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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of lager brewing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_lager_brewing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Production process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Variations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pale_lager" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pale_lager"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pale lager</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pale_lager-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amber_lager" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amber_lager"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Amber lager</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amber_lager-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dark_lager" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dark_lager"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Dark lager</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dark_lager-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lager</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%B1_(%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%83%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A)" title="ليجر (مشروب كحولي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليجر (مشروب كحولي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lager" title="Lager – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lager" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Лягер – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лягер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Лагер (бира) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лагер (бира)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagerbier" title="Lagerbier – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Lagerbier" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lager" title="Lager – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lager" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C5%BE%C3%A1k_(pivo)" title="Ležák (pivo) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ležák (pivo)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lager%C3%B8l" title="Lagerøl – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lagerøl" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagerbier" title="Lagerbier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lagerbier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laagri%C3%B5lu" title="Laagriõlu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Laagriõlu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lager" title="Lager – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lager" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lager" title="Lager – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lager" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1_(%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C)" title="لاگر (نوشیدنی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لاگر (نوشیدنی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lager" title="Lager – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lager" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1gar" title="Lágar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lágar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhune_freillagh" title="Lhune freillagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lhune freillagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lager_p%C3%A1lida" title="Lager pálida – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lager pálida" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%A9%B4%EB%B0%9C%ED%9A%A8%EB%A7%A5%EC%A3%BC" title="하면발효맥주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하면발효맥주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80_(%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80)" title="Լագեր (գարեջուր) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լագեր (գարեջուր)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lager" title="Lager – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lager" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lager%C3%B6l" title="Lageröl – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lageröl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lager_(birra)" title="Lager (birra) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lager (birra)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A8" title="לאגר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לאגר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lager" title="Lager – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lager" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lageras" title="Lageras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lageras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lager_(bira)" title="Lager (bira) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lager (bira)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lager_(bier)" title="Lager (bier) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lager (bier)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC_(%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB)" title="ラガー (ビール) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラガー (ビール)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lager_(%C3%B8l)" title="Lager (øl) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lager (øl)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lager" title="Lager – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lager" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lager" title="Lager – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lager" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lager" title="Lager – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lager" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Лагер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лагер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lager" title="Lager – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lager" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C5%BEiak_(pivo)" title="Ležiak (pivo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ležiak (pivo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C5%BEak" title="Ležak – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ležak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lager" title="Lager – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lager" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lager%C3%B6l" title="Lageröl – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lageröl" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="லாகர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லாகர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ลาเกอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลาเกอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lager" title="Lager – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lager" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Лагер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лагер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia_lager" title="Bia lager – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bia lager" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A8_(%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8)" title="לאגער (ביר) – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לאגער (ביר)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92" title="拉格啤酒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拉格啤酒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q253481#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lager" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Lager" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of beer brewed by cold fermentation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lager_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lager (disambiguation)">Lager (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bitburger_Glass.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bitburger_Glass.JPG/330px-Bitburger_Glass.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bitburger_Glass.JPG/500px-Bitburger_Glass.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bitburger_Glass.JPG/960px-Bitburger_Glass.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A glass of lager from <a href="/wiki/Bitburger_brewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitburger brewery">Bitburger</a>, a <a href="/wiki/German_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="German beer">German brewery</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lager</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈlaːɡɐ]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/54\/De-Lager.ogg\/De-Lager.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Lager.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/De-Lager.ogg/De-Lager.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Lager.ogg" title="File:De-Lager.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Type_of_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Type of beer">style</a> of <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> brewed and <a href="/wiki/Brewing#Conditioning" title="Brewing">conditioned</a> at low temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lagers can be <a href="/wiki/Pale_lager" title="Pale lager">pale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amber_lager" class="mw-redirect" title="Amber lager">amber</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Dark_lager" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark lager">dark</a>. Pale lager is the most widely consumed and commercially available style of beer.<sup id="cite_ref-Brewer_World-Everything_about_beer_is_here_2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brewer_World-Everything_about_beer_is_here_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "<i>lager</i>" comes from the German word for "storage", as the beer was stored before drinking, traditionally in the same cool caves in which it was fermented.<sup id="cite_ref-Happy_Hour_City_2018_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Happy_Hour_City_2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As well as maturation in <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">cold storage</a>, most lagers are distinguished by the use of <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_pastorianus" title="Saccharomyces pastorianus">Saccharomyces pastorianus</a></i>, a "bottom-fermenting" yeast that ferments at relatively cold temperatures. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lager&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> word <i>Lagerbier</i> (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagerbier" class="extiw" title="de:Lagerbier">de</a>) referred to all types of <a href="/wiki/Top_and_bottom_fermenting_yeast" class="mw-redirect" title="Top and bottom fermenting yeast">bottom-fermented</a>, cool-conditioned beer in normal strengths. In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> today, it mainly refers to beers from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Germany" title="Southern Germany">southern Germany</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Willkommen_beim_Deutschen_Brauer-Bund:_Helles_Lager/Export_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willkommen_beim_Deutschen_Brauer-Bund:_Helles_Lager/Export-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> either "<i><a href="/wiki/Helles" title="Helles">Helles</a></i>" (pale) or "<i><a href="/wiki/Dunkel#Munich_Dunkel" title="Dunkel">Dunkles</a></i>" (dark). <a href="/wiki/Pilsner" title="Pilsner">Pilsner</a>, a more heavily <a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hopped</a> pale lager, is most often known as "Pilsner", "Pilsener", or "Pils". Other lagers are <i><a href="/wiki/Bock" title="Bock">Bock</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4rzen" title="Märzen">Märzen</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Schwarzbier" title="Schwarzbier">Schwarzbier</a></i>. In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the term commonly refers to pale lagers derived from the Pilsner style.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_lager_brewing">History of lager brewing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lager&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of lager brewing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilsener_Urquell_hohes_Glas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pilsener_Urquell_hohes_Glas.jpg/250px-Pilsener_Urquell_hohes_Glas.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pilsener_Urquell_hohes_Glas.jpg/330px-Pilsener_Urquell_hohes_Glas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pilsener_Urquell_hohes_Glas.jpg/500px-Pilsener_Urquell_hohes_Glas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2183" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Czech_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech beer">Czech lager</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While cold storage of beer, "lagering", in caves for example, was a common practice throughout the medieval period, bottom-fermenting yeast seems to have emerged from a hybridization in the early fifteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, a team of researchers claimed to have discovered that <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_eubayanus" title="Saccharomyces eubayanus">Saccharomyces eubayanus</a></i> is responsible for creating the hybrid yeast used to make lager.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on the numbers of breweries, lager brewing became the main form of brewing in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a> between 1860 and 1870, as shown in the following table:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Total breweries</th> <th>Lager breweries</th> <th>Lager percentage </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1860</td> <td>416</td> <td>135</td> <td>32.5% </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1865</td> <td>540</td> <td>459</td> <td>85.0% </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1870</td> <td>849</td> <td>831</td> <td>97.9% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the 19th century, before the advent of refrigeration, German brewers would dig cellars for lagering and fill them with ice from nearby lakes and rivers, which would cool the beer during the summer months. To further protect the cellars from the summer heat, they would plant <a href="/wiki/Aesculus_hippocastanum" title="Aesculus hippocastanum">chestnut trees</a>, which have spreading, dense canopies but shallow roots which would not intrude on the caverns. The practice of serving beer at these sites evolved into the modern <a href="/wiki/Beer_garden" title="Beer garden">beer garden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rise of lager was entwined with the development of <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">refrigeration</a>, as it made it possible to brew lager year-round (brewing in the summer had previously been banned in many locations across Germany), and efficient refrigeration also made it possible to brew lager in more places and keep it cold until serving.<sup id="cite_ref-Connections_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connections-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first large-scale refrigerated lagering tanks were developed for Gabriel Sedelmayr's <a href="/wiki/Spaten_Brewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaten Brewery">Spaten Brewery</a> in Munich by <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Linde" title="Carl von Linde">Carl von Linde</a> in 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-Connections_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connections-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_process">Production process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lager&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lager uses a process of <a href="/wiki/Brewing#Cool_fermentation" title="Brewing">cool fermentation</a>, followed by maturation in cold storage. The German word "Lager" means storeroom or warehouse. The yeast generally used with lager brewing is <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_pastorianus" title="Saccharomyces pastorianus">Saccharomyces pastorianus</a></i>. It is a close relative of the <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i> yeast used for ales, which undergo warm fermentation at 18-24C.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While prohibited by the German <a href="/wiki/Reinheitsgebot" title="Reinheitsgebot">Reinheitsgebot</a> tradition, lagers in some countries may include a proportion of <a href="/wiki/Adjunct_(beer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjunct (beer)">adjuncts</a>, usually rice or maize. Adjuncts entered United States brewing as a means of thinning out the body of beers, balancing the large quantities of protein introduced by <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">six-row barley</a>. Adjuncts are often used now in beermaking to introduce a large quantity of sugar, and thereby increase <a href="/wiki/ABV" class="mw-redirect" title="ABV">ABV</a>, at a lower price than a formulation using an all-malt grain bill. There are, however, cases in which adjunct usage actually increases the cost of manufacture.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is possible to use lager yeast in a <a href="/wiki/Warm_fermentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm fermentation">warm fermentation</a> process, such as with American <a href="/wiki/Steam_beer" title="Steam beer">steam beer</a>; while German <a href="/wiki/Altbier" title="Altbier">Altbier</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lsch_(beer)" title="Kölsch (beer)">Kölsch</a> ales are brewed with <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i> top-fermenting ale yeast, but matured as a lager in cold storage, and classified as <i>obergäriges lagerbier</i> (top-fermented lager beer).<sup id="cite_ref-Jeff_Alworth_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeff_Alworth-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ray_Daniels_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray_Daniels-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lager&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lagers range in colour from extremely pale, through amber beers such as Vienna lager, to dark brown and black Dunkel and Schwarzbier. The depth of colour comes from the specific grain bill used in the beers; paler lagers use unroasted barley and may even add other grains such as rice or corn to lighten the color and provide a crisp, bright finish to the flavour. Darker lagers use roasted grains and malts to produce a more roasted, even slightly burnt, flavour profile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pale_lager">Pale lager</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lager&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pale lager"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pale_lager" title="Pale lager">Pale lager</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilsner_urquell_mug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pilsner_urquell_mug.jpg/200px-Pilsner_urquell_mug.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pilsner_urquell_mug.jpg/300px-Pilsner_urquell_mug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pilsner_urquell_mug.jpg/400px-Pilsner_urquell_mug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Czech_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech beer">Czech</a> <a href="/wiki/Pilsener" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilsener">Pilsener</a> beer</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josef_Groll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Josef_Groll.jpg/120px-Josef_Groll.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Josef_Groll.jpg/250px-Josef_Groll.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Josef_Groll" title="Josef Groll">Josef Groll</a>, sometimes called "the Father of the Pilsner"<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The most common lagers in worldwide production are <a href="/wiki/Pale_lager" title="Pale lager">pale lagers</a>. The flavour of these lighter lagers is usually mild, and the producers often recommend that the beers be served refrigerated. </p><p>Pale lager is a very pale to <a href="/wiki/Gold_(color)" title="Gold (color)">golden</a>-coloured lager with a well attenuated body and <a href="/wiki/Noble_hops" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble hops">noble hop</a> bitterness. The brewing process for this beer developed in the mid 19th century when <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Sedlmayr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriel Sedlmayr (page does not exist)">Gabriel Sedlmayr</a> took <a href="/wiki/Pale_ale" title="Pale ale">pale ale</a> brewing techniques back to the <a href="/wiki/Spaten_Brewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaten Brewery">Spaten Brewery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and applied it to existing lagering brewing methods.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This approach was picked up by other breweries, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Pilsner_Urquell_Brewery" title="Pilsner Urquell Brewery">Pilsner Urquell Brewery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Pilsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> (now part of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>), where <a href="/wiki/Josef_Groll" title="Josef Groll">Josef Groll</a> produced the first <a href="/wiki/Pilsner" title="Pilsner">Pilsner</a> beer. The resulting pale coloured, lean and stable beers were very successful and gradually spread around the globe to become the most common form of beer consumed in the world today.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another pale lager variety is <a href="/wiki/Helles" title="Helles">Helles</a>, native to Munich.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amber_lager">Amber lager</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lager&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Amber lager"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayinger_Maerzen_2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ayinger_Maerzen_2013.JPG/179px-Ayinger_Maerzen_2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="179" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ayinger_Maerzen_2013.JPG/268px-Ayinger_Maerzen_2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ayinger_Maerzen_2013.JPG/357px-Ayinger_Maerzen_2013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Oktoberfest Maerzen</figcaption></figure> <p>Amber lagers are generally darker in color than pale lagers, often a deep tan or amber color. Among the common styles of amber lager are <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4rzen" title="Märzen">Märzen</a>, traditionally brewed in Munich for the celebration of <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bock" title="Bock">Bock</a>, a higher alcohol-content amber lager originating in <a href="/wiki/Einbeck" title="Einbeck">Einbeck</a> in central Germany, and the widely distributed Vienna lager. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Vienna_Lager"></span> The Vienna lager style was developed by <a href="/wiki/Anton_Dreher" title="Anton Dreher">Anton Dreher</a> in the late 1830s. While on a trip to England and Scotland in 1833 with Gabriel Sedlmayr, Dreher gained knowledge of the pale malt making process. Dreher combined the pale malt making techniques with cold bottom fermentation, using yeast given to him by Sedlmayr. In late 1840, Anton Dreher started renting a cellar to mature his beer under cold conditions, a process that is called "lagering". The resulting beer was clean-tasting and relatively pale for the time thanks to the use of smoke-free "English" hot air kilns, resulting in a pale amber colour.<sup id="cite_ref-viennalagerbook_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-viennalagerbook-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8–18">: 8–18 </span></sup> </p><p>The beer style became well-known internationally, in particular due to the Dreher brewery's restaurant and beer hall at the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1867)" title="Exposition Universelle (1867)">International Exposition of 1867</a> in Paris, and started getting copied by many of the US-American lager breweries founded by German immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-viennalagerbook_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-viennalagerbook-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32–34">: 32–34 </span></sup> The first amber-coloured <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4rzen" title="Märzen">Oktoberfest-Märzen</a> brewed by Franziskaner-Leistbräu in 1872 was also a Vienna-style beer brewed to a higher strength.<sup id="cite_ref-viennalagerbook_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-viennalagerbook-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 61–62">: 61–62 </span></sup> </p><p>The Vienna lager style has survived to this day, mostly thanks to the emerging microbrewing, home-brewing and craft beer scene in the United States of the 1980s and 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-viennalagerbook_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-viennalagerbook-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 90">: 90 </span></sup> Due to the influence of the American craft beer movement, Vienna lager can again be found in Europe, including traditional Austrian breweries like Ottakringer and Schwechater who have made this pale amber beer style part of their range of beers again.<sup id="cite_ref-viennalagerbook_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-viennalagerbook-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 93">: 93 </span></sup> </p><p>A Vienna lager typically has a <a href="/wiki/Standard_Reference_Method" title="Standard Reference Method">copper to reddish-brown colour</a>, low bitterness, low hop profile, a malty aroma, and 4.8–5.4% <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">alcohol by volume</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gabf_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gabf-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dark_lager">Dark lager</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lager&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dark lager"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dunkel" title="Dunkel">Dunkel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schwarzbier" title="Schwarzbier">Schwarzbier</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paulaner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Paulaner.jpg/250px-Paulaner.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Paulaner.jpg/300px-Paulaner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Paulaner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/German_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="German beer">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Dunkel" title="Dunkel">Dunkel</a> beer</figcaption></figure> <p>Pale lagers were not common until the later part of the 19th century when the use of lighter roasted malts spread.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Dark lagers may be called <i>Dunkel</i>, <i>tmavé</i> or <i>Schwarzbier</i> depending on region, colour or brewing method.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>Tmavé</i> is Czech for "dark" – beers which are so dark as to be black are termed <i>černé pivo</i>, "black beer".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Dunkel" title="Dunkel">Dunkel</a></i> is German for "dark". At 4.5% to 6% <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">abv</a>, Dunkel is weaker than <a href="/wiki/Doppelbock" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppelbock">Doppelbock</a>, a stronger dark Bavarian beer. Dunkel was the original style of the Bavarian villages and countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Schwarzbier" title="Schwarzbier">Schwarzbier</a>, a much darker, almost black beer with a chocolate or licorice-like flavour, similar to <a href="/wiki/Stout" title="Stout">stout</a>, is brewed in <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lager&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">Ale</a> – Type of beer brewed using a warm fermentation method</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/20px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/40px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="242" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Beer" title="Portal:Beer">Beer</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lager&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Briggs, D.E.; Boulton, C.A.; Brookes, P. A.; and Stevens, R. <i>Brewing</i>, 2004, CRC. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-2547-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-2547-1">0-8493-2547-1</a> p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brewer_World-Everything_about_beer_is_here_2021-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brewer_World-Everything_about_beer_is_here_2021_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brewer-world.com/a-guide-to-lagers/">"A Guide to Lagers » Brewer World-Everything about beer is here"</a>. <i>Brewer World-Everything about beer is here</i>. 2021-04-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brewer+World-Everything+about+beer+is+here&rft.atitle=A+Guide+to+Lagers+%C2%BB+Brewer+World-Everything+about+beer+is+here&rft.date=2021-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brewer-world.com%2Fa-guide-to-lagers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Happy_Hour_City_2018-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Happy_Hour_City_2018_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203827/https://www.happyhourcity.com/blog/whatislager">"What is a Lager?"</a>. <i>Happy Hour City</i>. 2018-04-02. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.happyhourcity.com/blog/whatislager">the original</a> on 2021-06-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Happy+Hour+City&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Lager%3F&rft.date=2018-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.happyhourcity.com%2Fblog%2Fwhatislager&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willkommen_beim_Deutschen_Brauer-Bund:_Helles_Lager/Export-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Willkommen_beim_Deutschen_Brauer-Bund:_Helles_Lager/Export_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194353/http://www.brauer-bund.de/index.php?id=130&ageverify=16">"Willkommen beim Deutschen Brauer-Bund: Helles Lager/Export"</a>. <i>brauer-bund.de</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brauer-bund.de/index.php?id=130&ageverify=16">the original</a> on September 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=brauer-bund.de&rft.atitle=Willkommen+beim+Deutschen+Brauer-Bund%3A+Helles+Lager%2FExport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brauer-bund.de%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D130%26ageverify%3D16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111019092501/http://germanbeerinstitute.com/pils.html">"Pils is arguably the most successful beer style in the world"</a>. The German Beer Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germanbeerinstitute.com/pils.html">the original</a> on 2011-10-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pils+is+arguably+the+most+successful+beer+style+in+the+world&rft.pub=The+German+Beer+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.germanbeerinstitute.com%2Fpils.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood2022" class="citation news cs1">Greenwood, Veronique (2022-12-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/07/science/beer-yeast-lager.html">"Before Beer Became Lager, a Microbe Made a Mysterious Journey"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Before+Beer+Became+Lager%2C+a+Microbe+Made+a+Mysterious+Journey&rft.date=2022-12-07&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Veronique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F12%2F07%2Fscience%2Fbeer-yeast-lager.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141109070227/http://www.geneticarchaeology.com/research/500_years_ago_yeasts_epic_journey_gave_rise_to_lager_beer.asp">"500 years ago, yeast's epic journey gave rise to lager beer"</a>. Geneticarchaeology.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geneticarchaeology.com/research/500_years_ago_yeasts_epic_journey_gave_rise_to_lager_beer.asp">the original</a> on 2014-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=500+years+ago%2C+yeast%27s+epic+journey+gave+rise+to+lager+beer&rft.pub=Geneticarchaeology.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geneticarchaeology.com%2Fresearch%2F500_years_ago_yeasts_epic_journey_gave_rise_to_lager_beer.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLibkindHittingerValério2011" class="citation journal cs1">Libkind, D; Hittinger, CT; Valério, E; et al. (2011-08-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3167505">"Microbe domestication and the identification of the wild genetic stock of lager-brewing yeast"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>108</b> (35): <span class="nowrap">14539–</span>14544. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1105430108">10.1073/pnas.1105430108</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3167505">3167505</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21873232">21873232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Microbe+domestication+and+the+identification+of+the+wild+genetic+stock+of+lager-brewing+yeast&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=35&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14539-%3C%2Fspan%3E14544&rft.date=2011-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3167505%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21873232&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1105430108&rft.aulast=Libkind&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Hittinger%2C+CT&rft.au=Val%C3%A9rio%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3167505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pasteur, Louis, <i>Studies in Fermentation</i>, 1879. English translation reprinted 2005 Beerbooks.com <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0966208420" title="Special:BookSources/0966208420">0966208420</a> p. 10. Citing <i>Moniteur de la Brasserie</i>, 23 April 1871.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchäffer2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schäffer, Albert (2012-05-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/biergaerten-120-minuten-sind-nicht-genug-11759037.html">"120 Minuten sind nicht genug"</a> [120 minutes aren't enough]. <i><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frankfurter+Allgemeine+Zeitung&rft.atitle=120+Minuten+sind+nicht+genug&rft.date=2012-05-21&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4ffer&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2Faktuell%2Fgesellschaft%2Fbiergaerten-120-minuten-sind-nicht-genug-11759037.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connections-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Connections_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connections_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Burke_(science_historian)" title="James Burke (science historian)">James Burke</a> (1979). "Eat, Drink, and Be Merry". <a href="/wiki/Connections_(British_documentary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Connections (British documentary)"><i>Connections</i></a>. Episode 8. Event occurs at 41 (49 minutes). BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Connections&rft.series=Episode+8&rft.date=1979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Bamforth2003" class="citation book cs1">Charles Bamforth (2003). <i>Beer: Tap into the Art and Science of Brewing, Second Edition</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515479-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515479-7"><bdi>0-19-515479-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beer%3A+Tap+into+the+Art+and+Science+of+Brewing%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-515479-7&rft.au=Charles+Bamforth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jeff_Alworth-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jeff_Alworth_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Alworth2015" class="citation book cs1">Jeff Alworth (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6eRbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA234"><i>The Beer Bible The Essential Beer Lover's Guide</i></a>. Workman Publishing. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7611-8498-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7611-8498-0"><bdi>978-0-7611-8498-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beer+Bible+The+Essential+Beer+Lover%27s+Guide&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Workman+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7611-8498-0&rft.au=Jeff+Alworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6eRbBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ray_Daniels-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ray_Daniels_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRay_Daniels1998" class="citation book cs1">Ray Daniels (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r8yQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA"><i>Designing Great Beers The Ultimate Guide to Brewing Classic Beer Styles</i></a>. Brewers Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9840756-1-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9840756-1-4"><bdi>978-0-9840756-1-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Designing+Great+Beers+The+Ultimate+Guide+to+Brewing+Classic+Beer+Styles&rft.pub=Brewers+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-9840756-1-4&rft.au=Ray+Daniels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr8yQAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426051832/http://www.bier-kultour.de/front_content.php?idcatart=8&lang=1&client=1&theme=&navpoint=boehmen">"Josef Groll – Vater des Pils"</a> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bier-kultour.de/front_content.php?idcatart=8&lang=1&client=1&theme=&navpoint=boehmen">the original</a> on 26 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Josef+Groll+%E2%80%93+Vater+des+Pils&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bier-kultour.de%2Ffront_content.php%3Fidcatart%3D8%26lang%3D1%26client%3D1%26theme%3D%26navpoint%3Dboehmen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beerexpert.co.uk/lager.html">"The History of Lager"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Lager&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beerexpert.co.uk%2Flager.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beermonthclub.com/beer-style-guide-lagers">"Lager Beer Styles, European All-malt Pilsener"</a>. Beermonthclub.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lager+Beer+Styles%2C+European+All-malt+Pilsener&rft.pub=Beermonthclub.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beermonthclub.com%2Fbeer-style-guide-lagers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-viennalagerbook-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-viennalagerbook_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-viennalagerbook_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-viennalagerbook_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-viennalagerbook_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-viennalagerbook_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrennmair2020" class="citation book cs1">Krennmair, Andreas (2020). <i>Vienna Lager</i>. Amazon Digital Services LLC – Kdp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8650933434" title="Special:BookSources/979-8650933434"><bdi>979-8650933434</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vienna+Lager&rft.pub=Amazon+Digital+Services+LLC+%E2%80%93+Kdp&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=979-8650933434&rft.aulast=Krennmair&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gabf-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gabf_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.greatamericanbeerfestival.com/wp-content/uploads/21_GABF_Beer_Style_Guidelines_Final.pdf">"2021 Great American Beer Festival® Competition Style List, Descriptions and Specifications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Beer_Festival" title="Great American Beer Festival">Great American Beer Festival</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2021+Great+American+Beer+Festival%C2%AE+Competition+Style+List%2C+Descriptions+and+Specifications&rft.pub=Great+American+Beer+Festival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.greatamericanbeerfestival.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F21_GABF_Beer_Style_Guidelines_Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100609015418/http://www.germanbeerguide.co.uk/dunkel.html">"German Beer Guide: Dunkel"</a>. www.germanbeerguide.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germanbeerguide.co.uk/dunkel.html">the original</a> on 2010-06-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=German+Beer+Guide%3A+Dunkel&rft.pub=www.germanbeerguide.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.germanbeerguide.co.uk%2Fdunkel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beerculture.org/2009/06/04/prazsky-most/">"Pražský Most u Valšů at Beer Culture"</a>. www.beerculture.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pra%C5%BEsk%C3%BD+Most+u+Val%C5%A1%C5%AF+at+Beer+Culture&rft.pub=www.beerculture.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beerculture.org%2F2009%2F06%2F04%2Fprazsky-most%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100609015418/http://www.germanbeerguide.co.uk/dunkel.html">"Dunkel"</a>. German Beer Guide. 2004-08-01. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germanbeerguide.co.uk/dunkel.html">the original</a> on 2010-06-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dunkel&rft.pub=German+Beer+Guide&rft.date=2004-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.germanbeerguide.co.uk%2Fdunkel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Beer_styles_(list)210" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Beer_styles" title="Template:Beer styles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beer_styles" title="Template talk:Beer styles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beer_styles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beer styles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Beer_styles_(list)210" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Beer_style" title="Beer style">Beer styles</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_beer_styles" title="List of beer styles">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">Ale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altbier" title="Altbier">Altbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber_ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Amber ale">Amber ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_pale_ale" title="American pale ale">American pale ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_pale_ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian pale ale">Australian pale ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_wine" title="Barley wine">Barley wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitter_(beer)" title="Bitter (beer)">Bitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_ale" title="Brown ale">Brown ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_ale" title="Burton ale">Burton ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_ale" title="Copper ale">Copper ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream_ale" title="Cream ale">Cream ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbel" title="Dubbel">Dubbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouse_ale" title="Farmhouse ale">Farmhouse ale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%A8re_de_Garde" title="Bière de Garde">Bière de Garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisette_(beer)" title="Grisette (beer)">Grisette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saison" title="Saison">Saison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_pale_ale" title="India pale ale">India pale ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_red_ale" title="Irish red ale">Irish red ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gose" title="Gose">Gose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodziskie" title="Grodziskie">Grodziskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_common_beer" title="Kentucky common beer">Kentucky common beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lsch_(beer)" title="Kölsch (beer)">Kölsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild_ale" title="Mild ale">Mild ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_ale" title="Old ale">Old ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_ale" title="Pale ale">Pale ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_(beer)" title="Porter (beer)">Porter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic porter">Baltic porter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_ale" title="Pumpkin ale">Pumpkin ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrupel" title="Quadrupel">Quadrupel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahti" title="Sahti">Sahti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotch ale">Scotch ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stout" title="Stout">Stout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_ale" title="Strong ale">Strong ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripel" title="Tripel">Tripel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_beer" title="Wheat beer">Wheat beer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lager</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lager" title="American lager">American lager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_lager" title="Australian lager">Australian lager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bock" title="Bock">Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmunder_Export" title="Dortmunder Export">Dortmunder Export</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkel" title="Dunkel">Dunkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helles" title="Helles">Helles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellerbier" title="Kellerbier">Kellerbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4rzen" title="Märzen">Märzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_lager" title="Pale lager">Pale lager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilsner" title="Pilsner">Pilsner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzbier" title="Schwarzbier">Schwarzbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoigl" title="Zoigl">Zoigl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sour_beer13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sour_beer" title="Sour beer">Sour beer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_wild_ale" title="American wild ale">American wild ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berliner_Weisse" title="Berliner Weisse">Berliner Weisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanders_red_ale" title="Flanders red ale">Flanders red ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambic" title="Lambic">Lambic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Framboise" title="Framboise">Framboise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gueuze" title="Gueuze">Gueuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriek_lambic" title="Kriek lambic">Kriek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oud_bruin" title="Oud bruin">Oud bruin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_beer" title="Corn beer">Corn beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_beer" title="Fruit beer">Fruit beer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_beer" title="Banana beer">Banana beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_soda" title="Hard soda">Hard soda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_beer" title="Hemp beer">Hemp beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_beer" title="Ice beer">Ice beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass">Kvass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Podpiwek" title="Podpiwek">Podpiwek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_beer" title="Light beer">Light beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malt_beer" title="Malt beer">Malt beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet_beer" title="Millet beer">Millet beer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pito_(beer)" title="Pito (beer)">Pito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">Root beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye_beer" title="Rye beer">Rye beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_beer" title="Small beer">Small beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_beer" title="Smoked beer">Smoked beer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_beer#Bamberg_Rauchbier" title="Smoked beer">Rauchbier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_beer" title="Spruce beer">Spruce beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_beer" title="Steam beer">Steam beer / California Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tella" title="Tella">Tella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_beers" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey beers">Abbey beers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trappist_beer" title="Trappist beer">Trappist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjuncts" title="Adjuncts">Adjuncts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel-aged_beer" title="Barrel-aged beer">Barrel-aged beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_and_breweries_by_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer and breweries by region">Beer and breweries by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_sommelier" title="Beer sommelier">Beer sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_beer" title="Experimental beer">Experimental beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-alcohol_beer" title="Low-alcohol beer">Low-alcohol beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_ale" title="Real ale">Real ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_beer" title="Seasonal beer">Seasonal beer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/20px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/40px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="242" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Beer" title="Portal:Beer">Beer portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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