presidents of the United States","1920 United States vice-presidential candidates","Activists for Native American rights","American anti-lynching activists","American autobiographers","American Congregationalists","American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law","American people of English descent","Amherst College alumni","Appleton family","Candidates in the 1920 United States presidential election","Candidates in the 1924 United States presidential election","College Republicans", "Coolidge family","Deaths from coronary thrombosis","Governors of Massachusetts","Harding administration cabinet members","Lieutenant governors of Massachusetts","Massachusetts city council members","Massachusetts lawyers","Massachusetts Republicans","Massachusetts state senators","Mayors of places in Massachusetts","Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives","Members of the Sons of the American Revolution","People from Plymouth, Vermont","Politicians from Northampton, Massachusetts","Presidents of the United States","Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees","Republican Party (United States) vice presidential nominees","Republican Party governors of Massachusetts","Republican Party presidents of the United States","Republican Party vice presidents of the United States","St. Johnsbury Academy alumni","Vice presidents of the United States","Writers from Northampton, Massachusetts","Writers from Vermont"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Calvin_Coolidge","wgRelevantArticleId":6195,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q36023","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList", "mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible", "mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Calvin-Coolidge_portrait_1924_%28cropped%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1540"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Calvin-Coolidge_portrait_1924_%28cropped%29.png/800px-Calvin-Coolidge_portrait_1924_%28cropped%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1027"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Calvin-Coolidge_portrait_1924_%28cropped%29.png/640px-Calvin-Coolidge_portrait_1924_%28cropped%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="821"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Calvin Coolidge - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Calvin_Coolidge rootpage-Calvin_Coolidge skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Calvin+Coolidge" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Calvin+Coolidge" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Calvin+Coolidge" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Calvin+Coolidge" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_family_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_family_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life and family history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_family_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_career_and_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career_and_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early career and marriage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_career_and_marriage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early career and marriage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_career_and_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education_and_law_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_law_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Education and law practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_law_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Marriage and family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_political_office_(1898−1915)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_political_office_(1898−1915)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Local political office (1898−1915)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Local_political_office_(1898−1915)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Local political office (1898−1915) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Local_political_office_(1898−1915)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-City_offices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_offices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>City offices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_offices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massachusetts_state_legislator_and_mayor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massachusetts_state_legislator_and_mayor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Massachusetts state legislator and mayor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massachusetts_state_legislator_and_mayor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lieutenant_Governor_and_Governor_of_Massachusetts_(1916−1921)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lieutenant_Governor_and_Governor_of_Massachusetts_(1916−1921)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Massachusetts (1916−1921)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lieutenant_Governor_and_Governor_of_Massachusetts_(1916−1921)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Massachusetts (1916−1921) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lieutenant_Governor_and_Governor_of_Massachusetts_(1916−1921)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1918_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1918_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>1918 election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1918_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boston_police_strike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boston_police_strike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Boston police strike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boston_police_strike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1919_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1919_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>1919 election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1919_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation_and_vetoes_as_governor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation_and_vetoes_as_governor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Legislation and vetoes as governor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation_and_vetoes_as_governor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1921–1923)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_presidency_(1921–1923)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vice presidency (1921–1923)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vice_presidency_(1921–1923)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vice presidency (1921–1923) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1921–1923)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1920_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>1920 election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Silent_Cal"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Silent_Cal""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>"Silent Cal"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Silent_Cal"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1923–1929)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1923–1929)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Presidency (1923–1929)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1923–1929)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency (1923–1929) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1923–1929)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1924_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1924_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>1924 election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1924_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry_and_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_and_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Industry and trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry_and_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxation_and_government_spending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation_and_government_spending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Taxation and government spending</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation_and_government_spending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_farm_subsidies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_farm_subsidies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Opposition to farm subsidies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_farm_subsidies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flood_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flood_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Flood control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flood_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Civil rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Cabinet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Judicial appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1928_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1928_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>1928 election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1928_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency_(1929–1933)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency_(1929–1933)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Post-presidency (1929–1933)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency_(1929–1933)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio,_film,_and_commemorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio,_film,_and_commemorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Radio, film, and commemorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio,_film,_and_commemorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works cited subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-About_Coolidge_and_his_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#About_Coolidge_and_his_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>About Coolidge and his era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-About_Coolidge_and_his_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_Coolidge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_Coolidge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>By Coolidge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_Coolidge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Calvin Coolidge</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 131 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-131" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">131 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%8D%E1%89%AA%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%A9%E1%88%8A%E1%8C%85" title="ካልቪን ኩሊጅ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካልቪን ኩሊጅ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%AC" title="كالفين كوليدج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كالفين كوليدج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalvin_Kulic" title="Kalvin Kulic – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kalvin Kulic" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC" title="جان کالوین کولیج – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان کالوین کولیج" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C" title="ক্যালভিন কুলিজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যালভিন কুলিজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Калвин Кулидж – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Калвин Кулидж" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Кальвін Кулідж – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кальвін Кулідж" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Кальвін Кулідж – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кальвін Кулідж" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Калвин Кулидж – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Калвин Кулидж" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Кулидж Джон Калвин – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кулидж Джон Калвин" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%AC%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0_%DE%86%DE%AB%DE%8D%DE%A8%DE%96%DE%B0" title="ކެލްވިން ކޫލިޖް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކެލްވިން ކޫލިޖް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B6" title="Κάλβιν Κούλιτζ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάλβιν Κούλιτζ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC" title="کالوین کولیج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کالوین کولیج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%98%EB%B9%88_%EC%BF%A8%EB%A6%AC%EC%A7%80" title="캘빈 쿨리지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캘빈 쿨리지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%94%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BB" title="Քալվին Քուլիջ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քալվին Քուլիջ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="कॉल्विन कूलिज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कॉल्विन कूलिज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%93%D7%92%27" title="קלווין קולידג' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלווין קולידג'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="კალვინ კულიჯი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კალვინ კულიჯი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Калвин Кулидж – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Калвин Кулидж" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinus_Coolidge" title="Calvinus Coolidge – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Calvinus Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvins_K%C5%ABlid%C5%BEs" title="Kelvins Kūlidžs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kelvins Kūlidžs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%9F" title="Келвин Кулиџ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Келвин Кулиџ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D" title="കാൽവിൻ കൂളിഡ്ജ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാൽവിൻ കൂളിഡ്ജ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="कॅल्विन कूलिज – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॅल्विन कूलिज" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="კალვინ კულიჯი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კალვინ კულიჯი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%AC" title="كالفين كوليدج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كالفين كوليدج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC" title="جان کالوین کولیج – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جان کالوین کولیج" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BA" title="ကယ်လ်ဗင် ကူးလစ်ဂျ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကယ်လ်ဗင် ကူးလစ်ဂျ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%B8" title="カルビン・クーリッジ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルビン・クーリッジ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AC" title="کیلون کولج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیلون کولج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC" title="کالوین کولیج – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کالوین کولیج" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin_Coolidge" title="John Calvin Coolidge – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="John Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalvin_Kulic" title="Kalvin Kulic – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kalvin Kulic" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Кулидж, Калвин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кулидж, Калвин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A" title="කැල්වින් කූලිජ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කැල්වින් කූලිජ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A4%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC" title="کالڤین کولیج – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کالڤین کولیج" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%9F" title="Калвин Кулиџ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Калвин Кулиџ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8D" title="கால்வின் கூலிஜ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கால்வின் கூலிஜ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D2%97" title="Кәлвин Кулиҗ – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кәлвин Кулиҗ" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%8C" title="แคลวิน คูลิดจ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคลวิน คูลิดจ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A7%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%AB%E1%8F%82_%E1%8E%AB%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%A5" title="ᎧᎵᏫᏂ ᎫᎵᏥ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎧᎵᏫᏂ ᎫᎵᏥ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Калвін Кулідж – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Калвін Кулідж" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AC" title="کیلون کولج – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیلون کولج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E7%AB%8B%E8%8A%9D" title="卡爾文·柯立芝 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="卡爾文·柯立芝" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E7%AB%8B%E8%8A%9D" title="卡尔文·柯立芝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡尔文·柯立芝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9" title="זשאן קעלווין קולידזש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זשאן קעלווין קולידזש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E7%AB%8B%E8%8A%9D" title="卡爾文·柯立芝 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡爾文·柯立芝" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Calvin Coolidge" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalv%C4%97ns_K%C5%ABl%C4%97d%C5%BEos" title="Kalvėns Kūlėdžos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kalvėns Kūlėdžos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E7%AB%8B%E8%8A%9D" title="卡尔文·柯立芝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡尔文·柯立芝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36023#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Calvin_Coolidge" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calvin_Coolidge&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calvin_Coolidge&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calvin_Coolidge&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calvin_Coolidge&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Calvin_Coolidge" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Calvin_Coolidge" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calvin_Coolidge&oldid=1275478689" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calvin_Coolidge&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Calvin_Coolidge&id=1275478689&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCalvin_Coolidge"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCalvin_Coolidge"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Calvin_Coolidge&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calvin_Coolidge&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Calvin_Coolidge" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36023" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of the United States from 1923 to 1929</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For his grandfather, the Vermont state representative, see <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Galusha_Coolidge" title="Calvin Galusha Coolidge">Calvin Galusha Coolidge</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"John Calvin Coolidge" redirects here. For his father, see <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin_Coolidge_Sr." title="John Calvin Coolidge Sr.">John Calvin Coolidge Sr.</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Calvin Coolidge</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Calvin-Coolidge_portrait_1924_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Calvin Coolidge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Calvin-Coolidge_portrait_1924_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Calvin-Coolidge_portrait_1924_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Calvin-Coolidge_portrait_1924_%28cropped%29.png/330px-Calvin-Coolidge_portrait_1924_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Calvin-Coolidge_portrait_1924_%28cropped%29.png/440px-Calvin-Coolidge_portrait_1924_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="1363" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Coolidge in 1924</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">30th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>None</i> <span class="nowrap">(1923–1925)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a><br />(1925–1929)</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">29th <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Warren G. Harding</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Charles G. Dawes</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">48th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 2, 1919 – January 6, 1921</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts">Lieutenant</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Channing H. Cox</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._McCall" title="Samuel W. McCall">Samuel W. McCall</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Channing_H._Cox" title="Channing H. Cox">Channing H. Cox</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">46th <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts">Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 6, 1916 – January 2, 1919</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data">Samuel W. McCall</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grafton_D._Cushing" title="Grafton D. Cushing">Grafton D. Cushing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Channing H. Cox</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Massachusetts_Senate" title="President of the Massachusetts Senate">President of the Massachusetts Senate</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 7, 1914 – January 6, 1915</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Levi_H._Greenwood" title="Levi H. Greenwood">Levi H. Greenwood</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gordon_Wells" title="Henry Gordon Wells">Henry Gordon Wells</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate" title="Massachusetts Senate">Massachusetts Senate</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1912 – January 6, 1915</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Allen_T._Treadway" title="Allen T. Treadway">Allen T. Treadway</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">John B. Hull</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data">Berkshire, Hampden, and Hampshire counties</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">16th <a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts#Government" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Mayor of Northampton</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1910 – January 1, 1912</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">James W. O'Brien</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">William Feiker</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives">Massachusetts House of Representatives</a></span><br />from the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_1st_Hampshire_district" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives' 1st Hampshire district">1st Hampshire</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 2, 1907 – January 6, 1909</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Moses M. Bassett</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Charles A. Montgomery</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Calvin Coolidge Jr.</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1872-07-04</span>)</span>July 4, 1872<br /><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Notch,_Vermont" title="Plymouth Notch, Vermont">Plymouth Notch, Vermont</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 5, 1933<span style="display:none">(1933-01-05)</span> (aged 60)<br /><a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Notch_Cemetery" title="Plymouth Notch Cemetery">Plymouth Notch Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Grace_Coolidge" title="Grace Coolidge">Grace Goodhue</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="October 4, 1905">1905</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2, including <a href="/wiki/John_Coolidge" title="John Coolidge">John</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin_Coolidge_Sr." title="John Calvin Coolidge Sr.">John Calvin Coolidge Sr.</a></li><li>Victoria Josephine Moor</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Galusha_Coolidge" title="Calvin Galusha Coolidge">Calvin Galusha Coolidge</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Pollard" title="Park Pollard">Park Pollard</a> (cousin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">AB</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>lawyer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C_Coolidge_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calvin Coolidge's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/C_Coolidge_signature.svg/128px-C_Coolidge_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/C_Coolidge_signature.svg/192px-C_Coolidge_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/C_Coolidge_signature.svg/256px-C_Coolidge_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="183" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Speech_on_Taxes,_Liberty,_and_the_Philosophy_of_Government,_by_Calvin_Coolidge.ogg" title="File:Speech on Taxes, Liberty, and the Philosophy of Government, by Calvin Coolidge.ogg">Calvin Coolidge's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="221" data-mwtitle="Speech_on_Taxes,_Liberty,_and_the_Philosophy_of_Government,_by_Calvin_Coolidge.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/Speech_on_Taxes%2C_Liberty%2C_and_the_Philosophy_of_Government%2C_by_Calvin_Coolidge.ogg/Speech_on_Taxes%2C_Liberty%2C_and_the_Philosophy_of_Government%2C_by_Calvin_Coolidge.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Speech_on_Taxes%2C_Liberty%2C_and_the_Philosophy_of_Government%2C_by_Calvin_Coolidge.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASpeech_on_Taxes%2C_Liberty%2C_and_the_Philosophy_of_Government%2C_by_Calvin_Coolidge.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASpeech_on_Taxes%2C_Liberty%2C_and_the_Philosophy_of_Government%2C_by_Calvin_Coolidge.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Coolidge speaking on <a href="/wiki/Government_spending_in_the_United_States" title="Government spending in the United States">government spending</a><br />Recorded July 4, 1920</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Calvin Coolidge Jr.</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KOOL</span>-ij</i></a>; July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) was the 30th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, serving from 1923 to 1929. A <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> lawyer from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, he previously served as the 29th <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a> from 1921 to 1923 under President <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a>, and as the 48th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">governor of Massachusetts</a> from 1919 to 1921. Coolidge gained a reputation as a <a href="/wiki/Small-government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-government">small-government</a> conservative with a taciturn personality and dry sense of humor that earned him the nickname "<b>Silent Cal</b>". </p><p>Coolidge began his career as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives">Massachusetts State House</a>. He rose up the ranks of Massachusetts politics and was elected governor <a href="/wiki/1918_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1918 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">in 1918</a>. As governor, Coolidge ran on the record of <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">fiscal conservatism</a>, strong support for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>, and vague opposition to <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a111McCoy196775–76_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a111McCoy196775–76-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His prompt and effective response to the <a href="/wiki/Boston_police_strike" title="Boston police strike">Boston police strike</a> of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight as a man of decisive action. The following year, the Republican Party nominated Coolidge as the running mate to Senator <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 presidential election</a>, which they won in a <a href="/wiki/Landslide_victory" title="Landslide victory">landslide</a>. Coolidge served as vice president until Harding's death in 1923, after which he assumed the presidency. </p><p>During his presidency, Coolidge restored public confidence in the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> after the public had to endure many of the <a href="/wiki/Harding_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Harding administration">Harding administration</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding#Scandals" title="Warren G. Harding">scandals</a>. He signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act_of_1924" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Citizenship Act of 1924">Indian Citizenship Act of 1924</a>, which granted <a href="/wiki/U.S._citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. citizenship">U.S. citizenship</a> to all Native Americans, and oversaw a period of rapid and expansive economic growth known as the "<a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a>", leaving office with considerable popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967420–421Greenberg200649–53_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967420–421Greenberg200649–53-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was known for his hands-off governing approach and pro-business stance; biographer <a href="/wiki/Claude_Fuess" title="Claude Fuess">Claude Fuess</a> wrote: "He embodied the spirit and hopes of the middle class, could interpret their longings and express their opinions. That he did represent the genius of the average is the most convincing proof of his strength."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940500_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940500-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coolidge <a href="/wiki/I_do_not_choose_to_run" title="I do not choose to run">chose not to run</a> again in <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a>, remarking that ten years as president would be "longer than any other man has had it—too long!"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coolidge is widely admired for his stalwart support of <a href="/wiki/Racial_equality" title="Racial equality">racial equality</a> during a period of heightened racial tension,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a12–13Greenberg20061–7_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a12–13Greenberg20061–7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is highly regarded by advocates of smaller government and <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a></i> economics; supporters of an active central government generally view him far less favorably. His critics argue that he failed to use the country's economic boom to help struggling farmers and workers in other flailing industries,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is still much <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression#Calvin_Coolidge_(1923–29)" title="Causes of the Great Depression">debate</a> among historians about the extent to which Coolidge's economic policies contributed to the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, which began shortly after he left office.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States#Scholar_survey_summary" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">ranked</a> Coolidge in the lower half of U.S. presidents. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_family_history">Early life and family history</h2></div> <p>John Calvin Coolidge Jr. was born on July 4, 1872, in <a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Vermont" title="Plymouth, Vermont">Plymouth Notch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>—the only U.S. president to be born on <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a>. He was the elder of the two children of <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin_Coolidge_Sr." title="John Calvin Coolidge Sr.">John Calvin Coolidge Sr.</a> (1845–1926) and Victoria Josephine Moor (1846–1885). Although named for his father, from early childhood Coolidge was addressed by his middle name. The name Calvin was used in multiple generations of the Coolidge family, apparently selected in honor of <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformer" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformer">Protestant Reformer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coolidge Senior engaged in many occupations and developed a statewide reputation as a prosperous farmer, storekeeper, and public servant. He held various local offices, including <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">justice of the peace</a> and tax collector and served in both houses of the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_General_Assembly" title="Vermont General Assembly">Vermont General Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a22_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a22-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Coolidge was 12 years old, his chronically ill mother died at the age of 39, perhaps from <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. His younger sister, Abigail Grace Coolidge (1875–1890), died at the age of 15, probably of appendicitis, when Coolidge was 18. Coolidge's father married a Plymouth schoolteacher in 1891, and lived to the age of 80.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess194017McCoy19675White193811_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess194017McCoy19675White193811-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Coolidge's earliest American ancestor, John Coolidge, emigrated from <a href="/wiki/Cottenham" title="Cottenham">Cottenham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, around 1630 and settled in <a href="/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts" title="Watertown, Massachusetts">Watertown, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess194012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess194012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coolidge also descended from <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Appleton_(born_1625)" title="Samuel Appleton (born 1625)">Samuel Appleton</a>, who settled in <a href="/wiki/Ipswich,_Massachusetts" title="Ipswich, Massachusetts">Ipswich</a> and led the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> during <a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1995199_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1995199-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coolidge's great-great-grandfather, another John Coolidge, was an American military officer in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a> and one of the first <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Selectmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Selectmen">selectmen</a> of the town of Plymouth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess19407_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess19407-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grandfather <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Galusha_Coolidge" title="Calvin Galusha Coolidge">Calvin Galusha Coolidge</a> served in the Vermont House of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a24_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a24-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His cousin <a href="/wiki/Park_Pollard" title="Park Pollard">Park Pollard</a> was a businessman in <a href="/wiki/Cavendish,_Vermont" title="Cavendish, Vermont">Cavendish, Vermont</a> and the longtime chair of the Vermont Democratic Party.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coolidge's mother was the daughter of Hiram Dunlap Moor, a Plymouth Notch farmer, and Abigail Franklin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge192912_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge192912-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PlymouthVT_CalvinCoolidgeHouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Coolidge Homestead in Plymouth Notch, Vermont"><img alt="The Coolidge Homestead in Plymouth Notch, Vermont" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/PlymouthVT_CalvinCoolidgeHouse.jpg/339px-PlymouthVT_CalvinCoolidgeHouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/PlymouthVT_CalvinCoolidgeHouse.jpg/509px-PlymouthVT_CalvinCoolidgeHouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/PlymouthVT_CalvinCoolidgeHouse.jpg/678px-PlymouthVT_CalvinCoolidgeHouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Coolidge_Homestead" title="Coolidge Homestead">Coolidge Homestead</a> in <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Notch,_Vermont" title="Plymouth Notch, Vermont">Plymouth Notch, Vermont</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CoolidgeAmherst.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coolidge as an Amherst College undergraduate"><img alt="Coolidge as an Amherst College undergraduate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/CoolidgeAmherst.png/169px-CoolidgeAmherst.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/CoolidgeAmherst.png/255px-CoolidgeAmherst.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/CoolidgeAmherst.png/339px-CoolidgeAmherst.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coolidge as an <a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst College</a> undergraduate</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career_and_marriage">Early career and marriage</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_law_practice">Education and law practice</h3></div><p> Coolidge attended the <a href="/wiki/Black_River_Academy" title="Black River Academy">Black River Academy</a> and then <a href="/wiki/St._Johnsbury_Academy" title="St. Johnsbury Academy">St. Johnsbury Academy</a> before enrolling at <a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst College</a>, where he distinguished himself in the debating class. As a senior, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Phi_Gamma_Delta" title="Phi Gamma Delta">Phi Gamma Delta</a> fraternity and graduated <i><a href="/wiki/Cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Cum laude">cum laude</a></i>. While at Amherst, Coolidge was profoundly influenced by philosophy professor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Garman" title="Charles Edward Garman">Charles Edward Garman</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States" title="Congregationalism in the United States">Congregational</a> mystic who had a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Hegelianism">neo-Hegelian</a> philosophy. Coolidge explained Garman's ethics forty years later:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[T]here is a standard of righteousness that might does not make right, that the end does not justify the means, and that expediency as a working principle is bound to fail. The only hope of perfecting human relationships is in accordance with the law of service under which men are not so solicitous about what they shall get as they are about what they shall give. Yet people are entitled to the rewards of their industry. What they earn is theirs, no matter how small or how great. But the possession of property carries the obligation to use it in a larger service...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite193843–44_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite193843–44-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>At his father's urging after graduation, Coolidge moved to <a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton, Massachusetts</a>, to become a lawyer. Coolidge followed the common practice of apprenticing with a local law firm, Hammond & Field, and <a href="/wiki/Reading_law" title="Reading law">reading law</a> with them. <a href="/wiki/John_C_Hammond" class="mw-redirect" title="John C Hammond">John C. Hammond</a> and Henry P. Field, both Amherst graduates, introduced Coolidge to practicing law in the county seat of <a href="/wiki/Hampshire_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampshire County, Massachusetts">Hampshire County, Massachusetts</a>. In 1897, Coolidge was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bar_Association" title="Massachusetts Bar Association">Massachusetts bar</a>, becoming a <a href="/wiki/Country_lawyer" title="Country lawyer">country lawyer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShlaes201366–68_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlaes201366–68-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With his savings and a small inheritance from his grandfather, Coolidge opened his own law office in Northampton in 1898. He practiced commercial law, believing that he served his clients best by staying out of court. As his reputation as a hard-working and diligent attorney grew, local banks and other businesses began to retain his services.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess194074–81McCoy196722–26_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess194074–81McCoy196722–26-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coolidge_family_LCCN2014716433.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Coolidge_family_LCCN2014716433.jpg/170px-Coolidge_family_LCCN2014716433.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Coolidge_family_LCCN2014716433.jpg/255px-Coolidge_family_LCCN2014716433.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Coolidge_family_LCCN2014716433.jpg/340px-Coolidge_family_LCCN2014716433.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3408" data-file-height="4265" /></a><figcaption>Coolidge with his family, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1903, Coolidge met <a href="/wiki/Grace_Goodhue" class="mw-redirect" title="Grace Goodhue">Grace Goodhue</a>, a graduate of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vermont" title="University of Vermont">University of Vermont</a> and a teacher at Northampton's <a href="/wiki/Clarke_School_for_the_Deaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarke School for the Deaf">Clarke School for the Deaf</a>. They married on October 4, 1905, at 2:30 p.m. in a small ceremony which took place in the parlor of Grace's family's house, having overcome her mother's objections to the marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryson2013187_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryson2013187-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newlyweds went on a <a href="/wiki/Honeymoon" title="Honeymoon">honeymoon</a> trip to <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, originally planned for two weeks, but cut short by a week at Coolidge's request. After 25 years he wrote of Grace, "for almost a quarter of a century she has borne with my infirmities and I have rejoiced in her graces".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite193861_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite193861-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Coolidges had two sons: <a href="/wiki/John_Coolidge" title="John Coolidge">John</a> (1906–2000) and Calvin Jr. (1908–1924). On June 30, 1924, Calvin Jr. had played <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> with his brother on the White House tennis courts without putting on socks and developed a <a href="/wiki/Blister" title="Blister">blister</a> on one of his toes. The blister subsequently degenerated into <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>. Calvin Jr. died a little over a week later at the age of 16.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The President never forgave himself for Calvin Jr's death.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His eldest son John said it "hurt [Coolidge] terribly", and psychiatric biographer Robert E. Gilbert, author of<i> The Tormented President: Calvin Coolidge, Death, and Clinical Depression</i>, said that Coolidge "ceased to function as President after the death of his sixteen-year-old son". Gilbert explains in his book how Coolidge displayed all ten of the symptoms listed by the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a> as evidence of <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a> following Calvin Jr.'s sudden death.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John later became a railroad executive, helped to start the Coolidge Foundation, and was instrumental in creating the <a href="/wiki/President_Calvin_Coolidge_State_Historic_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="President Calvin Coolidge State Historic Site">President Calvin Coolidge State Historic Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2000_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2000-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coolidge was frugal, and when it came to securing a home, he insisted upon renting. He and his wife attended Northampton's Edwards <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational</a> Church before and after his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShlaes201391_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlaes201391-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_political_office_(1898−1915)"><span id="Local_political_office_.281898.E2.88.921915.29"></span>Local political office (1898−1915)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_offices">City offices</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> was dominant in New England at the time, and Coolidge followed the example of Hammond and Field by becoming active in local politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a49–51_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a49–51-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1896, Coolidge campaigned for Republican presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>, and was selected to be a member of the Republican City Committee the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite193851–53_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite193851–53-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1898, he won election to the <a href="/wiki/City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="City Council">City Council</a> of Northampton, placing second in a ward where the top three candidates were elected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a49–51_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a49–51-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The position offered no salary but provided Coolidge with valuable political experience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess194083_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess194083-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1899, he was chosen City Solicitor by the City Council. He was elected for a one-year term in 1900, and reelected in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess194084–85_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess194084–85-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This position gave Coolidge more experience as a lawyer and paid a salary of $600 (equivalent to $21,974 in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess194084–85_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess194084–85-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1902, the city council selected a Democrat for city solicitor, and Coolidge returned to private practice. Soon thereafter, however, the <a href="/wiki/Court_clerk" title="Court clerk">clerk of courts</a> for the county died, and Coolidge was chosen to replace him. The position paid well, but it barred him from practicing law, so he remained at the job for only one year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy196729_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy196729-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1904, Coolidge suffered his sole defeat at the ballot box, losing an election to the Northampton <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Education">school board</a>. When told that some of his neighbors voted against him because he had no children in the schools he would govern, the recently married Coolidge replied, "Might give me time!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy196729_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy196729-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massachusetts_state_legislator_and_mayor">Massachusetts state legislator and mayor</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/134th_Massachusetts_General_Court_(1913)" class="mw-redirect" title="134th Massachusetts General Court (1913)">134th Massachusetts General Court (1913)</a>, <a href="/wiki/135th_Massachusetts_General_Court_(1914)" class="mw-redirect" title="135th Massachusetts General Court (1914)">135th Massachusetts General Court (1914)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/136th_Massachusetts_General_Court_(1915)" class="mw-redirect" title="136th Massachusetts General Court (1915)">136th Massachusetts General Court (1915)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1908_Calvin_Coolidge_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/1908_Calvin_Coolidge_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives.png/170px-1908_Calvin_Coolidge_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/1908_Calvin_Coolidge_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives.png 1.5x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>Coolidge as a state representative in 1908</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1906, the local Republican committee nominated Coolidge for election to the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives">Massachusetts House of Representatives</a>. He won a close victory over the incumbent Democrat, and reported to <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> for the 1907 session of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court" title="Massachusetts General Court">Massachusetts General Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a61_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a61-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his freshman term, Coolidge served on minor committees and, although he usually voted with the party, was known as a <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive Republican</a>, voting in favor of such measures as <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">direct election of Senators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a62Fuess194099_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a62Fuess194099-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in Boston, Coolidge became an ally, and then a liegeman, of then U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Winthrop_Murray_Crane" class="mw-redirect" title="Winthrop Murray Crane">Winthrop Murray Crane</a> who controlled the western faction of the Massachusetts Republican Party; Crane's party rival in the east of the commonwealth was U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Henry Cabot Lodge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a63–66_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a63–66-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coolidge forged another key strategic alliance with <a href="/wiki/Guy_Currier" class="mw-redirect" title="Guy Currier">Guy Currier</a>, who had served in both state houses and had the social distinction, wealth, personal charm and broad circle of friends which Coolidge lacked, and which would have a lasting impact on his political career.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite193899–102_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite193899–102-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1907, he was elected to a second term, and in the 1908 session Coolidge was more outspoken, though not in a leadership position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a68–69_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a68–69-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instead of vying for another term in the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_State_House" title="Massachusetts State House">State House</a>, Coolidge returned home to his growing family and ran for mayor of Northampton when the incumbent Democrat retired. He was well liked in the town, and defeated his challenger by a vote of 1,597 to 1,409.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a72_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a72-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his first term (1910 to 1911), he increased teachers' salaries and retired some of the city's debt while still managing to effect a slight tax decrease.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940106–107Sobel1998a74_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940106–107Sobel1998a74-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was renominated in 1911, and defeated the same opponent by a slightly larger margin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940108_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940108-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1911, the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate" title="Massachusetts Senate">State Senator</a> for the Hampshire County area retired and successfully encouraged Coolidge to run for his seat for the 1912 session; Coolidge defeated his Democratic opponent by a large margin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a76_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a76-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the start of that term, he became chairman of a committee to arbitrate the "<a href="/wiki/Bread_and_Roses" title="Bread and Roses">Bread and Roses</a>" strike by the workers of the <a href="/wiki/American_Woolen_Company" title="American Woolen Company">American Woolen Company</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Massachusetts" title="Lawrence, Massachusetts">Lawrence, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After two tense months, the company agreed to the workers' demands, in a settlement proposed by the committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940110–111McCoy196745–46_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940110–111McCoy196745–46-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major issue affecting Massachusetts Republicans that year was the <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">party split</a> between the progressive wing, which favored <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, and the conservative wing, which favored <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>. Although he favored some progressive measures, Coolidge refused to leave the Republican party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a79–80Fuess1940111_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a79–80Fuess1940111-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the new <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive Party</a> declined to run a candidate in his state senate district, Coolidge won reelection against his Democratic opponent by an increased margin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a79–80Fuess1940111_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a79–80Fuess1940111-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;">"Do the day's work. If it be to protect the rights of the weak, whoever objects, do it. If it be to help a powerful corporation better to serve the people, whatever the opposition, do that. Expect to be called a stand-patter, but don't be a stand-patter. Expect to be called a demagogue, but don't be a demagogue. Don't hesitate to be as revolutionary as science. Don't hesitate to be as reactionary as the multiplication table. Don't expect to build up the weak by pulling down the strong. Don't hurry to legislate. Give administration a chance to catch up with legislation." </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">"Have Faith in Massachusetts" as delivered by Calvin Coolidge to the Massachusetts State Senate, 1914<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge19192–9_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge19192–9-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the 1913 session, Coolidge enjoyed renowned success in arduously navigating to passage the Western Trolley Act, which connected Northampton with a dozen similar industrial communities in <a href="/wiki/Western_Massachusetts" title="Western Massachusetts">Western Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1938105_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1938105-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coolidge intended to retire after his second term as was the custom, but when the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Massachusetts_Senate" title="President of the Massachusetts Senate">president of the state senate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levi_H._Greenwood" title="Levi H. Greenwood">Levi H. Greenwood</a>, considered running for lieutenant governor, Coolidge decided to run again for the Senate in the hopes of being elected as its presiding officer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940114–115_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940114–115-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Greenwood later decided to run for reelection to the Senate, he was defeated primarily due to his opposition to women's suffrage; Coolidge was in favor of the women's vote, won his re-election, and with Crane's help, assumed the presidency of a closely divided Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1938111_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1938111-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his election in January 1914, Coolidge delivered a published and frequently quoted speech entitled <i>Have Faith in Massachusetts</i>, which summarized his philosophy of government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge19192–9_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge19192–9-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coolidge's speech was well received, and he attracted some admirers on its account;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a90–92_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a90–92-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> towards the end of the term, many of them were proposing his name for nomination to lieutenant governor. After winning reelection to the Senate by an increased margin in the 1914 elections, Coolidge was reelected unanimously to be President of the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a90Fuess1940124_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a90Fuess1940124-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coolidge's supporters, led by fellow Amherst alumnus <a href="/wiki/Frank_Stearns" title="Frank Stearns">Frank Stearns</a>, encouraged him again to run for lieutenant governor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a92–98Fuess1940133–136_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a92–98Fuess1940133–136-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stearns, an executive with the Boston department store R. H. Stearns, became another key ally, and began a publicity campaign on Coolidge's behalf before he announced his candidacy at the end of the 1915 legislative session.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1938117_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1938117-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lieutenant_Governor_and_Governor_of_Massachusetts_(1916−1921)"><span id="Lieutenant_Governor_and_Governor_of_Massachusetts_.281916.E2.88.921921.29"></span>Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Massachusetts (1916−1921)</h2></div> <p>Coolidge entered the <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary election</a> for lieutenant governor and was nominated to run alongside gubernatorial candidate <a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._McCall" title="Samuel W. McCall">Samuel W. McCall</a>. Coolidge was the leading vote-getter in the Republican primary, and <a href="/wiki/Ticket_balance" title="Ticket balance">balanced</a> the Republican ticket by adding a western presence to McCall's eastern base of support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940139–142_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940139–142-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCall and Coolidge won the 1915 election to their respective one-year terms, with Coolidge defeating his opponent by more than 50,000 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940145_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940145-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Massachusetts, the lieutenant governor does not preside over the state Senate, as is the case in many other states; nevertheless, as lieutenant governor, Coolidge was a deputy governor functioning as an administrative inspector and was a member of the governor's council. He was also chairman of the finance committee and the pardons committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1938125_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1938125-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a full-time elected official, Coolidge discontinued his law practice in 1916, though his family continued to live in Northampton.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940151–152_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940151–152-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCall and Coolidge were both reelected in 1916 and again in 1917. When McCall decided that he would not stand for a fourth term, Coolidge announced his intention to run for governor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a107–110_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a107–110-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1918_election">1918 election</h3></div> <p>Coolidge was unopposed for the Republican nomination for <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of governors of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a> in <a href="/wiki/1918_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1918 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">1918</a>. He and his running mate, <a href="/wiki/Channing_Cox" class="mw-redirect" title="Channing Cox">Channing Cox</a>, a Boston lawyer and Speaker of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives">Massachusetts House of Representatives</a>, ran on the previous administration's record: <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">fiscal conservatism</a>, a vague opposition to <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a>, support for women's suffrage, and support for American involvement in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a111McCoy196775–76_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a111McCoy196775–76-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issue of the war proved divisive, especially among <a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Americans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a112_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a112-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coolidge was elected by a margin of 16,773 votes over his opponent, <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Long" title="Richard H. Long">Richard H. Long</a>, in the smallest margin of victory of any of his statewide campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a115McCoy196776_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a115McCoy196776-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boston_police_strike">Boston police strike</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boston_police_strike" title="Boston police strike">Boston police strike</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coolidge_inspects_militia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coolidge_inspects_militia.jpg/170px-Coolidge_inspects_militia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coolidge_inspects_militia.jpg/255px-Coolidge_inspects_militia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coolidge_inspects_militia.jpg/340px-Coolidge_inspects_militia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>Coolidge inspects militia in Boston police strike</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1919, in reaction to a plan of the policemen of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Police_Department" title="Boston Police Department">Boston Police Department</a> to register with a <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">union</a>, Police Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Edwin_U._Curtis" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin U. Curtis">Edwin U. Curtis</a> announced that such an act would not be tolerated. In August of that year, the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> issued a charter to the Boston Police Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell197577–79Sobel1998a129_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell197577–79Sobel1998a129-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curtis declared the union's leaders were guilty of insubordination and would be relieved of duty, but indicated he would cancel their suspension if the union was dissolved by September 4.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell197586–87_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell197586–87-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mayor of Boston, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_James_Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew James Peters">Andrew Peters</a>, convinced Curtis to delay his action for a few days, but with no results, and Curtis suspended the union leaders on September 8.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1975111–113Sobel1998a133–136_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1975111–113Sobel1998a133–136-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following day, about three-quarters of the policemen in Boston went on strike.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1975113_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1975113-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coolidge, tacitly but fully in support of Curtis' position, closely monitored the situation but initially deferred to the local authorities. He anticipated that only a resulting measure of lawlessness could sufficiently prompt the public to understand and appreciate the controlling principle – that a policeman does not strike. That night and the next, there was sporadic violence and rioting in the unruly city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1938162–164_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1938162–164-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peters, concerned about <a href="/wiki/Sympathy_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathy strike">sympathy strikes</a> by the firemen and others, called up some units of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_National_Guard" title="Massachusetts National Guard">Massachusetts National Guard</a> stationed in the Boston area pursuant to an old and obscure legal authority, and relieved Curtis of duty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1975120_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1975120-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;">"Your assertion that the Commissioner was wrong cannot justify the wrong of leaving the city unguarded. That furnished the opportunity; the criminal element furnished the action. There is no right to strike against the public safety by anyone, anywhere, any time. ... I am equally determined to defend the sovereignty of Massachusetts and to maintain the authority and jurisdiction over her public officers where it has been placed by the Constitution and laws of her people." </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">"Telegram from Governor Calvin Coolidge to Samuel Gompers", September 14, 1919<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge1919222–224_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge1919222–224-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Coolidge, sensing the severity of circumstances were then in need of his intervention, conferred with Crane's operative, William Butler, and then acted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1938164–165_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1938164–165-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He called up more units of the National Guard, restored Curtis to office, and took personal control of the police force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a142_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a142-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curtis proclaimed that all of the strikers were fired from their jobs, and Coolidge called for a new police force to be recruited.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1975182–183_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1975182–183-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That night Coolidge received a telegram from AFL leader <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers" title="Samuel Gompers">Samuel Gompers</a>. "Whatever disorder has occurred", Gompers wrote, "is due to Curtis's order in which the right of the policemen has been denied…"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a143_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a143-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coolidge publicly answered Gompers's telegram, denying any justification whatsoever for the strike – and his response launched him into the national consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a143_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a143-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newspapers across the nation picked up on Coolidge's statement and he became the newest hero to opponents of the strike. Amid of the <a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a>, many Americans were terrified of the spread of <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> revolutions, like those that had taken place in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%9319" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–19">Germany</a>. While Coolidge had lost some friends among organized labor, conservatives across the nation had seen a rising star.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShlaes2013174–179_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlaes2013174–179-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he usually acted with deliberation, the Boston police strike gave him a national reputation as a decisive leader, and as a strict enforcer of law and order. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1919_election">1919 election</h3></div> <p>Coolidge and Cox were renominated for their respective offices in <a href="/wiki/1919_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1919 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">1919</a>. By this time Coolidge's supporters (especially Stearns) had publicized his actions in the Police Strike around the state and the nation and some of Coolidge's speeches were published in book form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge19192–9_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge19192–9-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He faced the same opponent as in 1918, Richard Long, but this time Coolidge defeated him by 125,101 votes, more than seven times his margin of victory from a year earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His actions in the police strike, combined with the massive electoral victory, led to suggestions that Coolidge run for president in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940239–243McCoy1967102–113_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940239–243McCoy1967102–113-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislation_and_vetoes_as_governor">Legislation and vetoes as governor</h3></div> <p>By the time Coolidge was inaugurated on January 2, 1919, the First World War had ended, and Coolidge pushed the legislature to give a $100 bonus (equivalent to $1,757 in 2023) to Massachusetts veterans. He also signed a bill reducing the work week for women and <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">children</a> from fifty-four hours to forty-eight, saying, "We must humanize the industry, or the system will break down."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a117Fuess1940195_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a117Fuess1940195-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He signed into law a budget that kept the tax rates the same, while trimming $4 million from expenditures, thus allowing the state to retire some of its debt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940186_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940186-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coolidge also wielded the veto pen as governor. His most publicized veto prevented an increase in legislators' pay by 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940187McCoy196781_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940187McCoy196781-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he was personally opposed to Prohibition, he vetoed a bill in May 1920 that would have allowed the sale of beer or wine of <a href="/wiki/Low-alcohol_beer#Small_beer" title="Low-alcohol beer">2.75% alcohol or less</a>, in Massachusetts in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>. "Opinions and instructions do not outmatch the Constitution," he said in his veto message. "Against it, they are void."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940187–188_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940187–188-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vice_presidency_(1921–1923)"><span id="Vice_presidency_.281921.E2.80.931923.29"></span>Vice presidency (1921–1923)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920_election">1920 election</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 United States presidential election</a></div> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 Republican National Convention</a>, most of the delegates were selected by state party caucuses, not primaries. As such, the field was divided among many local favorites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a152–153_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a152–153-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coolidge was one such candidate, and while he placed as high as sixth in the voting, the powerful party bosses running the convention, primarily the party's U.S. Senators, never considered him seriously.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1938198–199_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1938198–199-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After ten ballots, the bosses and then the delegates settled on Senator <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> as their nominee for president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940259–260_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940259–260-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the time came to select a vice presidential nominee, the bosses also made and announced their decision on whom they wanted – Sen. <a href="/wiki/Irvine_Lenroot" title="Irvine Lenroot">Irvine Lenroot</a> of Wisconsin – and then prematurely departed after his name was put forth, relying on the rank and file to confirm their decision. A delegate from <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallace_McCamant" title="Wallace McCamant">Wallace McCamant</a>, having read <i>Have Faith in Massachusetts</i>, proposed Coolidge for vice president instead. The suggestion caught on quickly with the masses starving for an act of independence from the absent bosses, and Coolidge was unexpectedly nominated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1938211–213_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1938211–213-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Democrats nominated another Ohioan, <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a>, for president and the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, for vice president. The question of the United States joining the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> was a major issue in the campaign, as was the unfinished legacy of <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a204–212_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a204–212-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harding ran a "<a href="/wiki/Front_porch_campaign" title="Front porch campaign">front-porch" campaign</a> from his home in <a href="/wiki/Marion,_Ohio" title="Marion, Ohio">Marion, Ohio</a>, but Coolidge took to the campaign trail in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper South">Upper South</a>, New York, and New England – his audiences carefully limited to those familiar with Coolidge and those placing a premium upon concise and short speeches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1938217–219_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1938217–219-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 2, 1920, Harding and Coolidge were victorious in a landslide, winning more than 60 percent of the popular vote, including every state outside the South.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a204–212_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a204–212-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also won in <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, the first time a Republican ticket had won a Southern state since <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a204–212_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a204–212-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Silent_Cal""><span id=".22Silent_Cal.22"></span>"Silent Cal"</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HardingCoolidge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/HardingCoolidge.jpg/220px-HardingCoolidge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/HardingCoolidge.jpg/330px-HardingCoolidge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/HardingCoolidge.jpg/440px-HardingCoolidge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2777" data-file-height="2617" /></a><figcaption>President Harding and Vice President Coolidge with their wives</figcaption></figure> <p>The U.S. vice-presidency did not carry many official duties, but Coolidge was invited by President Harding to attend cabinet meetings, making him the first vice president to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a210–211_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a210–211-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave a number of unremarkable speeches around the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a219McCoy1967136_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a219McCoy1967136-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As vice president, Coolidge and his vivacious wife <a href="/wiki/Grace_Coolidge" title="Grace Coolidge">Grace</a> were invited to quite a few parties, where the legend of "Silent Cal" was born. It is from this time that most of the jokes and anecdotes involving Coolidge originate, such as Coolidge being "silent in five languages".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Coolidge was known to be a skilled and effective public speaker, in private he was a man of few words and was commonly referred to as "Silent Cal". </p><p>An apocryphal story has it that a person seated next to him at a dinner said to him, "I made a bet today that I could get more than two words out of you." He replied, "You lose."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannaford169_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannaford169-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on April 22, 1924, Coolidge himself said that the "You lose" quotation never occurred. The story about it was related by Frank B. Noyes, President of the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, to their membership at their annual luncheon at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel, when toasting and introducing Coolidge, who was the invited speaker. After the introduction and before his prepared remarks, Coolidge said to the membership, "Your President [referring to Noyes] has given you a perfect example of one of those rumors now current in Washington which is without any foundation."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coolidge often seemed uncomfortable among fashionable Washington society; when asked why he continued to attend so many of their dinner parties, he replied, "Got to eat somewhere."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a217_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a217-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alice_Roosevelt_Longworth" title="Alice Roosevelt Longworth">Alice Roosevelt Longworth</a>, a leading Republican wit, underscored Coolidge's silence and his dour personality: "When he wished he were elsewhere, he pursed his lips, folded his arms, and said nothing. He looked then precisely as though he had been weaned on a pickle."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECordery2008302_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECordery2008302-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coolidge and his wife, Grace, who was a great baseball fan, once attended a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Washington_Senators_(1901%E2%80%931960)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Washington Senators (1901–1960)">Washington Senators</a> game and sat through all nine innings without saying a word, except once when he asked her the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryson2013194_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryson2013194-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As president, Coolidge's reputation as a quiet man continued. "The words of a President have an enormous weight," he would later write, "and ought not to be used indiscriminately."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a243_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a243-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coolidge was aware of his stiff reputation; indeed, he cultivated it. "I think the American people want a solemn ass as a President," he once told <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Barrymore" title="Ethel Barrymore">Ethel Barrymore</a>, "and I think I will go along with them."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg200660_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg200660-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians suggest that Coolidge's image was created deliberately as a campaign tactic,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley2003615–618_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2003615–618-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others believe his withdrawn and quiet behavior to be natural, deepening after the death of his son in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Parker" title="Dorothy Parker">Dorothy Parker</a>, upon learning that Coolidge had died, reportedly remarked, "How can they tell?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg20069_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg20069-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1923–1929)"><span id="Presidency_.281923.E2.80.931929.29"></span>Presidency (1923–1929)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Presidency of Calvin Coolidge</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge">First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency</a>.</div> <p>On August 2, 1923, President Harding died unexpectedly from a heart attack in San Francisco while on a speaking tour of the western United States. Vice President Coolidge was in Vermont visiting <a href="/wiki/Coolidge_Homestead" title="Coolidge Homestead">his family home</a>, which had neither electricity nor a telephone, when he received word by messenger of Harding's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940308–309_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940308–309-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coolidge dressed, said a prayer, and came downstairs to greet the reporters who had assembled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940308–309_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940308–309-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, a <a href="/wiki/Notary_public" title="Notary public">notary public</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace#Massachusetts,_Connecticut,_Vermont" title="Justice of the peace">justice of the peace</a>, administered the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office#United_States" title="Oath of office">oath of office</a> in the family's parlor by the light of a <a href="/wiki/Kerosene_lamp" title="Kerosene lamp">kerosene lamp</a> at 2:47 a.m. on August 3, 1923, whereupon the new President of the United States returned to bed. </p><p>Coolidge returned to Washington the next day, and was sworn in again by Justice <a href="/wiki/Adolph_A._Hoehling_Jr." title="Adolph A. Hoehling Jr.">Adolph A. Hoehling Jr.</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States District Court for the District of Columbia">Supreme Court of the District of Columbia</a>, to forestall any questions about the authority of a state official to administer a federal oath.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940310–315_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940310–315-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This second oath-taking remained a secret until it was revealed by <a href="/wiki/Harry_M._Daugherty" title="Harry M. Daugherty">Harry M. Daugherty</a> in 1932, and confirmed by Hoehling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Confirms_Daugherty's_Story_of_Coolidge's_Second_Oath"_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Confirms_Daugherty's_Story_of_Coolidge's_Second_Oath"-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Hoehling confirmed Daugherty's story, he indicated that Daugherty, then serving as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a>, asked him to administer the oath without fanfare at the <a href="/wiki/Willard_InterContinental_Washington" title="Willard InterContinental Washington">Willard Hotel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Confirms_Daugherty's_Story_of_Coolidge's_Second_Oath"_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Confirms_Daugherty's_Story_of_Coolidge's_Second_Oath"-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Hoehling, he did not question Daugherty's reason for requesting a second oath-taking but assumed it was to resolve any doubt about whether the first swearing-in was valid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Confirms_Daugherty's_Story_of_Coolidge's_Second_Oath"_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Confirms_Daugherty's_Story_of_Coolidge's_Second_Oath"-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CalvinCoolidgeimmigration3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/CalvinCoolidgeimmigration3.jpg/220px-CalvinCoolidgeimmigration3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/CalvinCoolidgeimmigration3.jpg/330px-CalvinCoolidgeimmigration3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/CalvinCoolidgeimmigration3.jpg/440px-CalvinCoolidgeimmigration3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2885" data-file-height="1994" /></a><figcaption>President Coolidge signing appropriation bills for the Veterans Bureau, June 1924</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_1950s" class="mw-redirect" title="United States in the 1950s">United States in the 1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Bradford" title="Mel Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Kerouac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pangle" title="Thomas Pangle">Pangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Wharton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" class="mw-redirect" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Andreessen" title="Marc Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blum_(litigant)" title="Edward Blum (litigant)">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Flynn" title="Michael Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Kauffman" title="Jeremy Kauffman">Kauffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lindell" title="Mike Lindell">Lindell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Posobiec" title="Jack Posobiec">Posobiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Powell" title="Sidney Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libs_of_TikTok" title="Libs of TikTok">Raichik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts (Kevin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susie_Wiles" title="Susie Wiles">Wiles</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground_(book)" title="Losing Ground (book)">Losing Ground</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_decline" title="American decline">American decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advancing_American_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advancing American Freedom (page does not exist)">Advancing American Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Newspapers</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>TV channels</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> <p><b>Websites</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" class="mw-redirect" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Congressional caucuses</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li></ul> <p><b>Economics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gun rights</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li></ul> <p><b>Identity politics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America"><i>ACT!</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> <p><b>Nativist</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> <p><b>Religion</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> <p><b>Watchdog groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Youth/student groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> <p><b>Miscellaneous</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" title="National Conservative Political Action Committee">NCPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_Action" title="Turning Point Action">Turning Point Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican"><i>South Park</i> Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #B0161E; border-bottom:1px solid #B0161E"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The nation initially did not know what to make of Coolidge, who had maintained a low profile in the Harding administration; many had even expected him to be replaced on the ballot in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a226–228Fuess1940303–205Ferrell199843–51_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a226–228Fuess1940303–205Ferrell199843–51-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coolidge believed that those of Harding's men under suspicion were entitled to every presumption of innocence, taking a methodical approach to the scandals, principally the <a href="/wiki/Teapot_Dome_scandal" title="Teapot Dome scandal">Teapot Dome scandal</a>, while others clamored for rapid punishment of those they presumed guilty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1938265_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1938265-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coolidge thought the Senate investigations of the scandals would suffice; this was affirmed by the resulting resignations of those involved. He personally intervened in demanding the resignation of Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Harry_M._Daugherty" title="Harry M. Daugherty">Harry M. Daugherty</a> after he refused to cooperate with the congressional probe. He then set about to confirm that no loose ends remained in the administration, arranging for a full briefing on the wrongdoing. <a href="/wiki/Harry_A._Slattery" title="Harry A. Slattery">Harry A. Slattery</a> reviewed the facts with him, <a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a> analyzed the legal aspects for him and Senator <a href="/wiki/William_E._Borah" class="mw-redirect" title="William E. Borah">William E. Borah</a> assessed and presented the political factors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1938272–277_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1938272–277-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coolidge addressed Congress when it reconvened on December 6, 1923, giving a speech that supported many of Harding's policies, including Harding's formal budgeting process, the enforcement of <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">immigration restrictions</a> and arbitration of coal strikes ongoing in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940328–329Sobel1998a248–249_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940328–329Sobel1998a248–249-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The address to Congress was the first presidential speech to be broadcast over the radio.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShlaes2013271_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlaes2013271-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a> was proclaimed just one month into Coolidge's term, and was generally well received in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940320–322_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940320–322-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1924, the World War I veterans' <a href="/wiki/World_War_Adjusted_Compensation_Act" title="World War Adjusted Compensation Act">World War Adjusted Compensation Act</a> or "Bonus Bill" was passed over his veto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940341_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940341-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coolidge signed the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act</a> later that year, which was aimed at restricting southern and eastern European immigration, but appended a <a href="/wiki/Signing_statement" title="Signing statement">signing statement</a> expressing his unhappiness with the bill's specific exclusion of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese American">Japanese</a> immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940342Sobel1998a269_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940342Sobel1998a269-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just before the Republican Convention began, Coolidge signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1924" title="Revenue Act of 1924">Revenue Act of 1924</a>, which reduced the top marginal tax rate from 58 percent to 46 percent, as well as personal <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> rates across the board, increased the <a href="/wiki/Estate_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Estate tax">estate tax</a> and bolstered it with a new <a href="/wiki/Gift_tax" title="Gift tax">gift tax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a278–279_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a278–279-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 2, 1924, Coolidge signed the act granting citizenship to all Native Americans born in the United States. By that time, two-thirds of them were already citizens, having gained it through marriage, military service (veterans of World War I were granted citizenship in 1919), or the land allotments that had earlier taken place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadsen2015168Kappler1929Landry2016_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadsen2015168Kappler1929Landry2016-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1924_election">1924 election</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1924.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ElectoralCollege1924.svg/280px-ElectoralCollege1924.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ElectoralCollege1924.svg/420px-ElectoralCollege1924.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ElectoralCollege1924.svg/560px-ElectoralCollege1924.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>1924 electoral vote results</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">Republican Convention</a> was held from June 10 to 12, 1924, in Cleveland, Ohio; Coolidge was nominated on the first ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940345–346_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940345–346-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convention nominated <a href="/wiki/Frank_Orren_Lowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Orren Lowden">Frank Lowden</a> of <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> for vice president on the second ballot, but he declined; former Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a> was nominated on the third ballot and accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940345–346_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940345–346-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Democrats held their <a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">convention</a> the next month in New York City. The convention soon deadlocked, and after 103 ballots, the delegates finally agreed on a compromise candidate, <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">Charles W. Bryan</a> nominated for vice president. The Democrats' hopes were buoyed when <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a>, a Republican senator from <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, split from the GOP to form a new <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive Party</a>. Many believed that the split in the Republican Party, like the one in 1912, would allow a Democrat to win the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a300_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a300-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the conventions and the death of his younger son Calvin, Coolidge became withdrawn; he later said that "when he [the son] died, the power and glory of the Presidency went with him."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge1929190_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge1929190-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even as he mourned, Coolidge ran his standard campaign, not mentioning his opponents by name or maligning them, and delivering speeches on his theory of government, including several that were broadcast over the radio.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a300–301_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a300–301-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was the most subdued campaign since 1896, partly because of Coolidge's grief, but also because of his naturally non-confrontational style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a302–303_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a302–303-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other candidates campaigned in a more modern fashion, but despite the split in the Republican party, the results were similar to those of 1920. Coolidge and Dawes won every state outside the South except Wisconsin, La Follette's home state. Coolidge won the election with 382 electoral votes and the popular vote by 2.5 million over his opponents' combined total.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940354_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940354-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry_and_trade">Industry and trade</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lochner_era" title="Lochner era">Lochner era</a></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;">"[I]t is probable that a press which maintains an intimate touch with the business currents of the nation is likely to be more reliable than it would be if it were a stranger to these influences. After all, <b>the chief business of the American people is business</b>. They are profoundly concerned with buying, selling, investing and prospering in the world." </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">"President Calvin Coolidge's address to the American Society of Newspaper Editors", Washington D.C., January 25, 1925<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShlaes2013324_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlaes2013324-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During Coolidge's presidency, the United States experienced a period of rapid economic growth known as the "<a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a>". He left the administration's industrial policy in the hands of his activist Secretary of Commerce, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>, who energetically used government auspices to promote business efficiency and develop airlines and radio.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell199864–65_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell199864–65-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coolidge disdained regulation and demonstrated this by appointing commissioners to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission" title="Interstate Commerce Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</a> who did little to restrict the activities of businesses under their jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell199866–72Sobel1998a318_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell199866–72Sobel1998a318-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regulatory state under Coolidge was, as one biographer described it, "thin to the point of invisibility".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell199872_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell199872-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sobel" title="Robert Sobel">Robert Sobel</a> offers some context of Coolidge's <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a></i> ideology, based on the prevailing understanding of <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a> during his presidency: "As Governor of Massachusetts, Coolidge supported wages and hours legislation, opposed <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">child labor</a>, imposed economic controls during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, favored safety measures in factories, and even worker representation on corporate boards. </p><p>Did he support these measures while president? No, because in the 1920s, such matters were considered the responsibilities of state and local governments."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998b_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998b-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg200647Ferrell199862_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg200647Ferrell199862-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Coolidge did sign the <a href="/wiki/Radio_Act_of_1927" title="Radio Act of 1927">Radio Act of 1927</a> into law that established the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Radio_Commission" title="Federal Radio Commission">Federal Radio Commission</a> (1927–1934), the <a href="/wiki/Equal-time_rule" title="Equal-time rule">equal-time rule</a> for <a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio broadcasters in the United States</a>, and restricted radio <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_license" title="Broadcast license">broadcasting licenses</a> to <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">stations</a> that demonstrated that they served "the public interest, convenience, or necessity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2006131–132_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2006131–132-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1927act_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1927act-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation_and_government_spending">Taxation and government spending</h3></div> <p>Coolidge adopted the taxation policies of his Secretary of the Treasury, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Andrew Mellon</a>, who advocated "scientific taxation" – the notion that lowering taxes will increase, rather than decrease, government receipts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a310–311Greenberg2006127–129_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a310–311Greenberg2006127–129-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress agreed, and tax rates were reduced in Coolidge's term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a310–311Greenberg2006127–129_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a310–311Greenberg2006127–129-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to federal tax cuts, Coolidge proposed reductions in federal expenditures and retiring of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_public_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="United States public debt">federal debt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a310–311Fuess1940382–383_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a310–311Fuess1940382–383-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coolidge's ideas were shared by the Republicans in Congress, and in 1924, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1924" title="Revenue Act of 1924">Revenue Act of 1924</a>, which reduced income tax rates and eliminated all income taxation for some two million people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a310–311Fuess1940382–383_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a310–311Fuess1940382–383-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They reduced taxes again by passing the Revenue Acts of <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1926" title="Revenue Act of 1926">1926</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1928" title="Revenue Act of 1928">1928</a>, all the while continuing to keep spending down so as to reduce the overall federal debt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell1998170_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell1998170-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1927, only the wealthiest 2% of taxpayers paid any federal income tax.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell1998170_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell1998170-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Federal spending remained flat during Coolidge's administration, allowing one-fourth of the federal debt to be retired in total. </p><p>State and local governments saw considerable growth, however, surpassing the federal budget in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell1998174_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell1998174-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1929, after Coolidge's series of tax rate reductions had cut the tax rate to 24 percent on those making over $100,000, the federal government collected more than a billion dollars in income taxes, of which 65 percent was collected from those making over $100,000. In 1921, when the tax rate on people making over $100,000 a year was 73 percent, the federal government collected a little over $700 million in income taxes, of which 30 percent was paid by those making over $100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_farm_subsidies">Opposition to farm subsidies</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coolidge-Dawes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Coolidge-Dawes.jpg/170px-Coolidge-Dawes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Coolidge-Dawes.jpg/255px-Coolidge-Dawes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Coolidge-Dawes.jpg/340px-Coolidge-Dawes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption>Coolidge with his vice president, <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Perhaps the most contentious issue of Coolidge's presidency was relief for farmers. Some in Congress proposed a bill designed to fight falling agricultural prices by allowing the federal government to purchase crops to sell abroad at lower prices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell199884McCoy1967234–235_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell199884McCoy1967234–235-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agriculture Secretary <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cantwell_Wallace" title="Henry Cantwell Wallace">Henry C. Wallace</a> and other administration officials favored the bill when it was introduced in 1924, but rising prices convinced many in Congress that the bill was unnecessary, and it was defeated just before the elections that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967235_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967235-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1926, with farm prices falling once more, Senator <a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">Charles L. McNary</a> and Representative <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_N._Haugen" title="Gilbert N. Haugen">Gilbert N. Haugen</a> – both Republicans – proposed the <a href="/wiki/McNary%E2%80%93Haugen_Farm_Relief_Bill" title="McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill">McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill</a>. The bill proposed a federal farm board that would purchase surplus production in high-yield years and hold it (when feasible) for later sale or sell it abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940383–384_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940383–384-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coolidge opposed McNary-Haugen, declaring that agriculture must stand "on an independent business basis", and said that "government control cannot be divorced from political control."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940383–384_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940383–384-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of manipulating prices, he favored instead <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>'s proposal to increase profitability by modernizing agriculture. Secretary Mellon wrote a letter denouncing the McNary-Haugen measure as unsound and likely to cause inflation, and it was defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a327_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a327-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After McNary-Haugen's defeat, Coolidge supported a less radical measure, the Curtis-Crisp Act, which would have created a federal board to lend money to farm co-operatives in times of surplus; the bill did not pass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a327_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a327-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1927, Congress took up the McNary-Haugen bill again, this time narrowly passing it, and Coolidge vetoed it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940388Ferrell199893_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940388Ferrell199893-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his veto message, he expressed the belief that the bill would do nothing to help farmers, benefiting only exporters and expanding the federal bureaucracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a331_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a331-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress did not override the veto, but it passed the bill again in May 1928 by an increased majority; again, Coolidge vetoed it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940388Ferrell199893_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940388Ferrell199893-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Farmers never have made much money," said Coolidge, the Vermont farmer's son. "I do not believe we can do much about it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell199886_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell199886-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flood_control">Flood control</h3></div> <p>Coolidge has often been criticized for his actions during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927" title="Great Mississippi Flood of 1927">Great Mississippi Flood of 1927</a>, the worst natural disaster to hit the Gulf Coast until <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a315Barry1997286–287Greenberg2006132–135_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a315Barry1997286–287Greenberg2006132–135-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he did eventually name Secretary Hoover to a commission in charge of flood relief, scholars argue that Coolidge overall showed a lack of interest in federal flood control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a315Barry1997286–287Greenberg2006132–135_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a315Barry1997286–287Greenberg2006132–135-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coolidge did not believe that by visiting the region after the floods it would accomplish anything, and that it would be seen as mere political grandstanding. He also did not want to incur the federal spending that flood control would require; he believed property owners should bear much of the cost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967330–331_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967330–331-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, Congress wanted a bill that would place the federal government completely in charge of flood mitigation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarry1997372–274_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarry1997372–274-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Congress passed a compromise measure in 1928, Coolidge declined to take credit for it and signed the bill in private on May 15.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2006135_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2006135-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights">Civil rights</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1924_Indian_Citizenship_Act.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1924_Indian_Citizenship_Act.jpg/220px-1924_Indian_Citizenship_Act.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1924_Indian_Citizenship_Act.jpg/330px-1924_Indian_Citizenship_Act.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1924_Indian_Citizenship_Act.jpg/440px-1924_Indian_Citizenship_Act.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3321" data-file-height="2532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a> men with Coolidge after he signed the bill granting Native Americans U.S. citizenship</figcaption></figure> <p>According to one biographer, Coolidge was "devoid of racial prejudice", but rarely took the lead on civil rights. Coolidge disliked the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> and no Klansman is known to have received an appointment from him. In the 1924 presidential election his opponents (Robert La Follette and John Davis), and his running mate Charles Dawes, often attacked the Klan, but Coolidge avoided the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2014209_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2014209-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to Coolidge's failure to condemn the Klan, some African-American leaders such as former Taft assistant attorney general <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Lewis">William Henry Lewis</a> endorsed Davis over Coolidge.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davis got little of the black vote outside Indiana, where Klan control of the Indiana Republican Party caused many blacks to vote Democratic;<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is estimated that over 90% of non-Indiana blacks voted for Coolidge.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coolidge's secretary of commerce, Herbert Hoover, was accused of running forced labor camps for African Americans during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927" title="Great Mississippi Flood of 1927">Great Mississippi Flood of 1927</a>, which led more African Americans to vote Democratic when Hoover was the Republican presidential nominee in 1928 and 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Coolidge's administration, <a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">lynchings of African-Americans</a> decreased and millions of people left the Ku Klux Klan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShlaes20136_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlaes20136-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coolidge spoke in favor of the civil rights of African Americans, saying in his first <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union_address" class="mw-redirect" title="State of the Union address">State of the Union address</a> that their rights were "just as sacred as those of any other citizen" under the U.S. Constitution and that it was a "public and a private duty to protect those rights."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a250McCoy1967328–329_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a250McCoy1967328–329-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1923SOTU_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1923SOTU-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coolidge repeatedly called for laws to make <a href="/wiki/Dyer_Anti-Lynching_Bill" title="Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill">lynching a federal crime</a> (it was already a state crime, although not always enforced). Congress refused to pass any such legislation. On June 2, 1924, Coolidge signed the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act" title="Indian Citizenship Act">Indian Citizenship Act</a>, which granted U.S. citizenship to all Native Americans living on reservations; those off reservations had long been citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeloria199291_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeloria199291-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 6, 1924, Coolidge delivered a commencement address at historically black, non-segregated <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a>, in which he thanked and commended African Americans for their rapid advances in education and their contributions to U.S. society over the years, as well as their eagerness to render their services as soldiers in the World War, all while being faced with discrimination and prejudices at home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge192631–36_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge192631–36-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a speech in October 1924, Coolidge stressed tolerance of differences as an American value and thanked immigrants for their contributions to U.S. society, saying that they have "contributed much to making our country what it is". He stated that although the diversity of peoples was a detrimental source of conflict and tension in Europe, it was peculiar for the United States that it was a "harmonious" benefit for the country. Coolidge further stated the United States should assist and help immigrants who come to the country and urged immigrants to reject "race hatreds" and "prejudices".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge1926159–165_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge1926159–165-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attendees_at_Conference_on_Future_of_Smithsonian_Institution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Attendees_at_Conference_on_Future_of_Smithsonian_Institution.jpg/220px-Attendees_at_Conference_on_Future_of_Smithsonian_Institution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Attendees_at_Conference_on_Future_of_Smithsonian_Institution.jpg/330px-Attendees_at_Conference_on_Future_of_Smithsonian_Institution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Attendees_at_Conference_on_Future_of_Smithsonian_Institution.jpg/440px-Attendees_at_Conference_on_Future_of_Smithsonian_Institution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>At the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>; left to right: Secretary of the Treasury, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Andrew Mellon</a>; Secretary of State, <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a>; President Calvin Coolidge; former president and Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, Secretary of the Smithsonian, <a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Walcott" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles D. Walcott">Charles D. Walcott</a> among others.</figcaption></figure> <p>Coolidge was neither well versed nor very interested in world affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His focus was directed mainly at American business, especially pertaining to trade, and "Maintaining the Status Quo". Although not an isolationist, he was reluctant to enter into European involvements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a342_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a342-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Coolidge believed strongly in a <a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States non-interventionism">non-interventionist</a> foreign policy, he was a supporter of <a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coolidge considered the 1920 Republican victory as a rejection of the <a href="/wiki/Wilsonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilsonian">Wilsonian</a> position that the United States should join the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967184–185_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967184–185-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coolidge believed the League did not serve American interests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967184–185_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967184–185-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he spoke in favor of joining the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice" title="Permanent Court of International Justice">Permanent Court of International Justice</a> (World Court), provided that the nation would not be bound by advisory decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967360_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967360-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1926, the Senate eventually approved joining the Court (with <a href="/wiki/Reservation_(law)" title="Reservation (law)">reservations</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967363_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967363-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The League of Nations accepted the reservations, but it suggested some modifications of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2006114–116_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2006114–116-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate failed to act and so the United States did not join the World Court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2006114–116_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2006114–116-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1924, the Coolidge administration nominated <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dawes" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Dawes">Charles Dawes</a> to head the multi-national committee that produced the <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Plan" title="Dawes Plan">Dawes Plan</a>. It set fixed annual amounts for Germany's <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">World War I reparations</a> payments and authorized a large loan, mostly from American banks, to help stabilize and stimulate the German economy.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Coolidge attempted to pursue further curbs on naval strength following the early successes of Harding's <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Washington Naval Conference</a> by sponsoring the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Naval_Conference" title="Geneva Naval Conference">Geneva Naval Conference</a> in 1927, which failed owing to a French and Italian boycott and ultimate failure of Great Britain and the United States to agree on cruiser tonnages. As a result, the conference was a failure and Congress eventually authorized for increased American naval spending in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kellogg%E2%80%93Briand_Pact" title="Kellogg–Briand Pact">Kellogg–Briand Pact</a> of 1928, named for Coolidge's Secretary of State, <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a>, and French foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a>, was also a key peacekeeping initiative. The treaty, ratified in 1929, committed signatories – the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, and Japan – to "renounce war, as an instrument of national policy in their relations with one another".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940421–423_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940421–423-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty did not achieve its intended result – the outlawry of war – but it did provide the founding principle for international law after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967380–381Greenberg2006123–124_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967380–381Greenberg2006123–124-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coolidge also continued the previous administration's policy of withholding recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967181_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967181-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efforts were made to <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mexico–United States relations">normalize ties</a> with post-<a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Revolution</a> Mexico. Coolidge recognized Mexico's new governments under <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n" title="Álvaro Obregón">Álvaro Obregón</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a>, and continued American support for the elected Mexican government against the <a href="/wiki/National_League_for_the_Defense_of_Religious_Liberty" title="National League for the Defense of Religious Liberty">National League for the Defense of Religious Liberty</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a>, lifting the arms embargo on that country; he also appointed <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Morrow" title="Dwight Morrow">Dwight Morrow</a> as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Mexico">Ambassador to Mexico</a> with the successful objective to avoid further American conflict with Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a349_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a349-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967178–179_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967178–179-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coolidge's administration would see continuity in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">occupation of Nicaragua</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">Haiti</a>, and an end to the <a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="1916 United States occupation of the Dominican Republic">occupation of the Dominican Republic</a> in 1924 as a result of withdrawal agreements finalized during Harding's administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940414–417Ferrell1998122–123_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940414–417Ferrell1998122–123-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1925, Coolidge ordered the withdrawal of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marines</a> stationed in Nicaragua following perceived stability after the <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_general_election,_1924" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaraguan general election, 1924">1924 Nicaraguan general election</a>, but redeployed them there in January 1927 following failed attempts to peacefully resolve the rapid deterioration of political stability and avert the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_civil_war_(1926%E2%80%9327)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaraguan civil war (1926–27)">Constitutionalist War</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a> was later sent by Coolidge to mediate <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Espino_Negro" title="Pact of Espino Negro">a peace deal</a> that would end the civil war and extend American military presence in Nicaragua beyond Coolidge's term in office.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To extend an <a href="/wiki/Olive_branch" title="Olive branch">olive branch</a> to Latin American leaders embittered over America's <a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">interventionist policies</a> in Central America and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller_Center2016_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller_Center2016-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coolidge led the U.S. delegation to the <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Conference" title="Pan-American Conference">Sixth International Conference of American States</a>, January 15–17, 1928, in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, the only international trip Coolidge made during his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistorian2018_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistorian2018-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would be the last sitting American president to visit Cuba until <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2014_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2014-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Canada, Coolidge authorized the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Seaway" title="St. Lawrence Seaway">St. Lawrence Seaway</a>, a system of locks and canals that would provide large vessels passage between the Atlantic Ocean and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_169-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabinet">Cabinet</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coolidge_Cabinet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coolidge_Cabinet.jpg/271px-Coolidge_Cabinet.jpg" decoding="async" width="271" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coolidge_Cabinet.jpg/407px-Coolidge_Cabinet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coolidge_Cabinet.jpg/542px-Coolidge_Cabinet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4458" data-file-height="3373" /></a><figcaption>Coolidge's cabinet in 1924, outside the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>.<br />Front row, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Stewart_New" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Stewart New">Harry Stewart New</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">John W. Weeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a>, Coolidge, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Andrew Mellon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curtis_D._Wilbur" title="Curtis D. Wilbur">Curtis D. Wilbur</a>.<br />Back row, left to right: <a href="/wiki/James_J._Davis" title="James J. Davis">James J. Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cantwell_Wallace" title="Henry Cantwell Wallace">Henry C. Wallace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Hubert Work</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although a few of Harding's cabinet appointees were scandal-tarred, Coolidge initially retained all of them, out of an ardent conviction that as successor to a deceased elected president he was obligated to retain Harding's counselors and policies until the next election. He kept Harding's able speechwriter <a href="/wiki/Judson_T._Welliver" class="mw-redirect" title="Judson T. Welliver">Judson T. Welliver</a>; Stuart Crawford replaced Welliver in November 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg200648–49_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg200648–49-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coolidge appointed <a href="/wiki/C._Bascom_Slemp" title="C. Bascom Slemp">C. Bascom Slemp</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> Congressman and experienced federal politician, to work jointly with Edward T. Clark, a Massachusetts Republican organizer whom he retained from his vice-presidential staff, as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_to_the_President_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary to the President (United States)">Secretaries to the President</a> (a position equivalent to the modern <a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940320–322_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940320–322-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhaps the most powerful person in Coolidge's Cabinet was Secretary of the Treasury <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Andrew Mellon</a>, who controlled the administration's financial policies and was regarded by many, including House Minority Leader <a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a>, as more powerful than Coolidge himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERusnak1983270–271_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusnak1983270–271-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secretary of Commerce <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> also held a prominent place in Coolidge's Cabinet, in part because Coolidge found value in Hoover's ability to win positive publicity with his pro-business proposals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolskyTkacheva2002224–227_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolskyTkacheva2002224–227-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> directed Coolidge's foreign policy until he resigned in 1925 following Coolidge's re-election. He was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a>, who had previously served as a senator and as the ambassador to Great Britain. Coolidge made two other appointments following his re-election, with <a href="/wiki/William_M._Jardine" class="mw-redirect" title="William M. Jardine">William M. Jardine</a> taking the position of Secretary of Agriculture and <a href="/wiki/John_G._Sargent" title="John G. Sargent">John G. Sargent</a> becoming Attorney General.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2006111–112_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2006111–112-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coolidge did not have a vice president during his first term, but <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dawes" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Dawes">Charles Dawes</a> became vice president during Coolidge's second term, and Dawes and Coolidge clashed over farm policy and other issues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenate_Historian2014_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenate_Historian2014-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="toccolours" align="left"> <tbody><tr> <th bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>OFFICE</b></td> <td align="left"><b>NAME</b></td> <td align="left"><b>TERM</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a></td> <td align="left"><b>Calvin Coolidge</b></td> <td align="left">1923–1929 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></td> <td align="left"><i>None</i></td> <td align="left">1923–1925 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a></b></td> <td align="left">1925–1929 </td></tr> <tr> <th bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a></b></td> <td align="left">1923–1925 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a></b></td> <td align="left">1925–1929 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Andrew Mellon</a></b></td> <td align="left">1923–1929 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">John W. Weeks</a></b></td> <td align="left">1923–1925 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Dwight_F._Davis" title="Dwight F. Davis">Dwight F. Davis</a></b></td> <td align="left">1925–1929 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of the United States">Attorney General</a></td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Harry_M._Daugherty" title="Harry M. Daugherty">Harry M. Daugherty</a></b></td> <td align="left">1923–1924 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a></b></td> <td align="left">1924–1925 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/John_G._Sargent" title="John G. Sargent">John G. Sargent</a></b></td> <td align="left">1925–1929 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Postmaster_General_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmaster General of the United States">Postmaster General</a></td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">Harry S. New</a></b></td> <td align="left">1923–1929 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Edwin_C._Denby" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin C. Denby">Edwin C. Denby</a></b></td> <td align="left">1923–1924 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Curtis_D._Wilbur" title="Curtis D. Wilbur">Curtis D. Wilbur</a></b></td> <td align="left">1924–1929 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Hubert Work</a></b></td> <td align="left">1923–1928 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Roy_O._West" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy O. West">Roy O. West</a></b></td> <td align="left">1928–1929 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cantwell_Wallace" title="Henry Cantwell Wallace">Henry C. Wallace</a></b></td> <td align="left">1923–1924 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Howard_M._Gore" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard M. Gore">Howard M. Gore</a></b></td> <td align="left">1924–1925 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/William_M._Jardine" class="mw-redirect" title="William M. Jardine">William M. Jardine</a></b></td> <td align="left">1925–1929 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></b></td> <td align="left">1923–1928 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/William_F._Whiting" title="William F. Whiting">William F. Whiting</a></b></td> <td align="left">1928–1929 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/James_J._Davis" title="James J. Davis">James J. Davis</a></b></td> <td align="left">1923–1929 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_appointments">Judicial appointments</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Calvin_Coolidge" title="List of federal judges appointed by Calvin Coolidge">List of federal judges appointed by Calvin Coolidge</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone_Supreme_Court_nomination" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination">Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chief_Justice_Harlan_Fiske_Stone_photograph_circa_1927-1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Chief_Justice_Harlan_Fiske_Stone_photograph_circa_1927-1932.jpg/170px-Chief_Justice_Harlan_Fiske_Stone_photograph_circa_1927-1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Chief_Justice_Harlan_Fiske_Stone_photograph_circa_1927-1932.jpg/255px-Chief_Justice_Harlan_Fiske_Stone_photograph_circa_1927-1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Chief_Justice_Harlan_Fiske_Stone_photograph_circa_1927-1932.jpg/340px-Chief_Justice_Harlan_Fiske_Stone_photograph_circa_1927-1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2842" data-file-height="3606" /></a><figcaption>Coolidge appointed <a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a> first as attorney general and then as a Supreme Court justice.</figcaption></figure> <p>Coolidge appointed one justice to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a> in 1925. Stone was Coolidge's fellow Amherst alumnus, a Wall Street lawyer and conservative Republican. Stone was serving as dean of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia Law School</a> when Coolidge appointed him to be attorney general in 1924 to restore the reputation tarnished by Harding's Attorney General, <a href="/wiki/Harry_M._Daugherty" title="Harry M. Daugherty">Harry M. Daugherty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940364_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940364-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It does not appear that Coolidge considered appointing anyone other than Stone, although Stone himself had urged Coolidge to appoint <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Benjamin N. Cardozo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandler1995113–122_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandler1995113–122-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stone proved to be a firm believer in <a href="/wiki/Judicial_restraint" title="Judicial restraint">judicial restraint</a> and was regarded as one of the court's <a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(Supreme_Court)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Three Musketeers (Supreme Court)">three liberal justices</a> who would often vote to uphold New Deal legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalston''passim''_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalston''passim''-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> later appointed Stone to be chief justice. </p><p>Coolidge nominated 17 judges to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Courts_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Courts of Appeals">United States Courts of Appeals</a> and 61 judges to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="United States district courts">United States district courts</a>. He appointed judges to various specialty courts as well, including <a href="/wiki/Genevieve_R._Cline" title="Genevieve R. Cline">Genevieve R. Cline</a>, who became the first woman named to the federal judiciary when Coolidge placed her on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Customs Court">United States Customs Court</a> in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman2002216_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman2002216-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coolidge also signed the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1925" title="Judiciary Act of 1925">Judiciary Act of 1925</a> into law, allowing the Supreme Court more discretion over its workload. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1928_election">1928 election</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928 United States presidential election</a></div> <p>In the summer of 1927, Coolidge vacationed in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>. While on vacation, Coolidge issued a terse statement that he would not seek a second full term as president: "<a href="/wiki/I_do_not_choose_to_run" title="I do not choose to run">I do not choose to run</a> for President in 1928."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a370_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a370-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After allowing the reporters to take that in, Coolidge elaborated. "If I take another term, I will be in the White House till 1933 … Ten years in Washington is longer than any other man has had it – too long!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1938361_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1938361-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his memoirs, Coolidge explained his decision not to run: "The Presidential office takes a heavy toll of those who occupy it and those who are dear to them. While we should not refuse to spend and be spent in the service of our country, it is hazardous to attempt what we feel is beyond our strength to accomplish."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge1929239_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge1929239-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After leaving office, he and Grace returned to Northampton, where he wrote his memoirs. The Republicans retained the White House in 1928 with a landslide by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>. Coolidge had been reluctant to endorse Hoover as his successor; on one occasion he remarked that "for six years that man has given me unsolicited advice – all of it bad."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell1998195_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell1998195-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, Coolidge had no desire to split the party by publicly opposing the nomination of the popular commerce secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClemensDaggett1945[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClemensDaggett1945[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency_(1929–1933)"><span id="Post-presidency_.281929.E2.80.931933.29"></span>Post-presidency (1929–1933)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_president_Calvin_Coolidge_receiving_grapefruit_during_Florida_Orange_Festival_in_Winter_Haven.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Former_president_Calvin_Coolidge_receiving_grapefruit_during_Florida_Orange_Festival_in_Winter_Haven.jpg/220px-Former_president_Calvin_Coolidge_receiving_grapefruit_during_Florida_Orange_Festival_in_Winter_Haven.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Former_president_Calvin_Coolidge_receiving_grapefruit_during_Florida_Orange_Festival_in_Winter_Haven.jpg/330px-Former_president_Calvin_Coolidge_receiving_grapefruit_during_Florida_Orange_Festival_in_Winter_Haven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Former_president_Calvin_Coolidge_receiving_grapefruit_during_Florida_Orange_Festival_in_Winter_Haven.jpg/440px-Former_president_Calvin_Coolidge_receiving_grapefruit_during_Florida_Orange_Festival_in_Winter_Haven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Coolidge receiving grapefruit at the Florida Orange Festival in 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>After his presidency, Coolidge retired to a spacious home in Northampton, "The Beeches".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a407_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a407-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He kept a <a href="/wiki/Hacker-Craft" title="Hacker-Craft">Hacker</a> runabout boat on the Connecticut River and was often observed on the water by local boating enthusiasts. During this period, he also served as chairman of the Non-Partisan Railroad Commission, an entity created by several banks and corporations to survey the country's long-term transportation needs and make recommendations for improvements. He was an honorary president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Foundation_for_the_Blind" title="American Foundation for the Blind">American Foundation for the Blind</a>, a director of <a href="/wiki/New_York_Life_Insurance_Company" title="New York Life Insurance Company">New York Life Insurance Company</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>, and a trustee of Amherst College.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940450–455_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940450–455-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coolidge published <a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="The Autobiography of Calvin Coolidge">his autobiography</a> in 1929 and wrote a syndicated newspaper column, "Calvin Coolidge Says", from 1930 to 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a403Ferrell1998201–202_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a403Ferrell1998201–202-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faced with a Democratic landslide in the <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932 presidential election</a>, some Republicans spoke of rejecting Hoover as their party's nominee, and instead drafting Coolidge to run. Coolidge made it clear that he was not interested in running again, and that he would publicly repudiate any effort to draft him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940457–459Greenberg2006153_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940457–459Greenberg2006153-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover was renominated, and Coolidge made several radio addresses in support of him. Hoover then lost the general election to Coolidge's 1920 vice presidential Democratic opponent <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> in a landslide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940460_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940460-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> <p>Coolidge died suddenly from <a href="/wiki/Coronary_thrombosis" title="Coronary thrombosis">coronary thrombosis</a> at "The Beeches" on January 5, 1933, at 12:45 p.m., aged 60.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2006154–155_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2006154–155-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly before his death, he confided to an old friend: "I feel I no longer fit in with these times."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a410_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a410-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coolidge is buried in <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Notch_Cemetery" title="Plymouth Notch Cemetery">Plymouth Notch Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Notch" class="mw-redirect" title="Plymouth Notch">Plymouth Notch</a>, Vermont. The nearby family home is maintained as one of the original buildings on the <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge_Homestead_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvin Coolidge Homestead District">Calvin Coolidge Homestead District</a> site. The State of Vermont dedicated a new visitors' center nearby to mark Coolidge's 100th birthday on July 4, 1972. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan-Former_President_Coolidge_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/President_Ronald_Reagan-Former_President_Coolidge_portrait.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan-Former_President_Coolidge_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/President_Ronald_Reagan-Former_President_Coolidge_portrait.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan-Former_President_Coolidge_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/President_Ronald_Reagan-Former_President_Coolidge_portrait.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan-Former_President_Coolidge_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="1690" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Room_(White_House)" title="Cabinet Room (White House)">White House Cabinet Room</a> with a portrait of Coolidge in the background.</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite being one of the most popular U.S. presidents while in office, Coolidge is generally rated as below-average by modern historians. <a href="/wiki/David_Greenberg_(historian)" title="David Greenberg (historian)">David Greenberg</a>, a scholar from <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a>, said that, "although the public liked and admired Calvin Coolidge during his tenure, the Great Depression that began in 1929 seriously eroded his reputation and changed public opinion about his policies".<sup id="cite_ref-r3fvv4_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r3fvv4-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians have criticized Coolidge for his lack of assertiveness and have characterized him as a "do nothing president" who only enjoyed high public approval because he was in office when things were going naturally well around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians have also scrutinized Coolidge for his signing of laws that broadened federal regulatory authority and claimed it paved the way for corruption in future presidential administrations.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 1982 <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i> survey, when 49 historians were asked to rank the best and worst U.S. presidents, Coolidge was ranked the eighth worst.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, British journalist <a href="/wiki/William_Shawcross" title="William Shawcross">William Shawcross</a> said he believed Coolidge was the worst president of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2021 <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> survey, historians ranked Coolidge 24th out of 44 presidents. Historians in the survey gave him high ratings for "moral authority" and "administrative skills" but poor ratings for "setting an agenda" and "pursuing equal justice".<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although historians generally view Coolidge unfavorably, his hands-off government approach continues to resonate with modern conservatives and Republican politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1981, newly sworn-in U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> publicly praised Coolidge's laissez-faire policy.<sup id="cite_ref-r3fvv4_198-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r3fvv4-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Reagan had a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Room_(White_House)" title="Cabinet Room (White House)">White House Cabinet Room</a> taken down and replaced with one of Coolidge.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radio,_film,_and_commemorations"><span id="Radio.2C_film.2C_and_commemorations"></span>Radio, film, and commemorations</h2></div> <p>Despite his reputation as a quiet and even reclusive politician, Coolidge made use of the new medium of radio and made radio history several times while president. He made himself available to reporters, giving 520 press conferences, meeting with reporters more regularly than any president before or since.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg20067_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg20067-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coolidge's <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge">second inauguration</a> was the first presidential inauguration broadcast on radio. On December 6, 1923, his speech to Congress was broadcast on radio,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a252_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a252-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first presidential radio address.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coolidge signed the <a href="/wiki/Radio_Act_of_1927" title="Radio Act of 1927">Radio Act of 1927</a>, which assigned regulation of radio to the newly created <a href="/wiki/Federal_Radio_Commission" title="Federal Radio Commission">Federal Radio Commission</a>. On August 11, 1924, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_W._Case" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore W. Case">Theodore W. Case</a>, using the <a href="/wiki/Phonofilm" title="Phonofilm">Phonofilm</a> <a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">sound-on-film</a> process he developed for <a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a>, filmed Coolidge on the White House lawn, making "Silent Cal" the first president to appear in a sound film. The title of the DeForest film was <i>President Coolidge, Taken on the White House Grounds</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Forest1924_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Forest1924-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> arrived in Washington on a U.S. Navy ship after his celebrated 1927 trans-Atlantic flight, President Coolidge welcomed him back to the U.S. and presented him with the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the event was captured on film.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ccoolidge.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official presidential portrait of Coolidge, 1932"><img alt="Official presidential portrait of Coolidge, 1932" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ccoolidge.jpeg/108px-Ccoolidge.jpeg" decoding="async" width="108" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ccoolidge.jpeg/162px-Ccoolidge.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ccoolidge.jpeg/217px-Ccoolidge.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2707" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Official presidential portrait of Coolidge, 1932</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sesquicentennial_american_independence_half_dollar_commemorative_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sesquicentennial of American Independence Half Dollar, minted in 1926"><img alt="The Sesquicentennial of American Independence Half Dollar, minted in 1926" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sesquicentennial_american_independence_half_dollar_commemorative_obverse.jpg/120px-Sesquicentennial_american_independence_half_dollar_commemorative_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sesquicentennial_american_independence_half_dollar_commemorative_obverse.jpg/180px-Sesquicentennial_american_independence_half_dollar_commemorative_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sesquicentennial_american_independence_half_dollar_commemorative_obverse.jpg/240px-Sesquicentennial_american_independence_half_dollar_commemorative_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="259" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Sesquicentennial_coinage" title="United States Sesquicentennial coinage">Sesquicentennial of American Independence Half Dollar</a>, minted in 1926</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calvin_Coolidge_1938_Issue-$5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coolidge on a 1938 postage stamp"><img alt="Coolidge on a 1938 postage stamp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Calvin_Coolidge_1938_Issue-%245.jpg/106px-Calvin_Coolidge_1938_Issue-%245.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Calvin_Coolidge_1938_Issue-%245.jpg/159px-Calvin_Coolidge_1938_Issue-%245.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Calvin_Coolidge_1938_Issue-%245.jpg/211px-Calvin_Coolidge_1938_Issue-%245.jpg 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="580" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coolidge on a 1938 postage stamp</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coolidge_with_press.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coolidge with reporters and cameramen, 1924"><img alt="Coolidge with reporters and cameramen, 1924" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coolidge_with_press.jpg/96px-Coolidge_with_press.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coolidge_with_press.jpg/144px-Coolidge_with_press.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coolidge_with_press.jpg/192px-Coolidge_with_press.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="597" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coolidge with reporters and cameramen, 1924</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv/120px--Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="90" data-durationhint="28" data-mwtitle="Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Collection of video clips of President Coolidge</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coolidge,_Arizona" title="Coolidge, Arizona">Coolidge, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolidge_Dam" title="Coolidge Dam">Coolidge Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">List of presidents of the United States by previous experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Calvin_Coolidge" title="List of things named after Calvin Coolidge">List of things named after Calvin Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Presidency of Calvin Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_President_Coolidge" title="SS President Coolidge">SS <i>President Coolidge</i></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coolidge was vice president under <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> and became president upon Harding's death on August 2, 1923. As this was prior to the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> in 1967, a vacancy in the office of vice president was not filled until the next ensuing election and inauguration.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eleven years later, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> was elected to his third term and ultimately served over 12 years as president before he died in office.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also the main article, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_textile_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence textile strike">Lawrence textile strike</a>, for a full description.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The exact total was 1,117 out of 1,544<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1975113_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1975113-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The tally was Coolidge 317,774, Long 192,673.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940238_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940238-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/04/us/john-coolidge-guardian-of-president-s-legacy-dies-at-93.html">"John Coolidge, Guardian of President's Legacy. Dies at 93"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. June 4, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2019</span>. <q>[He] had originally been John Calvin Coolidge, but dropped his first name to avoid confusion and later legally changed it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=John+Coolidge%2C+Guardian+of+President%27s+Legacy.+Dies+at+93&rft.date=2000-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F06%2F04%2Fus%2Fjohn-coolidge-guardian-of-president-s-legacy-dies-at-93.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a111McCoy196775–76-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a111McCoy196775–76_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a111McCoy196775–76_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 111; <a href="#CITEREFMcCoy1967">McCoy 1967</a>, pp. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967420–421Greenberg200649–53-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967420–421Greenberg200649–53_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCoy1967">McCoy 1967</a>, pp. 420–421; <a href="#CITEREFGreenberg2006">Greenberg 2006</a>, pp. 49–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940500-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940500_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, p. 500.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a12–13Greenberg20061–7-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a12–13Greenberg20061–7_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, pp. 12–13; <a href="#CITEREFGreenberg2006">Greenberg 2006</a>, pp. 1–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFieldstadt2021" class="citation web cs1">Fieldstadt, Elisha (April 22, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/presidents-ranked-worst-best/">"Presidents ranked from worst to best"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210203182527/https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/presidents-ranked-worst-best/">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Presidents+ranked+from+worst+to+best&rft.date=2021-04-22&rft.aulast=Fieldstadt&rft.aufirst=Elisha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fpictures%2Fpresidents-ranked-worst-best%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coolidgefoundation.org/resources/significant-papers-3/">"Significant Papers – Coolidge Prosperity Gave America the Reserve to Weather the Great Depression"</a>. <i>Calvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Calvin+Coolidge+Presidential+Foundation&rft.atitle=Significant+Papers+%E2%80%93+Coolidge+Prosperity+Gave+America+the+Reserve+to+Weather+the+Great+Depression&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoolidgefoundation.org%2Fresources%2Fsignificant-papers-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coolidgefoundation.org/blog/the-pilgrims-faith-coolidge-and-religion/">"The Pilgrim's Faith: Coolidge and Religion"</a>. <i>www.coolidgefoundation.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.coolidgefoundation.org&rft.atitle=The+Pilgrim%27s+Faith%3A+Coolidge+and+Religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coolidgefoundation.org%2Fblog%2Fthe-pilgrims-faith-coolidge-and-religion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a22-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a22_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess194017McCoy19675White193811-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess194017McCoy19675White193811_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, p. 17; <a href="#CITEREFMcCoy1967">McCoy 1967</a>, p. 5; <a href="#CITEREFWhite1938">White 1938</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess194012-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess194012_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1995199-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1995199_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts1995">Roberts 1995</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess19407-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess19407_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a24-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a24_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109215454/pollard-1923/">"Bold Park Pollard"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Herald" title="Boston Herald">Boston Herald</a></i>. August 17, 1923<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Brattleboro_Reformer" title="Brattleboro Reformer">Brattleboro Reformer</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boston+Herald&rft.atitle=Bold+Park+Pollard&rft.date=1923-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F109215454%2Fpollard-1923%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingsbury1994" class="citation book cs1">Kingsbury, Barbara B. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XE4jAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Sarah+Pollard%27s+sister+,+Victoria+Moor+Coolidge+,+was+his+mother+.+%22"><i>Chubb Hill Farm and Cavendish, Vermont: A Family and Town History, 1876–1960</i></a>. Cavendish, VT: Cavendish Historical Society. p. 101 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chubb+Hill+Farm+and+Cavendish%2C+Vermont%3A+A+Family+and+Town+History%2C+1876%E2%80%931960&rft.place=Cavendish%2C+VT&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Cavendish+Historical+Society&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Kingsbury&rft.aufirst=Barbara+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXE4jAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Sarah%2BPollard%2527s%2Bsister%2B%2C%2BVictoria%2BMoor%2BCoolidge%2B%2C%2Bwas%2Bhis%2Bmother%2B.%2B%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge192912-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge192912_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoolidge1929">Coolidge 1929</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite193843–44-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite193843–44_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1938">White 1938</a>, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlaes201366–68-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShlaes201366–68_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShlaes2013">Shlaes 2013</a>, pp. 66–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess194074–81McCoy196722–26-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess194074–81McCoy196722–26_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, pp. 74–81; <a href="#CITEREFMcCoy1967">McCoy 1967</a>, pp. 22–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryson2013187-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryson2013187_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryson2013">Bryson 2013</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite193861-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite193861_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1938">White 1938</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapellWillen2017" class="citation web cs1">Shapell, Benjamin; Willen, Sara (July 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shapell.org/historical-perspectives/between-the-lines/death-calvin-coolidge-jr/">"The Death of Calvin Coolidge Jr"</a>. Shapell Manuscript Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Calvin+Coolidge+Jr.&rft.pub=Shapell+Manuscript+Foundation&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft.aulast=Shapell&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Willen%2C+Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shapell.org%2Fhistorical-perspectives%2Fbetween-the-lines%2Fdeath-calvin-coolidge-jr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReminiGolway2008" class="citation book cs1">Remini, Robert V.; Golway, Terry, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMjOsudMDhgC&pg=PA307"><i>Fellow Citizens: The Penguin Book of U.S. Presidential Inaugural Addresses</i></a>. Penguin Books. p. 307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440631573" title="Special:BookSources/978-1440631573"><bdi>978-1440631573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fellow+Citizens%3A+The+Penguin+Book+of+U.S.+Presidential+Inaugural+Addresses&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1440631573&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZMjOsudMDhgC%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/12/president-coolidges-burden/303175/">"President Coolidge's Burden"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=President+Coolidge%27s+Burden&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2003%2F12%2Fpresident-coolidges-burden%2F303175%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2000-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2000_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2000">Martin 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlaes201391-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShlaes201391_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShlaes2013">Shlaes 2013</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrinderShaw2016" class="citation book cs1">Grinder, Darrin; Shaw, Steve (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pJPeDQAAQBAJ&q=%22Edwards+congregational+church%22+Coolidge&pg=PT108"><i>The Presidents & Their Faith: From George Washington to Barack Obama</i></a>. Elevate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1943425778" title="Special:BookSources/978-1943425778"><bdi>978-1943425778</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidents+%26+Their+Faith%3A+From+George+Washington+to+Barack+Obama&rft.pub=Elevate+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1943425778&rft.aulast=Grinder&rft.aufirst=Darrin&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpJPeDQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Edwards%2Bcongregational%2Bchurch%2522%2BCoolidge%26pg%3DPT108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a49–51-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a49–51_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a49–51_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, pp. 49–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite193851–53-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite193851–53_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1938">White 1938</a>, pp. 51–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess194083-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess194083_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess194084–85-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess194084–85_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess194084–85_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, pp. 84–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy196729-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy196729_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy196729_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCoy1967">McCoy 1967</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a61-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a61_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a62Fuess194099-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a62Fuess194099_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 62; <a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a63–66-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a63–66_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, pp. 63–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite193899–102-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite193899–102_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1938">White 1938</a>, pp. 99–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a68–69-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a68–69_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, pp. 68–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a72-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a72_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940106–107Sobel1998a74-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940106–107Sobel1998a74_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, pp. 106–107; <a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940108-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940108_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a76-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a76_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940110–111McCoy196745–46-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940110–111McCoy196745–46_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, pp. 110–111; <a href="#CITEREFMcCoy1967">McCoy 1967</a>, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a79–80Fuess1940111-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a79–80Fuess1940111_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a79–80Fuess1940111_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, pp. 79–80; <a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge19192–9-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge19192–9_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge19192–9_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge19192–9_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoolidge1919">Coolidge 1919</a>, pp. 2–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1938105-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1938105_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1938">White 1938</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940114–115-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940114–115_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, pp. 114–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1938111-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1938111_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1938">White 1938</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a90–92-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a90–92_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, pp. 90–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a90Fuess1940124-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a90Fuess1940124_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 90; <a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a92–98Fuess1940133–136-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a92–98Fuess1940133–136_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, pp. 92–98; <a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, pp. 133–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1938117-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1938117_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1938">White 1938</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940139–142-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940139–142_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, pp. 139–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940145-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940145_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1938125-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1938125_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1938">White 1938</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940151–152-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940151–152_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, pp. 151–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a107–110-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a107–110_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, pp. 107–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a112-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a112_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a115McCoy196776-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a115McCoy196776_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 115; <a href="#CITEREFMcCoy1967">McCoy 1967</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell197577–79Sobel1998a129-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell197577–79Sobel1998a129_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell1975">Russell 1975</a>, pp. 77–79; <a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell197586–87-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell197586–87_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell1975">Russell 1975</a>, pp. 86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1975111–113Sobel1998a133–136-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1975111–113Sobel1998a133–136_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell1975">Russell 1975</a>, pp. 111–113; <a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, pp. 133–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1975113-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1975113_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1975113_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell1975">Russell 1975</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1938162–164-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1938162–164_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1938">White 1938</a>, pp. 162–164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1975120-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1975120_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell1975">Russell 1975</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge1919222–224-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge1919222–224_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoolidge1919">Coolidge 1919</a>, pp. 222–224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1938164–165-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1938164–165_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1938">White 1938</a>, pp. 164–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a142-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a142_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1975182–183-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1975182–183_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell1975">Russell 1975</a>, pp. 182–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a143-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a143_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a143_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlaes2013174–179-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShlaes2013174–179_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShlaes2013">Shlaes 2013</a>, pp. 174–179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940238-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940238_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940239–243McCoy1967102–113-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940239–243McCoy1967102–113_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, pp. 239–243; <a href="#CITEREFMcCoy1967">McCoy 1967</a>, pp. 102–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a117Fuess1940195-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a117Fuess1940195_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 117; <a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940186-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940186_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940187McCoy196781-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940187McCoy196781_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, p. 187; <a href="#CITEREFMcCoy1967">McCoy 1967</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940187–188-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940187–188_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, pp. 187–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a152–153-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a152–153_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, pp. 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1938198–199-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1938198–199_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1938">White 1938</a>, pp. 198–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940259–260-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940259–260_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, pp. 259–260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1938211–213-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1938211–213_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1938">White 1938</a>, pp. 211–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a204–212-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a204–212_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a204–212_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a204–212_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, pp. 204–212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1938217–219-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1938217–219_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1938">White 1938</a>, pp. 217–219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a210–211-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a210–211_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, pp. 210–211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a219McCoy1967136-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a219McCoy1967136_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 219; <a href="#CITEREFMcCoy1967">McCoy 1967</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplebyBrinkleyBroussardMcPherson2010" class="citation book cs1">Appleby, Joyce; Brinkley, Alan; Broussard, Albert S.; McPherson, James M.; Ritchie, Donald A. (2010). <i>The American vision : modern times</i>. Appleby, Joyce, 1929–2016, National Geographic Society (U.S.) (Teacher wraparound ed.). Columbus, Ohio: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill. p. 364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0078775154" title="Special:BookSources/978-0078775154"><bdi>978-0078775154</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/227926730">227926730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+vision+%3A+modern+times&rft.place=Columbus%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=364&rft.edition=Teacher+wraparound&rft.pub=Glencoe%2FMcGraw-Hill&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F227926730&rft.isbn=978-0078775154&rft.aulast=Appleby&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rft.au=Brinkley%2C+Alan&rft.au=Broussard%2C+Albert+S.&rft.au=McPherson%2C+James+M.&rft.au=Ritchie%2C+Donald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannaford169-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannaford169_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHannaford">Hannaford</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1924/04/23/archives/sees-hope-in-dawes-plan-proposes-limitation-parley-after.html">"Sees Hope in Dawes Plan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. April 23, 1924. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sees+Hope+in+Dawes+Plan&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1924-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1924%2F04%2F23%2Farchives%2Fsees-hope-in-dawes-plan-proposes-limitation-parley-after.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a217-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a217_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECordery2008302-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECordery2008302_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCordery2008">Cordery 2008</a>, p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryson2013194-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryson2013194_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryson2013">Bryson 2013</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a243-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a243_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg200660-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg200660_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenberg2006">Greenberg 2006</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2003615–618-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley2003615–618_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuckley2003">Buckley 2003</a>, pp. 615–618.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilbert2005">Gilbert 2005</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg20069-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg20069_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenberg2006">Greenberg 2006</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940308–309-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940308–309_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940308–309_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, pp. 308–309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940310–315-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940310–315_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, pp. 310–315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Confirms_Daugherty's_Story_of_Coolidge's_Second_Oath"-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Confirms_Daugherty's_Story_of_Coolidge's_Second_Oath"_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Confirms_Daugherty's_Story_of_Coolidge's_Second_Oath"_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Confirms_Daugherty's_Story_of_Coolidge's_Second_Oath"_104-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Confirms_Daugherty's_Story_of_Coolidge's_Second_Oath"">"Confirms Daugherty's Story of Coolidge's Second Oath"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a226–228Fuess1940303–205Ferrell199843–51-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a226–228Fuess1940303–205Ferrell199843–51_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, pp. 226–228; <a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, pp. 303–205; <a href="#CITEREFFerrell1998">Ferrell 1998</a>, pp. 43–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1938265-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1938265_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1938">White 1938</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1938272–277-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1938272–277_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1938">White 1938</a>, pp. 272–277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940328–329Sobel1998a248–249-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940328–329Sobel1998a248–249_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, pp. 328–329; <a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, pp. 248–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlaes2013271-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShlaes2013271_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShlaes2013">Shlaes 2013</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940320–322-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940320–322_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940320–322_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, pp. 320–322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940341-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940341_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, p. 341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940342Sobel1998a269-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940342Sobel1998a269_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, p. 342; <a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a278–279-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a278–279_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, pp. 278–279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadsen2015168Kappler1929Landry2016-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadsen2015168Kappler1929Landry2016_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadsen2015">Madsen 2015</a>, p. 168; <a href="#CITEREFKappler1929">Kappler 1929</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLandry2016">Landry 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940345–346-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940345–346_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940345–346_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, pp. 345–346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a300-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a300_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge1929190-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge1929190_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoolidge1929">Coolidge 1929</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a300–301-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a300–301_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, pp. 300–301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a302–303-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a302–303_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, pp. 302–303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940354-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940354_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, p. 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlaes2013324-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShlaes2013324_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShlaes2013">Shlaes 2013</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell199864–65-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell199864–65_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerrell1998">Ferrell 1998</a>, pp. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell199866–72Sobel1998a318-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell199866–72Sobel1998a318_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerrell1998">Ferrell 1998</a>, pp. 66–72; <a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell199872-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell199872_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerrell1998">Ferrell 1998</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998b-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998b_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998b">Sobel 1998b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg200647Ferrell199862-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg200647Ferrell199862_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenberg2006">Greenberg 2006</a>, p. 47; <a href="#CITEREFFerrell1998">Ferrell 1998</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2006131–132-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2006131–132_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenberg2006">Greenberg 2006</a>, pp. 131–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1927act-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1927act_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b45924&view=1up&seq=204"><i>Radio Act of 1927</i></a> (Public Law 69-632), February 23, 1927, pp. 186–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a310–311Greenberg2006127–129-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a310–311Greenberg2006127–129_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a310–311Greenberg2006127–129_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, pp. 310–311; <a href="#CITEREFGreenberg2006">Greenberg 2006</a>, pp. 127–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a310–311Fuess1940382–383-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a310–311Fuess1940382–383_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a310–311Fuess1940382–383_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, pp. 310–311; <a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, pp. 382–383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell1998170-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell1998170_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell1998170_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerrell1998">Ferrell 1998</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell1998174-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell1998174_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerrell1998">Ferrell 1998</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRader1971" class="citation book cs1">Rader, Benjamin (1971). <i>Federal Taxation in the 1920s: A Re-examination</i>. Historian. pp. <span class="nowrap">432–</span>433.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federal+Taxation+in+the+1920s%3A+A+Re-examination&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E432-%3C%2Fspan%3E433&rft.pub=Historian&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Rader&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell199884McCoy1967234–235-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell199884McCoy1967234–235_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerrell1998">Ferrell 1998</a>, p. 84; <a href="#CITEREFMcCoy1967">McCoy 1967</a>, pp. 234–235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967235-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967235_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCoy1967">McCoy 1967</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940383–384-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940383–384_136-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940383–384_136-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, pp. 383–384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a327-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a327_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a327_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940388Ferrell199893-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940388Ferrell199893_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940388Ferrell199893_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, p. 388; <a href="#CITEREFFerrell1998">Ferrell 1998</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a331-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a331_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell199886-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell199886_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerrell1998">Ferrell 1998</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a315Barry1997286–287Greenberg2006132–135-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a315Barry1997286–287Greenberg2006132–135_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a315Barry1997286–287Greenberg2006132–135_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 315; <a href="#CITEREFBarry1997">Barry 1997</a>, pp. 286–287; <a href="#CITEREFGreenberg2006">Greenberg 2006</a>, pp. 132–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967330–331-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967330–331_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCoy1967">McCoy 1967</a>, pp. 330–331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarry1997372–274-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarry1997372–274_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarry1997">Barry 1997</a>, pp. 372–274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2006135-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2006135_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenberg2006">Greenberg 2006</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2014209-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2014209_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts2014">Roberts 2014</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coolidgefoundation.org/blog/1924-election-conflicting-minority-endorsements/">"1924 Election Conflicting Minority Endorsements"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1924+Election+Conflicting+Minority+Endorsements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoolidgefoundation.org%2Fblog%2F1924-election-conflicting-minority-endorsements%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiffin1983" class="citation journal cs1">Giffin, William W. (June 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/view/10462/14636">"The Political Realignment of Black Voters in Indianapolis, 1924"</a>. <i>Indiana Magazine of History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiana+Magazine+of+History&rft.atitle=The+Political+Realignment+of+Black+Voters+in+Indianapolis%2C+1924&rft.date=1983-06&rft.aulast=Giffin&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.iu.edu%2Fjournals%2Findex.php%2Fimh%2Farticle%2Fview%2F10462%2F14636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coolidgefoundation.org/blog/1924-election-conflicting-minority-endorsements/">"1924 Election Conflicting Minority Endorsements"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1924+Election+Conflicting+Minority+Endorsements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoolidgefoundation.org%2Fblog%2F1924-election-conflicting-minority-endorsements%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/mississippi-river-great-flood-1927/">"The Mississippi River Great Flood of 1927 •"</a>. September 18, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mississippi+River+Great+Flood+of+1927+%E2%80%A2&rft.date=2017-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackpast.org%2Fafrican-american-history%2Fmississippi-river-great-flood-1927%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurasiareview.com/28062023-us-forced-labor-camps-an-overlooked-chapter-in-american-history-oped/">"US Forced Labor Camps: An Overlooked Chapter in American History – OpEd"</a>. June 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Forced+Labor+Camps%3A+An+Overlooked+Chapter+in+American+History+%E2%80%93+OpEd&rft.date=2023-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasiareview.com%2F28062023-us-forced-labor-camps-an-overlooked-chapter-in-american-history-oped%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlaes20136-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShlaes20136_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShlaes2013">Shlaes 2013</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a250McCoy1967328–329-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a250McCoy1967328–329_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 250; <a href="#CITEREFMcCoy1967">McCoy 1967</a>, pp. 328–329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1923SOTU-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1923SOTU_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge%27s_First_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Calvin Coolidge's First State of the Union Address">s:Calvin Coolidge's First State of the Union Address</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeloria199291-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeloria199291_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeloria1992">Deloria 1992</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge192631–36-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge192631–36_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoolidge1926">Coolidge 1926</a>, pp. 31–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge1926159–165-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge1926159–165_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoolidge1926">Coolidge 1926</a>, pp. 159–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/coolidge/foreign-affairs">"Calvin Coolidge: Foreign Affairs | Miller Center"</a>. <i>Miller Center</i>. October 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miller+Center&rft.atitle=Calvin+Coolidge%3A+Foreign+Affairs+%7C+Miller+Center&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fcoolidge%2Fforeign-affairs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a342-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a342_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoel_Webster" class="citation web cs1">Joel Webster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1508&context=master201019">"Coolidge against the world: Peace, prosperity, and foreign policy in the 1920s"</a>. <i>James Madison University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=James+Madison+University&rft.atitle=Coolidge+against+the+world%3A+Peace%2C+prosperity%2C+and+foreign+policy+in+the+1920s&rft.au=Joel+Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.lib.jmu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1508%26context%3Dmaster201019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967184–185-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967184–185_160-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967184–185_160-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCoy1967">McCoy 1967</a>, pp. 184–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967360-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967360_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCoy1967">McCoy 1967</a>, p. 360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967363-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967363_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCoy1967">McCoy 1967</a>, p. 363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2006114–116-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2006114–116_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2006114–116_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenberg2006">Greenberg 2006</a>, pp. 114–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Dawes-Plan">"Dawes Plan | World War I reparations"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dawes+Plan+%7C+World+War+I+reparations&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FDawes-Plan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarriott,_Leo.2005" class="citation book cs1">Marriott, Leo. (2005). <i>Treaty cruisers : the world's first international warship building competition</i>. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Maritime. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1844151883" title="Special:BookSources/1844151883"><bdi>1844151883</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60668374">60668374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treaty+cruisers+%3A+the+world%27s+first+international+warship+building+competition&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Maritime&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60668374&rft.isbn=1844151883&rft.au=Marriott%2C+Leo.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940421–423-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940421–423_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, pp. 421–423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967380–381Greenberg2006123–124-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967380–381Greenberg2006123–124_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCoy1967">McCoy 1967</a>, pp. 380–381; <a href="#CITEREFGreenberg2006">Greenberg 2006</a>, pp. 123–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967181-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967181_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCoy1967">McCoy 1967</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_169-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_169-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_169-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coolidgefoundation.org/presidency/foreign-policy/">"Foreign Policy"</a>. <i>coolidgefoundation.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=coolidgefoundation.org&rft.atitle=Foreign+Policy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoolidgefoundation.org%2Fpresidency%2Fforeign-policy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a349-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a349_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967178–179-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967178–179_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCoy1967">McCoy 1967</a>, pp. 178–179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940414–417Ferrell1998122–123-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940414–417Ferrell1998122–123_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, pp. 414–417; <a href="#CITEREFFerrell1998">Ferrell 1998</a>, pp. 122–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller_Center2016-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller_Center2016_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller_Center2016">Miller Center 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistorian2018-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistorian2018_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistorian2018">Historian 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2014-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2014_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2014">Kim 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seaway.dot.gov/about/great-lakes-st-lawrence-seaway-system">"The Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Seaway System"</a>. <i>Saint Lawrence Seaway</i>. March 20, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saint+Lawrence+Seaway&rft.atitle=The+Great+Lakes%E2%80%93St.+Lawrence+Seaway+System&rft.date=2014-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seaway.dot.gov%2Fabout%2Fgreat-lakes-st-lawrence-seaway-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg200648–49-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg200648–49_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenberg2006">Greenberg 2006</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERusnak1983270–271-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERusnak1983270–271_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRusnak1983">Rusnak 1983</a>, pp. 270–271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolskyTkacheva2002224–227-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolskyTkacheva2002224–227_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolskyTkacheva2002">Polsky & Tkacheva 2002</a>, pp. 224–227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2006111–112-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2006111–112_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenberg2006">Greenberg 2006</a>, pp. 111–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESenate_Historian2014-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenate_Historian2014_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSenate_Historian2014">Senate Historian 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940364-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940364_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, p. 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandler1995113–122-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandler1995113–122_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHandler1995">Handler 1995</a>, pp. 113–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalston''passim''-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalston''passim''_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalston">Galston</a>, <i>passim</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman2002216-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman2002216_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreeman2002">Freeman 2002</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a370-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a370_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1938361-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1938361_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1938">White 1938</a>, p. 361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge1929239-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge1929239_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoolidge1929">Coolidge 1929</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell1998195-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell1998195_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerrell1998">Ferrell 1998</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClemensDaggett1945[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClemensDaggett1945[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClemensDaggett1945">Clemens & Daggett 1945</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a407-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a407_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940450–455-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940450–455_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, pp. 450–455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a403Ferrell1998201–202-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a403Ferrell1998201–202_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 403; <a href="#CITEREFFerrell1998">Ferrell 1998</a>, pp. 201–202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940457–459Greenberg2006153-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940457–459Greenberg2006153_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, pp. 457–459; <a href="#CITEREFGreenberg2006">Greenberg 2006</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuess1940460-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuess1940460_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuess1940">Fuess 1940</a>, p. 460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2006154–155-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2006154–155_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenberg2006">Greenberg 2006</a>, pp. 154–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a410-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a410_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r3fvv4-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r3fvv4_198-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3fvv4_198-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenberg, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/coolidge/impact-and-legacy">Calvin Coolidge: Impact and Legacy</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a></i>. Retrieved November 30, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alsop, Joseph (July 28, 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-calgary-albertan-assaying-the-presid/160035434/">Assaying the Presidents</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Sun" title="Calgary Sun">The Calgary Albertan</a></i>. Retrieved November 30, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmid, Randolph (August 6, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/calgary-herald-rating-the-presidents/160035911/">Rating the presidents</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Sun" title="Calgary Sun">The Calgary Albertan</a></i>. Retrieved November 30, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerhardt, Michael J. (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/8743/chapter-abstract/154807714?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Calvin Coolidge, 1923–1929</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></i>. Retrieved November 30, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-world-presidents-rated-truman-ike/156226892/">Presidents rated: Truman, Ike near the top</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. <i>The World</i>. February 4, 1982. Retrieved September 29, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shawcross, William (November 11, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-independent-calvin-coolidge-william/160034720/">Calvin Coolidge</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. Retrieved November 30, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2021/?personid=39815">Historians Survey Results: Calvin Coolidge</a>. <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>. Retrieved November 30, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gold, Michael (December 6, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/06/us/desantis-calvin-coolidge.html">With One Vote for Calvin Coolidge, G.O.P. Hopefuls Name Their Favorite Presidents</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Retrieved November 30, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-news-cool-cal-coolidge-back/160062131/">'Cool Cal' Coolidge back in White House</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Miami_News" title="The Miami News">The Miami News</a></i>. February 4, 1981. Retrieved November 30, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, Haynes (June 14, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tampa-tribune-dusting-off-calvin-coo/160061915/">Dusting Off Calvin Coolidge</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tampa_Tribune" title="The Tampa Tribune">The Tampa Tribune</a></i>. Retrieved November 30, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-observer-white-house-pedlar-of-an-ag/160056349/">White House pedlar of an ageless dream</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i>. January 29, 1984. Retrieved November 30, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Joseph B. (November 29, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/29/opinion/is-coolidges-picture-coming-down.html">Is Coolidge's Picture Coming Down?</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Retrieved November 30, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg20067-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg20067_210-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenberg2006">Greenberg 2006</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel1998a252-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobel1998a252_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobel1998a">Sobel 1998a</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1967" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Emrys (1967). "The Presidential address". <i>Radio and Electronic Engineer</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1049%2Free.1967.0001">10.1049/ree.1967.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-7722">0033-7722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+and+Electronic+Engineer&rft.atitle=The+Presidential+address&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1049%2Free.1967.0001&rft.issn=0033-7722&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Emrys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Forest1924-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Forest1924_213-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Forest1924">de Forest 1924</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMashon2016" class="citation web cs1">Mashon, Mike (November 3, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.loc.gov/now-see-hear/2016/11/silent-cal-not-so-silent/">"Silent Cal, Not So Silent | Now See Hear!"</a>. <i>blogs.loc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Silent+Cal%2C+Not+So+Silent+%7C+Now+See+Hear%21&rft.date=2016-11-03&rft.aulast=Mashon&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.loc.gov%2Fnow-see-hear%2F2016%2F11%2Fsilent-cal-not-so-silent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1927/05/23/Medal-of-Honor-will-be-awarded-to-Lindbergh/8218071432811/">"Medal of Honor will be awarded to Lindbergh"</a>. <i>UPI</i>. May 23, 1927<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft.atitle=Medal+of+Honor+will+be+awarded+to+Lindbergh&rft.date=1927-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1927%2F05%2F23%2FMedal-of-Honor-will-be-awarded-to-Lindbergh%2F8218071432811%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnknown1927" class="citation web cs1">Unknown (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YerctYmO-6k">"Lindbergh honored by President Calvin Coolidge"</a>. <i>Periscope Film</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211124/YerctYmO-6k">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Periscope+Film&rft.atitle=Lindbergh+honored+by+President+Calvin+Coolidge&rft.date=1927&rft.au=Unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DYerctYmO-6k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="About_Coolidge_and_his_era">About Coolidge and his era</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Confirms_Daugherty's_Story_of_Coolidge's_Second_Oath"" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/138860690/">"Confirms Daugherty's Story of Coolidge's Second Oath"</a>. <i>St. Louis Post-Dispatch</i>. St. Louis, Missouri. Associated Press. February 2, 1932. p. 1C<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Louis+Post-Dispatch&rft.atitle=Confirms+Daugherty%27s+Story+of+Coolidge%27s+Second+Oath&rft.pages=1C&rft.date=1932-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F138860690%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Barry" title="John M. Barry">Barry, John M.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risingtidegreatm00barr"><i>Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684840024" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684840024"><bdi>978-0684840024</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rising+Tide%3A+The+Great+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927+and+How+It+Changed+America&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0684840024&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frisingtidegreatm00barr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2003" class="citation journal cs1">Buckley, Kerry W. (December 2003). "A President for the 'Great Silent Majority': Bruce Barton's Construction of Calvin Coolidge". <i>The New England Quarterly</i>. <b>76</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">593–</span>626. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1559844">10.2307/1559844</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4866">0028-4866</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1559844">1559844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Quarterly&rft.atitle=A+President+for+the+%27Great+Silent+Majority%27%3A+Bruce+Barton%27s+Construction+of+Calvin+Coolidge&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E593-%3C%2Fspan%3E626&rft.date=2003-12&rft.issn=0028-4866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1559844%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1559844&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Kerry+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryson2013" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Bryson" title="Bill Bryson">Bryson, Bill</a> (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780767919401"><i>One Summer: America, 1927</i></a>, New York: Doubleday, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0767919401" title="Special:BookSources/978-0767919401"><bdi>978-0767919401</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Summer%3A+America%2C+1927&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0767919401&rft.aulast=Bryson&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780767919401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClemensDaggett1945" class="citation cs2">Clemens, Cyril; Daggett, Athern P. (1945), "Coolidge's "I Do Not Choose to Run": Granite or Putty?", <i>The New England Quarterly</i>, <b>18</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">147–</span>163, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F361282">10.2307/361282</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/361282">361282</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Coolidge%27s+%22I+Do+Not+Choose+to+Run%22%3A+Granite+or+Putty%3F&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E163&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F361282&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F361282%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Clemens&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft.au=Daggett%2C+Athern+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordery2008" class="citation book cs1">Cordery, Stacy A. (2008). <i>Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker</i>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143114277" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143114277"><bdi>978-0143114277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alice%3A+Alice+Roosevelt+Longworth%2C+from+White+House+Princess+to+Washington+Power+Broker&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0143114277&rft.aulast=Cordery&rft.aufirst=Stacy+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeloria1992" class="citation book cs1">Deloria, Vincent (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VzWIpZBZgA0C"><i>American Indian Policy in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806124247" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806124247"><bdi>978-0806124247</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Indian+Policy+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0806124247&rft.aulast=Deloria&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVzWIpZBZgA0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrell1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Ferrell" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert H. Ferrell">Ferrell, Robert H.</a> (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofcalv0000ferr"><i>The Presidency of Calvin Coolidge</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700608928" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700608928"><bdi>978-0700608928</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Calvin+Coolidge&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0700608928&rft.aulast=Ferrell&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofcalv0000ferr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jo_Freeman" title="Jo Freeman">Freeman, Jo</a> (2002). <i>A Room at a Time: How Women Entered Party Politics</i>. Rowman and Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0847698059" title="Special:BookSources/978-0847698059"><bdi>978-0847698059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Room+at+a+Time%3A+How+Women+Entered+Party+Politics&rft.pub=Rowman+and+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0847698059&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Jo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Forest1924" class="citation web cs1">de Forest, Lee (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coolidge_1924">"President Coolidge, Taken on the White House Ground (1924)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Coolidge%2C+Taken+on+the+White+House+Ground+%281924%29&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=de+Forest&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoolidge_1924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuess1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Fuess" title="Claude Fuess">Fuess, Claude Moore</a> (1940). <i>Calvin Coolidge: The Man from Vermont</i>. Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1406756739" title="Special:BookSources/978-1406756739"><bdi>978-1406756739</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calvin+Coolidge%3A+The+Man+from+Vermont&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=978-1406756739&rft.aulast=Fuess&rft.aufirst=Claude+Moore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalston" class="citation journal cs1">Galston, Miriam (November 1995). "Activism and Restraint: The Evolution of Harlan Fiske Stone's Judicial Philosophy". <i>Tulane Law Revue</i>. <b>70</b>: 137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tulane+Law+Revue&rft.atitle=Activism+and+Restraint%3A+The+Evolution+of+Harlan+Fiske+Stone%27s+Judicial+Philosophy&rft.volume=70&rft.pages=137&rft.date=1995-11&rft.aulast=Galston&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2005" class="citation journal cs1">Gilbert, Robert E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021875805009266">"Calvin Coolidge's Tragic Presidency: the Political Effects of Bereavement and Depression"</a>. <i>Journal of American Studies</i>. <b>39</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021875805009266">10.1017/S0021875805009266</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27557598">27557598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Calvin+Coolidge%27s+Tragic+Presidency%3A+the+Political+Effects+of+Bereavement+and+Depression&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021875805009266&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27557598%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0021875805009266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Greenberg_(historian)" title="David Greenberg (historian)">Greenberg, David</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/calvincoolidge00gree"><i>Calvin Coolidge</i></a>. The American Presidents Series. <a href="/wiki/Times_Books" title="Times Books">Times Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805069570" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805069570"><bdi>978-0805069570</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calvin+Coolidge&rft.series=The+American+Presidents+Series&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0805069570&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcalvincoolidge00gree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandler1995" class="citation journal cs1">Handler, Milton C. (December 1995). "Clerking for Justice Harlan Fiske Stone". <i>Journal of Supreme Court History</i>. <b>20</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">113–</span>122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5818.1995.tb00098.x">10.1111/j.1540-5818.1995.tb00098.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-4329">1059-4329</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145379304">145379304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Supreme+Court+History&rft.atitle=Clerking+for+Justice+Harlan+Fiske+Stone&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.date=1995-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145379304%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1059-4329&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-5818.1995.tb00098.x&rft.aulast=Handler&rft.aufirst=Milton+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistorian2018" class="citation web cs1">Historian (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/coolidge-calvin">"Travels of President Calvin Coolidge"</a>. U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Travels+of+President+Calvin+Coolidge&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State+Office+of+the+Historian&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fdepartmenthistory%2Ftravels%2Fpresident%2Fcoolidge-calvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKappler1929" class="citation web cs1">Kappler, Charles (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011204536/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/vol4/html_files/v4p1165.html">"Indian affairs: laws and treaties Vol. IV, Treaties"</a>. Government Printing Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/vol4/html_files/v4p1165.html">the original</a> on October 11, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+affairs%3A+laws+and+treaties+Vol.+IV%2C+Treaties&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Kappler&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2Fvol4%2Fhtml_files%2Fv4p1165.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2014" class="citation web cs1">Kim, Susanna (December 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106035453/https://www.yahoo.com/news/heres-happened-last-time-us-president-visited-cuba-222336829--abc-news-topstories.html">"Here's What Happened the Last Time a US President Visited Cuba"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/heres-happened-last-time-us-president-visited-cuba-222336829--abc-news-topstories.html">the original</a> on January 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Here%27s+What+Happened+the+Last+Time+a+US+President+Visited+Cuba&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Susanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fheres-happened-last-time-us-president-visited-cuba-222336829--abc-news-topstories.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandry2016" class="citation news cs1">Landry, Alysa (July 26, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190804171847/https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/first-sitting-prez-adopted-by-tribe-starts-desecration-of-mount-rushmore-_puzdmmpckWnUnLVUVDipw/">"First Sitting Prez Adopted by Tribe Starts Desecration of Mount Rushmore"</a>. <i>IndianCountryToday.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/first-sitting-prez-adopted-by-tribe-starts-desecration-of-mount-rushmore-_puzdmmpckWnUnLVUVDipw/">the original</a> on August 4, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IndianCountryToday.com&rft.atitle=First+Sitting+Prez+Adopted+by+Tribe+Starts+Desecration+of+Mount+Rushmore&rft.date=2016-07-26&rft.aulast=Landry&rft.aufirst=Alysa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsmaven.io%2Findiancountrytoday%2Farchive%2Ffirst-sitting-prez-adopted-by-tribe-starts-desecration-of-mount-rushmore-_puzdmmpckWnUnLVUVDipw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadsen2015" class="citation book cs1">Madsen, Deborah L., ed. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-AapCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168"><i>The Routledge Companion to Native American Literature</i></a>. Routledge. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317693192" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317693192"><bdi>978-1317693192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Native+American+Literature&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1317693192&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-AapCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2000" class="citation news cs1">Martin, Douglas (June 4, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/04/us/john-coolidge-guardian-of-president-s-legacy-dies-at-93.html">"John Coolidge, Guardian of President's Legacy. Dies at 93"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=John+Coolidge%2C+Guardian+of+President%27s+Legacy.+Dies+at+93&rft.date=2000-06-04&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F06%2F04%2Fus%2Fjohn-coolidge-guardian-of-president-s-legacy-dies-at-93.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy1967" class="citation book cs1">McCoy, Donald R. (1967). <i>Calvin Coolidge: The Quiet President</i>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1468017779" title="Special:BookSources/978-1468017779"><bdi>978-1468017779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calvin+Coolidge%3A+The+Quiet+President&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-1468017779&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller_Center2016" class="citation web cs1">Miller Center (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160220091810/http://millercenter.org/president/biography/coolidge-foreign-affairs">"Calvin Coolidge: Foreign Affairs"</a>. <i>millercenter.org</i>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/biography/coolidge-foreign-affairs">the original</a> on February 20, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=millercenter.org&rft.atitle=Calvin+Coolidge%3A+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Miller+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fbiography%2Fcoolidge-foreign-affairs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolskyTkacheva2002" class="citation journal cs1">Polsky, Andrew J.; Tkacheva, Olesya (Winter 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43975/1/10767_2004_Article_452810.pdf">"Legacies versus Politics: Herbert Hoover, Partisan Conflict, and the Symbolic Appeal of Associationalism in the 1920s"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society</i>. <b>16</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">207–</span>235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1020525029722">10.1023/A:1020525029722</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F43975">2027.42/43975</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20020160">20020160</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142508983">142508983</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170820211320/http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43975/1/10767_2004_Article_452810.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Politics%2C+Culture%2C+and+Society&rft.atitle=Legacies+versus+Politics%3A+Herbert+Hoover%2C+Partisan+Conflict%2C+and+the+Symbolic+Appeal+of+Associationalism+in+the+1920s&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E235&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F43975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142508983%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20020160%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1020525029722&rft.aulast=Polsky&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft.au=Tkacheva%2C+Olesya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeepblue.lib.umich.edu%2Fbitstream%2F2027.42%2F43975%2F1%2F10767_2004_Article_452810.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1995" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Gary Boyd (1995). "Ancestors of American Presidents". <i>The Bimonthly Newsletter of the New England Historic Genealogical Society</i>. <b>15</b>: 199.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bimonthly+Newsletter+of+the+New+England+Historic+Genealogical+Society&rft.atitle=Ancestors+of+American+Presidents&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=199&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Gary+Boyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2014" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Jason (2014). "The Biographical Legacy of Calvin Coolidge and the 1924 Presidential Election". In Katherine A. S. Sibley (ed.). <i>A Companion to Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover</i>. Wiley Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118834473" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118834473"><bdi>978-1118834473</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Biographical+Legacy+of+Calvin+Coolidge+and+the+1924+Presidential+Election&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Warren+G.+Harding%2C+Calvin+Coolidge%2C+and+Herbert+Hoover&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1118834473&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusnak1983" class="citation journal cs1">Rusnak, Robert J. (Spring 1983). "Andrew W. Mellon: Reluctant Kingmaker". <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>13</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">269–</span>278. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27547924">27547924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Andrew+W.+Mellon%3A+Reluctant+Kingmaker&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E278&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27547924%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rusnak&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Russell_(author)" title="Francis Russell (author)">Russell, Francis</a> (1975). <i>A City in Terror: Calvin Coolidge and the 1919 Boston Police Strike</i>. <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807050330" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807050330"><bdi>978-0807050330</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+City+in+Terror%3A+Calvin+Coolidge+and+the+1919+Boston+Police+Strike&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0807050330&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenate_Historian2014" class="citation web cs1">Senate Historian (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141106112435/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Charles_Dawes.htm">"Charles G. Dawes, 30th Vice President (1925–1929)"</a>. <i>US Senate</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Charles_Dawes.htm">the original</a> on November 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Senate&rft.atitle=Charles+G.+Dawes%2C+30th+Vice+President+%281925%E2%80%931929%29&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Senate+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fgeneric%2FVP_Charles_Dawes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShlaes2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes, Amity</a> (2013). <i>Coolidge</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061967559" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061967559"><bdi>978-0061967559</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coolidge&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0061967559&rft.aulast=Shlaes&rft.aufirst=Amity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobel1998a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sobel" title="Robert Sobel">Sobel, Robert</a> (1998a). <i>Coolidge: An American Enigma</i>. <a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0895264107" title="Special:BookSources/978-0895264107"><bdi>978-0895264107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coolidge%3A+An+American+Enigma&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0895264107&rft.aulast=Sobel&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobel1998b" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sobel" title="Robert Sobel">Sobel, Robert</a> (1998b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060308075125/http://www.jfklibrary.org/coolidge_sobel.html">"Coolidge and American Business"</a>. John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfklibrary.org/coolidge_sobel.html">the original</a> on March 8, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coolidge+and+American+Business&rft.pub=John+F.+Kennedy+Library+and+Museum&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Sobel&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2Fcoolidge_sobel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Allen_White" title="William Allen White">White, William Allen</a> (1938). <i>A Puritan in Babylon: The Story of Calvin Coolidge</i>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Puritan+in+Babylon%3A+The+Story+of+Calvin+Coolidge&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=William+Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_Coolidge">By Coolidge</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoolidge1919" class="citation book cs1">Coolidge, Calvin (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/havefaithinmassa00cooluoft"><i>Have Faith in Massachusetts: A Collection of Speeches and Messages</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Have+Faith+in+Massachusetts%3A+A+Collection+of+Speeches+and+Messages&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Coolidge&rft.aufirst=Calvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhavefaithinmassa00cooluoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoolidge1926" class="citation book cs1">Coolidge, Calvin (2004) [1926]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/foundationsofrep00unit"><i>Foundations of the Republic: Speeches and Addresses</i></a>. University Press of the Pacific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1410215987" title="Special:BookSources/978-1410215987"><bdi>978-1410215987</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+the+Republic%3A+Speeches+and+Addresses&rft.pub=University+Press+of+the+Pacific&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1410215987&rft.aulast=Coolidge&rft.aufirst=Calvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ffoundationsofrep00unit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoolidge1929" class="citation book cs1">Coolidge, Calvin (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/calvin-coolidge/the-autobiography-of-calvin-coolidge"><i>The Autobiography of Calvin Coolidge</i></a>. Cosmopolitan Book Corp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0944951033" title="Special:BookSources/978-0944951033"><bdi>978-0944951033</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+Calvin+Coolidge&rft.pub=Cosmopolitan+Book+Corp&rft.date=1929&rft.isbn=978-0944951033&rft.aulast=Coolidge&rft.aufirst=Calvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstandardebooks.org%2Febooks%2Fcalvin-coolidge%2Fthe-autobiography-of-calvin-coolidge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannaford" class="citation book cs1">Coolidge, Calvin (2001). Peter Hannaford (ed.). <i>The Quotable Calvin Coolidge: Sensible Words for a New Century</i>. Images From The Past, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1884592331" title="Special:BookSources/978-1884592331"><bdi>978-1884592331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quotable+Calvin+Coolidge%3A+Sensible+Words+for+a+New+Century&rft.pub=Images+From+The+Past%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1884592331&rft.aulast=Coolidge&rft.aufirst=Calvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Calvin Coolidge</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Coolidge%2C+Calvin%2C+1872%E2%80%931933.&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Coolidge%2C+Calvin%2C+1872%E2%80%931933.">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Coolidge%2C+Calvin%2C+1872%E2%80%931933.&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Calvin Coolidge</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=&au=Coolidge%2C+Calvin%2C+1872%E2%80%931933.&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=&au=Coolidge%2C+Calvin%2C+1872%E2%80%931933.">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=&au=Coolidge%2C+Calvin%2C+1872%E2%80%931933.&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrell2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Ferrell, Robert H.</a> (2008). <i>Grace Coolidge: The People's Lady in Silent Cal's White House</i>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700615636" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700615636"><bdi>978-0700615636</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2007045737">2007045737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grace+Coolidge%3A+The+People%27s+Lady+in+Silent+Cal%27s+White+House&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2007045737&rft.isbn=978-0700615636&rft.aulast=Ferrell&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelzenberg1998" class="citation journal cs1">Felzenberg, Alvin S. (Fall 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coolidgefoundation.org/resources/essays-papers-addresses-34/">"Calvin Coolidge and Race: His Record in Dealing with the Racial Tensions of the 1920s"</a>. <i>New England Journal of History</i>. <b>55</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">83–</span>96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+History&rft.atitle=Calvin+Coolidge+and+Race%3A+His+Record+in+Dealing+with+the+Racial+Tensions+of+the+1920s&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Felzenberg&rft.aufirst=Alvin+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoolidgefoundation.org%2Fresources%2Fessays-papers-addresses-34%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuess1953" class="citation cs2">Fuess, Claude M. (1953), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44817448.pdf">"Calvin Coolidge – Twenty Years After"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society</i>, <b>63</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">351–</span>369</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.atitle=Calvin+Coolidge+%E2%80%93+Twenty+Years+After&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E351-%3C%2Fspan%3E369&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Fuess&rft.aufirst=Claude+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44817448.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatfield1997" class="citation book cs1">Hatfield, Mark O. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Calvin_Coolidge.htm">"Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923)"</a>. <i>Vice Presidents of the United States, 1789–1993</i>. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. <span class="nowrap">347–</span>354.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Calvin+Coolidge+%281921%E2%80%931923%29&rft.btitle=Vice+Presidents+of+the+United+States%2C+1789%E2%80%931993&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E347-%3C%2Fspan%3E354&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Hatfield&rft.aufirst=Mark+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fgeneric%2FVP_Calvin_Coolidge.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Postell, Joseph W. "Roaring Against Progressivism: The Principled Conservatism of Calvin Coolidge," in Joseph W. Postell and Johnathan O'Neill, eds. <i>Toward an American Conservatism: Constitutional Conservatism during the Progressive Era</i> (2013) pp. 181–208.</li> <li>Russell, Francis. "Coolidge and the Boston Police Strike." <i>Antioch Review</i> 16#4 (1956), pp. 403–15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/4609899">online</a></li> <li>Tacoma, Thomas J. <i>The Political Thought of Calvin Coolidge: Burkean Americanist</i> (Lexington Books, 2020).</li> <li>Tacoma, Thomas. "Calvin Coolidge and the Great Depression: A New Assessment." <i>Independent Review</i> 24.3 (2019): 361–380. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45238861">online</a></li> <li>Zibel, Howard J. "The Role of Calvin Coolidge in the Boston Police Strike of 1919," <i>Industrial and Labor Relations Forum</i> 6, no. 3 (November 1969): 299–318</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoolidge1964" class="citation book cs1">Coolidge, Calvin (1964). Howard H. Quint and Robert H. Ferrell (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623205217/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=77365439"><i>The Talkative President: The Off–the–Record Press Conferences of Calvin Coolidge</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=77365439">the original</a> on June 23, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Talkative+President%3A+The+Off%E2%80%93the%E2%80%93Record+Press+Conferences+of+Calvin+Coolidge&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Coolidge&rft.aufirst=Calvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FPM.qst%3Fa%3Do%26d%3D77365439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoolidge1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Grace_Coolidge" title="Grace Coolidge">Coolidge, Grace</a> (1992). Wikander, Lawrence E.; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Ferrell, Robert H.</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gracecoolidgeaut00cool"><i>Grace Coolidge: An Autobiography</i></a>. High Plains Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1881019015" title="Special:BookSources/978-1881019015"><bdi>978-1881019015</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/92072825">92072825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grace+Coolidge%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.pub=High+Plains+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F92072825&rft.isbn=978-1881019015&rft.aulast=Coolidge&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgracecoolidgeaut00cool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Calvin Coolidge</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Coolidge" class="extiw" title="wikt:Coolidge">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" class="extiw" title="c:Calvin Coolidge">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" class="extiw" title="q:Calvin Coolidge">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Calvin_Coolidge" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Calvin Coolidge">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?310540-1/amity-shlaes"><i>Q&A</i> interview with Amity Shlaes on <i>Coolidge</i>, February 10, 2013</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?110049-1/coolidge-american-enigma"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with Robert Sobel on <i>Coolidge: An American Enigma</i>, August 30, 1998</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Biographical information</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/calvin-coolidge/">White House biography</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressC000738" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000738">"Calvin Coolidge (id: C000738)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Calvin+Coolidge+%28id%3A+C000738%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DC000738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalvin+Coolidge" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Digital collections</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/calvin-coolidge">Works by Calvin Coolidge in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1661">Works by Calvin Coolidge</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Coolidge%2C%20Calvin%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Calvin%20Coolidge%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Coolidge%2C%20Calvin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Calvin%20Coolidge%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Coolidge%2C%20C%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Calvin%20Coolidge%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Coolidge%2C%20Calvin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Calvin%20Coolidge%22%29%20OR%20%28%221872-1933%22%20AND%20Coolidge%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Calvin Coolidge</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/speeches#coolidge">Text of a number of Coolidge speeches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Physical collections</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forbeslibrary.org/coolidge/">Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library & Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coolidgefoundation.org/">Calvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/coolidge/index.html">Calvin Coolidge: A Resource Guide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Presidents/Coolidge-Calvin">Calvin Coolidge Personal Manuscripts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other links</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/c/calvin_coolidge/index.html">Calvin Coolidge</a> collected news and commentary at <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coolidge_1924">President Coolidge, Taken on the White House Ground</a></i>, the first presidential film with sound recording</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151626-1/life-portrait-calvin-coolidge">"Life Portrait of Calvin Coolidge"</a>, from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/American_Presidents:_Life_Portraits" title="American Presidents: Life Portraits">American Presidents: Life Portraits</a></i>, September 27, 1999</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?39815">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0177633/">Calvin Coolidge</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36023#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/003451">Newspaper clippings about Calvin Coolidge</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Calvin_Coolidge897" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Calvin_Coolidge" title="Template:Calvin Coolidge"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Calvin_Coolidge" title="Template talk:Calvin Coolidge"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Calvin_Coolidge" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Calvin Coolidge"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Calvin_Coolidge897" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calvin Coolidge</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">30th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1923–1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">29th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1921–1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts#Commonwealth_of_Massachusetts:_1780–present" title="Governor of Massachusetts">48th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a> (1919–1921)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_life_and_family_history">Early life and family history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolidge_Homestead" title="Coolidge Homestead">Boyhood home and first inauguration site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Notch_Cemetery" title="Plymouth Notch Cemetery">gravesite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge_House" title="Calvin Coolidge House">Calvin Coolidge House</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_career_and_marriage">Early career and marriage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Lieutenant_Governor_and_Governor_of_Massachusetts_(1916−1921)">Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_police_strike" title="Boston police strike">Boston police strike</a> (1919)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Vice_presidency_(1921−1923)">Vice Presidency</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Post-presidency_(1929–1933)">Retirement and death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library and Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Industry_and_trade">Industry and trade</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Taxation_and_government_spending">Taxation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1924" title="Revenue Act of 1924">Revenue Act of 1924</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1926" title="Revenue Act of 1926">Revenue Act of 1926</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1928" title="Revenue Act of 1928">Revenue Act of 1928</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_National_Forest" title="Allegheny National Forest">Allegheny National Forest</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Civil_rights">Civil rights</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act" title="Indian Citizenship Act">Indian Citizenship Act of 1924</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarke%E2%80%93McNary_Act" title="Clarke–McNary Act">Clarke–McNary Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1924" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1924">Oil Pollution Act of 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_Adjusted_Compensation_Act" title="World War Adjusted Compensation Act">World War Adjusted Compensation Act</a> (1924)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Opposition_to_farm_subsidies">Opposition to farm subsidies</a> (<a href="/wiki/McNary%E2%80%93Haugen_Farm_Relief_Bill" title="McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill">McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1925" title="Judiciary Act of 1925">Judiciary Act of 1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Corrupt_Practices_Act" title="Federal Corrupt Practices Act">Federal Corrupt Practices Act Amendments of 1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Labor_Act" title="Railway Labor Act">Railway Labor Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_Act_of_1926" title="Passport Act of 1926">Passport Act of 1926</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Flood_control">Flood control</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927" title="Great Mississippi Flood of 1927">Great Mississippi Flood of 1927</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1928" title="Flood Control Act of 1928">Flood Control Act of 1928</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1926 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Addresses (1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1927 State of the Union Address">1927)</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_do_not_choose_to_run" title="I do not choose to run">I do not choose to run</a>" (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Act_of_1927" title="Radio Act of 1927">Radio Act of 1927</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Radio_Commission" title="Federal Radio Commission">Federal Radio Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-time_rule" title="Equal-time rule">Equal-time rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McFadden_Act" title="McFadden Act">McFadden Act</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_Little_State_of_Vermont_speech" title="Brave Little State of Vermont speech">Brave Little State of Vermont speech</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McSweeney-McNary_Act_of_1928" title="McSweeney-McNary Act of 1928">McSweeney-McNary Act of 1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migratory_Bird_Conservation_Act" title="Migratory Bird Conservation Act">Migratory Bird Conservation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed%E2%80%93Jenkins_Act" title="Reed–Jenkins Act">Reed–Jenkins Act</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">United States occupation of Nicaragua</a> (1912–1933), <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">United States occupation of Haiti</a> (1915–1934), <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1916%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924)">United States occupation of the Dominican Republic</a> (1916–1924), <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a> (1922), <a href="/wiki/Kellogg%E2%80%93Briand_Pact" title="Kellogg–Briand Pact">Kellogg–Briand Pact</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidential transition of Herbert Hoover">Presidential transition of Herbert Hoover</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Cabinet">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Calvin_Coolidge" title="List of federal judges appointed by Calvin Coolidge">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone_Supreme_Court_nominations" title="Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nominations">Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1918_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1918 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">1918 Massachusetts gubernatorial election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1919 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">1919 Massachusetts gubernatorial election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 Republican National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 United States presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidential transition of Warren G. Harding">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 Republican National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924 United States presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="The Autobiography of Calvin Coolidge">The Autobiography of Calvin Coolidge</a></i> (1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Calvin_Coolidge" title="List of things named after Calvin Coolidge">Things named after Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sesquicentennial_coinage" title="United States Sesquicentennial coinage">Sesquicentennial half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolidge_effect" title="Coolidge effect">Coolidge effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_President_Coolidge" title="SS President Coolidge">SS <i>President Coolidge</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Backstairs_at_the_White_House" title="Backstairs at the White House">Backstairs at the White House</a></i> (1979 miniseries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Coolidge" title="Grace Coolidge">Grace Coolidge</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coolidge" title="John Coolidge">John Coolidge</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin_Coolidge_Sr." title="John Calvin Coolidge Sr.">John Calvin Coolidge Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Galusha_Coolidge" title="Calvin Galusha Coolidge">Calvin Galusha Coolidge</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Brown_(U.S._senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Brown (U.S. senator)">Arthur Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympia_Brown" title="Olympia Brown">Olympia Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Coolidge" title="Charles A. Coolidge">Charles A. Coolidge</a> (cousins)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_A._Coolidge" title="Marcus A. Coolidge">Marcus A. Coolidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_W._Coolidge" title="Arthur W. Coolidge">Arthur W. Coolidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martha_Coolidge" title="Martha Coolidge">Martha Coolidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Coolidge" title="Carlos Coolidge">Carlos Coolidge</a> (distant relations)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Rice_(colonist)" title="Edmund Rice (colonist)">Edmund Rice</a> (ancestor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Roy_(dog)" title="Rob Roy (dog)">Rob Roy</a> (family dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_(raccoon)" title="Rebecca (raccoon)">Rebecca</a> (pet raccoon)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">← Warren G. Harding</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">← Thomas R. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Calvin_Coolidge" title="Category:Calvin Coolidge">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives">Massachusetts House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moses_M._Bassett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moses M. Bassett (page does not exist)">Moses M. Bassett</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives">Massachusetts House of Representatives</a> </b><br />1907–1909 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_A._Montgomery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles A. Montgomery (page does not exist)">Charles A. Montgomery</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate" title="Massachusetts Senate">Massachusetts Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Allen_T._Treadway" title="Allen T. Treadway">Allen T. Treadway</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate" title="Massachusetts Senate">Massachusetts Senate</a> </b><br />1912–1915 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_B._Hull&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John B. Hull (page does not exist)">John B. Hull</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_W._O%27Brien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James W. O'Brien (page does not exist)">James W. O'Brien</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton, Massachusetts</a> </b><br />1910–1912 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Feiker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Feiker (page does not exist)">William Feiker</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Levi_H._Greenwood" title="Levi H. Greenwood">Levi H. Greenwood</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Massachusetts_Senate" title="President of the Massachusetts Senate">President of the Massachusetts Senate</a> </b><br />1914–1915 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gordon_Wells" title="Henry Gordon Wells">Henry Gordon Wells</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Grafton_D._Cushing" title="Grafton D. Cushing">Grafton D. Cushing</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts">Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts</a> </b><br />1916–1919 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Channing_H._Cox" title="Channing H. Cox">Channing H. Cox</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._McCall" title="Samuel W. McCall">Samuel W. McCall</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a> </b><br />1919–1921 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> </b><br />1921–1923 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> </b><br />1923–1929 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Grafton_D._Cushing" title="Grafton D. Cushing">Grafton D. Cushing</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts">Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts</a> </b><br />1915, 1916, 1917 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Channing_H._Cox" title="Channing H. Cox">Channing H. Cox</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._McCall" title="Samuel W. McCall">Samuel W. McCall</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1918_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1918 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">1918</a>, <a href="/wiki/1919_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1919 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">1919</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Channing_H._Cox" title="Channing H. Cox">Channing H. Cox</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for Vice President of the United States </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Orren_Lowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Orren Lowden">Frank Orren Lowden</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Withdrew</span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for President of the United States </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Calvin_Coolidge102" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Calvin_Coolidge102" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Calvin Coolidge</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_States390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Presidents of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Presidents of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and<br />presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–2025</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">2025–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency<br />timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_Adams_presidency" title="Timeline of the John Adams presidency">J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Calvin_Coolidge_(1923–1929)770" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coolidge_cabinet" title="Template:Coolidge cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coolidge_cabinet" title="Template talk:Coolidge cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coolidge_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coolidge cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Calvin_Coolidge_(1923–1929)770" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calvin Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i> (1923–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a> (1925–1929)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Calvin_Coolidge.jpg/100px-Calvin_Coolidge.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Calvin_Coolidge.jpg/150px-Calvin_Coolidge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Calvin_Coolidge.jpg/200px-Calvin_Coolidge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2707" data-file-height="3000" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (1923–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a> (1925–1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Andrew Mellon</a> (1923–1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">John W. Weeks</a> (1923–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_F._Davis" title="Dwight F. Davis">Dwight F. Davis</a> (1925–1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_M._Daugherty" title="Harry M. Daugherty">Harry M. Daugherty</a> (1923–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a> (1924–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Sargent" title="John G. Sargent">John G. Sargent</a> (1925–1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">Harry S. New</a> (1923–1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Denby_(politician)" title="Edwin Denby (politician)">Edwin Denby</a> (1923–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_D._Wilbur" title="Curtis D. Wilbur">Curtis D. Wilbur</a> (1924–1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Hubert Work</a> (1923–1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Owen_West" title="Roy Owen West">Roy Owen West</a> (1928–1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cantwell_Wallace" title="Henry Cantwell Wallace">Henry Cantwell Wallace</a> (1923–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Mason_Gore" title="Howard Mason Gore">Howard Mason Gore</a> (1924–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Marion_Jardine" title="William Marion Jardine">William Marion Jardine</a> (1925–1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (1923–1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Whiting" title="William F. Whiting">William F. Whiting</a> (1928–1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Davis" title="James J. Davis">James J. Davis</a> (1923–1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States355" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_vice_presidents" title="Template talk:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States355" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (1789–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1797–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> (1801–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> (1805–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel D. Tompkins</a> (1817–1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (1833–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a> (1869–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">William A. Wheeler</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson</a> (1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Garret Hobart</a> (1897–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a> (1905–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a> (1909–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calvin Coolidge</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a> (1925–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John N. Garner</a> (1933–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a> (1949–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Al_Gore" title="Vice presidency of Al Gore">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (2017–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2021–2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">JD Vance</a> (2025–present)</li></ol> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Vice presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Warren_G._Harding_(1921–1923)772" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Harding_cabinet" title="Template:Harding cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Harding_cabinet" title="Template talk:Harding cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Harding_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Harding cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Warren_G._Harding_(1921–1923)772" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (1921–1923)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calvin Coolidge</a> (1921–1923)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Warren_G_Harding_portrait_as_senator_June_1920.jpg/100px-Warren_G_Harding_portrait_as_senator_June_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Warren_G_Harding_portrait_as_senator_June_1920.jpg/150px-Warren_G_Harding_portrait_as_senator_June_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Warren_G_Harding_portrait_as_senator_June_1920.jpg/200px-Warren_G_Harding_portrait_as_senator_June_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="1184" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (1921–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Andrew Mellon</a> (1921–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">John W. Weeks</a> (1921–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_M._Daugherty" title="Harry M. Daugherty">Harry M. Daugherty</a> (1921–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Will H. Hays</a> (1921–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Hubert Work</a> (1922–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">Harry S. New</a> (1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Denby_(politician)" title="Edwin Denby (politician)">Edwin Denby</a> (1921–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Fall" title="Albert B. Fall">Albert B. Fall</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Hubert Work</a> (1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cantwell_Wallace" title="Henry Cantwell Wallace">Henry Cantwell Wallace</a> (1921–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (1921–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Davis" title="James J. Davis">James J. Davis</a> (1921–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party1308" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;;background:#E81B23; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Party1308" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Republican Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">national<br />conventions</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892 (Minneapolis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coolidge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 (Cleveland)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coolidge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Landon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Willkie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 (Detroit)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 (Dallas)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 (New Orleans)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996 (San Diego)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 (St. Paul)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 (Tampa)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 (Charlotte/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024 (Milwaukee)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028 (Houston)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> (1869–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Taft</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li>Trump (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>; <a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">2025–present</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate<br />leaders</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Conference<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">J. P. Hale</a> (1859–1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Anthony</a> (1862–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a> (1884–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a> (1885–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a> (1891–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Allison" title="William B. Allison">Allison</a> (1897–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">E. Hale</a> (1908–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_M._Cullom" title="Shelby M. Cullom">Cullom</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_H._Gallinger" title="Jacob H. Gallinger">Gallinger</a> (1913–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a> (1918–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> (1924–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Watson" title="James E. Watson">Watson</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> (1933–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Austin" title="Warren Austin">Austin</a> (1940–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> (1941–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_H._White" title="Wallace H. White">White</a> (1944–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_S._Wherry" title="Kenneth S. Wherry">Wherry</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styles_Bridges" title="Styles Bridges">Bridges</a> (1952–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Knowland" title="William Knowland">Knowland</a> (1953–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a> (1959–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a> (1969–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Baker</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Stevens</a> (1979–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Baker</a> (1980–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> (1985–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Lott</a> (1996–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Frist</a> (2003–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a> (2007–2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">John Thune</a> (2025–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Conference<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a> (1875–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">T. J. Henderson</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">D. B. Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a> (1931–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1939–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a> (1959–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> (1981–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">RNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward" title="Marcus Lawrence Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Jones_(industrialist)" title="Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Clarkson" title="James S. Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Campbell" title="William James Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rosewater" title="Victor Rosewater">Rosewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Hilles" title="Charles D. Hilles">Hilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Willcox" title="William Russell Willcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Adams" title="John T. Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_H._Huston" title="Claudius H. Huston">Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Sanders" title="Everett Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas politician)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Walsh" title="Bailey Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_E._Spangler" title="Harrison E. Spangler">Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">Reece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gabrielson" title="Guy Gabrielson">Gabrielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wesley_Roberts" title="C. Wesley Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hall" title="Leonard W. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_Alcorn" title="Meade Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">T. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Bliss" title="Ray C. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Richards_(Utah_politician)" title="Richard Richards (Utah politician)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bond_(political_executive)" title="Richard Bond (political executive)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Racicot" title="Marc Racicot">Racicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Mehlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Martínez</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan_(politician)" title="Mike Duncan (politician)">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan_(politician)" title="Mike Duncan (politician)">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Priebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whatley" title="Michael Whatley">Whatley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chair elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2011 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2015 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2023 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Committee_leadership_elections" title="2024 Republican National Committee leadership elections">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">Parties</a> by<br />state and<br />territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Republican_Party" title="Alaska Republican Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Republican_Party" title="Arizona Republican Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Republican Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party" title="Colorado Republican Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Republican_Party" title="Connecticut Republican Party">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Delaware" title="Republican State Committee of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Republican_Party" title="Georgia Republican Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Republican_Party" title="Indiana Republican Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party" title="Kansas Republican Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Republican Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Republican_Party" title="Maryland Republican Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Republican_Party" title="Mississippi Republican Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party" title="Missouri Republican Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Republican_Party" title="Montana Republican Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Republican_Party" title="Nebraska Republican Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Hampshire Republican State Committee">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Republican_Party" title="New Jersey Republican Party">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Republican Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="North Carolina Republican Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="North Dakota Republican Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party" title="Ohio Republican Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party" title="Oregon Republican Party">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Republican_Party" title="Pennsylvania Republican Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="South Carolina Republican Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="South Dakota Republican Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Republican_Party" title="Utah Republican Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia" title="Republican Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Republican_Party" title="West Virginia Republican Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Republican_Party" title="Wyoming Republican Party">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_American_Samoa" title="Republican Party of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party" title="District of Columbia Republican Party">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Guam" title="Republican Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Republican Party of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Republican Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Republican Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated <br /> organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Conference</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Digest" title="Legislative Digest">Legislative Digest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committees_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Steering and Policy Committees of the United States House of Representatives">Steering and Policy Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Fundraising<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust" title="National Republican Redistricting Trust">National Republican Redistricting Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Republican Attorneys General Association">Republican Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Sectional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairpersons_of_the_College_Republicans" title="List of chairpersons of the College Republicans">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Republican_Association" title="National Black Republican Association">National Black Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Hindu_Coalition" title="Republican Hindu Coalition">Republican Hindu Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Abroad" title="Republicans Abroad">Republicans Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Overseas" title="Republicans Overseas">Republicans Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Republican_National_Federation" title="High School Republican National Federation">High School Republican National Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Factional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Coalition_for_Life" title="Republican National Coalition for Life">Republican National Coalition for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wish_List_(political_organization)" title="The Wish List (political organization)">The Wish List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Massachusetts604" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Massachusetts" title="Template:Governors of Massachusetts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Massachusetts" title="Template talk:Governors of Massachusetts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Massachusetts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Massachusetts604" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governors of Massachusetts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Colony <br /> <span class="nobold">(1629–1686)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haynes_(governor)" title="John Haynes (governor)">Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger" title="Henry Vane the Younger">Vane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bellingham" title="Richard Bellingham">Bellingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bellingham" title="Richard Bellingham">Bellingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bellingham" title="Richard Bellingham">Bellingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leverett" title="John Leverett">Leverett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Bradstreet" title="Simon Bradstreet">Bradstreet</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="527" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion <br /> <span class="nobold">(1686–1689)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dudley" title="Joseph Dudley">J. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros">Andros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Bradstreet" title="Simon Bradstreet">Bradstreet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province <br /> <span class="nobold">(1692–1776)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Phips" title="William Phips">W. Phips</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Stoughton_(judge)" title="William Stoughton (judge)">Stoughton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Coote,_1st_Earl_of_Bellomont" title="Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont">Bellomont</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Stoughton_(judge)" title="William Stoughton (judge)">Stoughton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Governor's Council</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dudley" title="Joseph Dudley">J. Dudley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Governor's Council</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dudley" title="Joseph Dudley">J. Dudley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Tailer" title="William Tailer">Tailer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Shute" title="Samuel Shute">Shute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Dummer" title="William Dummer">Dummer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burnet_(colonial_administrator)" title="William Burnet (colonial administrator)">Burnet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Dummer" title="William Dummer">Dummer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Tailer" title="William Tailer">Tailer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Belcher" title="Jonathan Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shirley" title="William Shirley">Shirley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Phips" title="Spencer Phips">S. Phips</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shirley" title="William Shirley">Shirley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Phips" title="Spencer Phips">S. Phips</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Governor's Council</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pownall" title="Thomas Pownall">Pownall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Hutchinson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Bernard,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Gage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Commonwealth <br /> <span class="nobold">(since 1776)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cushing" title="Thomas Cushing">Cushing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bowdoin" title="James Bowdoin">Bowdoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Increase_Sumner" title="Increase Sumner">Sumner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moses_Gill" title="Moses Gill">Gill</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Governor's Council</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Strong" title="Caleb Strong">Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Sullivan_(governor)" title="James Sullivan (governor)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Lincoln Sr.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gore" title="Christopher Gore">Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Gerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Strong" title="Caleb Strong">Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brooks_(governor)" title="John Brooks (governor)">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morton" title="Marcus Morton">Morton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Jr." title="Levi Lincoln Jr.">Lincoln Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">Davis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Turell_Armstrong" title="Samuel Turell Armstrong">Armstrong</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morton" title="Marcus Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morton" title="Marcus Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_N._Briggs" title="George N. Briggs">Briggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">Boutwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Clifford" title="John H. Clifford">Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_Washburn" title="Emory Washburn">E. Washburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gardner" title="Henry Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Albion_Andrew" title="John Albion Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bullock" title="Alexander Bullock">Bullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Washburn" title="William B. Washburn">W. Washburn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Talbot_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Thomas Talbot (Massachusetts politician)">Talbot</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gaston_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="William Gaston (Massachusetts politician)">Gaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Rice" title="Alexander H. Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Talbot_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Thomas Talbot (Massachusetts politician)">Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Long" title="John Davis Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._Robinson" title="George D. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ames_(governor)" title="Oliver Ames (governor)">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Q._A._Brackett" title="John Q. A. Brackett">Brackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Russell_(politician)" title="William E. Russell (politician)">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_T._Greenhalge" title="Frederic T. Greenhalge">Greenhalge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Roger Wolcott (Massachusetts politician)">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_M._Crane" title="Winthrop M. Crane">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Bates" title="John L. Bates">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_Douglas" title="William Lewis Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Guild_Jr." title="Curtis Guild Jr.">Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben_Sumner_Draper" title="Eben Sumner Draper">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Foss" title="Eugene Foss">Foss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I._Walsh" title="David I. Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._McCall" title="Samuel W. McCall">McCall</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channing_H._Cox" title="Channing H. Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvan_T._Fuller" title="Alvan T. Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_G._Allen" title="Frank G. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Ely" title="Joseph B. Ely">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Michael_Curley" title="James Michael Curley">Curley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Hurley" title="Charles F. Hurley">Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Saltonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_J._Tobin" title="Maurice J. Tobin">Tobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Bradford" title="Robert F. Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Dever" title="Paul A. Dever">Dever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Herter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_Furcolo" title="Foster Furcolo">Furcolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">Volpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endicott_Peabody" title="Endicott Peabody">Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">Volpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Sargent" title="Francis Sargent">Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._King" title="Edward J. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cellucci" title="Paul Cellucci">Cellucci</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jane_Swift" title="Jane Swift">Swift</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deval_Patrick" title="Deval Patrick">Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Baker" title="Charlie Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maura_Healey" title="Maura Healey">Healey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate acting officeholders</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lieutenant_governors_of_Massachusetts585" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lieutenant_governors_of_Massachusetts" title="Template:Lieutenant governors of Massachusetts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lieutenant_governors_of_Massachusetts" title="Template talk:Lieutenant governors of Massachusetts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lieutenant_governors_of_Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lieutenant governors of Massachusetts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lieutenant_governors_of_Massachusetts585" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts"> Lieutenant governors of Massachusetts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Colony <br /> <span class="nobold">(1629–1686)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Goffe_(Massachusetts)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Goffe (Massachusetts) (page does not exist)">Goffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Humphrey_(Massachusetts_colonist)" title="John Humphrey (Massachusetts colonist)">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ludlow" title="Roger Ludlow">Ludlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bellingham" title="Richard Bellingham">Bellingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bellingham" title="Richard Bellingham">Bellingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bellingham" title="Richard Bellingham">Bellingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Willoughby_(1613%E2%80%931671)" title="Francis Willoughby (1613–1671)">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leverett" title="John Leverett">Leverett</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Symonds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Symonds (page does not exist)">Symonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Bradstreet" title="Simon Bradstreet">Bradstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Danforth" title="Thomas Danforth">Danforth</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Seal_of_Massachusetts.svg/75px-Seal_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Seal_of_Massachusetts.svg/113px-Seal_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Seal_of_Massachusetts.svg/150px-Seal_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="448" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion <br /> <span class="nobold">(1686–1689)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Stoughton_(judge)" title="William Stoughton (judge)">Stoughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Nicholson" title="Francis Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province <br /> <span class="nobold">(1692–1776)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Stoughton_(judge)" title="William Stoughton (judge)">Stoughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Povey_(Massachusetts)" title="Thomas Povey (Massachusetts)">Povey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tailer" title="William Tailer">Tailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dummer" title="William Dummer">Dummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tailer" title="William Tailer">Tailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Phips" title="Spencer Phips">S. Phips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Oliver" title="Andrew Oliver">A. Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Oliver_(lieutenant_governor)" title="Thomas Oliver (lieutenant governor)">T. Oliver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Commonwealth <br /> <span class="nobold">(since 1776)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cushing" title="Thomas Cushing">T. Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">B. Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Gill" title="Moses Gill">Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Phillips_Jr." title="Samuel Phillips Jr.">S. Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Robbins" title="Edward Robbins">Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">L. Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cobb_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="David Cobb (Massachusetts politician)">Cobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gray_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="William Gray (Massachusetts politician)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Phillips_Jr." title="William Phillips Jr.">W. Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Jr." title="Levi Lincoln Jr.">L. Lincoln Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morton" title="Marcus Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Winthrop" title="Thomas L. Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Turell_Armstrong" title="Samuel Turell Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hull_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="George Hull (Massachusetts politician)">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Childs" title="Henry H. Childs">Childs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_Jr." title="John Reed Jr.">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Cushman" title="Henry W. Cushman">Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Huntington" title="Elisha Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Plunkett" title="William C. Plunkett">Plunkett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Brown_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Simon Brown (Massachusetts politician)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wetherby_Benchley" title="Henry Wetherby Benchley">Benchley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliphalet_Trask" title="Eliphalet Trask">Trask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Z._Goodrich" title="John Z. Goodrich">Goodrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nesmith" title="John Nesmith">Nesmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Hayden" title="Joel Hayden">Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Tucker_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Joseph Tucker (Massachusetts politician)">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Talbot_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Thomas Talbot (Massachusetts politician)">Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_G._Knight" title="Horatio G. Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Long" title="John Davis Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_Weston" title="Byron Weston">Weston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ames_(governor)" title="Oliver Ames (governor)">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Q._A._Brackett" title="John Q. A. Brackett">Brackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Haile" title="William H. Haile">Haile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Roger Wolcott (Massachusetts politician)">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_M._Crane" title="Winthrop M. Crane">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Bates" title="John L. Bates">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Guild_Jr." title="Curtis Guild Jr.">Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben_Sumner_Draper" title="Eben Sumner Draper">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Frothingham" title="Louis A. Frothingham">Frothingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Luce" title="Robert Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I._Walsh" title="David I. Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Barry" title="Edward P. Barry">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_D._Cushing" title="Grafton D. Cushing">G. Cushing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channing_H._Cox" title="Channing H. Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvan_T._Fuller" title="Alvan T. Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_G._Allen" title="Frank G. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Youngman" title="William S. Youngman">Youngman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_G._Bacon" title="Gaspar G. Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Hurley" title="Joseph L. Hurley">Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_E._Kelly" title="Francis E. Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_T._Cahill" title="Horace T. Cahill">Cahill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Bradford" title="Robert F. Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_W._Coolidge" title="Arthur W. Coolidge">A. Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Sullivan" title="Charles F. Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumner_G._Whittier" title="Sumner G. Whittier">Whittier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Murphy_(politician)" title="Robert F. Murphy (politician)">R. Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_F._McLaughlin_Jr." title="Edward F. McLaughlin Jr.">McLaughin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bellotti" title="Francis Bellotti">Bellotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Sargent" title="Francis Sargent">Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Dwight" title="Donald Dwight">Dwight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._O%27Neill_III" title="Thomas P. O'Neill III">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Murphy" title="Evelyn Murphy">E. Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cellucci" title="Paul Cellucci">Cellucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Swift" title="Jane Swift">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Healey" title="Kerry Healey">Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Murray" title="Tim Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyn_Polito" title="Karyn Polito">Polito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Driscoll" title="Kim Driscoll">Driscoll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Massachusetts_Senate80" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Massachusetts_Senate" title="Template:Presidents of the Massachusetts Senate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_Massachusetts_Senate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Presidents of the Massachusetts Senate (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_Massachusetts_Senate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the Massachusetts Senate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Massachusetts_Senate80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Massachusetts_Senate" title="President of the Massachusetts Senate">Presidents of the Massachusetts Senate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cushing" title="Thomas Cushing">Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Powell" title="Jeremiah Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Phillips_Jr." title="Samuel Phillips Jr.">S. Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cobb_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="David Cobb (Massachusetts politician)">Cobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Gray_Otis_(politician)" title="Harrison Gray Otis (politician)">Otis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bacon_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="John Bacon (Massachusetts politician)">J. Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dana_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Samuel Dana (Massachusetts politician)">S. Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Gray_Otis_(politician)" title="Harrison Gray Otis (politician)">Otis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dana_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Samuel Dana (Massachusetts politician)">S. Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Phillips_(mayor)" title="John Phillips (mayor)">J. Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Silsbee" title="Nathaniel Silsbee">Silsbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mills_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="John Mills (Massachusetts politician)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Leland" title="Sherman Leland">S. Leland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lathrop" title="Samuel Lathrop">Lathrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fowler_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James Fowler (Massachusetts politician)">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall_I" title="Leverett Saltonstall I">Saltonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thorndike" title="William Thorndike">Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_T._Pickman" title="Benjamin T. Pickman">Pickman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bliss_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="George Bliss (Massachusetts politician)">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_Lawrence" title="Myron Lawrence">M. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_P._King" title="Daniel P. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Quincy_Jr." title="Josiah Quincy Jr.">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineas_W._Leland" title="Phineas W. Leland">P. Leland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Robinson_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Frederick Robinson (Massachusetts politician)">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Quincy_Jr." title="Josiah Quincy Jr.">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Jr." title="Levi Lincoln Jr.">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Calhoun" title="William B. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_Scudder" title="Zeno Scudder">Scudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Bell" title="Joseph M. Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Pinckney_Wilder_(politician)" title="Marshall Pinckney Wilder (politician)">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Warren" title="Charles Henry Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Edward_Cook_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Edward Cook (politician) (page does not exist)">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wetherby_Benchley" title="Henry Wetherby Benchley">Benchley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elihu_C._Baker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elihu C. Baker (page does not exist)">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wentworth_Upham" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Wentworth Upham">Upham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Phelps" title="Charles A. Phelps">Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Clifford" title="John H. Clifford">Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_E._Field&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan E. Field (page does not exist)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Adams_Pond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Adams Pond (page does not exist)">Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_O._Brastow" title="George O. Brastow">Brastow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carter_Pitman" title="Robert Carter Pitman">Pitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_O._Brastow" title="George O. Brastow">Brastow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_H._Coolidge" title="Horace H. Coolidge">H. Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Loring" title="George B. Loring">Loring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._D._Cogswell" title="John B. D. Cogswell">Cogswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Bishop" title="Robert R. Bishop">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Crocker" title="George G. Crocker">Crocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Bruce" title="George A. Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_E._Pillsbury" title="Albert E. Pillsbury">Pillsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halsey_J._Boardman" title="Halsey J. Boardman">Boardman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_C._Hartwell" title="Harris C. Hartwell">Hartwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Sprague" title="Henry H. Sprague">Sprague</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_S._Pinkerton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred S. Pinkerton (page does not exist)">Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Lawrence" title="George P. Lawrence">G. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Edwin_Smith" title="George Edwin Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_A._Soule" class="mw-redirect" title="Rufus A. Soule">Soule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Jones" title="George R. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Dana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William F. Dana (page does not exist)">W. Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Chapple" title="William D. Chapple">Chapple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_T._Treadway" title="Allen T. Treadway">Treadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_H._Greenwood" title="Levi H. Greenwood">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gordon_Wells" title="Henry Gordon Wells">H. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_T._McKnight" title="Edwin T. McKnight">McKnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_G._Allen" title="Frank G. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Wells" title="Wellington Wells">W. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_G._Bacon" title="Gaspar G. Bacon">G. Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erland_F._Fish" title="Erland F. Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Moran" title="James G. Moran">Moran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Wragg" title="Samuel H. Wragg">Wragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Cotton" title="Joseph R. Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angier_Goodwin" title="Angier Goodwin">Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Hunt_(politician)" title="Jarvis Hunt (politician)">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_W._Coolidge" title="Arthur W. Coolidge">A. Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_W._Nicholson" title="Donald W. Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_S._Richardson" title="Harris S. Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Dolan_Jr." title="Chester A. Dolan Jr.">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_S._Richardson" title="Harris S. Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I._Furbush" title="Richard I. Furbush">Furbush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newland_H._Holmes" title="Newland H. Holmes">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Powers" title="John E. Powers">Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_A._Donahue" title="Maurice A. Donahue">Donahue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_B._Harrington" title="Kevin B. Harrington">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bulger" title="William Bulger">Bulger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Birmingham" title="Tom Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Travaglini" title="Robert Travaglini">Travaglini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therese_Murray" title="Therese Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Rosenberg" title="Stan Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriette_L._Chandler" title="Harriette L. Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Spilka" title="Karen Spilka">Spilka</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Massachusetts State Flag"><img alt="Massachusetts State Flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/75px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/113px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/150px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1916)_1920_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1924)537" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1920 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1920 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1920 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1916)_1920_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1924)537" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">← 1916</a>) <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">→ 1924</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calvin Coolidge</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Wood" title="Leonard Wood">Leonard Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Orren_Lowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Orren Lowden">Frank Orren Lowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Hiram Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cameron_Sproul" title="William Cameron Sproul">William Cameron Sproul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Murray Butler</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calvin Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeter_C._Pritchard" title="Jeter C. Pritchard">Jeter C. Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Poindexter" title="Miles Poindexter">Miles Poindexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Sutherland" title="Howard Sutherland">Howard Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">William Gibbs McAdoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Mitchell_Palmer" title="A. Mitchell Palmer">A. Mitchell Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I._Edwards" title="Edward I. Edwards">Edward I. Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (incumbent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Owen" title="Robert L. Owen">Robert L. Owen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third_party_and_independent_candidates310" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Stedman" title="Seymour Stedman">Seymour Stedman</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #66FF99;"><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Parley_P._Christensen" title="Parley P. Christensen">Parley P. Christensen</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Max_S._Hayes" title="Max S. Hayes">Max S. Hayes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_S._Watkins" title="Aaron S. Watkins">Aaron S. Watkins</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/D._Leigh_Colvin" title="D. Leigh Colvin">D. Leigh Colvin</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(Texas)" title="American Party (Texas)">American Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_E._Ferguson" title="James E. Ferguson">James E. Ferguson</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Hough_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William J. Hough (politician) (page does not exist)">William J. Hough</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_Wesley_Cox" title="William Wesley Cox">William Wesley Cox</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/August_Gillhaus" title="August Gillhaus">August Gillhaus</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #4C915F;"><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Single Tax</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Colvin_Macauley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Colvin Macauley (page does not exist)">Robert Colvin Macauley</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_C._Barnum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard C. Barnum (page does not exist)">Richard C. Barnum</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1920 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1920 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1920 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1920)_1924_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1928)735" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1924 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1924 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1924 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1920)_1924_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1928)735" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">← 1920</a>) <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">→ 1928</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">Convention</a> · <a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calvin Coolidge</a></b> (incumbent)</li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Hiram Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a> · <a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">Charles W. Bryan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">William Gibbs McAdoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1924_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1924 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Oscar Underwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #5FD170;"><b><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler" title="Burton K. Wheeler">Burton K. Wheeler</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_Third-party_and_independent_candidates194" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Benjamin Gitlow</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Herman_P._Faris" title="Herman P. Faris">Herman P. Faris</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Marie_C._Brehm" title="Marie C. Brehm">Marie C. Brehm</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">American Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Nations" title="Gilbert Nations">Gilbert Nations</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hiram_Randall" title="Charles Hiram Randall">Charles Hiram Randall</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1924 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1924 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1924 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1928)_1932_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1936)661" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1932 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1932 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1932 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1928)_1932_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1936)661" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">← 1928</a>) <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">→ 1936</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> · <a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Murray" title="William H. Murray">William H. Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Reed_(politician)" title="James A. Reed (politician)">James A. Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Ritchie" title="Albert Ritchie">Albert Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1932_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1932 presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> · <a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></b> (incumbent)</li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a></b> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Blaine" title="John J. Blaine">John J. Blaine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calvin Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I._France" title="Joseph I. France">Joseph I. France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Wadsworth_Jr." title="James W. Wadsworth Jr.">James W. Wadsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third_party_and_independent_candidates273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_W._Ford" title="James W. Ford">James W. Ford</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_David_Upshaw" class="mw-redirect" title="William David Upshaw">William David Upshaw</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">James H. Maurer</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Verne_L._Reynolds" title="Verne L. Reynolds">Verne L. Reynolds</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Aiken" title="John W. Aiken">John W. Aiken</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Independents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Renshaw_Cox" title="James Renshaw Cox">James Renshaw Cox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/William_Hope_Harvey" title="William Hope Harvey">William Hope Harvey</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1932 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1932 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1932 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism_in_the_United_States554" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B10000; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US_footer" title="Template:Conservatism US footer"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US_footer" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Conservatism US footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US footer"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism_in_the_United_States554" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States"><span style="color:white">Conservatism in the United States</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Christian values">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism_in_the_United_States" title="Protectionism in the United States">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives"><span style="color:white">People</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">W. H. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Jurists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Yoo" title="John Yoo">Yoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen_(political_theorist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Deneen (political theorist)">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor" title="Flannery O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Ong" title="Walter J. Ong">Ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Yarvin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Other figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ailes" title="Roger Ailes">Ailes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Perot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Conservative_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservative parties in the United States"><span style="color:white">Parties</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Think tanks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advancing_American_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advancing American Freedom (page does not exist)">Advancing American Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Historical factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixiecrats">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States"><span style="color:white">Literature</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Republic,_Not_an_Empire" title="A Republic, Not an Empire">A Republic, Not an Empire</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_strategy" title="Southern strategy">Southern strategy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B10000; color:white;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/23px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism"><span style="color:white">Conservatism portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Trumpet01.svg/21px-Trumpet01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Trumpet01.svg/32px-Trumpet01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Trumpet01.svg/42px-Trumpet01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="170" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:1920s" title="Portal:1920s">1920s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/18px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/27px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/35px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Radio_icon.png/21px-Radio_icon.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Radio_icon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="22" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Radio" title="Portal:Radio">Radio</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36023#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3334" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36023#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3334" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36023#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123639948">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/54942252">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/15004/">FAST</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/482492/">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvt9TkT8Y4MMm6fpTRR8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118669974">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50043492">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122853652">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122853652">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35030903">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002159009&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX893821">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070407592">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1097883">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000370503">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/42gjjftn3msdqhw">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810633965905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/140519">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007260155905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04299891?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/ad266f1b-1eed-4b5a-bdfc-ee09123ff75b">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102063">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000738">US Congress</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/803744">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118669974.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118669974">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031685625">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582055">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6f29nmw">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6zg6qdp">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calvin_Coolidge&oldid=1275478689">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calvin_Coolidge&oldid=1275478689</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Calvin_Coolidge" title="Category:Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1872_births" title="Category:1872 births">1872 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1933_deaths" title="Category:1933 deaths">1933 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Congregationalists" title="Category:19th-century Congregationalists">19th-century Congregationalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_male_writers" title="Category:20th-century American male writers">20th-century American male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_non-fiction_writers" title="Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers">20th-century American non-fiction writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Congregationalists" title="Category:20th-century Congregationalists">20th-century Congregationalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_members_of_the_Massachusetts_General_Court" title="Category:20th-century members of the Massachusetts General Court">20th-century members of the Massachusetts General Court</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:20th-century presidents of the United States">20th-century presidents of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:20th-century vice presidents of the United States">20th-century vice presidents of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1920_United_States_vice-presidential_candidates" title="Category:1920 United States vice-presidential candidates">1920 United States vice-presidential candidates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Activists_for_Native_American_rights" title="Category:Activists for Native American rights">Activists for Native American rights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_anti-lynching_activists" title="Category:American anti-lynching activists">American anti-lynching activists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_autobiographers" title="Category:American autobiographers">American autobiographers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Congregationalists" title="Category:American Congregationalists">American Congregationalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_lawyers_admitted_to_the_practice_of_law_by_reading_law" title="Category:American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law">American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_English_descent" title="Category:American people of English descent">American people of English descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Amherst_College_alumni" title="Category:Amherst College alumni">Amherst College alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Appleton_family" title="Category:Appleton family">Appleton family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_in_the_1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="Category:Candidates in the 1920 United States presidential election">Candidates in the 1920 United States presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_in_the_1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="Category:Candidates in the 1924 United States presidential election">Candidates in the 1924 United States presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:College_Republicans" title="Category:College Republicans">College Republicans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coolidge_family" title="Category:Coolidge family">Coolidge family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_coronary_thrombosis" title="Category:Deaths from coronary thrombosis">Deaths from coronary thrombosis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Governors_of_Massachusetts" title="Category:Governors of Massachusetts">Governors of Massachusetts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harding_administration_cabinet_members" title="Category:Harding administration cabinet members">Harding administration cabinet members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lieutenant_governors_of_Massachusetts" title="Category:Lieutenant governors of Massachusetts">Lieutenant governors of Massachusetts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massachusetts_city_council_members" title="Category:Massachusetts city council members">Massachusetts city council members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massachusetts_lawyers" title="Category:Massachusetts lawyers">Massachusetts lawyers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massachusetts_Republicans" title="Category:Massachusetts Republicans">Massachusetts Republicans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massachusetts_state_senators" title="Category:Massachusetts state senators">Massachusetts state senators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mayors_of_places_in_Massachusetts" title="Category:Mayors of places in Massachusetts">Mayors of places in Massachusetts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" title="Category:Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives">Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Category:Members of the Sons of the American Revolution">Members of the Sons of the American Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Plymouth,_Vermont" title="Category:People from Plymouth, Vermont">People from Plymouth, Vermont</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Category:Politicians from Northampton, Massachusetts">Politicians from Northampton, Massachusetts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republican_Party_(United_States)_presidential_nominees" title="Category:Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees">Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republican_Party_(United_States)_vice_presidential_nominees" title="Category:Republican Party (United States) vice presidential nominees">Republican Party (United States) vice presidential nominees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republican_Party_governors_of_Massachusetts" title="Category:Republican Party governors of Massachusetts">Republican Party governors of Massachusetts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republican_Party_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Republican Party presidents of the United States">Republican Party presidents of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republican_Party_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Republican Party vice presidents of the United States">Republican Party vice presidents of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:St._Johnsbury_Academy_alumni" title="Category:St. Johnsbury Academy alumni">St. Johnsbury Academy alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Vice presidents of the United States">Vice presidents of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Category:Writers from Northampton, Massachusetts">Writers from Northampton, Massachusetts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Vermont" title="Category:Writers from Vermont">Writers from Vermont</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2023">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_April_2020" title="Category:Use American English from April 2020">Use American English from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_March_2024" title="Category:Use mdy dates from March 2024">Use mdy dates from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_mismatch" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch">Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links" title="Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links">Articles with Project Gutenberg links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_appearing_on_C-SPAN" title="Category:People appearing on C-SPAN">People appearing on C-SPAN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 February 2025, at 07:59<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calvin_Coolidge&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Calvin Coolidge</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>131 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-n4k9s","wgBackendResponseTime":143,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.042","walltime":"3.643","ppvisitednodes":{"value":41368,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":876484,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":249183,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":37,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":477138,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2908.813 1 -total"," 18.15% 527.918 2 Template:Navboxes"," 17.25% 501.670 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 13.69% 398.260 153 Template:Sfn"," 12.22% 355.602 21 Template:Navbox"," 8.88% 258.422 2 Template:Reflist"," 6.84% 198.984 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 6.83% 198.572 209 Template:Main_other"," 4.73% 137.626 28 Template:Cite_book"," 4.65% 135.176 41 Template:Sfnm"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.620","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19953100,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\u0026quot;Confirms_Daugherty\u0026#039;s_Story_of_Coolidge\u0026#039;s_Second_Oath\u0026quot;\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFApplebyBrinkleyBroussardMcPherson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarry1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckley2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClemensDaggett1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoolidge1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoolidge1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoolidge1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoolidge1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoolidge1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCordery2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeloria1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFelzenberg1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerrell1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerrell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFieldstadt2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuess1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuess1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalston\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiffin1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenberg2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrinderShaw2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHandler1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannaford\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatfield1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHistorian2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoel_Webster\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKappler1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingsbury1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandry2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadsen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarriott,_Leo.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMashon2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCoy1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller_Center2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolskyTkacheva2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRader1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReminiGolway2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRusnak1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenate_Historian2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapellWillen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShlaes2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSobel1998a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSobel1998b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnknown1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Forest1924\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"C-SPAN\"] = 1,\n [\"C.\"] = 1,\n [\"Calvin Coolidge\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 22,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"CongBio\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism US\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism US footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Coolidge cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Coolidge, Calvin\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Governors of Massachusetts\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Harding cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IMDb name\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Lieutenant Governors of Massachusetts\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Longitem\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"NYT topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"PM20\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Presidents of the Massachusetts Senate\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 4,\n [\"Refend\"] = 4,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 11,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 12,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-par\"] = 2,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 12,\n [\"SS\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 153,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 41,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 15,\n [\"StandardEbooks\"] = 1,\n [\"US Presidents\"] = 1,\n [\"USRepPresNominees\"] = 1,\n [\"USVicePresidents\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1920\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1924\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1932\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","460","24.5"],["?","400","21.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","7.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","140","7.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","3.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","3.2"],["type","40","2.1"],["[others]","360","19.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-5sn88","timestamp":"20250216212715","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Calvin Coolidge","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calvin_Coolidge","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q36023","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q36023","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-23T20:58:42Z","dateModified":"2025-02-13T07:59:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/65\/Calvin-Coolidge_portrait_1924_%28cropped%29.png","headline":"president of the United States from 1923 to 1929"}</script> </body> </html>