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<span>In botany</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_botany-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In botany subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_botany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_dioecy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_dioecy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Evolution of dioecy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_dioecy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_monoecy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_monoecy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>From monoecy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_monoecy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_hermaphroditism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_hermaphroditism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>From hermaphroditism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_hermaphroditism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_mycology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_mycology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In mycology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_mycology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptive_benefit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptive_benefit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Adaptive benefit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptive_benefit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dioecy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86" title="ثنائية المسكن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثنائية المسكن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvodomnost" title="Dvodomnost – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dvodomnost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dio%C3%A8cia" title="Dioècia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dioècia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvoudomost" title="Dvoudomost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dvoudomost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvebo" title="Tvebo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tvebo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B6zie" title="Diözie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Diözie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF_(%CF%86%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Δίοικο (φυτολογία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δίοικο (φυτολογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioecia" title="Dioecia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dioecia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioika" title="Dioika – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dioika" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioiko" title="Dioiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dioiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="دوپایه جنسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوپایه جنسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A9cie" title="Diécie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diécie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioico" title="Dioico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dioico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwirumah_(botani)" title="Dwirumah (botani) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dwirumah (botani)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioic" title="Dioic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Dioic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioicismo" title="Dioicismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dioicismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweehuizig" title="Tweehuizig – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tweehuizig" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%8C%E9%9B%84%E7%95%B0%E6%A0%AA" title="雌雄異株 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="雌雄異株" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A6rbu" title="Særbu – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Særbu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwupienno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Dwupienność – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dwupienność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioicia" title="Dioicia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dioicia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvodomnost" title="Dvodomnost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dvodomnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv%C3%A5byggare" title="Tvåbyggare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tvåbyggare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asnazdu%C9%A3" title="Asnazduɣ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asnazduɣ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ki_evcikli" title="İki evcikli – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İki evcikli" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Діеція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Діеція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADnh_bi%E1%BB%87t_chu" title="Tính biệt chu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tính biệt chu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%8C%E9%9B%84%E7%95%B0%E9%AB%94" title="雌雄異體 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雌雄異體" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Dioicy" title="Dioicy">Dioicy</a>.</div> <p><b>Dioecy</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">dy-<span style="font-size:90%">EE</span>-see</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:διοικία">διοικία</a></span></span></span><i> <span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>dioikía</i></span></i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">two households</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>; adj. <b>dioecious</b>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>)<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">dy-<span style="font-size:90%">EE</span>-sh(ee-)əs</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a characteristic of certain <a href="/wiki/Species_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Species (biology)">species</a> that have distinct unisexual individuals, each producing either male or female <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a>, either directly (in <a href="/wiki/Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals">animals</a>) or indirectly (in <a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">seed plants</a>). <b>Dioecious reproduction</b> is biparental reproduction. Dioecy has costs, since only the female part of the population directly produces offspring. It is one method for excluding <a href="/wiki/Self-fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-fertilization">self-fertilization</a> and promoting <a href="/wiki/Allogamy" title="Allogamy">allogamy</a> (outcrossing), and thus tends to reduce the expression of recessive deleterious mutations present in a population. Plants have several other methods of preventing self-fertilization including, for example, <a href="/wiki/Dichogamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichogamy">dichogamy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herkogamy" title="Herkogamy">herkogamy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Self-incompatibility" title="Self-incompatibility">self-incompatibility</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_zoology">In zoology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioecy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In zoology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Physalia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Physalia.jpg/220px-Physalia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Physalia.jpg/330px-Physalia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Physalia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption><i>Physalia physalis</i>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_man_o%27_war" title="Portuguese man o' war">Portuguese man o' war</a>, is a dioecious colonial marine animal; the reproductive medusae within the colony are all of the same sex.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gonochorism" title="Gonochorism">Gonochorism</a></div> <p>In zoology, dioecy means that an animal is either male or female, in which case the synonym <a href="/wiki/Gonochory" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonochory">gonochory</a> is more often used.<sup id="cite_ref-Kliman-2016_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kliman-2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> species are gonochoric, almost all vertebrate species are gonochoric, and all bird and mammal species are gonochoric.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dioecy may also describe colonies within an <a href="/wiki/Animal_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal species">animal species</a>, such as the colonies of <a href="/wiki/Siphonophorae" title="Siphonophorae">Siphonophorae</a> (Portuguese man-of-war), which may be either dioecious or <a href="/wiki/Monoecy" title="Monoecy">monoecious</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_botany">In botany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioecy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In botany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Land plants (<a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">embryophytes</a>) differ from animals in that their <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a> involves <a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">alternation of generations</a>. In animals, typically an individual produces <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a> of one kind, either <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> or <a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">egg cells</a>. The gametes have half the number of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a> of the individual producing them, so are <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a>. Without further dividing, a sperm and an egg cell fuse to form a <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a> that develops into a new individual. In land plants, by contrast, one generation – the <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophyte</a> generation – consists of individuals that produce haploid <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a> rather than haploid <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a>. Spores do not fuse, but <a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">germinate</a> by dividing repeatedly by <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a> to give rise to haploid <a href="/wiki/Multicellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicellular">multicellular</a> individuals, the <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophytes</a>, which produce gametes. A male gamete and a female gamete then fuse to produce a new <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> sporophyte.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauseth2014204–205_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauseth2014204–205-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alternation_of_generations_simpler_still.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Alternation_of_generations_simpler_still.svg/290px-Alternation_of_generations_simpler_still.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Alternation_of_generations_simpler_still.svg/435px-Alternation_of_generations_simpler_still.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Alternation_of_generations_simpler_still.svg/580px-Alternation_of_generations_simpler_still.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Alternation of generations in plants: the sporophyte generation produces spores that give rise to the gametophyte generation, which produces gametes that fuse to give rise to a new sporophyte generation.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">liverworts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">hornworts</a>), the gametophytes are fully independent plants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauseth2014487_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauseth2014487-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seed plant gametophytes are dependent on the sporophyte and develop within the spores, a condition known as <a href="/wiki/Endospory_in_plants" title="Endospory in plants">endospory</a>. In flowering plants, the male gametophytes develop within <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> grains produced by the sporophyte's <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a>, and the female gametophytes develop within <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">ovules</a> produced by the sporophyte's <a href="/wiki/Gynoecium#Carpels" title="Gynoecium">carpels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauseth2014204–205_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauseth2014204–205-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sporophyte generation of a seed plant is called "<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#monoecious" title="Glossary of botanical terms">monoecious</a>" when each sporophyte plant has both kinds of spore-producing organ but in separate flowers or cones. For example, a single <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a> of a monoecious species has both functional stamens and carpels, in separate flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauseth2014218_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauseth2014218-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sporophyte generation of seed plants is called <i><a href="/wiki/Dioecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioecious">dioecious</a></i> when each sporophyte plant has only one kind of spore-producing organ, all of whose spores give rise either to male gametophytes, which produce only male gametes (sperm), or to female gametophytes, which produce only female gametes (egg cells). For example, a single flowering plant sporophyte of a fully dioecious species like <a href="/wiki/Ilex_aquifolium" title="Ilex aquifolium">holly</a> has either flowers with functional stamens producing pollen containing male gametes (staminate or 'male' flowers), or flowers with functional carpels producing female gametes (carpellate or 'female' flowers), but not both.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauseth2014218_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauseth2014218-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hickey-2001_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hickey-2001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are other, more complex <a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">reproductive schemes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Gynodioecy" title="Gynodioecy">gynodioecy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Androdioecy" title="Androdioecy">androdioecy</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilex_aquifolium_male_HC1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="In dioecious holly, some plants only have 'male' flowers with stamens producing pollen."><img alt="In dioecious holly, some plants only have 'male' flowers with stamens producing pollen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ilex_aquifolium_male_HC1.JPG/320px-Ilex_aquifolium_male_HC1.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ilex_aquifolium_male_HC1.JPG/480px-Ilex_aquifolium_male_HC1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ilex_aquifolium_male_HC1.JPG/640px-Ilex_aquifolium_male_HC1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2389" data-file-height="1792" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In dioecious holly, some plants only have 'male' flowers with stamens producing pollen.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilex_aquifolium_female_HC1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Other holly plants only have 'female' flowers that produce ovules."><img alt="Other holly plants only have 'female' flowers that produce ovules." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ilex_aquifolium_female_HC1.JPG/320px-Ilex_aquifolium_female_HC1.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ilex_aquifolium_female_HC1.JPG/480px-Ilex_aquifolium_female_HC1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ilex_aquifolium_female_HC1.JPG/640px-Ilex_aquifolium_female_HC1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2225" data-file-height="1669" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Other holly plants only have 'female' flowers that produce ovules.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tulip_Tulipa_clusiana_%27Lady_Jane%27_Rock_Ledge_Flower_2000px.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Each bisexual (perfect) tulip flower has both stamens and carpels."><img alt="Each bisexual (perfect) tulip flower has both stamens and carpels." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Tulip_Tulipa_clusiana_%27Lady_Jane%27_Rock_Ledge_Flower_2000px.jpg/240px-Tulip_Tulipa_clusiana_%27Lady_Jane%27_Rock_Ledge_Flower_2000px.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Tulip_Tulipa_clusiana_%27Lady_Jane%27_Rock_Ledge_Flower_2000px.jpg/360px-Tulip_Tulipa_clusiana_%27Lady_Jane%27_Rock_Ledge_Flower_2000px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Tulip_Tulipa_clusiana_%27Lady_Jane%27_Rock_Ledge_Flower_2000px.jpg/480px-Tulip_Tulipa_clusiana_%27Lady_Jane%27_Rock_Ledge_Flower_2000px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Each bisexual (perfect) tulip flower has both stamens and carpels.</div> </li> </ul> <p>Slightly different terms, <i>dioicous</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Monoicous" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoicous">monoicous</a></i>, may be used for the <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophyte</a> generation of non-vascular plants, although <i>dioecious</i> and <i>monoecious</i> are also used.<sup id="cite_ref-Lepp-2007_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lepp-2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A dioicous gametophyte either produces only male gametes (sperm) or produces only female gametes (egg cells). About 60% of liverworts are dioicous.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanderpoorten-2009_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanderpoorten-2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52">: 52 </span></sup> </p><p>Dioecy occurs in a wide variety of plant groups. Examples of dioecious plant species include <a href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">ginkgos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milicia_excelsa" title="Milicia excelsa">African teak</a>. As its specific name implies, the perennial stinging nettle <i><a href="/wiki/Urtica_dioica" title="Urtica dioica">Urtica dioica</a></i> is dioecious,<sup id="cite_ref-Stace-2019_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stace-2019-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 305">: 305 </span></sup> while the annual nettle <i><a href="/wiki/Urtica_urens" title="Urtica urens">Urtica urens</a></i> is monoecious.<sup id="cite_ref-Stace-2019_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stace-2019-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 305">: 305 </span></sup> Dioecious <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> are predominant in <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a> environments.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 65% of <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperm</a> species are dioecious,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but almost all conifers are monoecious.<sup id="cite_ref-Walas-2018_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walas-2018-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In gymnosperms, the sexual systems dioecy and monoecy are strongly correlated with the mode of pollen dispersal, monoecious species are predominantly wind dispersed (<a href="/wiki/Anemophily" title="Anemophily">anemophily</a>) and dioecious species animal-dispersed (<a href="/wiki/Zoophily" title="Zoophily">zoophily</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Givnish_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Givnish-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 6 percent of <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">flowering plant</a> species are entirely dioecious and about 7% of angiosperm <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> contain some dioecious species.<sup id="cite_ref-Renner-1995_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renner-1995-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dioecy is more common in <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">woody plants</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Heterotrophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterotrophic">heterotrophic</a> species.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most dioecious plants, whether male or female gametophytes are produced is determined genetically, but in some cases it can be determined by the environment, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Arisaema" title="Arisaema">Arisaema</a></i> species.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, such as some species of <i><a href="/wiki/Polysiphonia" title="Polysiphonia">Polysiphonia</a></i>, are dioecious.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dioecy is prevalent in the brown algae (<a href="/wiki/Phaeophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaeophyceae">Phaeophyceae</a>) and may have been the ancestral state in that group.<sup id="cite_ref-Luthringer-2014_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luthringer-2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_of_dioecy">Evolution of dioecy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioecy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evolution of dioecy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For evolution in animals, see <a href="/wiki/Gonochorism#Evolution" title="Gonochorism">Gonochorism § Evolution</a>.</div> <p>In plants, dioecy has <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">evolved independently</a> multiple times<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> either from hermaphroditic species or from monoecious species. A previously untested hypothesis is that this reduces inbreeding;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dioecy has been shown to be associated with increased <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a> and greater protection against deleterious mutations.<sup id="cite_ref-Muyle-2021_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muyle-2021-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of the evolutionary pathway the intermediate states need to have fitness advantages compared to cosexual flowers in order to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dioecy evolves due to male or female sterility,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it is unlikely that mutations for male and female sterility occurred at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In angiosperms unisexual flowers evolve from bisexual ones.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dioecy occurs in almost half of plant families, but only in a minority of genera, suggesting recent evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For 160 families that have dioecious species, dioecy is thought to have evolved more than 100 times.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the family <a href="/wiki/Caricaceae" title="Caricaceae">Caricaceae</a>, dioecy is likely the ancestral sexual system.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_monoecy">From monoecy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioecy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: From monoecy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dioecious flowering plants can evolve from <a href="/wiki/Monoecious_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoecious (botany)">monoecious</a> ancestors that have flowers containing both functional stamens and functional carpels.<sup id="cite_ref-Bawa-1980_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bawa-1980-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authors argue monoecy and dioecy are related.<sup id="cite_ref-Batygina-2019_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Batygina-2019-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Sagittaria" title="Sagittaria">Sagittaria</a></i>, since there is a distribution of sexual systems, it has been postulated that dioecy evolved from monoecy<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through <a href="/wiki/Gynodioecy" title="Gynodioecy">gynodioecy</a> mainly from mutations that resulted in male sterility.<sup id="cite_ref-EEB-2016_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EEB-2016-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 478">: 478 </span></sup> However, since the ancestral state is unclear, more work is needed to clarify the evolution of dioecy via monoecy.<sup id="cite_ref-EEB-2016_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EEB-2016-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 478">: 478 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_hermaphroditism">From hermaphroditism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioecy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: From hermaphroditism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dioecy usually evolves from <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite#Plants" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphroditism</a> through <a href="/wiki/Gynodioecy" title="Gynodioecy">gynodioecy</a> but may also evolve through <a href="/wiki/Androdioecy" title="Androdioecy">androdioecy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through <a href="/wiki/Distyly" title="Distyly">distyly</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or through <a href="/wiki/Heterostyly" title="Heterostyly">heterostyly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Muyle-2021_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muyle-2021-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a>, dioecy may have <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">evolved independently</a> from hermaphroditism at least 5 or 9 times. The reverse transition, from dioecy back to hermaphroditism has also been observed, both in Asteraceae and in bryophytes, with a frequency about half of that for the forward transition.<sup id="cite_ref-Landry-2013_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landry-2013-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Silene" title="Silene">Silene</a></i>, since there is no monoecy, it is suggested that dioecy evolved through gynodioecy.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_mycology">In mycology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioecy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In mycology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely upon a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Dioecy" title="Talk:Dioecy">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dioecy&action=edit">improve this article</a> by introducing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to additional sources at this section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Very few dioecious fungi have been discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Monoecy and dioecy in <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> refer to the donor and recipient roles in mating, where a nucleus is transferred from one haploid hypha to another, and the two nuclei then present in the same cell merge by <a href="/wiki/Karyogamy" title="Karyogamy">karyogamy</a> to form a <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Esser-1971_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esser-1971-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition avoids reference to male and female reproductive structures, which are rare in fungi.<sup id="cite_ref-Esser-1971_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esser-1971-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An individual of a dioecious fungal species not only requires a partner for mating, but performs only one of the roles in nuclear transfer, as either the donor or the recipient. A monoecious fungal species can perform both roles, but may not be self-compatible.<sup id="cite_ref-Esser-1971_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esser-1971-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptive_benefit">Adaptive benefit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioecy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Adaptive benefit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dioecy has the demographic disadvantage compared with hermaphroditism that only about half of reproductive adults are able to produce offspring. Dioecious species must therefore have fitness advantages to compensate for this cost through increased survival, growth, or reproduction. Dioecy excludes <a href="/wiki/Self-fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-fertilization">self-fertilization</a> and promotes <a href="/wiki/Allogamy" title="Allogamy">allogamy</a> (outcrossing), and thus tends to reduce the expression of recessive deleterious mutations present in a population.<sup id="cite_ref-Charlesworth-2009_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlesworth-2009-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In trees, compensation is realized mainly through increased seed production by females. This in turn is facilitated by a lower contribution of reproduction to population growth, which results in no demonstrable net costs of having males in the population compared to being hermaphroditic.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruijning-2017_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruijning-2017-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dioecy may also accelerate or retard lineage diversification in <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">angiosperms</a>. Dioecious lineages are more diversified in certain genera, but less in others. An analysis suggested that dioecy neither consistently places a strong brake on diversification, nor strongly drives it.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabath-2016_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabath-2016-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioecy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonochorism" title="Gonochorism">Gonochorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">Hermaphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Plant reproductive morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-incompatibility_in_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-incompatibility in plants">Self-incompatibility in plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trioecy" title="Trioecy">Trioecy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioecy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221101905/https://www.lexico.com/definition/dioecy">"dioecy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 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"Surviving in a Cosexual World: A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Dioecy in Tropical Trees". <i>The American Naturalist</i>. <b>189</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">297–</span>314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F690137">10.1086/690137</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F168955">2066/168955</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0147">0003-0147</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28221824">28221824</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6839285">6839285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Surviving+in+a+Cosexual+World%3A+A+Cost-Benefit+Analysis+of+Dioecy+in+Tropical+Trees&rft.volume=189&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E297-%3C%2Fspan%3E314&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2066%2F168955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6839285%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F690137&rft.issn=0003-0147&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28221824&rft.aulast=Bruijning&rft.aufirst=Marjolein&rft.au=Visser%2C+Marco+D.&rft.au=Muller-Landau%2C+Helene+C.&rft.au=Wright%2C+S.+Joseph&rft.au=Comita%2C+Liza+S.&rft.au=Hubbell%2C+Stephen+P.&rft.au=de+Kroon%2C+Hans&rft.au=Jongejans%2C+Eelke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioecy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sabath-2016-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sabath-2016_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSabathGoldbergGlickEinhorn2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sabath, Niv; Goldberg, Emma E.; Glick, Lior; Einhorn, Moshe; Ashman, Tia-Lynn; Ming, Ray; Otto, Sarah P.; Vamosi, Jana C.; Mayrose, Itay (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.13696">"Dioecy does not consistently accelerate or slow lineage diversification across multiple genera of angiosperms"</a>. <i>New Phytologist</i>. <b>209</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">1290–</span>1300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.13696">10.1111/nph.13696</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26467174">26467174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Phytologist&rft.atitle=Dioecy+does+not+consistently+accelerate+or+slow+lineage+diversification+across+multiple+genera+of+angiosperms&rft.volume=209&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1290-%3C%2Fspan%3E1300&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnph.13696&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26467174&rft.aulast=Sabath&rft.aufirst=Niv&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Emma+E.&rft.au=Glick%2C+Lior&rft.au=Einhorn%2C+Moshe&rft.au=Ashman%2C+Tia-Lynn&rft.au=Ming%2C+Ray&rft.au=Otto%2C+Sarah+P.&rft.au=Vamosi%2C+Jana+C.&rft.au=Mayrose%2C+Itay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fnph.13696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioecy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioecy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeentje2010" class="citation book cs1">Beentje, Henk (2010). <i>The Kew Plant Glossary</i>. Richmond, Surrey: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84246-422-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84246-422-9"><bdi>978-1-84246-422-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kew+Plant+Glossary&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Surrey&rft.pub=Royal+Botanic+Gardens%2C+Kew&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84246-422-9&rft.aulast=Beentje&rft.aufirst=Henk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioecy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMauseth2014" class="citation book cs1">Mauseth, James D. (2014). <i>Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology</i> (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-6580-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-6580-7"><bdi>978-1-4496-6580-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botany+%3A+An+Introduction+to+Plant+Biology&rft.place=Sudbury%2C+MA&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4496-6580-7&rft.aulast=Mauseth&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioecy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dioecy&oldid=1272539135">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dioecy&oldid=1272539135</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plant_sexuality" title="Category:Plant sexuality">Plant sexuality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dioecious_plants" title="Category:Dioecious plants">Dioecious plants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexual_reproduction" title="Category:Sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reproductive_system" title="Category:Reproductive system">Reproductive system</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexual_system" title="Category:Sexual system">Sexual system</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2021">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2021">Articles needing additional references from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 January 2025, at 04:14<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7d5db9ff5-xjxwl","wgBackendResponseTime":221,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.847","walltime":"1.010","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4962,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":116033,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2958,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":183051,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 912.279 1 -total"," 42.61% 388.678 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.18% 156.770 1 Template:Etymology"," 13.40% 122.258 19 Template:Cite_journal"," 12.22% 111.501 1 Template:Lang"," 11.39% 103.940 21 Template:Cite_book"," 10.06% 91.802 2 Template:Cite_dictionary"," 8.64% 78.828 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.81% 62.088 5 Template:Sfnp"," 5.66% 51.604 2 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[\"CITEREFLeonard2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLepp2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuthringerRCormierAhmedPeters2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatallana,_G.Wendt,_T.Araujo,_D.S.D.Scarano,_F.R.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMauseth2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitra2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuyleMartinZempMollion2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNickrent_D.L.,_Musselman_L.J.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNúñez-FarfánValverde2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerryPannellDorken2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReeve2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenner,_S._S.R._E._Ricklefs1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSabathGoldbergGlickEinhorn2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkarBanerjeeGantait2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStace2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStearn,_W.T.1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTandonShivannaKoul2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanderpoortenGoffinet2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalasMandrykThomasTyrała-Wierucka2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalas_ŁMandrykThomasTyrała-Wierucka_Ż2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilsonMorrison2000\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Etymology\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Grc-transl\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"One source section\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"Rp\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5f44755944-8z99b","timestamp":"20250302220315","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Dioecy","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dioecy","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q148681","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q148681","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-03-24T01:57:42Z","dateModified":"2025-01-29T04:14:16Z","headline":"characteristic of having distinct male and female individual organisms"}</script> </body> </html>