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aria-controls="toc-Causes_of_conflict-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes of conflict subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes_of_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Niger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Niger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tuareg_demands_in_Niger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuareg_demands_in_Niger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Tuareg demands in Niger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuareg_demands_in_Niger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niger_2007" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niger_2007"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Niger 2007</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Niger_2007-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Niger 2007 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Niger_2007-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-February–July" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#February–July"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>February–July</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-February–July-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uranium_mines_crises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uranium_mines_crises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Uranium mines crises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uranium_mines_crises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growing_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growing_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Growing violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growing_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_defections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_defections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Military defections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_defections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebel_offensives_in_Mali_May_2007_–_January_2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebel_offensives_in_Mali_May_2007_–_January_2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rebel offensives in Mali May 2007 – January 2008</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rebel_offensives_in_Mali_May_2007_–_January_2008-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rebel offensives in Mali May 2007 – January 2008 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rebel_offensives_in_Mali_May_2007_–_January_2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_unrest_in_2006" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_unrest_in_2006"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Early unrest in 2006</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_unrest_in_2006-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upsurge_of_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upsurge_of_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Upsurge of violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upsurge_of_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seasonal_constraints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seasonal_constraints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Seasonal constraints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seasonal_constraints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March–July_2008_rebel_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March–July_2008_rebel_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>March–July 2008 rebel offensive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March–July_2008_rebel_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-August_2008_ceasefire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#August_2008_ceasefire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>August 2008 ceasefire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-August_2008_ceasefire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continued_conflict_in_Niger:_late_2007_to_mid-2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continued_conflict_in_Niger:_late_2007_to_mid-2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Continued conflict in Niger: late 2007 to mid-2008</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Continued_conflict_in_Niger:_late_2007_to_mid-2008-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Continued conflict in Niger: late 2007 to mid-2008 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Continued_conflict_in_Niger:_late_2007_to_mid-2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Escalating_violence_and_humanitarian_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escalating_violence_and_humanitarian_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Escalating violence and humanitarian crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escalating_violence_and_humanitarian_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aid_and_press_barred" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aid_and_press_barred"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Aid and press barred</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aid_and_press_barred-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-terror_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-terror_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Anti-terror law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-terror_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mine_attacks_in_south" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mine_attacks_in_south"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Mine attacks in south</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mine_attacks_in_south-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continued_clashes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continued_clashes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Continued clashes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continued_clashes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Ethnic expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niger:_international_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niger:_international_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Niger: international support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niger:_international_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niger:_February_–_June_2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niger:_February_–_June_2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Niger: February – June 2008</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niger:_February_–_June_2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niger_offensive_of_mid-2008_and_renewed_stalemate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niger_offensive_of_mid-2008_and_renewed_stalemate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Niger offensive of mid-2008 and renewed stalemate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Niger_offensive_of_mid-2008_and_renewed_stalemate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Niger offensive of mid-2008 and renewed stalemate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Niger_offensive_of_mid-2008_and_renewed_stalemate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Areva_kidnappings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Areva_kidnappings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Areva kidnappings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Areva_kidnappings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Army_retakes_Tezirzaït" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Army_retakes_Tezirzaït"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Army retakes Tezirzaït</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Army_retakes_Tezirzaït-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stalemate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalemate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Stalemate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalemate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_of_emergency_continues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_emergency_continues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>State of emergency continues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_emergency_continues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reports_of_ceasefire_discounted" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reports_of_ceasefire_discounted"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Reports of ceasefire discounted</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reports_of_ceasefire_discounted-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sougouma_surrender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sougouma_surrender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Sougouma surrender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sougouma_surrender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-November_fighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#November_fighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>November fighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-November_fighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009:_Nigerien_uranium_industry_unhindered" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009:_Nigerien_uranium_industry_unhindered"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>2009: Nigerien uranium industry unhindered</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009:_Nigerien_uranium_industry_unhindered-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhissa_Ag_Boula_and_the_FFR_splinter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhissa_Ag_Boula_and_the_FFR_splinter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Rhissa Ag Boula and the FFR splinter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhissa_Ag_Boula_and_the_FFR_splinter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_Nigerien_press_freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_Nigerien_press_freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Impact on Nigerien press freedom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_Nigerien_press_freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mali_December_2008:_Ag_Bahanga's_return" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mali_December_2008:_Ag_Bahanga's_return"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Mali December 2008: Ag Bahanga's return</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mali_December_2008:_Ag_Bahanga's_return-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mali December 2008: Ag Bahanga's return subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mali_December_2008:_Ag_Bahanga's_return-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nampala_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nampala_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Nampala attack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nampala_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mali_2009:_offensive_and_peace_deal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mali_2009:_offensive_and_peace_deal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Mali 2009: offensive and peace deal</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mali_2009:_offensive_and_peace_deal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mali 2009: offensive and peace deal subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mali_2009:_offensive_and_peace_deal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Army_assault_in_north" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Army_assault_in_north"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Army assault in north</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Army_assault_in_north-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malian_faction_split" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malian_faction_split"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Malian faction split</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malian_faction_split-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebels_dispose_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebels_dispose_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Rebels dispose arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebels_dispose_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niger:_2009_peace_talks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niger:_2009_peace_talks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Niger: 2009 peace talks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Niger:_2009_peace_talks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Niger: 2009 peace talks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Niger:_2009_peace_talks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Malian_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malian_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Malian model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malian_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MNJ_split" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MNJ_split"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>MNJ split</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MNJ_split-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_talks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_talks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Peace talks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_talks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilian_opening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_opening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Civilian opening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian_opening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-May_meetings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#May_meetings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.5</span> <span>May meetings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-May_meetings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disposing_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disposing_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.6</span> <span>Disposing of arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disposing_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%B3n_tuareg_(2007-2009)" title="Rebelión tuareg (2007-2009) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rebelión tuareg (2007-2009)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9bellion_touar%C3%A8gue_de_2007-2009" title="Rébellion touarègue de 2007-2009 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rébellion touarègue de 2007-2009" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberontakan_Tuareg_(2007-2009)" title="Pemberontakan Tuareg (2007-2009) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemberontakan Tuareg (2007-2009)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%A3o_tuaregue_(2007-2009)" title="Rebelião tuaregue (2007-2009) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rebelião tuaregue (2007-2009)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuaregikapina_(2007%E2%80%932009)" title="Tuaregikapina (2007–2009) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tuaregikapina (2007–2009)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li 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searchaux" style="display:none">Tuareg insurgency in Mali and Niger</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(1962%E2%80%931964)" title="Tuareg rebellion (1962–1964)">Tuareg rebellion (1962–1964)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(1990%E2%80%931995)" title="Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)">Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">Tuareg rebellion (2012)</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">2007-2009 Tuareg rebellion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Tuareg rebellion (disambiguation)">Tuareg rebellions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Juniper_Shield" title="Operation Juniper Shield">Operation Juniper Shield</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AgadezMNJattacks0807.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/AgadezMNJattacks0807.png/300px-AgadezMNJattacks0807.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/AgadezMNJattacks0807.png 1.5x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>6 February 2007 – 3 May 2009<br />(2 years, 2 months, 3 weeks and 6 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Northern <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> and Northeast <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <ul><li>Peace deals brokered by Mali in August 2008 and February 2009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> declared in Niger in May 2009</li> <li>Integration of some rebels into the military</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>In Niger</b>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Niger_Movement_for_Justice" title="Niger Movement for Justice">Niger Movement for Justice</a><br />Front of Forces for Rectification (2008 split)<br />Niger Patriotic Front (2009 split)<br /><b>In Mali</b>:<br /><a href="/wiki/May_23,_2006_Democratic_Alliance_for_Change" title="May 23, 2006 Democratic Alliance for Change">ADC</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Niger-Mali_Tuareg_Alliance" title="Niger-Mali Tuareg Alliance">ATNM</a> (2008 split)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> Mamadou Ousseini<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Nigerien Army Chief of Staff)</span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> In Niger:<br />Aghaly ag Alambo<br />In Mali:<br /><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Ag_Bahanga" title="Ibrahim Ag Bahanga">Ibrahim Ag Bahanga</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ag_Fagaga" title="Hassan Ag Fagaga">Hassan Ag Fagaga</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 4,000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> In Mali: 165–400+<sup id="cite_ref-occitan1007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-occitan1007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>Niger</b>:<br />~70<sup id="cite_ref-StuffNZ_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StuffNZ-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–159<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> killed<br />100+ captured<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Mali</b>:<br />~60 killed<sup id="cite_ref-afp20090102_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afp20090102-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> ~200 killed<sup id="cite_ref-StuffNZ_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StuffNZ-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>Civilian casualties</b>:<br />At least 10 Malian<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and tens to hundreds of Nigerien civilians killed<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(1990%E2%80%931995)" title="Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)">1990–1995 rebellion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2007–2009 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">2012 rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tuareg_rebellions_(2006-2009)1201" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link 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style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tuareg_rebellions_(2006-2009)1201" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2007-2009)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuareg rebellion (2007-2009)"><span class="wrap">Tuareg rebellions (2006-2009)</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Battles</dt></dl> <p><b>2006</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Kidal_and_M%C3%A9naka_mutinies" title="2006 Kidal and Ménaka mutinies">Kidal and Ménaka</a></li></ul> <p><b>2007-2009</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Tezerza%C3%AFt_attack" title="2007 Tezerzaït attack">1st Tezerzaït</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abe%C3%AFbara" title="Battle of Abeïbara">Abeïbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tezirza%C3%AFt_(2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tezirzaït (2008)">2nd Tezerzaït</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nampala_attack" title="2008 Nampala attack">Nampala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulousimine_ambush" title="Toulousimine ambush">Toulousimine</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Tuareg_rebellion" title="2006 Tuareg rebellion">2006 Tuareg rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_Accords_(2006)" title="Algiers Accords (2006)">Algiers Accords (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb">Insurgency in the Maghreb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>2007-2009 Tuareg rebellion</b> was an <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a> that began in February 2007 amongst elements of the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg people</a> living in the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara desert">Sahara desert</a> regions of northern <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>. It is one of a series of insurgencies by formerly nomadic Tuareg populations, which had last appeared in the mid-1990s, and date back at least to 1916. Populations dispersed to <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, as well as to the south of Niger and Mali in the 1990s returned only in the late 1990s. Former fighters were to be integrated into national militaries, but the process has been slow and caused increased resentment. Malian Tuaregs had conducted some raids in 2005–2006, which ended in a renewed peace agreement. Fighting in both nations was carried on largely in parallel, but not in concert. While fighting was mostly confined to guerrilla attacks and army counterattacks, large portions of the desert north of each nation were no-go zones for the military and civilians fled to regional capitals like <a href="/wiki/Kidal" title="Kidal">Kidal</a>, Mali and <a href="/wiki/Agadez" title="Agadez">Agadez</a>, Niger. Fighting was largely contained within Mali's <a href="/wiki/Kidal_Region" title="Kidal Region">Kidal Region</a> and Niger's <a href="/wiki/Agadez_Region" title="Agadez Region">Agadez Region</a>. Algeria helped negotiate an August 2008 Malian peace deal, which was broken by a rebel faction in December, crushed by the Malian military and wholescale defections of rebels to the government. Niger saw heavy fighting and disruption of <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> production in the mountainous north, before a Libyan backed peace deal, aided by a factional split among the rebels, brought a negotiated ceasefire and amnesty in May 2009. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Attacks beginning in February 2007 by the <a href="/wiki/Niger_Movement_for_Justice_(MNJ)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger Movement for Justice (MNJ)">Niger Movement for Justice (MNJ)</a> targeted outposts of the <a href="/wiki/Nigerien_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerien Armed Forces">Nigerien Armed Forces</a> and foreign economic interests.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group said they were fighting for greater economic development and a share in the region's mineral wealth, an end to alleged pollution caused by and poverty surrounding the mining operations at <a href="/wiki/Arlit" title="Arlit">Arlit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area of Niger affected is home to some of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> deposits, and the French operated uranium mines of the desert town of Arlit account for a fifth of the world's uranium deposits and most of Niger's foreign exchange income.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2007, fighting shifted to Mali, with a portion of the Tuareg groups which had come under a 2006 ceasefire returning to combat. A swift Malian military response, coupled with the diplomatic intervention of other Malian Tuaregs, led to a new, unofficial ceasefire in December 2007. In April 2008, with the help of Libya, a formal ceasefire was declared, though it was quickly followed by new, retributive attacks from both sides. Resumed diplomatic and military pressure, with the intervention of Algerian diplomacy, brought what appeared to be a final reintegration of the Malian rebel factions in July 2008, along much the same lines of the 2006 peace plan. After both Libyan and Algerian sponsored peace talks, Malian rebel leader <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Ag_Bahanga" title="Ibrahim Ag Bahanga">Ibrahim Ag Bahanga</a> relocated to <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and the remaining Malian rebels and government concluded a settlement to the conflict. In December 2008, Ag Bahanga's faction of the ADC (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Alliance Touareg Nord Mali pour le Changement</i></span>, ATNMC) returned to conflict in a series of attacks and counterattacks in the far north. This splinter group, despite a series of daring raids deep into populated areas, were decisively defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Malian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Malian Army">Malian Army</a> during January 2009, supported by an increasing number of former rebels. In February 2009, elements surrounding Ag Bahanga again fled Mali for <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, while both Libya and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> pledged support to end rebel attacks and support negotiations. ADC fighters negotiated a return to the disarmament agreed in 2008, and began being processed for integration into the Malian Armed Forces in camps near <a href="/wiki/Kidal" title="Kidal">Kidal</a>. </p><p>Both conflicts were brought under increased international attention following the kidnapping in late 2008 in Niger of two Canadian diplomats and four European tourists by groups associated with <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_Organization_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb">Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb</a>, who held their victims somewhere in northern Mali. Libya, Algeria, Mali, and Niger pledged in March 2009 to cooperate to secure the Saharan borders where Tuareg rebels and AQIM militants, as well as smugglers and criminal gangs, operated. </p><p>In Niger, fighting flared after a <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> truce in 2007, with <a href="/wiki/Land-mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Land-mine">land-mine</a> attacks and incursions reaching areas in the south and center of the nation previously unaffected. The <a href="/wiki/Nigerien_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerien government">Nigerien government</a>, rejecting any negotiations, pursued a crackdown on rebel forces and declared a state of emergency in the north which by December 2007 threatened to spark a humanitarian crisis. High-profile arrests of domestic and foreign media, the expulsion of European NGOs from the area, and the reported human rights practices of the <a href="/wiki/Nigerien_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerien Armed Forces">Nigerien Armed Forces</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Agadez_Region" title="Agadez Region">Agadez Region</a> have led to criticism of the Nigerien government abroad, and continued fighting in the north. Despite government military victories in early 2008, and condemnation for a hostage seizure and land-mine attacks (for which the rebels deny responsibility), the MNJ appeared no closer to either defeat or overthrow of the Nigerien government as the rainy season approached in August 2008. </p><p>The return and then splintering away from the main rebel group of factional leaders from the 1990s conflict complicated the situation in 2008. One group joined the rebels, only to be expelled and sign a peace deal with the government of Niger. Another faction, which seemed to have been involved in the political front, appeared and quickly split in early 2008. Irregular fighting and raids occurred throughout late 2008, but these were mostly limited to the rebel strongholds in the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFr_Mountains" title="Aïr Mountains">Aïr Mountains</a>. Suppression of domestic and international press access, as well as the expulsion of aid agencies from the <a href="/wiki/Agadez_Region" title="Agadez Region">Agadez Region</a> by the government has meant that there was little independent confirmation of the situation in northern Niger throughout 2008. </p><p>The Nigerien rebels pursued a strategy of expanding the ethnic makeup of their forces, and attempted—with little success in the south—to broaden the insurgency into a social movement to replace the current government and provide the population with a share in Niger's growing mining sector. By the beginning of 2009, rebel attempts to impinge upon Nigerien <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> production had, according to mining officials, little effect. The effects on the population of the north has been pronounced, with the regional capitol of <a href="/wiki/Agadez" title="Agadez">Agadez</a> hosting thousands of refugees, economic activity outside the towns grinding to a halt, and the destruction of a burgeoning foreign tourist industry in the north of the country. </p><p>The 2009 peace in Mali was seen as a model for a February civil society conference in <a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a>. In March 2009 a dramatic split of much of the <a href="/wiki/Niger_Movement_for_Justice" title="Niger Movement for Justice">MNJ</a> leadership resulted in the former MNJ head fleeing to Libya, who aided delivering <a href="/wiki/Nigerien_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerien Armed Forces">Nigerien Armed Forces</a> prisoners home. The new Nigerien Patriotic Front (FPN), which contained much of the MNJ's fighters and leadership, called for a negotiated peace. They, along with an earlier splinter, entered into four-party talks with the Nigerien government under Libyan auspices from March to June 2009. All sides pledged an immediate <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a> in May 2009, while pursuing talks for a permanent peace and an amnesty for all former rebels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes_of_conflict">Causes of conflict</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes of conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niger">Niger</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Niger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuareg_area.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tuareg_area.png/180px-Tuareg_area.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tuareg_area.png/270px-Tuareg_area.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tuareg_area.png/360px-Tuareg_area.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Areas where significant numbers of Tuaregs live</figcaption></figure> <p>Niger rebels claimed that their government failed to honor a 1995 peace deal, which ended the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(1990%E2%80%931995)" title="Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)">1990s Tuareg insurgency</a> and promised them a bigger share of the region's mineral wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nigerien Tuareg leaders and some Non Government Organisations have claimed the violence of February 2007 was the culmination of widespread disaffection amongst Tuareg ex-combatants with the slow progress of promised benefits, lack of functioning democratic institutions, and a perceived special status given to foreign mining interests and southern political leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of an initiative started under a 1991 <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Conference_(Niger)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Conference (Niger) (page does not exist)">National Conference</a>, the peace accords of 15 April 1995 with all Tuareg (and some <a href="/wiki/Toubou" class="mw-redirect" title="Toubou">Toubou</a>) rebel groups were negotiated with <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Niger" title="Government of Niger">Government of Niger</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a>, the final armed group signing up in 1998. The peace deal repatriating thousands of refugees and fighters, mostly from camps across the Libyan border. Large numbers of fighters were integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Nigerien_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerien Armed Forces">Nigerien Armed Forces</a> and, with French assistance, help others return to a productive civilian life. Controversy continued to revolve around Tuareg leaders brought into government, with the arrest of the Minister of Tourism <a href="/wiki/Rhissa_ag_Boula" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhissa ag Boula">Rhissa ag Boula</a> in February 2004 and his March 2005 release after being held in jail for more than a year on suspicion of involvement in a political murder,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Mano_Dayak" title="Mano Dayak">Mano Dayak</a>, a Tuareg leader and negotiator who led the Tuareg rebellion in the <a href="/wiki/Tenere" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenere">Tenere</a> region died in a suspicious plane crash in 1995. Niger's Tuaregs continued to watch the development and economic activities of the government closely, especially in regards the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFr_Mountains" title="Aïr Mountains">Aïr Mountains</a>' burgeoning tourist trade, and <a href="/wiki/Arlit" title="Arlit">Arlit</a>'s recovering <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> industry. By 2000, sporadic banditry and attacks, ascribed to disaffected ex-combatants, began in the north. In 2007, a unified force of ex-combatants repudiated the 1995 accords and declared the formation of the MNJ. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niger_Aghaly_Ag_Alambo_Jan_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Niger_Aghaly_Ag_Alambo_Jan_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="148" /></a><figcaption>Nigerien Rebel President Aghaly Ag Alambo, giving an interview in the MNJ's <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFr_Mountains" title="Aïr Mountains">Aïr Mountains</a> base, January–February 2008.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Niger_Movement_for_Justice" title="Niger Movement for Justice">Niger Movement for Justice</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Mouvement des Nigériens pour la justice</i>, MNJ) was led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aghaly_ag_Alambo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aghaly ag Alambo (page does not exist)">Aghaly ag Alambo</a>, a former member of the <i><a href="/wiki/Front_for_the_Liberation_of_A%C3%AFr_and_Azaouak" title="Front for the Liberation of Aïr and Azaouak">Front de libération de l'Aïr et de l'Azawagh (FLAA)</a></i>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Acharif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohamed Acharif (page does not exist)">Mohamed Acharif</a>, a former captain in the <a href="/wiki/Nigerien_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerien Armed Forces">Nigerien Armed Forces</a> who defected to the rebels in May 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Little evidence of the motivation or make up of the Niger-based rebels was public by the summer of 2007 aside from the statements released by the MNJ and the Nigerien government. The government of Niger claimed that these attacks were the work of small-scale "bandits" and drug-trafficking gangs, and also suggested "foreign interests" (or the French mining company Areva, specifically) were funding the rebel forces.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three newspapers in Niger which speculated that <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> might be behind the rebel group were threatened with legal action by the Libyan government.<sup id="cite_ref-temoust_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temoust-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the MNJ statements portrayed their movement as Niger-wide (as opposed to Tuareg nationalism) and limited to the demand for economic, political and environmental reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tuareg_demands_in_Niger">Tuareg demands in Niger</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tuareg demands in Niger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 21 December 2007, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Akoli_Akoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmed Akoli Akoli (page does not exist)">Ahmed Akoli Akoli</a>, then the political secretary of the MNJ, outlined the group's demands as<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> decentralization and "ethnic balance", a greater share and transparency in the extraction of northern resources, with government and military in the north "<i>recruited from the Tuareg population... and not an army consisting mainly of members of other ethnic clans who serve their own purposes, and who do not identify with the Tuareg people</i>". This seemed to step back from the previous demands for the removal of the current government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mali">Mali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agaly Alambo, from <a href="/wiki/Iferouane" title="Iferouane">Iferouane</a> in northern Niger, was apparently inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>-based Tuareg group <i><a href="/wiki/May_23,_2006_Democratic_Alliance_for_Change" title="May 23, 2006 Democratic Alliance for Change">May 23, 2006 Democratic Alliance for Change</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">23 May 2006; Alliance démocratique pour le changement</i>, ADC), ex-combatants who led a short campaign in the north of Mali from May to July 2006, when they signed a peace deal with the <a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a> government.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malian Tuareg former insurgents took part in a long series of peace processes, splintering, and raids between formal peace in 1995 and 2006. The peace deals which ended the <a href="/wiki/First_Tuareg_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="First Tuareg Rebellion">1990s Tuareg insurgency</a> in Mali created a new self-governing region, <a href="/wiki/Kidal_Region" title="Kidal Region">Kidal Region</a>, and provided opportunities for Malian Tuaregs to join the central government in Bamako and the <a href="/wiki/Malian_Armed_Forces" title="Malian Armed Forces">Malian Armed Forces</a>. Unlike the Niger ex-combatants, who appeared successfully integrated into national the Nigerien Armed Forces, small numbers of Malian Tuaregs remained restive, complaining of the Kidal region's poverty. Some were involved in cross border smuggling, and crime was endemic in the region. A splinter faction of the Tuareg ex-combatants rose as the ADC in 2006. After agreeing to a ceasefire, these forces apparently splintered further in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attacks in the extreme northeast of Mali began to grow in number and intensity in August 2007, as reports appeared that the ADC splinter group, led by former combatant <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Ag_Bahanga" title="Ibrahim Ag Bahanga">Ibrahim Ag Bahanga</a> claimed these attackers had formally confederated with the Niger-based MNJ.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MNJ formally denied this, but witnesses of one kidnapping attack in Mali said the rebels had moved back towards the Niger border.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former Malian rebel leaders, notably the 1990s commander <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyad_Ag_Ghaly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyad Ag Ghaly (page does not exist)">Lyad Ag Ghaly</a>, denounced the 2007 violence and called on the Bahanga group to cease their attacks and offered to negotiate on behalf of the Bamako government.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Niger_2007">Niger 2007</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Niger 2007"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="February–July"><span id="February.E2.80.93July"></span>February–July</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: February–July"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the February 2007 attack on a Nigerian Army detachment in the north of the country that killed 3 soldiers, sporadic attacks occurred around Iférouane, <a href="/wiki/Arlit" title="Arlit">Arlit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingall" title="Ingall">Ingall</a>. On 18 April, the MNJ was formally announced as having organised, and attacks picked up in June and July. Landmines on the road between Iférouane and Arlit cut off both towns and threatened the bring the lucrative uranium mining industry to a halt.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_070403-N-6901L-011_Nigerien_soldiers_assigned_to_the_322nd_Parachute_Regiment_line_up_in_formation_before_participating_in_target_practice_facilitated_by_U.S._Army_soldiers_during_Operation_Flintlock_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/US_Navy_070403-N-6901L-011_Nigerien_soldiers_assigned_to_the_322nd_Parachute_Regiment_line_up_in_formation_before_participating_in_target_practice_facilitated_by_U.S._Army_soldiers_during_Operation_Flintlock_2007.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/US_Navy_070403-N-6901L-011_Nigerien_soldiers_assigned_to_the_322nd_Parachute_Regiment_line_up_in_formation_before_participating_in_target_practice_facilitated_by_U.S._Army_soldiers_during_Operation_Flintlock_2007.jpg/450px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/US_Navy_070403-N-6901L-011_Nigerien_soldiers_assigned_to_the_322nd_Parachute_Regiment_line_up_in_formation_before_participating_in_target_practice_facilitated_by_U.S._Army_soldiers_during_Operation_Flintlock_2007.jpg/600px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2190" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Nigerien soldiers from the 322nd Parachute Regiment, <a href="/wiki/Maradi,_Niger" title="Maradi, Niger">Maradi, Niger</a>, April 2007.</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 18 and 22 June, Niger experienced the most daring and deadliest attacks to that point in the conflict. MNJ rebels attacked the airport at <a href="/wiki/Agadez" title="Agadez">Agadez</a>, the second most important in the country and a center of Niger's tourism industry, though they did little damage. On 22 June rebels attacked an isolated army post at <a href="/wiki/Tezirza%C3%AFt" title="Tezirzaït">Tezirzaït</a>, killing 15 soldiers and taking 70 hostages.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uranium_mines_crises">Uranium mines crises</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Uranium mines crises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The economy of northern Niger is largely dependent on tourism and uranium mining. While tourism was threatened by the insurgency, uranium mining, which accounts for 16 percent of Niger's GDP and 72 percent of national export proceeds, became of central importance in the conflict. </p><p>In October 2006, Tuareg leader <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boutali_Tchiwerin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boutali Tchiwerin (page does not exist)">Boutali Tchiwerin</a> issued a statement condemning the ecological impact and lack of jobs from the Arlit-based mining industry. The MNJ has echoed these statements repeatedly, and attacked the power station for a mining facility near Arlit in April 2007. In June 2007, land mines were laid on the main route the uranium ore from Arlit takes to the ports of <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>. All of Arlit's ore is processed and transported by a French company <a href="/wiki/Areva_NC" class="mw-redirect" title="Areva NC">Areva NC</a>, a holding of the <a href="/wiki/Areva" title="Areva">Areva</a> group, itself a state owned operation of the French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Commissariat à l'énergie atomique</i></span> (CEA). The <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_France" title="Nuclear power in France">system of French nuclear power generation</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/France_and_nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="France and nuclear weapons">French nuclear weapons program</a>, is dependent on uranium mined at Arlit.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June and July 2007, the head of Areva's Niger operations <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominique_Pin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominique Pin (page does not exist)">Dominique Pin</a> and his security chief <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Denamur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilles Denamur (page does not exist)">Gilles Denamur</a>, a retired colonel in the French Army and former military attaché to the French embassy in Niger, came into the spotlight. Pin admitted that the April attacks had caused them to cease operations for a month, and his security chief said that landmines prevented ore shipments. The MNJ, on the other hand, claimed that the government had been laying Chinese-made landmines throughout the region. </p><p>Tensions between the French company and the government were longstanding. The government of Niger had concluded a deal with a Chinese state owned company <a href="/wiki/China_Nuclear_International_Uranium_Corporation" title="China Nuclear International Uranium Corporation">China Nuclear International Uranium Corporation</a> (SinoU) to begin mining at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teguida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teguida (page does not exist)">Teguida</a>, in the midst of the Tuareg winter pasturing lands and the fall <a href="/wiki/Cure_Salee" title="Cure Salee">Cure Salee</a> festival at <a href="/wiki/Ingall" title="Ingall">Ingall</a>. The government expected a greater share of the proceeds of these new mines than it has received from the Arlit operations dominated by the former colonial power.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than a dozen prospecting contracts have been offered to companies from Canada and Europe as well, and there are also worries amongst the French that the Arlit mines, nearing the end of their useful life, must soon be replaced by new concessions. Areva has begun work on a new mine outside Arlit, but even prior to this conflict, it was not expected to be operational for a number of years. </p><p>On 6 July 2007, an official from Sino-U was kidnapped by the rebels, but later released, and all work at Teguida stopped.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout July, the Niger government and Areva came into direct conflict, each accusing the other of supporting the rebels. The French state broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Radio_France_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio France International">RFI</a> was ejected from the country for a month on 19 July 2007, and in short succession both Pin and Denamur were ordered to leave Niger. On 1 August, the Niamey government announced it would end all contracts with Areva, and bring in the Chinese to manage the existing operations. High level French diplomats flew to Niger and brokered a climb down, in which the Areva contracts would be extended in exchange for greater French aid to Niamey.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French paper <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a> expressed doubts about this deal, calling it "Expensive uranium."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growing_violence">Growing violence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Growing violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abandoned_village_Air_Mountains_Niger_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Abandoned_village_Air_Mountains_Niger_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="140" /></a><figcaption>A Tuareg man walks through an abandoned village. The rebellion has scattered civilians deeper into the Aïr Mountains of Niger, or to the regional capital of Agadez. January 2008.</figcaption></figure> <p>While the situation calmed diplomatically, the attacks by the MNJ escalated and ebbed unpredictably. Iférouane, on the western cusp of the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFr_Mountains" title="Aïr Mountains">Aïr Mountains</a>, and a center of both Tuareg culture and tourist visits had up to 80 percent of its population moved south by the government in August. The MNJ and the government promised safe access to refugees and aid, and on 4 August, Libyan leader <a href="/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi">Muammar al-Gaddafi</a> brokered the release of soldiers kidnapped by the MNJ, and the situation appeared to be calming.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite that hopeful sign, it appeared that the tourist center of Agadez (well to the southeast of Arlit) could be empty during the fall/winter 2007 tourist season.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 August, the largest tourist air carrier running flights from Europe to Agadez announced it would suspend flights for the 2007 tourist season,<sup id="cite_ref-temoust_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temoust-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the MNJ released a communique saying the Tuareg <a href="/wiki/Cure_Salee" title="Cure Salee">Cure Salee</a> festival, which draws increasing numbers of foreign tourists, should be canceled.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 August 2007 Niger's president <a href="/wiki/Mamadou_Tandja" title="Mamadou Tandja">Mamadou Tandja</a> declared a state of alert in the <a href="/wiki/Agadez_Region" title="Agadez Region">Agadez Region</a>, giving the security forces extra powers to fight the insurgency. This marks only the third such declaration in the history of the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was unclear by late September whether the violence had lessened in northern Niger as a result of negotiations with the MNJ, or whether new violence was simply being effectively suppressed. Organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a> reported the arrest without trial of over 100 northerners in the wake of the declaration, including those who tried to lead a peace march in Agadez. In July, the only daily paper in Agadez was shut down by the government for publishing news of the rebellion, and Bamako based journalists have been similarly threatened. Domestic human rights groups claim there has been an effort to keep foreign journalists from reporting on the crisis in Niger,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this could account for the seeming shift of rebel violence to Mali.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_defections">Military defections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Military defections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By August 2007 the MNJ claimed defections from the army had increased their numbers to over 2000 fighters. Some sources claim that defections included the entire <i><a href="/wiki/Niger_Rapid_Intervention_Company" title="Niger Rapid Intervention Company">Niger Rapid Intervention Company</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">special forces</a> unit trained by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military">United States Military</a> to conduct anti-terrorist operations in 2003–2006.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have also been reports that this same unit had been used to guard the mining operations in Arlit by the French mining conglomerate <a href="/wiki/Areva_NC" class="mw-redirect" title="Areva NC">Areva NC</a>, or that it (and the rebel movement) had been created by the government itself in order to ratchet up tension in the region and thereby secure Western military aid.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rebel_offensives_in_Mali_May_2007_–_January_2008"><span id="Rebel_offensives_in_Mali_May_2007_.E2.80.93_January_2008"></span>Rebel offensives in Mali May 2007 – January 2008</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rebel offensives in Mali May 2007 – January 2008"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mali_niger_border_un.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Mali_niger_border_un.png/360px-Mali_niger_border_un.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Mali_niger_border_un.png 1.5x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>The Mali–Niger–Algeria border region.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_unrest_in_2006">Early unrest in 2006</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Early unrest in 2006"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2006, Malian army officer Hassan ag Fagaga, of Tuareg origins, defected from his post with a number of his men, also of Tuareg origins, On 17 May, an attack was launched on the Malian Army at <a href="/wiki/Tin_Zawaten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin Zawaten">Tin Zawaten</a>, near the meeting of the Mali, Algerian, and Niger borders.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 May 2006, a number of former Tuareg rebel, including Hassan ag Fagaga and Ibrahim ag Bahanga intensified their campaign with the simultaneous seizing of arms and material from the military bases in Menaka and Kidal, after which the assailants took to the former rebel bases from the 1990s in the Tigharghar mountains of the Kidal region.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upsurge_of_violence">Upsurge of violence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Upsurge of violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mali saw the more dramatic upsurge in August 2007, as a spate of attacks began in northeast Mali against members of the Malian military. The Niger-based MNJ said that it has formally allied splinter elements of Tuareg rebel group which has remained on ceasefire since reaching a settlement with the Malian government in July 2007. </p><p>On 28 August, Tuareg gunmen captured a military convoy 50 km from the town of <a href="/wiki/Tinsawatene" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinsawatene">Tinsawatene</a>, near the border with Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the Malian government and the general populace appeared shocked by the level of violence in the north of <a href="/wiki/Kidal" title="Kidal">Kidal</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9naka" title="Ménaka">Ménaka</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sahel_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahel region">Sahel region</a>, as well as by the effectiveness of the rebel force, which the government claimed was led by <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Ag_Bahanga" title="Ibrahim Ag Bahanga">Ibrahim ag Bahanga</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Malian_Armed_Forces" title="Malian Armed Forces">Malian Armed Forces</a> officer of Tuareg origins<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had deserted early in the summer of 2007. The government also claimed that rebel forces were involved in organized crime and drug smuggling.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bahanga, a former rebel from the May 2006 and 1990 insurgencies, announced on 31 August that his group would negotiate with the government, and intermediaries from former Tuareg rebel groups headed by 1990s commander <a href="/wiki/Iyad_Ag_Ghaly" title="Iyad Ag Ghaly">Iyad Ag Ghaly</a>, as well as Libyan leader <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>, offered to mediate. At the same time, former rebel commander—and father-in-law of Bahanga—<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hama_Ag_Sidahmed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hama Ag Sidahmed (page does not exist)">Hama Ag Sidahmed</a> announced the creation of a Niger-Mali Tuareg alliance (the <i>Alliance-Touareg-Niger-Mali, ATNM</i>), though this was denied by another group, claiming to represent the ARC.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 September, a United States military aircraft was fired on by Tuareg rebels at <a href="/wiki/Tin-Zaouatene" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin-Zaouatene">Tin-Zaouatene</a>, Mali, where the town remained surrounded by rebel forces for at least four days. A C-130 aircraft was air-dropping supplies to Malian troops when it was hit, but returned safely to base. United States officials did not say if they would continue to re-supply the Malian Army, but one official said the "occurrence was not regular". The same reports also alleged that several unnamed army posts in the far northeast were similarly surrounded.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The international press reported that Tin-Zaouatene was being reinforced by the Malian army on 18 September, and that the rebels had withdrawn.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, a series of storms hit the Sahel region, running all the way to <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. These storms caused unusually severe flooding and damage and endangered those internally displaced by the conflict in Mali and Niger, as well as displaced persons fleeing other conflicts in <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seasonal_constraints">Seasonal constraints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Seasonal constraints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Any military action in the Sahel region is constrained by the tropical rain cycles, with the May to September rainy season making communication and transport in the region south of the Sahara difficult at the best of times. Both the Malian and Niger conflicts peaked during the dry season on 2007–2008, beginning at the end of 2007 and ending in May 2008. Major conflict in Mali spiked in August and September 2007 as the rains ended and pastoralists moved their herds. Following the siege of Kidal, fighting remained sporadic in Mali after the beginning of 2008, but continued heavily in Niger. As the dry season began, unusual rains struck Mali and Niger with particular ferocity. As a result, the governments of the two nations began to take markedly different strategies for confronting the Tuareg rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March–July_2008_rebel_offensive"><span id="March.E2.80.93July_2008_rebel_offensive"></span>March–July 2008 rebel offensive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: March–July 2008 rebel offensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2008, Mali again saw an upsurge in attacks committed by fragments of former Tuareg combatant groups in the far-northeastern <a href="/wiki/Kidal_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidal region">Kidal region</a>. The Malian government, along with Tuareg leaders who had kept the 2006 ceasefire, pushed both a military and diplomatic strategy. In March, <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> of Libya negotiated the release of Malian army prisoners held by the rebels, and sporadic talks were held with Libyan mediation. Malian armed forces remained in control of all the major settlements, but Malian rebels staged a series of raids, the largest taking place at the end of March. Rebel forces attacked a convoy near <a href="/wiki/Abeibara" class="mw-redirect" title="Abeibara">Abeibara</a> in the east, killing 7 and capturing 20 soldiers and four military vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 April ceasefire and prisoner exchange was negotiated again through Libya, but each side accused the others of failing to end hostilities, and more sporadic attacks on Army positions occurred in May. </p><p>In early June, rebels killed 25 soldiers in an attack on a Kidal base, and in late June the Malian Army killed 20 rebels near the Algerian border, which the army claimed was home to a major rebel base. But just days later, President Amadou Toumani Touré announced that he remained open to negotiations with the Tuareg rebels, while at the same time agreeing to a joint-security deal with Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 July, rebels overran a military post at <a href="/wiki/Tessalit" title="Tessalit">Tessalit</a>, taking 20 prisoners in addition to many supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-alertnet.org_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alertnet.org-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="August_2008_ceasefire">August 2008 ceasefire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: August 2008 ceasefire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10th_SFG_in_Mali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/10th_SFG_in_Mali.jpg/220px-10th_SFG_in_Mali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/10th_SFG_in_Mali.jpg/330px-10th_SFG_in_Mali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/10th_SFG_in_Mali.jpg/440px-10th_SFG_in_Mali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1564" /></a><figcaption>A United States 10th Special Forces Group soldier training <a href="/wiki/Malian_Armed_Forces" title="Malian Armed Forces">Malian Armed Forces</a>, 2004. The United States aided in the resupply of Malian forces during the siege of Kidal.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Mali, where the government combined military reinforcement of northern towns with diplomatic efforts using Malian Tuareg intermediaries, attacks subsided. Mali, continuing to suffer from flooding in the south, as well as global hikes in food prices, turned to international support, especially from Algeria, and seemed eager to engage domestic Tuaregs who continued to honor the 2006 cease-fire. The high-profile support of former rebel leader <a href="/wiki/Iyad_Ag_Ghaly" title="Iyad Ag Ghaly">Iyad Ag Ghaly</a> as a mediator by the Malian government led many to believe that low-scale fighting with those Tuareg factions who had renounced the 2006 accords might end completely. The Malian government also called on neighboring Algeria to help negotiate peace, patrol the deserted border region, and resupply its northern military bases<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 July, just two days after rebels overran a military post,<sup id="cite_ref-alertnet.org_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alertnet.org-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a peace deal was announced, revealing that Algeria had been hosting talks between the government of Mali and the leadership of the "Alliance démocratique du 23 mai". </p><p>The Algerian ambassador to Mali, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdelkrim_Ghrieb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdelkrim Ghrieb (page does not exist)">Abdelkrim Ghrieb</a>, had negotiated the deal, between <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amada_Ag_Bibi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amada Ag Bibi (page does not exist)">Amada Ag Bibi</a> (a Malian Tuareg Deputy in the <a href="/wiki/Malian_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Malian National Assembly">Malian National Assembly</a>) for the rebels and General <a href="/wiki/Kafougouna_Kon%C3%A9" title="Kafougouna Koné">Kafougouna Koné</a>, Malian Minister of the Interior, for the Malian government. 92 prisoners held by the rebels would be released, amnesties were promised for rebels, and re-integration into the military along the lines of the 2006 deal was promised for Tuareg fighters. This agreement held throughout 2008, and by the end of the year the Malian conflict seemed resolved. </p><p>This was also a success for Algeria as a regional power, and rival of the Libyan government for influence in the Sahara.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the process, the Malian government, as well as Tuareg leaders on both sides of the conflict, publicly pushed for a negotiated settlement, in contrast with the Nigerien conflict. Cherif Ouazani was quoted in Algeria as describing the talks as "Malians talking to Malians"<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the last of the rebel-held prisoners were released in August, and the ceasefire held as of the end of that month,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there continued to be speculation on the role played by presumed <i>Mai 23</i> leader <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Ag_Bahanga" title="Ibrahim Ag Bahanga">Ibrahim Ag Bahanga</a>, who had not participated in the Algerian sponsored tripartite talks. Press speculation theorised a split in the already fractured movement, in which Toureg groups loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Kel_Adagh" title="Kel Adagh">Kel Adagh</a> had fully participated in the eventual peace process, which seemed to have resolved the conflict since August 2008. Meanwhile, a smaller group around Ag Bahanga had been holding out for Libyan-sponsored mediation, and eventually abandoned the talks and sought refuge in Libya.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Continued_conflict_in_Niger:_late_2007_to_mid-2008">Continued conflict in Niger: late 2007 to mid-2008</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Continued conflict in Niger: late 2007 to mid-2008"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigerien_MNJ_fighters2_2008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Nigerien_MNJ_fighters2_2008.JPG" decoding="async" width="194" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="187" /></a><figcaption>A group of Nigerien rebel fighters in northern Niger, January–February 2008. Some wear United States style desert camouflage distributed to Malian Armed forces.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escalating_violence_and_humanitarian_crisis">Escalating violence and humanitarian crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Escalating violence and humanitarian crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Niger, the government strategy was to continue military pressure on the MNJ, declaring them criminal gangs with whom they will have no negotiations. As the MNJ was apparently the larger and more organized of the two rebel forces, much of the northern regions of the country remained under emergency decrees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aid_and_press_barred">Aid and press barred</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Aid and press barred"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Press and international aid agencies complained that they had been prevented from monitoring the situation or delivering aid as both sides in the fighting reported that the conflict was continuing to escalate. Humanitarian agencies in Niamey estimated in early December that there were around 11,000 people displaced by the fighting, in addition to the 9,000 Nigeriens who lost their homes in heavy flooding. <a href="/wiki/Doctors_Without_Borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctors Without Borders">Doctors Without Borders</a> claimed that no aid was being delivered by the government in the north, while 2,500 to 4,000 displaced people were estimated to have come to <a href="/wiki/Agadez" title="Agadez">Agadez</a> from the mostly Tuareg town of <a href="/wiki/Iferouane" title="Iferouane">Iferouane</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the entire civilian population apparently fleeing after the army and rebels started fighting in the area in mid-2007. Humanitarian sources were quoted saying that the army was operating with little control and adding to—rather than suppressing—banditry, drug-trafficking and lawlessness in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-terror_law">Anti-terror law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Anti-terror law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 2008 the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Niger">National Assembly of Niger</a> passed a new anti-terror law giving broader powers of detention to the police and military. The law also strengthened penalties on a wide range offenses, including the manufacture or possession of explosive devices, hostage-taking, attacks on transport and unlawful possession of radioactive materials.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mine_attacks_in_south">Mine attacks in south</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mine attacks in south"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nigerien government reported that the MNJ began mine attacks against civilians in the southern towns of <a href="/wiki/Tahoua" title="Tahoua">Tahoua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dosso,_Niger" title="Dosso, Niger">Dosso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maradi,_Niger" title="Maradi, Niger">Maradi</a>, areas previously far from the fighting. The MNJ denied targeting civilians, and made counter claims that government militia had continued indiscriminate attacks on Tuareg communities in the north. Western press sources claimed that the rebels were responsible for laying mines that hit Army vehicles, as well as a spike in mines laid in populated areas.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 January 2008, the first violence was reported in <a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a>, the capital, some 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from the conflict zone. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdou_Mohamed_Jeannot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdou Mohamed Jeannot (page does not exist)">Abdou Mohamed Jeannot</a>, the director of Niger's first independent radio station, Radio R & M (<i>Radio and Music</i>) was killed after driving over a landmine in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yantala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yantala (page does not exist)">Yantala</a>, a suburb west of Niamey. Mahamane, who was also the vice president of the national press association, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Maison de la Presse</i></span>, was not reported to have been vocal on the conflict, but his radio station had been banned by the government in 1998, and rebroadcasts western news reports in Niger, where western reporters have been highly restricted by the government and Radio France was accused by the government (July 2007) of siding with the rebels. The neighborhood is also reported to house many Army officers (which might conceivably have made it a target for the rebels), and another mine was found some 200m from the blast site. The government blamed the MNJ. The government's press chief Ben Omar Mohammed called on the population to set up "vigilance brigades" to fight against "these new types of assassins". The MNJ denied the attack, and said it blamed "Niger army militias".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continued_clashes">Continued clashes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Continued clashes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigerien_MNJ_fighter_technical_gun.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Nigerien_MNJ_fighter_technical_gun.JPG" decoding="async" width="195" height="131" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="131" /></a><figcaption>A Nigerien rebel fighter mans a gun in northern Niger, from the Niger Movement for Justice. January- February 2008.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niger_Rebel-leader_1Apr08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Niger_Rebel-leader_1Apr08.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>Rebel armed forces leader Amoumene Kalakouawa fought in the last Tuareg uprising during the 1990s. He says the state still neglects nomads despite a decade-old peace deal. April 2008 (<a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">VOA</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>A 9 December clash in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiguidit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiguidit (page does not exist)">Tiguidit</a> escarpment area (south of <a href="/wiki/In-Gall" title="In-Gall">In-Gall</a> and east of <a href="/wiki/Agadez" title="Agadez">Agadez</a>) was reported by both sides as resulting in civilian casualties. The government reported that army forces fired on civilian vehicles who wandered into fighting with MNJ units who had been ambushed laying mines. The MNJ countered that government militias attacked a civilian convoy, killing a number of civilians, including two Libyan foreign workers.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 January, both sides reported an attack by the MNJ on the town of <a href="/wiki/Tanout" title="Tanout">Tanout</a>, 150 km north of <a href="/wiki/Zinder" title="Zinder">Zinder</a>, in which seven were killed and 11 kidnapped. The rebels claimed they had captured several high-ranking officers of the <a href="/wiki/FNIS" class="mw-redirect" title="FNIS">FNIS</a> (<i>Nigerien Internal Security Forces</i> – <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> police) and the <a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">Prefect</a> of Tanout.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethnic_expansion">Ethnic expansion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ethnic expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of January, MNJ rebels claimed they had been joined by ethnic <a href="/wiki/Toubou" class="mw-redirect" title="Toubou">Toubou</a> rebel leaders and several <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a> army officers. While there was no independent confirmation of this, the Toubou <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_the_Sahara" title="Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Sahara">Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Sahara</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Forces armées révolutionnaires du Sahara</i>, FARS) had risen against the government in the 1990s (see <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Tuareg rebellion (disambiguation)">Tuareg Rebellion</a>) in the far southeast of <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>. The MNJ claimed the former FARS commander <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bocar_Mohamed_Sougouma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bocar Mohamed Sougouma (page does not exist)">Bocar Mohamed Sougouma</a>, (alias <i>Warabé</i>) had ordered former rebels to rally to the MNJ-controlled Tamgak Plateau near <a href="/wiki/Iferaouane" class="mw-redirect" title="Iferaouane">Iferaouane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By December 2007, fighting had begun to spiral out of control, ending the nascent tourist industry in the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFr_Mountains" title="Aïr Mountains">Aïr Mountains</a>, and destabilising areas of Niger not directly involved in the insurgency of the 1990s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niger:_international_support">Niger: international support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Niger: international support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the series of escalating attacks, the government of Niger offered a number of concessions to foreign (especially French) interests in January 2008. Two French journalists, arrested on charges of espionage and aiding the rebels on 17 December, were formally charged with threatening state security and released on bail 18 January, to face trial later.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French press reports that <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabonese</a> President <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo_Ondimba" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Bongo Ondimba">Omar Bongo Ondimba</a> intervened with President <a href="/wiki/Mamadou_Tandja" title="Mamadou Tandja">Mamadou Tandja</a> on their behalf. It was also reported that President <a href="/wiki/Bouteflika" title="Bouteflika">Bouteflika</a> of <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> had been in offering security guarantees to Niger.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the government of Niger renewed Uranium contracts with the French government controlled <a href="/wiki/Areva" title="Areva">Areva</a>, obtaining a 50% increase in payments to the Nigerien state. This comes at a time when security concerns have made the diminishing mines at <a href="/wiki/Arlit" title="Arlit">Arlit</a> impossible to operate, and construction of their new mine near <a href="/wiki/Ingal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingal">Ingal</a>—scheduled to be complete in 2010 yet still not begun—extremely unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niger:_February_–_June_2008"><span id="Niger:_February_.E2.80.93_June_2008"></span>Niger: February – June 2008</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Niger: February – June 2008"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in February and March 2008, mine attacks in the south ended, major rebel incursions out of Aïr and the desert regions subsided, and the Nigerien military went on the offensive, retaking a major rebel position in the far northwest. The rebels launched a daring raid into the Areva facilities in Arlit, seizing four French hostages. International human rights groups condemned the move, and the four were released to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a>. While the Nigerien Armed Forces have staged attacks in the Aïr, there appeared to be a stalemate. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_massif_sat_map_south.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_massif_sat_map_south.png/300px-Air_massif_sat_map_south.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Air_massif_sat_map_south.png 1.5x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Map of the southern <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFr_Mountains" title="Aïr Mountains">Aïr Mountains</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Niger_offensive_of_mid-2008_and_renewed_stalemate">Niger offensive of mid-2008 and renewed stalemate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Niger offensive of mid-2008 and renewed stalemate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nigerien rebels have reported air attacks on their bases in the mountains, but major fighting calmed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Areva_kidnappings">Areva kidnappings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Areva kidnappings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 22 June, the MNJ launched a raid on the outskirts of Arlit, capturing five people, including four European employees of the <a href="/wiki/Areva" title="Areva">Areva</a> uranium mining company. They were released to the Red Cross in <a href="/wiki/Agadez" title="Agadez">Agadez</a> on the 25th.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Army_retakes_Tezirzaït"><span id="Army_retakes_Tezirza.C3.AFt"></span>Army retakes Tezirzaït</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Army retakes Tezirzaït"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigerien_Rebel_Leader_acharif_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Nigerien_Rebel_Leader_acharif_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="156" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="156" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption>MNJ rebel Vice President Acharif Ag Mohamed El Moctar, killed in a <a href="/wiki/Nigerien_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerien Army">Nigerien Army</a> offensive at <a href="/wiki/Tezirza%C3%AFt" title="Tezirzaït">Tezirzaït</a>, June 2008.</figcaption></figure> <p>Also in late June, the military of Niger launched a major offensive at <a href="/wiki/Tezirza%C3%AFt" title="Tezirzaït">Tezirzaït</a> to the north of the Tamgak plateau. There, at a desert army outpost which had been seized by the rebels in June 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a combined ground and air operation retook these positions and killed a number of MNJ fighters, including Rebel Vice President Acharif Ag Mohamed El Moctar. The MNJ claimed the fighting had produced heavy losses on the government side as well, saying that 26 soldiers had been killed, along with several vehicles, including a MIG helicopter, had been destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-TVNZ_1878410_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TVNZ_1878410-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stalemate">Stalemate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Stalemate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Niger edged towards the 2008 rainy season, the MNJ rebels discounted reports that they had begun a ceasefire, but fighting was sporadic, occurring around the rebel strongholds of the Tamgak Plateau near Iferaouane. The Nigerien government and the MNJ issued dramatically different accounts, but neither side described fighting as either decisive, particularly long lasting, or outside the Aïr plateau. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_of_emergency_continues">State of emergency continues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: State of emergency continues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 20 August, the government of Niger renewed its state of emergency in the <a href="/wiki/Agadez_Region" title="Agadez Region">Agadez Region</a>, in place for more than a year, which places great limits on public gatherings, press and personal speech, movement, while giving broad powers of detention and seizure to the government.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reports_of_ceasefire_discounted">Reports of ceasefire discounted</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Reports of ceasefire discounted"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 19 August 2008, it was announced by the Nigerien television broadcast someone they claimed to be rebel leader <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aghaly_ag_Alambo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aghaly ag Alambo (page does not exist)">Aghaly ag Alambo</a>, announcing that the Tuareg would lay down arms in both Mali and Niger following a peace brokered by Libya.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MNJ later discounted this as a hoax. This was likely a film of Malian rebel leader Ibrahim Ag Bahanga discussing the April peace talks with the Malian government in Libya, hence the reference to Malian leadership and Colonel <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>. The current peace deal in the Malian conflict took place in July under the auspices of Libya's regional rival Algeria. Aghaly ag Alambo released a statement saying that although they were willing to engage in peace negotiations, they would not lay down their arms unilaterally, and the Malian and Nigerien rebels cannot speak for one another.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sougouma_surrender">Sougouma surrender</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sougouma surrender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late August, the Nigerien government reported that a faction of the MNJ led by Toubou rebel commander from the 1990s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bocar_Mohamed_Sougouma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bocar Mohamed Sougouma (page does not exist)">Bocar Mohamed Sougouma</a> had surrendered near <a href="/wiki/Gour%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Gouré">Gouré</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zinder_Region" title="Zinder Region">Zinder Region</a>). In the process, they report, an accidental explosion of landmines which were being handed into the government killed one and wounded two, including Zinder Region Governor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahaya_Yandaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yahaya Yandaka (page does not exist)">Yahaya Yandaka</a>. The MNJ claimed that Bocar Mohamed Sougouma, (alias Warabé) had joined the rebellion with a group of former Toubou rebels in January 2008, but that the MNJ had suspected him of being a government agent, and banished him in June 2008 from their bases on the Tamgak Plateau near Iferaouane. The MNJ denied from the beginning of 2008 the use of landmines, while the government charged the rebels with widespread attacks on civilians by indiscriminate use of landmines as far south as <a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="November_fighting">November fighting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: November fighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niger_Rebel-Leader-fighting-01apr08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Niger_Rebel-Leader-fighting-01apr08.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>Rebels with the Movement of Nigeriens for Justice, published April 2008, likely taken January 2008 (<a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The heaviest fighting reported through the end of the year occurred in November. The MNJ claimed that they repulsed a concerted attempt by the FAN to establish a base near the town of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmiki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elmiki (page does not exist)">Elmiki</a> between 12 and 16 November.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebels claimed to have killed 8 and wounded at least two dozen Nigerien soldiers, destroyed vehicles, and driven the FAN out of the area. The MNJ further claimed that the Nigerien government had arrested six civilians and destroyed civilian property in the mainly Tuareg village of Elmiki, which they called an attempt at <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MNJ further claimed seven men from the village had been arrested on 19 October and later found dead.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They claimed in early December that the state of emergency in the north was used by the government to cover up attacks on civilians and clashes between MNJ and army troops.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nigerien government denied that any fighting or any attacks on civilians took place in Elmeki. The government did, however, confirm that an MNJ raid on a convoy between Elmiki and Dabaga killed four soldiers, and that a landmine attack in the desert between Agadez and Bilma occurred later; both incidents were blamed on continued activity of so-called criminal gangs involved in smuggling and intimidation.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MNJ, for their part, claimed at least two more attacks on army convoys during the month of November.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2009:_Nigerien_uranium_industry_unhindered">2009: Nigerien uranium industry unhindered</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: 2009: Nigerien uranium industry unhindered"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the violence in the Aïr Massif, <a href="/wiki/Areva_NC" class="mw-redirect" title="Areva NC">Areva NC</a> and the Nigerien government were, by late 2008, unhindered in their exploitation of the <a href="/wiki/Arlit" title="Arlit">Arlit</a> uranium mines and in the transport of uranium by highway to ports in Benin. At the beginning of 2009, Niger and the French state mining company agreed on a deal to build the <a href="/wiki/Imouraren_mine" title="Imouraren mine">Imouraren mine</a> near Arlit. At a projected output of five thousand tonnes of ore a year, it would be largest uranium mine in the world by 2012, as the SOMAIR and COMINAK mines were to be phased out. The deal would make Niger the second largest uranium producer in the world, and included plans to construct a civil nuclear power station for Niger.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Areva officials earlier in the year admitted that the security situation made it impossible to prospect at night, and that the fighting had frightened off prospecting for new sites,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the operations of the mines were, by December, unaffected by the Tuareg rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the awarding of nearly 100 prospecting contracts to firms other than Areva in 2007, the high-profile Chinese and Canadian projects were not yet formalised as of 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rhissa_Ag_Boula_and_the_FFR_splinter">Rhissa Ag Boula and the FFR splinter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Rhissa Ag Boula and the FFR splinter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2008, <a href="/wiki/Rhissa_Ag_Boula" title="Rhissa Ag Boula">Rhissa Ag Boula</a>, the most prominent of the remaining leaders of the 1990s rebellion, reappeared in the press. In France, he was interviewed by <a href="/wiki/Le_Nouvel_Observateur" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Nouvel Observateur">le Nouvel Observateur</a> as a spokesperson for the MNJ, stating that a "Battle of Uranium" was soon to be launched by the rebels against the <a href="/wiki/Arlit" title="Arlit">Arlit</a>-based French mining company Areva. The MNJ did not publish or respond to Ag Boula's statement, and he had not previously spoken for the group. No attack on the Areva installations was immediately forthcoming, and observers noted that while attacks took place in early 2007 and in June 2008, the MNJ had largely refrained from attacking both of the mining operations, as well as the economically critical transport of Uranium ore over the highways.<sup id="cite_ref-keenan200810_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keenan200810-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niger_Rebels_in_desert_combat_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Niger_Rebels_in_desert_combat_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="157" /></a><figcaption>MNJ rebels shown in desert combat by a press photographer, near Aïr Mountains in January 2008.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ag Boula had been one of two prominent Rebel leaders (along with <a href="/wiki/Mano_Dayak" title="Mano Dayak">Mano Dayak</a>) brought into the Nigerien government after the end of the 1990s rebellion. In the 1990s, he had coordinated a dozen rebel factions in the FLAA (Front de Libération de l'Azawak et de l'Aïr) and then signed the peace deal with the Niamey authorities on their behalf. Afterwards, he headed his own political party, the UDPS (Union pour la démocratie et le progrès social) Ag Boula was appointed in December 1997 as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_Tourism_and_Artisanal_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minister of Tourism and Artisanal Affairs (page does not exist)">Minister of Tourism and Artisanal Affairs</a> until he was charged with ordering the death of a political rival in 2004, a charge he claimed was a political fabrication. Released after 13 months in prison without charge, Ag Boula largely disappeared from public life, but remained one of the most well-known Tuareg figures in Niger. After his public support for the MNJ came out, it was speculated by African journalists that Ag Boula represented a faction close to the Libyan government.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 May, Ag Boula released a statement which claimed that a faction of MNJ fighters had broken from the movement. This group, the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Front des Forces de redressement</i></span>, created an official website, but fewer than half a dozen press releases were released over the next six months, and no attacks or operations by this new group were reported. The aging Mohamed Awtchiki Kriska, a former spokesperson for the 1990s <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Coordination de la résistance armée</i></span> (CRA) rebel front, was announced as the president of the new group, and Ag Boula was named as "Commissioner of War". Kriska had only joined the MNJ in November 2007. One writer on Tuareg affairs speculated that the group, because of the familial ties of its leaders, might have close relationships with Libyan Tuaregs.<sup id="cite_ref-keenan200810_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keenan200810-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One journalist speculated that Ag Boula's faction might be in Libya of along the Malian border, postulating a close relationship with <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Ag_Bahanga" title="Ibrahim Ag Bahanga">Ibrahim Ag Bahanga</a>'s faction of the Malian rebels, who, after walking out on peace talks with the Malian government, relocated to Libya.<sup id="cite_ref-zoungrana_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zoungrana-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The MNJ did not publicly comment on the creation of this faction, but they did announce the removal of two members of its European support network: Chehna Ag Hamate and Kaocen Seydou Maïga.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other former rebel leaders from the 1990s condemned Ag Boula's statements.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2008, the government of Niger requested that Ag Boula be extradited by the French government; however, by this time, he was no longer in France. The Nigerien courts convicted him of planning the murder of a ruling party activist, for which he had been arrested in 2004, but released without charge in 2005. His supporters believed at the time that the 2004 arrest was planned to induce a rebellion among Ag Boula's supporters. Ag Boula's brother subsequently led a 2005 raid on a Nigerien military patrol which killed ten.<sup id="cite_ref-keenan200810_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keenan200810-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conviction took place in absentia in a trial on 12–13 July 2008. </p><p>Ag Boula released a statement condemning the verdict, but disappeared from press reports soon thereafter. Reporters at the time speculated he was either in Europe or Libya.<sup id="cite_ref-zoungrana_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zoungrana-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Sunday 14 December 2008, a Canadian UN official was kidnapped while traveling on a highway just 40 km north of <a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a>, well away from any previous rebel attacks. The MNJ denied involvement, but a statement attributed to Ag Boula took responsibility for the kidnapping in the name of the FFR. Mohamed Awtchiki Kriska, on the other hand, denied that the FFR was responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous kidnappings acknowledged by the MNJ in the conflict—those of a Chinese mining executive in 2007, a Nigerien parliamentarian and Red Cross head, a Nigerien Prefect, and four Areva officials, all in 2008—were all quickly resolved.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_Nigerien_press_freedom">Impact on Nigerien press freedom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Impact on Nigerien press freedom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_in_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights in Niger">Human Rights in Niger</a></div> <p>A consequence of the conflict in Niger was a series of arrests of domestic journalists, and expulsions or closings of foreign press and aid groups. The state of emergency in the <a href="/wiki/Agadez_Region" title="Agadez Region">Agadez Region</a>, re-authorised every six months since November 2007, has barred foreign press or aid from the area. In mid-2008, the French charity <a href="/wiki/Doctors_without_borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctors without borders">Doctors without borders</a> (MSF) was forced to close a childhood malnutrition treatment program in <a href="/wiki/Maradi_Region" title="Maradi Region">Maradi Region</a> which had been operating since 2005. MSF was subsequently ejected from the country by the Nigerien government. The rebroadcasting of foreign radio broadcasts in Niger has been interupped several times since mid-2007 by government order. Nigerien journalists say they are often pressured by local authorities. The north, under a state of emergency, has become off-limits to both domestic and foreign press, and the independent <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Agadez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Agadez (page does not exist)">Radio Agadez</a></i> in the north has been closed by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moussa_Kaka_Niger_nd.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Moussa_Kaka_Niger_nd.JPG" decoding="async" width="195" height="209" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="209" /></a><figcaption>Nigerien journalist <a href="/wiki/Moussa_Kaka" title="Moussa Kaka">Moussa Kaka</a> was arrested and held for over a year by the government for interviewing MNJ leaders.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since mid-2007, there have been a number of arrests of foreign and local journalists. Two local journalists were imprisoned in 2007 under charge of aiding the Tuareg insurgency in the north, and several radio stations have been closed. The journalist <a href="/wiki/Moussa_Kaka" title="Moussa Kaka">Moussa Kaka</a> was held over a year on charges stemming from a radio interview of Rebel leaders, before being provisionally released. Kaka has been at the center of a campaign in France and elsewhere demanding his freedom, spearheaded by Radio France International and its CEO <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Pouzilhac" title="Alain de Pouzilhac">Alain de Pouzilhac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> (both organisations for which Kaka is Niger Correspondent)<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as Nigerien press groups including The Nigerien National Union of Press Workers (SYNATIC) and Le Republicain newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his release, several journalists remain jailed for alleged contact with the rebels, and at least three radio stations (Nigeriens main source of news) have been closed by the authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-rsf.org_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsf.org-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Kaka received the longest imprisonment for a journalist since the beginning of the rebellion, several other cases have come to the attention of the international media. French journalists <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Dandois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Dandois (page does not exist)">Thomas Dandois</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Creisson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Creisson (page does not exist)">Pierre Creisson</a> were detained in <a href="/wiki/Agadez" title="Agadez">Agadez</a> for a month in 2007 by Nigerien military forces before being released.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The editor of <a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Ev%C3%A9nement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Evénement (page does not exist)">L'Evénement</a> weekly was arrested on 30 July 2008 and charged with "divulging a defence secret" after reporting that an army officer had been linked to an arms cache that was discovered in the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government press regulation body, the High Council for Communication (CSC), closed Niamey-based TV and radio station <a href="/wiki/Dounia_TV" title="Dounia TV">Dounia TV</a> for one month in August 2008, and closed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahara_FM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sahara FM (page does not exist)">Sahara FM</a>, the main radio station in <a href="/wiki/Agadez" title="Agadez">Agadez</a>, for an indefinite period on 22 April 2008 for broadcasting interviews with people who had claimed they were the victims of abuses by government troops.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2007, Agadez weekly <a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C3%AFr-Info&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aïr-Info (page does not exist)">Aïr-Info</a> was closed by the government for three months, while at the same time sending formal warnings to three other newspapers (Libération, L'Opinion and L'Evènement) for reporting on the conflict in the north, which the government said were "trying to justify criminal activity and violence". Aïr-Info editor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibrahim_Manzo_Diallo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibrahim Manzo Diallo (page does not exist)">Ibrahim Manzo Diallo</a>, after attempting to open a new weekly paper, was arrested and released. One of his reporters was also arrested in <a href="/wiki/Ingal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingal">Ingal</a> in October,<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Diallo was again arrested in October while trying to board a flight to Europe aon charges of "membership of a criminal gang".<sup id="cite_ref-rsf.org_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsf.org-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diallo was released pending trial in February 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mali_December_2008:_Ag_Bahanga's_return"><span id="Mali_December_2008:_Ag_Bahanga.27s_return"></span>Mali December 2008: Ag Bahanga's return</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Mali December 2008: Ag Bahanga's return"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mali_niger_border_un.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Mali_niger_border_un.png/300px-Mali_niger_border_un.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Mali_niger_border_un.png/450px-Mali_niger_border_un.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Mali_niger_border_un.png 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>The Mali–Niger–Algeria border region.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sometime before the beginning of December 2008, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Ag_Bahanga" title="Ibrahim Ag Bahanga">Ibrahim Ag Bahanga</a> returned from his self-imposed exile in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>. Ag Bahanga is the former leader of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">23 Mai</i></span> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">l'Alliance Démocratique du 23 mai pour le Changement</i></span>, ADC) group and current leader of the last remaining faction of the group which had not signed the Algerian brokered peace agreement: The <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Alliance Touaregue Nord Mali Pour Le Changement</i></span> (ATNMC)<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This faction took credit in communiqués for a series of attacks in northern Mali beginning on 18 December. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nampala_attack">Nampala attack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Nampala attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 20 December, rebels <a href="/wiki/2008_Nampala_attack" title="2008 Nampala attack">attacked</a> a desert garrison post at <a href="/wiki/Nampala" class="mw-redirect" title="Nampala">Nampala</a> 500 km (310 mi) north of Bamako near the <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritanian</a> border. Between 11 and 20 <a href="/wiki/Malian_Armed_Forces" title="Malian Armed Forces">Malian Armed Forces</a> soldiers were killed along with an unknown number of rebels in the bloodiest fighting since June 2007. The attack was prefaced by the killing of an aide to a pro-government Tuareg leader in <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a> in a grenade attack on the politician's home on 18 December.<sup id="cite_ref-afp20090102_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afp20090102-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ATNMC released communiqués claiming that their patrols had destroyed two Army vehicles far south into the populated regions of Mali, on the <a href="/wiki/Kati" class="mw-redirect" title="Kati">Kati</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Di%C3%A9ma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diéma (page does not exist)">Diéma</a>–<a href="/wiki/Nioro_du_Sahel" title="Nioro du Sahel">Nioro</a> road and the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9gou" title="Ségou">Ségou</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tombouctou_Region" title="Tombouctou Region">Tombouctou</a> road on 24 and 25 December. There was no government confirmation of these attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The attack on Nampala pushed the fighting far to the south. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Mali">President of Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amadou_Toumani_Tour%C3%A9" title="Amadou Toumani Touré">Amadou Toumani Touré</a>, vowed harsh action in a speech at <a href="/wiki/Kayes" title="Kayes">Kayes</a>: "Enough is enough. We cannot continue to suffer, we cannot keep counting our dead... We cannot keep searching for peace... They are firing on anything that moves. They are firing on soldiers, they're firing on civilians, what does all this mean?" He claimed that while Nampala had no strategic importance, it was "close to the different routes and paths that take drugs across the Sahara-Sahel strip". This was a reiteration of the government contention that elements of the rebels were motivated not by political motives, but by their supposed involvement in the lucrative Saharan smuggling trade.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this same period, a group of foreign tourists were seized in southeastern Mali by unknown captors. Ag Bahanga denied any involvement. He had previously claimed <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_Organization_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb">GSPC</a> militants were active "north of Timbuktu", and that his forces were "in a state of war" with the GSPC. Some Malian sources initially blamed the kidnapping on Ag Bahanga's forces.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mali_2009:_offensive_and_peace_deal">Mali 2009: offensive and peace deal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Mali 2009: offensive and peace deal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Army_assault_in_north">Army assault in north</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Army assault in north"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Malian army quickly responded in January 2009 with an attack on a rebel camp just west of <a href="/wiki/Aguelhoc" class="mw-redirect" title="Aguelhoc">Aguelhoc</a> (In the <a href="/wiki/Adrar_des_Ifoghas" title="Adrar des Ifoghas">Adrar des Ifoghas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidal_Region" title="Kidal Region">Kidal Region</a>) in which it said it killed 20 fighters and took 8 prisoners, one of whom later died.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El Khabar of Algeria reported that the initial assaults by the Malian Army in January were led by former ADC fighters and commanded by a former associate of Ag Bahanga's Colonel Mohamed Oueld Midou.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Malian press reports claimed that the Malian forces were led by Arab militias recruited by the government. One editorial in Le Republican (Bamako) argued that this, along with the growing resurgence of former <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanda_Koy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghanda Koy (page does not exist)">Ghanda Koy</a> militia activities in Gao risked adding a greater ethnic dimension to the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 January, the Malian armed forces claimed to have destroyed Ag Bahanga's main base at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tinsalak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tinsalak (page does not exist)">Tinsalak</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Tigharghar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigharghar">Tigharghar</a> and to the east of <a href="/wiki/Tessalit" title="Tessalit">Tessalit</a>), killing 31 and capturing 8.<sup id="cite_ref-afp102509_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afp102509-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack, unlike the previous assault, was reported to have been carried out by regular units of the armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Special forces units of the Malian military (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Echelon tactique inter-arme</i></span>, ETIA) were led by Kidal Region military commander, Colonel El Hadji Gamou, but also drafting in Col Sidi Ahmed Kounta, commanding the ETIA <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9r%C3%A9,_Mali" title="Léré, Mali">Léré</a>, Commandant Barek from ETIA <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a> and Colonel Takini head of the ETIA <a href="/wiki/Kidal" title="Kidal">Kidal</a> coordinated a series of attacks on suspected rebel positions in Kidal Region through 5 February.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Facing these setbacks, the ATNM made a series of concessions to the government. On 25 January they released the final three Malian soldiers they had held, and requested the government release seven ATNM fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 February, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amed_Ag_Oussouf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amed Ag Oussouf (page does not exist)">Amed Ag Oussouf</a>—reputedly Ibrahim Ag Bahanga's lieutenant—called on the government to accept Algerian mediation and an immediate cease fire. The group had previously rejected an Algerian peace deal accepted by the remainder of the ADC, and on 25 January, Ag Bahanga had told an Algerian paper that their only alternative was armed conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Malian Armed Forces stated on that same day that they would not engage in talks with Ag Bahanga's fighters, describing them as "bandits". Malian forces set up a forward base in the Kidal Region and say they have killed 31 ATNM fighters since 22 January.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 February, the Malian Armed Forces claimed they had taken the last of the ATNMC positions, while Ag Bahanga and an unknown number of fighters had crossed the border into Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-temoust.org_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temoust.org-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malian_faction_split">Malian faction split</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Malian faction split"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>January 2009 also appeared to also have marked the final break between Ag Bahanga's faction and the remainder of the ADC. According to the 2006 and 2008 Algiers Accords, the ADC elements on cease fire were headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Kidal" title="Kidal">Kidal</a>, both the political leadership, and the former fighters integrated in their own units of the Malian Armed forces. </p><p>Outside observers noted the weakness of Bahanga's position, with his surprise return to fighting in December resulting in political isolation from both the ADC and foreign mediators, military defeat at the hands of the army, and a string of defections which left his forces even weaker.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid January, the former Ag Bahanga faction military commander, Lt. Col. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassane_Fagaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hassane Fagaga (page does not exist)">Hassane Fagaga</a>, returned to ceasefire and cantonment near Kidal. According to the Malian military, Fagaga came into cantonment with 400 ADC fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 January, Fagaga and the remained of the cease-fire ADC announced that they would transfer their headquarters and bases south of Kidal.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With all other ADC forces remaining on ceasefire, it was unclear how many fighters chose to remain with Ag Bahanga and his ATNMC faction, especially as the faction itself claimed in late 2007 to have no more than 165 men under arms.<sup id="cite_ref-occitan1007_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-occitan1007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 February, the Malian Armed Forces claimed they had taken the last of the ATNMC positions, while Ag Bahanga and an unknown number of fighters had crossed the border into Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-temoust.org_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temoust.org-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebels_dispose_arms">Rebels dispose arms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Rebels dispose arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 5 February, the Malian Armed forces concluded negotiations for 180 of the ADC fighters, all former Malian Armed Forces deserters, to re-enter the cantonment area at Camp Kidal. These fighters maintained control of their arms. The government, rebels and Algerian interlocutors held off on a final agreement that would bring the remaining 220 or more rebels into cantonment. The tripartite <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Groupe Technique de Sécurité</i></span>, set up under the 2008 accord, would negotiate the movement of rebel forces into disarmament, possible reintegration into security services, and final cantonment at a base near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agharous&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agharous (page does not exist)">Agharous</a>, 50 km (31 mi) south of Kidal.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former ADC fighters continued to move in cantonment areas, be processed by the military, and dispose their arms in stages through early June 2009. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Niger:_2009_peace_talks">Niger: 2009 peace talks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Niger: 2009 peace talks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niger_Vice_Mayor_Iferouane_Jan_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Niger_Vice_Mayor_Iferouane_Jan_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="151" /></a><figcaption>Vice Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Iferouane" title="Iferouane">Iferouane</a> Niger, Mohamed Houma. His town was largely abandoned by civilians from mid-2007 to 2009.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malian_model">Malian model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Malian model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Movement towards peace in Niger, which seemed unlikely at the beginning of 2009, progressed rapidly following the Malian peace deal. The taking of hostages by the AQIM in Niger, especially Canadian diplomat Robert Fowler, brought intense international interest in the security situation in Niger. Beginning in February 2009, there was intensive involvement with the Nigerien government and the rebel groups by the UN, Canada, and later by Algeria and Mali, and finally Libya. Canadian and other sources floated rumors of Tuareg rebel and even Nigerien government involvement in the kidnappings, which all sides united to deny. Malian and Algerian government mediators, as well as informal groups representing Tuareg interests and the Nigerien government met at a Malian organised conference in Niamey on 25 and 26 February.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Press in Bamako and Niamey began to talk of the "Malian Approach" to peace.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MNJ_split">MNJ split</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: MNJ split"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 2 March, as series of dramatic events occurred on the side of the Nigerien rebels. A group of most of the named MNJ leadership and their European based supporters announced they had broken from the MNJ.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nigerien Patriotic Front (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Front Patriotique Nigérien</i>, FPN) announced that MNJ leader <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aghali_Alambo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aghali Alambo (page does not exist)">Aghali Alambo</a> had fled from the MNJ encampment with all but one of the remaining FAN prisoners. The remainder of the MNJ leadership announced that they were forming the FPN, and announced in their first statement their desire for direct peace talks with the government and a ceasefire. The FPN announced leadership consisted of much of the MNJ, with former <a href="/wiki/Agadez" title="Agadez">Agadez</a> NGO head and rebel Aklou Sidi Sidi as president, former Nigerien military officer and MNJ military commander Kindo Zada announcing his support from a previously unannounced exile in <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a>, and former MNJ spokesman Boutali Tchiwerin as the spokesman of the new organisation. The 2008 MNJ splinter, the FPR (<i>Front of Forces for Rectification</i>) headed by <a href="/wiki/Rhissa_Ag_Boula" title="Rhissa Ag Boula">Rhissa Ag Boula</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Aoutchiki_Kriska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohamed Aoutchiki Kriska (page does not exist)">Mohamed Aoutchiki Kriska</a>, later announced they would join with the new FPN peace initiative. Agli Alambo for his part announced from <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> that the MNJ were seeking immediate peace talks under Libyan auspices, and would repatriate their prisoners to Niamey. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muammar_al-Gaddafi-2-30112006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Muammar_al-Gaddafi-2-30112006.jpg/220px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi-2-30112006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Muammar_al-Gaddafi-2-30112006.jpg/330px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi-2-30112006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Muammar_al-Gaddafi-2-30112006.jpg/440px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi-2-30112006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1656" data-file-height="2337" /></a><figcaption>Libyan leader <a href="/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi">Muammar al-Gaddafi</a> made several personal interventions in both the Malian and Nigerien conflicts, providing refuge for Malian rebels in 2008 and 2009, and serving as an emissary during the 2009 Niger ceasefire talks.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi">Muammar al-Gaddafi</a> accompanied six former prisoners to Niamey, where they were repatriated to the Nigerien government on 13 March. On 15 March Gaddafi called on all rebel groups in Niger to lay down arms, and pledged his help to prevent smuggling and lawlessness in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 March, the FPN announced it would accept Libyan mediation with the Nigerien government, in order to seek a "lasting peace".<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_talks">Peace talks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Peace talks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 3 April, a Nigerien delegation headed by the <a href="/wiki/Nigerien_Minister_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerien Minister of the Interior">Nigerien Minister of the Interior</a> <a href="/wiki/Albad%C3%A9_Abouba" title="Albadé Abouba">Albadé Abouba</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> to begin joint meetings with the FPN and MNJ at <a href="/wiki/Sirte" title="Sirte">Sirte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a statement after the meetings, the FPN congratulated "His excellency <a href="/wiki/Tanja_Mamadou" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanja Mamadou">Tanja Mamadou</a>" for sending "a strong signal in the direction af a return to peace"<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 April, the Nigerien government released a positive statement, saying that negotiations gave the government a chance to assure the rebels of their desire for peace. Meetings were headed by the Libyan mediators, Albadé Abouba for Niger, Aghali Alambo for the MNJ, Mohamed Aoutchiki Kriska (FFR), and Aklou Sidi Sidi, president of the FPN.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FPN leadership continued to release positive statements, but they, like the Nigerien government, accused the remaining MNJ leadership of dragging their feet over the remaining FAN prisoner, an army officer captured in 2007 and accused by the rebels of war crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian_opening">Civilian opening</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Civilian opening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niger_sad_aunt_Fatimana_Imolian_Jan_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Niger_sad_aunt_Fatimana_Imolian_Jan_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="137" /></a><figcaption>Fatimana Imola, a Tuareg woman in Northern Niger is interviewed by <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> journalists. She says army officers killed and dismembered her younger brother, Imola Kalakouawa when they suspected him of planting a mine in June 2007.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Agadez Region, several events signaled a return to peace. On 28 April the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a> announced it would begin aiding the repatriation of 20,000 people internally displaced since 2007. The towns of <a href="/wiki/If%C3%A9rouane" class="mw-redirect" title="Iférouane">Iférouane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gougaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Gougaram">Gougaram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danet" title="Danet">Danet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dabaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Dabaga">Dabaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tchiroz%C3%A9rine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tchirozérine">Tchirozérine</a> would receive food and resettlement centres to ease the transition.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the government in Niamey announced on 23 May that it had renewed the "state of emergency" in the entire <a href="/wiki/Agadez_Region" title="Agadez Region">Agadez Region</a> for another three months, allowing preventive detention and banning public gatherings.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="May_meetings">May meetings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: May meetings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 3 May President Tandja made his first visit to Agadez in over two years. He joined the <a href="/wiki/Areva" title="Areva">Areva</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Anne_Lauvergeon" title="Anne Lauvergeon">Anne Lauvergeon</a> and French Minister of Overseas Cooperation <a href="/wiki/Alain_Joyandet" title="Alain Joyandet">Alain Joyandet</a> in placing the first stone in the new <a href="/wiki/Imouraren_mine" title="Imouraren mine">Imouraren mine</a>. Imouraren, scheduled to open in 2012, will replace Areva's current Arlit Uranium mine, and as planned will be the largest Uranium mine in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tandja drove through the streets of Agadez, met with local leaders, and for the first time, met with representatives of the rebel groups. The President broadcast as statement saying "We have asked them to put down their weapons and come build the country with us. We forgive them because we want peace in Niger", promising for the first time amnesty for rebels who disarmed.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the meeting, the MNJ released the last FAN prisoner it had held, an Army captain taken in July 2007, whom rebels had previously accused of killing civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rebels and government continued negotiations, now reportedly on the practical process of turning in weapons. While all sides released positive statements, an FFR spokesman warned "The process of turning in weapons will be a rather long one."<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MNJ briefly announced it would not agree to any disarmament until several of its political demands had been met, but later backed away from this statement.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four party talks between the Nigerien minister of the Interior and the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Niger_Movement_for_Justice" title="Niger Movement for Justice">Niger Movement for Justice</a> (MNJ) Front of Forces for Rectification (FFR) and Niger Patriotic Front (FPN) continued through May and into June, hosted by Libya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disposing_of_arms">Disposing of arms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Disposing of arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 15 June 2009, the Nigerien government announced a plan for cantonment and disarming agreed in Libya with the coalition of FFR and FPN groups (called the <i>Front of National Liberation</i> or <i>FLN</i>) had begun, with the first of 1200 expected FLN fighters arriving at a cantonment center 45 km outside Agadez. Their announced plan was to gather fighters there, and begin turning in arms within two weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 4 June 2009 interview, the President of the FPN said that their group had 2403 men under arms. FFR had not announced the number of their forces, and it is unknown what the MNJ force strength was after the FPN splintered from them.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb">Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The larger Tuareg conflicts were brought under increased international attention following the kidnapping in late 2008 in Niger of two Canadian diplomats and four European tourists by groups associated with <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_Organization_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb">Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb</a>, who held their victims somewhere in northern Mali. Late April 2009 saw the release in northern Mali of the Western hostages taken by the <a href="/wiki/AQIM" class="mw-redirect" title="AQIM">AQIM</a>, including the Canadian diplomat to Niger <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fowler_(diplomat)" title="Robert Fowler (diplomat)">Robert Fowler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The governments of Niger and Mali, as well as Tuareg rebel groups, had come under unusual international pressure over the taking of these seven hostages under mysterious circumstances, even prior to the acknowledged involvement of the AQIM.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original two abduction incidents (two Canadian diplomats, their driver, and four European tourists seized weeks later) were blamed by Niger on rebels, and by the MNJ on the Niger government. Western news sources quoted a variety of observers who believed the hostages were taken by Tuareg smugglers, perhaps associated with rebel groups, who then sold them to the AQIM.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the four European tourists were later released. One of the two remaining, British tourist <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Dyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Dyer">Edwin Dyer</a>, was killed by his captors in June 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2009 Malian President <a href="/wiki/Amadou_Toumani_Toure" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadou Toumani Toure">Amadou Toumani Toure</a> agreed, after talks between Mali's defence minister and Algerian President <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a>, to a military cooperative agreement to secure the Saharan borders where Tuareg rebels, AQIM militants, as well as smugglers and criminal gangs, operated. Discussions with the governments of Niger and Mauritania were proposed. Under the agreement, states would receive arms from Algeria and engage in joint operations against AQIM and other threats.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_2003-current" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wars 2003-current">List of wars 2003-current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azawagh" title="Azawagh">Azawagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Trans_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara">Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbf.fr/article_leger.php3?id_article=807">Dominique Derda. La révolte des hommes bleus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081118113909/http://cbf.fr/article_leger.php3?id_article=807">Archived</a> 18 November 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Nouvel_Observateur" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Nouvel Observateur">Le Nouvel Observateur</a>. 26 July 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-occitan1007-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-occitan1007_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-occitan1007_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://occitan-touareg.over-blog.com/article-7101324.html">La nouvelle Alliance Touareg du Niger et du Mali (ATNM)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715024309/http://occitan-touareg.over-blog.com/article-7101324.html">Archived</a> 15 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Interview with Hama Ag Sidahmed, 13 October 2007, occitan-touareg (France).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StuffNZ-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StuffNZ_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StuffNZ_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/540707">"Gunmen attack Mali outpost, seize soldiers, weapons"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stuff_(company)" title="Stuff (company)">Stuff (company)</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 20 July 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319113413/http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/540707">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stuff+%28company%29&rft.atitle=Gunmen+attack+Mali+outpost%2C+seize+soldiers%2C+weapons&rft.date=2008-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fworld%2F540707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+rebellion+%282007%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">High figure comes from MNJ communiques (as of 1 July 2008). No Nigerien government figures have been given. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tuaregcultureandnews.blogspot.com/2007_12_25_archive.html">tuaregcultureandnews summaries of MNJ communiques</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708071237/http://tuaregcultureandnews.blogspot.com/2007_12_25_archive.html">Archived</a> 8 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and the originals at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m-n-j.blogspot.com/">http://m-n-j.blogspot.com/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516131352/http://m-n-j.blogspot.com/">Archived</a> 16 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As of 21 January attack, estimation from MNJ Communiques and press, have been barred from reporting in N. Niger.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-afp20090102-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-afp20090102_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-afp20090102_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/fr/20090102-breve-offensive-amee-contre-rebelles-touaregs-nord-mali">Mali: brève "offensive" de l'armée contre des rebelles touareg dans le nord</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105060337/http://www.france24.com/fr/20090102-breve-offensive-amee-contre-rebelles-touaregs-nord-mali">Archived</a> 5 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. AFP. 2 January 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/B688AE98-3CE8-4D21-B3E6-9A689F3FAE9A.htm">"English.aljazeera.net"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080709013942/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/B688AE98-3CE8-4D21-B3E6-9A689F3FAE9A.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English.aljazeera.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2FNR%2Fexeres%2FB688AE98-3CE8-4D21-B3E6-9A689F3FAE9A.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+rebellion+%282007%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the period September 2007 – January 2008 press have been barred from reporting in N. Niger. Rebels claim hundreds of civilians have been killed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWelsh2008" class="citation web cs1">Welsh, May Ying (14 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxXNlqIbaW4">"Niger's Nomad Army"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101123210954/http://www.youtube.com//watch?v=yxXNlqIbaW4">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Niger%27s+Nomad+Army&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2008-07-14&rft.aulast=Welsh&rft.aufirst=May+Ying&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DyxXNlqIbaW4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+rebellion+%282007%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWelsh2008" class="citation web cs1">Welsh, May Ying (15 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vhrWCGIlku4&feature=relmfu">"Desertification threatens Niger's nomads"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170818050921/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vhrWCGIlku4&feature=relmfu">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Desertification+threatens+Niger%27s+nomads&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2008-07-15&rft.aulast=Welsh&rft.aufirst=May+Ying&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DvhrWCGIlku4%26feature%3Drelmfu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+rebellion+%282007%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWelsh2008" class="citation web cs1">Welsh, May Ying (16 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=icG7O-laum8&feature=relmfu">"Niger's natural wealth exploited"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729084026/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=icG7O-laum8&feature=relmfu">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Niger%27s+natural+wealth+exploited&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2008-07-16&rft.aulast=Welsh&rft.aufirst=May+Ying&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DicG7O-laum8%26feature%3Drelmfu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+rebellion+%282007%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/English/2007-08-21-voa37.cfm">Rebels in Niger Threaten More Attacks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070907210422/http://www.voanews.com/english/2007-08-21-voa37.cfm">Archived</a> 7 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Phuong Tran, Voice of America: 21 August 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/niger/article_depeche.asp?art_cle=AFP30907lacriedsdro0">La crise touareg due à "l'échec" des accords de 1995</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930171107/http://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/niger/article_depeche.asp?art_cle=AFP30907lacriedsdro0">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Agence France-Presse: 25 August 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/elbeltagy.pdf">Security and Insecurity in North Africa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227132744/http://www.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/elbeltagy.pdf">Archived</a> 27 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Jeremy Keenan (2006) Security and Insecurity in North Africa. Review of African Political Economy (ROAPE) No. 108: 280–281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=show_article&id_article=33894">Six éléments des Forces Armées nigériennes rejoignent les rebelles au Nord</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080305183312/http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=show_article&id_article=33894">Archived</a> 5 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. APA, 24 May 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071205212316/http://fistfulofeuros.net/afoe/europe-and-the-world/next-up-northern-niger">Next Up: Northern Niger</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>. Alex Harrowell: 6 August 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-temoust-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-temoust_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-temoust_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.temoust.org/spip.php?article3139">Point Afrique cancels tour flights.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929042101/http://www.temoust.org/spip.php?article3139">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> AFP: 31 August 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=72223">Niger: New Touareg rebel group speaks out</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929122104/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=72223">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs – Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN): 17 May 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.temoust.org/spip.php?article4071">Le MNJ milite pour l'avènement d'un Niger uni dans lequel chaque citoyen trouve tous les jours des raisons d'être fier de son pays</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232633/http://www.temoust.org/spip.php?article4071">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Interview with Ahmed Akoli (political secretary of the MNJ), Temoust, 21 December 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tuaregcultureandnews.blogspot.com/">Ahmed Akoli (MNJ) – Exclusive Temoust Interview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512224922/http://tuaregcultureandnews.blogspot.com/">Archived</a> 12 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> English translation, Tuareg Culture and News. 22 December 2007. Quote in full is: <i>(1) The marginalization of Tuareg people must end; the government of Niger must support the diversity of its citizens; decentralization must be accelerated; Tuaregs must be recruited into the military and incorporated into governance so as to achieve ethnic balance; (2) the state's scarce resources must be more evenly allocated so as to permit Tuaregs to establish effective socio-economic infrastructures in Tuareg regions; in particular, revenues from the uranium mining activities in Tuareg regions must be used primarily for economic growth in both Tuareg regions and the rest of Niger; and (3) security in the North should be focused on protection from outside threats; the armed forces in Tuareg regions in the North should be recruited from the Tuareg population, so that it will be viewed by the Tuaregs as an extension of society, and not an army consisting mainly of members of other ethnic clans who serve their own purposes, and who do not identify with the Tuareg people.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/niger/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN15077jusqunoille0">"Jusqu'où ira la rébellion?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194649/http://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/niger/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN15077jusqunoille0">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Jeune Afrique</i> 15 July 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?id_article=35321&page=conflits_article">"Mali: Peut-être la fin d'un conflit larvé de dix mois appelé rébellion touarègue"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. APA, 14 June 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rfi.fr/actufr/articles/093/article_55966.asp">"Pour Bamako, le MNJ et les rebelles du nord ont partie liée"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070905064322/http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/093/article_55966.asp">Archived</a> 5 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Radio France International, 2 September 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/Africa/6966754.stm">"Tuareg conflict spreads to Mali. BBC: 28 August 2007"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080406211027/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6966754.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tuareg+conflict+spreads+to+Mali.+BBC%3A+28+August+2007.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2FAfrica%2F6966754.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+rebellion+%282007%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rfi.fr/actufr/articles/093/article_55930.asp">"Confusion chez les anciens rebelles touaregs"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070904054921/http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/093/article_55930.asp">Archived</a> 4 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Radio France International, 1 September 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rfi.fr/actufr/articles/093/article_56014.asp">"La peur de la scission"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070905092748/http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/093/article_56014.asp">Archived</a> 5 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Radio France International, 3 September 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/niger/article_depeche.asp?art_cle=AFP11917ifroustnati0">Iférouane, prise en étau, se vide de ses habitants</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184257/http://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/niger/article_depeche.asp?art_cle=AFP11917ifroustnati0">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Agence France-Presse: 27 August 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/Africa/6232390.stm">"Rebels attack army base in Niger"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080406211039/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6232390.stm">Archived</a> 6 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC: 22 June 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu/research/OPs/Pederson/html/contents/sect2.html">France and Nuclear Energy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016043517/http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu/research/OPs/Pederson/html/contents/sect2.html">Archived</a> 16 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu/research/OPs/Pederson/html/contents/sect7.html">French Involvement in Niger</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070704070824/http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu/research/OPs/Pederson/html/contents/sect7.html">Archived</a> 4 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, both from Pederson, Nicholas R. The French Desire for Uranium and its Effects on French Foreign Policy in Africa. Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security: Occasional Papers. PED:1. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mineweb.net/mineweb/view/mineweb/en/page38?oid=24429&sn=Detail">Niger looking to China to break French control of uranium mining sector</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929131812/http://www.mineweb.net/mineweb/view/mineweb/en/page38?oid=24429&sn=Detail">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Abdoulaye Massalatchi, Reuters: 1 August 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/industry/Chinese_executive_kidnapped_in_Niger-090707.shtml">Nuclear executive kidnapped in Niger</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070912225039/http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/industry/Chinese_executive_kidnapped_in_Niger-090707.shtml">Archived</a> 12 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Xinhua: 7 July 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L04331253.htm">France sees Areva progress, offers Niger mine aid</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015195439/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L04331253.htm">Archived</a> 15 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Abdoulaye Massalatchi, Reuters: 4 August 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3232,36-941865,0.html">Cher uranium</a>. <i>Le Monde</i>: 4 August 2007. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.truthout.org/docs_2006/080707G.shtml">English Translation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070911235039/http://www.truthout.org/docs_2006/080707G.shtml">Archived</a> 11 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=show_article&id_article=40291">Les Nigériens apprécient diversement l'état de mise en demeure décrété à Agadez par Tandja</a>. APA-Niamey: 25 August 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m-n-j.blogspot.com/">"Mouvement des Nigeriens pour la Justice"</a>. <i>m-n-j.blogspot.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151026100942/http://m-n-j.blogspot.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=m-n-j.blogspot.com&rft.atitle=Mouvement+des+Nigeriens+pour+la+Justice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm-n-j.blogspot.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+rebellion+%282007%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L25721238.htm">Niger seeks help from Sudan, Libya against rebels</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090322060345/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L25721238.htm">Archived</a> 22 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Abdoulaye Massalatchi, Reuters: 25 August 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wtop.com/?nid=387&sid=1199390">Niger Gov't Tries to Contain Rebel News</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217091814/http://www.wtop.com/?nid=387&sid=1199390">Archived</a> 17 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, HEIDI VOGT Associated Press, 25 July 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=74352">NIGER: Dozens arrested in north as critics targeted</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216045820/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=74352">Archived</a> 16 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. IRIN 18 September 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpj.org/news/2007/Africa/niger30aug07na.html">In Niger, government bans live broadcasts on Tuareg rebellion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071230085522/http://www.cpj.org/news/2007/africa/niger30aug07na.html">Archived</a> 30 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Committee to Protect Journalists. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cpj.org">http://www.cpj.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070922152251/http://www.cpj.org/">Archived</a> 22 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 30 August 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpj.org/news/2007/Africa/niger13july07na.html">NIGER: Government cracks down on coverage of rebel attacks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071229090305/http://www.cpj.org/news/2007/africa/niger13july07na.html">Archived</a> 29 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Committee to Protect Journalists. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cpj.org">http://www.cpj.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070922152251/http://www.cpj.org/">Archived</a> 22 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 13 July 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2004/10/mil-041007-irin02.htm">NIGER: Five killed as army clashes with Tuaregs in desert north</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080504170818/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2004/10/mil-041007-irin02.htm">Archived</a> 4 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs – Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN): 7 October 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=15215">American Forces Train Nigerien Troops</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070915014620/http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=15215">Archived</a> 15 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: American Forces Press Service, 10 March 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stripes.com/article.asp?section=104&article=20295&archive=true">EUCOM-based troops training Mali, Mauritania militaries for border patrols</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235937/http://stripes.com/article.asp?section=104&article=20295&archive=true">Archived</a> 26 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Jon R. Anderson, Stars and Stripes European edition, Wednesday, 17 March 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stripes.com/article.asp?section=104&article=28315&archive=true">U.S. Special Ops troops preparing to train foreign soldiers in Africa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083400/http://stripes.com/article.asp?section=104&article=28315&archive=true">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Charlie Coon, Stars and Stripes European edition, Sunday, 15 May 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some of a number of US Military articles detailing such continued training. See: <a href="/wiki/Pan_Sahel_Initiative" title="Pan Sahel Initiative">Pan Sahel Initiative</a> (2002–2004) and <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_Counterterrorism_Initiative" title="Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative">Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative</a> (2005–).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dissidentvoice.org/2007/07/fake-terror-and-instability-in-north-Africa/">Fake Terror and Instability in North Africa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090917/http://www.dissidentvoice.org/2007/07/fake-terror-and-instability-in-north-africa/">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Sam Urquhart, Dissident Voice: 5 July 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For background on the US involvement in the 2004 Algeria-based Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat pursuit see: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.villagevoice.com/generic/show_print.php?id=71993&page=khatchadourian&issue=0605&printcde=MzU2NzA0OTc3OQ==&refpage=L25ld3MvaW5kZXgucGhwP2lzc3VlPTA2MDUmcGFnZT1raGF0Y2hhZG91cmlhbiZpZD03MTk5Mw==#part2">Pursuing Terrorists in the Great Desert. The U.S. Military's $500 Million Gamble to Prevent the Next Afghanistan</a>, by Raffi Khatchadourian, <i>The Village Voice</i>, 31 January 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN20057lesdeeuqatt0">Les dessous d'une attaque</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930191601/http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN20057lesdeeuqatt0">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Jeune Afrique, Cherif Ouazani: 20 May 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Vallet, "Chronologie de la vie au Sahara". In, Le Saharien, 3rd trimester 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L28877955.htm">Suspected Tuareg rebels ambush Mali military convoy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090322050813/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L28877955.htm">Archived</a> 22 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Reuters: 28 August 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/fr/20110827-sahel-mali-algerie-libye-touaregs-mort-rebelle-ibrahim-ag-bahanga-kidal-tamasheq-armes">"Mort du rebelle touareg Ibrahim Ag Bahanga - France 24"</a> (in French). France 24. 27 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180208064201/http://www.france24.com/fr/20110827-sahel-mali-algerie-libye-touaregs-mort-rebelle-ibrahim-ag-bahanga-kidal-tamasheq-armes">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mort+du+rebelle+touareg+Ibrahim+Ag+Bahanga+-+France+24&rft.date=2011-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Ffr%2F20110827-sahel-mali-algerie-libye-touaregs-mort-rebelle-ibrahim-ag-bahanga-kidal-tamasheq-armes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+rebellion+%282007%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/IRIN/fd7acc2dc75acf731ecf363276d5f615.htm">Mali: Indignation dominates reaction as attacks in north escalate.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070905054055/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/IRIN/fd7acc2dc75acf731ecf363276d5f615.htm">Archived</a> 5 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> IRIN: 31 August 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20070826195258732C724981">Mali Tuaregs deny alliance with Niger rebels</a>. IOL.co.za, 26 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sundaytimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=549493">Mali rebels renege on peace accord</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180807190058/http://www.sundaytimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=549493">Archived</a> 7 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Serge Daniel, AFP, 28 August 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemali.fr/securite/insecurite/bahanga_pret_a_arreter_ses_attaques_?_200709037511.html">Bahanga prêt à arrêter ses attaques?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721005019/http://www.lemali.fr/securite/insecurite/bahanga_pret_a_arreter_ses_attaques_?_200709037511.html">Archived</a> 21 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Yaya SIDIBE. L'Indépendant (Mali), 3 September 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://English.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/E8024803-4ECA-4B46-BA9B-4EA7BE33A5E7.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070916035259/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/E8024803-4ECA-4B46-BA9B-4EA7BE33A5E7.htm">Archived</a> 16 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L14864903.htm">Tuareg rebels in Mali besiege northern garrison 14 September 2007 16:36:05 GMT Source: Reuters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090322051935/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L14864903.htm">Archived</a> 22 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120730224622/http://www.france24.com/france24Public/en/news/Africa/20070914-Mali-Tuareg-rebels-Algeria-attacked-Tinzaouatene.html">Mali's tuareg rebels attack northern border town, Friday, September 14, 2007, AFP Wire</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/Africa/6999669.stm">Mali boosts army to fight Tuareg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080406033025/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6999669.stm">Archived</a> 6 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC, 17 September 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maliweb.net/category.php?NID=22139">Situation au Nord: Bahanga viole sa trêve et donne l'occasion à l'armée de le mater</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716054957/http://www.maliweb.net/category.php?NID=22139">Archived</a> 16 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Inter De Bamako, 17 September 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L14881325.htm">Floods in Africa kill dozens and wipe out crops 14 September 2007 16:55:08 GMT Source: Reuters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080403030931/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L14881325.htm">Archived</a> 3 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=74078">WEST Africa: Floods prompt greater focus on risk reduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219065852/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=74078">Archived</a> 19 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 3 September 2007 (IRIN).<i>In Mali, one of the hardest hit countries where the government estimates 30,000 people have been affected, no flood contingency plans were in place.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=74570">Mali: After the deluge the real struggle begins</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216050108/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=74570">Archived</a> 16 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1 October 2007 (IRIN). <i>"The Malian Red Cross estimates that 21,000 people were affected by floods in Mali this year, stretching from small communities around Gao in the desert areas in the north, to the far west region of Kayes, one of the poorest and most isolated regions of Mali. While the overall number is relatively small compared to the 1.5 million people aid agencies say were affected by floods across the continent, Mali lies on a West African fault-line of natural disasters that makes it more likely than not that almost every community will be hit by one if not more natural disasters or epidemics every year."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=74992">SAHEL: Foundation money to allow long-term approach to water problem</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080112104053/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=74992">Archived</a> 12 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 25 October 2007 (IRIN). <i>The Global Water Initiative (GWI), a partnership of seven charities and relief organisations which will be given US$15 million a year for 10 years.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/FEWS/ac1936408262e6f5d5a91aa3f6f95b24.htm">Erratic end of season rains may affect some crops</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212073610/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/FEWS/ac1936408262e6f5d5a91aa3f6f95b24.htm">Archived</a> 12 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 10 December 2007 FEWS NET Monthly Report for Mali beginning the period October 2007. Shows ONLY areas of fighting in the far northeast as "Highly Food Insecure".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7310115.stm">"Tuareg rebels attack Mali convoy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 22 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140204080500/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7310115.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Tuareg+rebels+attack+Mali+convoy&rft.date=2008-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F7310115.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+rebellion+%282007%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L15742883.htm">Mali, Algeria plan joint patrols on Saharan border</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080722093107/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L15742883.htm">Archived</a> 22 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 15 July 2008 Reuters, Tiemoko Diallo.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alertnet.org-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alertnet.org_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alertnet.org_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L1981053.htm">Gunmen attack Mali outpost, seize soldiers, weapons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080722015054/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L1981053.htm">Archived</a> 22 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 19 July 2008 Reuters</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=74238">Mali: Western diplomats warn about "deterioration" in north</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216045815/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=74238">Archived</a> 16 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 11 September 2007 (IRIN).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/mali/article_depeche.asp?art_cle=AFP33318legoustilit0">Le gouvernement et les rebelles d'accord pour cesser les hostilités</a> 21 juillet 2008 – AFP</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/mali/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN20078lesmasneila0">"Les Maliens parlent aux Maliens"</a>, Jeune Afrique, 20 juillet 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maliweb.net/category.php?NID=34679&intr=">Otages enlevés au nord-est de Kidal: Tous libres !</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716055007/http://www.maliweb.net/category.php?NID=34679&intr=">Archived</a> 16 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> L'Essor, 19 August 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.temoust.org/spip.php?article6378">Situation au Nord-Mali: Comment Bahanga a rompu avec l'Algérie et épousé la Libye</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234156/http://www.temoust.org/spip.php?article6378">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Abdrahamane Keïta – Aurore (Mali), 26 August 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These numbers were also reported by the Nigerien NGO <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nordnigersante.com/topic/index.html">l'Association NORD NIGER SANTE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080908053454/http://www.nordnigersante.com/topic/index.html">Archived</a> 8 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on 17 November 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=75795">NIGER: Humanitarian access cut to north</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212090443/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=75795">Archived</a> 12 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 10 December 2007 (IRIN). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=75792">NIGER: News filtering out of north suggests grave conditions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212095606/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=75792">Archived</a> 12 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 10 December 2007 (IRIN).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/reuters/2008/04/20/africa/OUKWD-UK-NIGER-SECURITY.php">Niger adopts anti-terror law</a>. Abdoulaye Massalatchi, Reuters. 20 April 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L05447814.htm">Abdoulaye Massalatchi (Reuters) Niger rebels kill 3 soldiers in attack on convoy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071207175258/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L05447814.htm">Archived</a> 7 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 5 December 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The MNJ press releases <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://m-n-j.blogspot.com/">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516131352/http://m-n-j.blogspot.com/">Archived</a> 16 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> have used the French term "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">milice</i></span>" as a derogatory term for the Niger Army. While it literally means "militia", it retains strong negative connotations as the name of the pro-German auxiliary police of the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy regime">Vichy regime</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the 9 January 2008 attack, see: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/English/2008-01-09-voa24.cfm">Naomi Schwarz. Nigeriens Search for Landmines in Capital After Explosion Kills One</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080111104523/http://voanews.com/english/2008-01-09-voa24.cfm">Archived</a> 11 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>, 9 January 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/Africa/7178529.stm">Niger reporter killed by landmine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080112092736/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7178529.stm">Archived</a> 12 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC, 9 January 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpj.org/news/2008/Africa/niger09jan08na.html">CPJ mourns the loss of Niger radio director</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080304085940/http://www.cpj.org/news/2008/africa/niger09jan08na.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Committee to Protect Journalists 9 January 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.temoust.org/spip.php?article4214">Reuters – Abdoulaye Massalatchi Niger blames desert rebels for mine death in capital</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180139/http://www.temoust.org/spip.php?article4214">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 9 January 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L10116716.htm">Niger army says killed 7 Tuareg civilians by mistake</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212073616/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L10116716.htm">Archived</a> 12 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 10 December 2007 (Reuters).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m-n-j.blogspot.com/2007/12/le-massacre-continue-black-or-white-ii.html">Le massacre continue: Black or White II</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080129021942/http://m-n-j.blogspot.com/2007/12/le-massacre-continue-black-or-white-ii.html">Archived</a> 29 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, MNJ Statement, 10 December 2007, claiming "5 Nigerien and 2 Libyans civilians were summarily executed by the army".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=76376">NIGER: Rebels raid town in south east. IRIN, 22 January 2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080124110812/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=76376">Archived</a> 24 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m-n-j.blogspot.com/">MNJ Communique: Attaque de la ville de Tanout</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516131352/http://m-n-j.blogspot.com/">Archived</a> 16 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 21 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/niger/article_depeche.asp?art_cle=XIN80028troistuonat0">Trois morts et cinq personnes enlevées lors d'une attaque de bandits armés à Tanout Niger</a>. XINHUA News Agency, China: 22 January 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/niger/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN06018aprslsuobuo0">Après les Touaregs, les Toubous. Jeune Afrique, 6 January 2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408173522/http://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/niger/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN06018aprslsuobuo0">Archived</a> 8 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2008/01/niger-charges-french-journalists-for.php">Jurist, 17 January</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080323042349/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2008/01/niger-charges-french-journalists-for.php">Archived</a> 23 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/niger/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN06018boucsserias0">Juene Afrique, 6 January</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408173527/http://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/niger/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN06018boucsserias0">Archived</a> 8 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/niger/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN11117bouteajdnat0">Juene Afrique, 11 November 2007</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/niger/article_depeche.asp?art_cle=AFP34258intersianar0">Juene Afrique, 19 January</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/niger/article_depeche.asp?art_cle=AFP74608laprsajdnat0">La présidente d'Areva a parlé des reporters français avec le président Tandja</a>. AFP, 17 January 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/fromthefield/220224/fd67a7b6d87a06034e9d27839e91b3d6.htm">Niger: Four French citizens released under ICRC auspices</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090322050337/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/fromthefield/220224/fd67a7b6d87a06034e9d27839e91b3d6.htm">Archived</a> 22 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">ICRC</a>. 26 June 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.areva-nc.com/scripts/areva-nc/publigen/content/templates/Show.asp?P=7773&L=EN">Niger: Four expatriated AREVA employees kidnapped by MNJ members</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302013817/http://www.areva-nc.com/scripts/areva-nc/publigen/content/templates/Show.asp?P=7773&L=EN">Archived</a> 2 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. AREVA press office. 22 June 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/20080622/niger-tuareg-rebels-kidnap-4-areva-uranium.htm">Niger Tuareg rebels kidnap 4 Areva uranium workers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080623132740/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/20080622/niger-tuareg-rebels-kidnap-4-areva-uranium.htm">Archived</a> 23 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Abdoulaye Massalatchi, Reuters. 22 June 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L22859117.htm">Niger rebels kill 15 soldiers in desert raid</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090322090845/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L22859117.htm">Archived</a> 22 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Abdoulaye Massalatchi, Reuters. 22 June 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TVNZ_1878410-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TVNZ_1878410_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411366/1878410">"Niger army kills 17 rebels"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Television_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Television New Zealand">Television New Zealand</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 28 June 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616122552/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411366/1878410">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Television+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Niger+army+kills+17+rebels&rft.date=2008-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftvnz.co.nz%2Fview%2Fpage%2F411366%2F1878410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+rebellion+%282007%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/reuters/2008/06/28/europe/OUKWD-UK-NIGER-REBELS.php">Niger says a rebel leader killed in army operation</a>. Abdoulaye Massalatchi, Reuters. 28 June 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nigerdiaspora.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1914:la-mise-en-garde-reconduite-pour-trois-mois-dans-la-region-dagadez-&catid=14:politique&Itemid=256">La mise en garde reconduite pour trois mois dans la région d'Agadez</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080901205649/http://nigerdiaspora.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1914:la-mise-en-garde-reconduite-pour-trois-mois-dans-la-region-dagadez-&catid=14:politique&Itemid=256">Archived</a> 1 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Le Sahel</i>, 21 August 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7569408.stm">"Niger rebels deny ceasefire claim"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 19 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090103145432/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7569408.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Niger+rebels+deny+ceasefire+claim&rft.date=2008-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F7569408.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+rebellion+%282007%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LJ669623.htm">Niger Tuareg rebel rejects talk of ceasefire</a>, Abdoulaye Massalatchi (Reuters), 19 August 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LO7182.htm">One killed, two hurt by mine at Niger arms handover</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090322082137/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LO7182.htm">Archived</a> 22 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Abdoulaye Massalatchi, Reuters. 24 August 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m-n-j.blogspot.com/2008/08/gour-mort-et-dsolation-suite-une.html">Gouré : mort et désolation suite à une mesquinerie</a>. MNJ Official communique, 25 August 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m-n-j.blogspot.com/2008/11/mentir-nest-pas-responsable-ne-pas.html">MNJ Comunique November 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m-n-j.blogspot.com/2008/11/luvre-dramatique-dpuration-ethnique.html">MNJ Comunique 9 November 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m-n-j.blogspot.com/2008/11/la-france-souhait-t-elle-avoir-comme-le.html">MNJ Comunique 9 November 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m-n-j.blogspot.com/2008/12/ltat-durgence-dans-le-nord-ne-peut_11.html">MNJ Comunique 11 December 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j0J-SuzORaiO0fJwc6AjCDEovUsw">Niger government denies Tuareg rebel clashes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205102915/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j0J-SuzORaiO0fJwc6AjCDEovUsw">Archived</a> 5 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. AFP. 18 November 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m-n-j.blogspot.com/2008/11/destruction-dun-vhicule-des-fan-aux.html">"MNJ Comunique 19 November 2008"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MNJ+Comunique+19+November+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm-n-j.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F11%2Fdestruction-dun-vhicule-des-fan-aux.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+rebellion+%282007%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m-n-j.blogspot.com/2008/11/informations.html">MNJ Comunique 17 November 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://af.reuters.com/article/nigerNews/idAFL92691720090109?feedType=RSS&feedName=nigerNews&pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true">Uranium-rich Niger eyes nuclear power generation</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. Reuters. Fri 9 January 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2009/01/10/la-course-a-l-uranium-reprend-dans-le-monde_1140142_3244.html">La course à l'uranium reprend dans le monde</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090118225829/http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2009/01/10/la-course-a-l-uranium-reprend-dans-le-monde_1140142_3244.html">Archived</a> 18 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.LE MONDE 10 January 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/feedarticle/8334924">Niger insecurity hits uranium prospecting -minister</a>. Reuters, Abdoulaye Massalatchi. Friday 30 January 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=aTo6Oh8p8IYg&refer=europe">Areva Will Post Loss From Niger Uranium This Year</a>. Anne-Sylvaine Chassany, Bloomberg News. 25 March 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://niger.areva.com/niger_home/liblocal/docs/AREVA%20au%20Niger%20janvier%2009%20version%20anglaise.pdf">AREVA in Niger</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225210442/http://niger.areva.com/niger_home/liblocal/docs/AREVA%20au%20Niger%20janvier%2009%20version%20anglaise.pdf">Archived</a> 25 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Areva press release (January 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120907030419/http://www.mineweb.com/mineweb/view/mineweb/en/page68?oid=62945&sn=Detail">Areva feels uranium mining heat in Niger</a>. Rob Foulkes and Daniel Litvin: Critical Resource. mineweb.com 19 September 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-keenan200810-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-keenan200810_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-keenan200810_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-keenan200810_108-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy Keenan. Uranium Goes Critical in Niger: Tuareg Rebellions Threaten Sahelian Conflagration. Review of African Political Economy, No. 117:449–466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afrik.com/article13970.html">Regards croisés sur la question touarègue au Niger</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611081630/http://www.afrik.com/article13970.html">Archived</a> 11 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Stéphanie Plasse, Afrik. 5 April 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zoungrana-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zoungrana_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zoungrana_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article27949&rubrique7">Condamnation de Rhissa Ag Boula: Les "hommes bleus" voient rouge</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302044757/http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article27949&rubrique7">Archived</a> 2 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Zowenmanogo Dieudonné Zoungrana. L'Observateur (Burkina Faso). 17 July 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_depeche.asp?art_cle=AFP43438scissjnmger0">Scission au sein du mouvement rebelle touareg MNJ</a>. AFP. 31 May 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=nw20080212151409470C855220">Journo remains behind bars in Niger</a>. AFP. 12 February 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/554559">Confusion over missing envoy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012171208/http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/554559">Archived</a> 12 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. TONDA MACCHARLES, JOANNA SMITH, the Toronto Star. 16 December 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L23700077.htm">Mali, Niger armies hit back against Tuareg rebels</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090322043452/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L23700077.htm">Archived</a> 22 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Tiemoko Diallo, Reuters. 23 May 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/ASIN-7AVQFH?OpenDocument">Niger: Press harassment hinders development, watchdogs warn</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080217064504/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ASIN-7AVQFH?OpenDocument">Archived</a> 17 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 15 January 2008 (IRIN)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france-info.com/spip.php?article151727&theme=14&sous_theme=18">Niger: la libération de Moussa Kaka très incertaine</a>, France Info – 23 juin 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr43/002/2007/en/">Niger: Amnesty International calls for the immediate and unconditional release of Moussa Kaka</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181122065156/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr43/002/2007/en/">Archived</a> 22 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, AFR 43/002/2007 (Public), Bulletin n° 184, 26 September 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.republicain-niger.com/Index.asp?affiche=News_Display.asp&articleid=4732&rub=actualit%C3%A9s">AFFAIRE MOUSSA KAKA/ MAÎTRE COULIBALY MOUSSA FACE À LA PRESSE. Grémah, Ben Omar et Yandaka bientôt devant les tribunaux</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715174649/http://www.republicain-niger.com/Index.asp?affiche=News_Display.asp&articleid=4732&rub=actualit%C3%A9s">Archived</a> 15 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 9 April 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rsf.org-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rsf.org_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rsf.org_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=23012">One-month ban on RFI broadcasts fuels concern about rapid decline in press freedom</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302045725/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=23012">Archived</a> 2 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 20 July 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=27091">Detained journalist's wife gives news conference in Paris, asks French government to help get him freed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090322061308/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=27091">Archived</a> 22 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 20 May 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=28018">Newspaper editor freed after being held for 48 hours</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090322061330/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=28018">Archived</a> 22 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1 August 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=28230">Radio and TV broadcaster Dounia suspended for one month without explanation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090322080531/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=28230">Archived</a> 22 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 20 August 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=24171">Aïr Info correspondent freed after six days in police custody</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071205145547/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=24171">Archived</a> 5 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2 November 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=25394">Niger – Annual Report 2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090322042816/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=25394">Archived</a> 22 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Reports Without Borders</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=25454">Agadez-based journalist to be released conditionally today</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, 6 February 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note, the ATNMC has at times been reported as the "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Alliance Touaregue du Niger – Mali Pour Le Changement</i></span>". A substantial name change which seems sourced from what was reputed to be the official ATMNC website (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://atnmc.blogspot.com/">https://atnmc.blogspot.com/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180812062611/http://atnmc.blogspot.com/">Archived</a> 12 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), but which was only updated three times in May–June 2008 and is since inactive. "Nord Mali" seems both the logical and official name of this faction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (March 2012)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issikta.blogspot.com/2008/12/les-routes-menant-koulikoro-kayes-et.html">Communiqué de l'ATNMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708043307/http://issikta.blogspot.com/2008/12/les-routes-menant-koulikoro-kayes-et.html">Archived</a> 8 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Alliance Touareg Nord Mali pour le Changement. 27 December 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issikta.blogspot.com/2008/12/communiqu-de-latnmc-alliance-touareg.html">Communiqué de l'ATNMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708043330/http://issikta.blogspot.com/2008/12/communiqu-de-latnmc-alliance-touareg.html">Archived</a> 8 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Alliance Touareg Nord Mali pour le Changement 28 December 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=nw20081222135419677C649529">Mali president warns Tuareg rebels</a>. AFP. 22 December 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afriquejet.com/afrique-de-l%27ouest/mali/nord-mali:-de-la-rebellion-au-terrorisme-2009012620463.html">Nord-Mali: De la rébellion au terrorisme</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120904043240/http://www.afriquejet.com/afrique-de-l'ouest/mali/nord-mali:-de-la-rebellion-au-terrorisme-2009012620463.html">Archived</a> 4 September 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>. B.S. Diarra. Aurore (Bamako) 26 January 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jEZSOPYInnjbfGhUnBRDSal9UAbg">Mali: un responsable humanitaire veut rencontrer les prisonniers touareg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205102920/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jEZSOPYInnjbfGhUnBRDSal9UAbg">Archived</a> 5 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. AFP. 13 January 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elkhabar.com/quotidienFrEn/lire.php?idc=114&ida=139695&key=0&cahed=1">Algeria lifts hands on Bahanga and Mali plots liquidating him</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175256/http://www.elkhabar.com/quotidienFrEn/lire.php?idc=114&ida=139695&key=0&cahed=1">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. El Khabar: A.K/ Translation A.A. 14 January 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elwatan.com/La-confiance-tarde-a-regner-dans">La confiance tarde à régner dans le nord du Mali</a>. "R. N.", El-Watan (Algeria). 8 February 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afriquejet.com/afrique-de-l%27ouest/mali/insecurite-au-nord:-l%E2%80%99etat-entretient-le-conflit-ethnique-2009011619712.html">Insécurité au nord: L'Etat entretient le conflit ethnique</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120730014302/http://www.afriquejet.com/afrique-de-l'ouest/mali/insecurite-au-nord:-l%E2%80%99etat-entretient-le-conflit-ethnique-2009011619712.html">Archived</a> 30 July 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>. B. Daou. Le Républicain du 16 janvier 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-afp102509-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-afp102509_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?from=rss_West%20Africa&set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20090125155918702C504514">Rebel chief says war only option</a>. AFP. 25 January 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/DEPAFP20090120T144341Z/-armee-touareg-Ibrahim-Ag-Bahanga-La-principale-base-du-rebelle-Ibrahim-Ag-Bahanga--detruite-.html">La principale base du rebelle Ibrahim Ag Bahanga "détruite"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090124192506/http://jeuneafrique.com/Article/DEPAFP20090120T144341Z/-armee-touareg-Ibrahim-Ag-Bahanga-La-principale-base-du-rebelle-Ibrahim-Ag-Bahanga--detruite-.html">Archived</a> 24 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ARP 21 January 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afriquejet.com/afrique-de-l%27ouest/mali/securite:-enfin,-l%E2%80%99armee-reguliere-prend-l%E2%80%99initiative-2009012620461.html">Sécurité: Enfin, l'armée régulière prend l'initiative</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120721164229/http://www.afriquejet.com/afrique-de-l'ouest/mali/securite:-enfin,-l%E2%80%99armee-reguliere-prend-l%E2%80%99initiative-2009012620461.html">Archived</a> 21 July 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>. A. Keïta. Aurore (Bamako). 26 January 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maliweb.net/category.php?NID=39875&orderdate=&Bser=search&fromnews=Y">Forte offensive contre Bahanga: Col Gamou a fait hier 20 morts, 10 otages ... dans les rangs des bandits armés</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716055901/http://www.maliweb.net/category.php?NID=39875&orderdate=&Bser=search&fromnews=Y">Archived</a> 16 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Abdoulaye Diakité Markatié Daou, L'indicateur Renouveau, 23 January 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130124161511/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g6nLvtDxIGSGlww1EnuK59J2E1Ug">Tuareg leader demands release of rebels held by Mali army</a>. AFP. 26 January 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elwatan.com/Ag-Bahanga-demande-a-reintegrer-l">Ag Bahanga demande à réintégrer l'Accord d'Alger</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090210053649/http://elwatan.com/Ag-Bahanga-demande-a-reintegrer-l">Archived</a> 10 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "R. N.", El-Watan (Algeria). 4 February 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130124160813/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i50OfBbaEdQFtygPCjT_DMHPqZ0Q">Mali army refuses truce with Tuareg rebels: ministry</a>. AFP. 2 February 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-temoust.org-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-temoust.org_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-temoust.org_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.temoust.org/spip.php?article7632">Mali: les rebelles touaregs fuient en Algérie</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090210193649/http://temoust.org/spip.php?article7632">Archived</a> 10 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Afrik.com – 06/02/09</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200902050384.html">Mali: Peut-on enfin faire confiance à Ag Bahanga?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206040041/http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200902050384.html">Archived</a> 6 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> San Evariste Barro, L'Observateur Paalga (Ouagadougou). 4 February 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article_ARTJAJA2507p038-039.xml1_-rebellion-touareg-Ibrahim-Ag-Bahanga-portrait-Ibrahim-Ag-Bahanga.html">Ibrahim Ag Bahanga</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201061631/http://jeuneafrique.com/Article_ARTJAJA2507p038-039.xml1_-rebellion-touareg-Ibrahim-Ag-Bahanga-portrait-Ibrahim-Ag-Bahanga.html">Archived</a> 1 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Jeune Afrique, Cherif Ouazani. 27 January 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.temoust.org/spip.php?article7569">Après s'être démarqué de Bahanga: L'Alliance du 23 mai transfère sa base à Tombouctou en accord avec l'Etat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081224160413/http://www.temoust.org/spip.php?article7569">Archived</a> 24 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Chahana TAKIOU- L'Indépendant, 30 January 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.temoust.org/spip.php?article7635">Situation dans la région de l'adrar des ifoghas: 180 déserteurs de l'armée autorisés à rentrer dans le camp de Kidal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213538/http://www.temoust.org/spip.php?article7635">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> L'indépendant, Chahana TAKIOU. 5 February 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maliweb.net/category.php?NID=40363">Situation au Nord: Bahanga, la débandade</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207140517/http://maliweb.net/category.php?NID=40363">Archived</a> 7 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Bassaro Touré, Nouvelle République (Bamako), 6 February 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maliweb.net/category.php?NID=41107&intr=">Niger/Mali: forum à Niamey sur la question touareg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090331185841/http://www.maliweb.net/category.php?NID=41107&intr=">Archived</a> 31 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. AFP. 25 February 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maliweb.net/category.php?NID=41261&intr=">Forum de Niamey sur la paix au nord du Niger et du Mali: Malentendu autour de «l'approche malienne»</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090331185846/http://www.maliweb.net/category.php?NID=41261&intr=">Archived</a> 31 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. L'Indépendant (Bamako) 2 March 2009. Also quotes Le Republicain (Niamey)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The original communiques were posted on the group's website, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://fpn.blog.free.fr/">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720220557/http://fpn.blog.free.fr/">Archived</a> 20 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. See communique #1:<i>Création du Front Patriotique Nigérien</i>, F.P.N., 10 March 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maliweb.net/category.php?NID=41769">Appel de Kadhafi aux rebelles touaregs du Niger et du Mali</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090317001754/http://maliweb.net/category.php?NID=41769">Archived</a> 17 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Reuters. 15 March 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.malijet.com/rebellion_au_nord_du_mali/niger_scission_au_sein_des_rebelles_touaregs.html">Niger: Scission au sein des rebelles touaregs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090414224123/http://www.malijet.com/rebellion_au_nord_du_mali/niger_scission_au_sein_des_rebelles_touaregs.html">Archived</a> 14 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. RFI 13 March 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.izf.net/pages/actualite-politique-et-economique-du-niger/3180">Niger: Des groupes de rebelles touaregs et une délégation du gouvernement nigérien ont affirmé leur engagement pour la paix, lors d'une rencontre avec le numéro un libyen Mouammar Kadhafi à Tripoli</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090216142051/http://www.izf.net/pages/actualite-politique-et-economique-du-niger/3180">Archived</a> 16 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. AFP. 7 April 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maliweb.net/category.php?NID=42635&intr="> Vers une médiation avec les touaregs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716060721/http://www.maliweb.net/category.php?NID=42635&intr=">Archived</a> 16 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Radio France Internationale. 4 April 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maliweb.net/category.php?NID=42798&intr=">Niamey et les rebelles touaregs s'engagent en faveur de la paix</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716060738/http://www.maliweb.net/category.php?NID=42798&intr=">Archived</a> 16 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Reuters. 8 April 2009. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le président de la République, son excellence Tandja Mamadou, vient ainsi d'envoyer à travers cet acte un signal fort en direction du retour de la paix. C'est pourquoi toutes les parties prenantes investies de cette mission portent désormais sur elles la responsabilité historique de surmonter toutes les contradictions et d'aller vers la concrétisation des ces engagements, concrétisation qui doit se traduire par un accord formel de paix.</i></span></p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lesahel.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=34:actualites&id=1582:fin-de-la-visite-de-travail-du-ministre-detat-ministre-de-linterieur-de-la-securite-publique-et-de-la-decentralisation-en-grande-jamahiriya-arabe-libyenne-populaire-et-socialiste-des-resultats-reconfortants-a-tous-points-de-vue">Fin de la visite de travail du ministre d'Etat, ministre de l'Intérieur, de la Sécurité Publique et de la Décentralisation, en Grande Jamahiriya Arabe Libyenne, Populaire et Socialiste: des résultats réconfortants à tous points de vue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727033656/http://lesahel.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=34:actualites&id=1582:fin-de-la-visite-de-travail-du-ministre-detat-ministre-de-linterieur-de-la-securite-publique-et-de-la-decentralisation-en-grande-jamahiriya-arabe-libyenne-populaire-et-socialiste-des-resultats-reconfortants-a-tous-points-de-vue">Archived</a> 27 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Adine Ag Aglasse, Le Sahel. 15 April 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afriquejet.com/afrique-de-l%27ouest/niger/le-fpn-annonce-des-avancees-vers-la-paix-dans-le-nord-du-niger-2009032724480.html">Le FPN annonce des avancées vers la paix dans le nord du Niger</a>. Pana Press. 26 March 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afriquejet.com/afrique-de-l%27ouest/niger/le-pam-reinstalle-20.000-personnes-dans-le-nord-du-niger-2009042926515.html">Le PAM réinstalle 20.000 personnes dans le Nord du Niger</a>. PANA Press. 28 April 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130103042603/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iSPcmLlb2sOT2lLlOycLA7e23Fyg">Niger extends state of emergency in Tuareg north</a>. AFP. 24 May 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/ENF-Founding_ceremony_for_Niger_uranium_mine-0505097.html">Founding ceremony for Niger uranium mine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090509213338/http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/ENF-Founding_ceremony_for_Niger_uranium_mine-0505097.html">Archived</a> 9 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. World Nuclear News. 5 May 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8032322.stm">"Niger leader meets Tuareg rebels"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 4 May 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090507191226/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8032322.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Niger+leader+meets+Tuareg+rebels&rft.date=2009-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F8032322.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+rebellion+%282007%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5g6c60ta9CntQCFVZY8jmilDyXv4gD97V2MPG0">State TV: Tuareg rebels in Niger release hostage</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. DALATOU MAMANE. AFP. 4 May 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iJa4neFtX-ysh8aR7DwugDzP-K2g">Niger government and rebels in disarmament talks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110319072805/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iJa4neFtX-ysh8aR7DwugDzP-K2g">Archived</a> 19 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. AFP. 5 May 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120903143014/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gsTOlpX57k1tYqLDHCgpsoMxiLXw">Niger's Tuareg rebels refuse to disarm</a>. AFP. 12 May2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/05/15/Cease-fire-truce-reached-with-Niger-rebels/UPI-99581242403588/">Cease-fire truce reached with Niger rebels</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605054608/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/05/15/Cease-fire-truce-reached-with-Niger-rebels/UPI-99581242403588/">Archived</a> 5 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. UPI. 15 May 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamtaminfo.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1599:retour-de-la-paix-dans-la-zone-nord-du-pays-lancement-de-loperation-de-cantonnement-des-combattants-du-front-pour-la-liberation-nationale-fln&catid=44:politique&Itemid=61">Retour de la paix dans la zone nord du pays: Lancement de l'opération de cantonnement des: combattants du Front pour la libération nationale (FLN)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090619174529/http://www.tamtaminfo.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1599:retour-de-la-paix-dans-la-zone-nord-du-pays-lancement-de-loperation-de-cantonnement-des-combattants-du-front-pour-la-liberation-nationale-fln&catid=44:politique&Itemid=61">Archived</a> 19 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. H. Hafizou, Louisiana GRIFFE N° 318. 15 June 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamtaminfo.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1506:interview-exclusive--les-armes-se-sont-tues-mais-il-y-a-un-travail-a-faire-pour-quelles-soient-remises--affirme-aklou-sidi-president-du-fpn&catid=38:interviews&Itemid=55">INTERVIEW EXCLUSIVE: " Les armes se sont tues mais il y a un travail à faire pour qu'elles soient remises ", affirme Aklou SIDI, président du FPN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716233646/http://www.tamtaminfo.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1506:interview-exclusive--les-armes-se-sont-tues-mais-il-y-a-un-travail-a-faire-pour-quelles-soient-remises--affirme-aklou-sidi-president-du-fpn&catid=38:interviews&Itemid=55">Archived</a> 16 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. DIM, <a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C3%8FR-INFO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AÏR-INFO (page does not exist)">AÏR-INFO</a> (Agadez) N°97–98. 5 June 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winnipegsun.com/news/canada/2009/04/23/9212621-sun.html">Fowler freed from captivity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215211351/http://www.winnipegsun.com/news/canada/2009/04/23/9212621-sun.html">Archived</a> 15 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Winnipeg Sun. 23 April.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.temoust.org/spip.php?article10367">Kidnappings a ‘message' from rebels in Sahel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215428/http://temoust.org/spip.php?article10367">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. John Thorne, The National (Canada). 1 May 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/News/World/article/622993">Crisis began with nomadic rebels</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121016044852/http://www.thestar.com/News/World/article/622993">Archived</a> 16 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Toronto Star. 23 April 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200906030955.html">Mali: Al-Qaeda Group Executes Briton</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090605103201/http://allafrica.com/stories/200906030955.html">Archived</a> 5 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. AllAfrica. 3 June 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gmTcQ3leR9EEwoRTrdMeOlZFZK8A">British hostage executed by Islamists in Mali</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101230064319/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gmTcQ3leR9EEwoRTrdMeOlZFZK8A">Archived</a> 30 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. AFP. 3 June 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8080447.stm">"Al-Qaeda 'kills British hostage'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 3 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110304080102/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8080447.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Al-Qaeda+%27kills+British+hostage%27&rft.date=2009-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F8080447.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+rebellion+%282007%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8035952.stm">"Algeria and Mali target al-Qaeda"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 6 May 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120203232355/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8035952.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Algeria+and+Mali+target+al-Qaeda&rft.date=2009-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F8035952.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+rebellion+%282007%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107040546/http://www.stockinterview.com./News/07202007/Tuareg-Niger-Uranium-Mining.html">Tuareg Rebels on Brink of Shutting Down Niger's Uranium Mining. James Finch, stockinterview.com: July 20, 2007.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605014436/http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/unrestsahara/">Unrest in the Sahara</a>. An Al-Jazeera news special report from Niger and Mali, 21 July 2008. Includes several video reports, articles, and a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091216140404/http://labs.aljazeera.net/content/sahara-journey-through-tuareg-rebellions-niger-and-mali">geotagged interactive map of the reporters journey through northern Mali and Niger</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmerson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Emerson, Stephen A. (2011). "Desert insurgency: lessons from the third Tuareg rebellion". <i>Small Wars & Insurgencies</i>. <b>22</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">669–</span>687. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592318.2011.573406">10.1080/09592318.2011.573406</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144592351">144592351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Wars+%26+Insurgencies&rft.atitle=Desert+insurgency%3A+lessons+from+the+third+Tuareg+rebellion&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E669-%3C%2Fspan%3E687&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592318.2011.573406&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144592351%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+rebellion+%282007%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peacemaker.un.org/document-search?field_pacountry_tid=mali">All Peace and Ceasefire Agreements for Mali, UN Peacemaker database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/Africa-Country.aspx?Country=NE">IRIN</a> – humanitarian news and analysis including frequent reports on the situation in northern Niger</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m-n-j.blogspot.com/">The Niger Movement for Justice (Mouvement des Nigériens pour la justice, MNJ) Press site</a>.: three to ten communiqués a week have been posted since April 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atnm.blogspot.com/">Reputed press site of the <i> ALLIANCE TOUAREGUE NIGER-Mali</i></a>: created 31 August 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070907210422/http://www.voanews.com/english/2007-08-21-voa37.cfm">Rebels in Niger Threaten More Attacks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertnet.org/db/crisisprofiles/NE_TUA.htm">Reuters/alertnet.org: Articles on Niger-Mali Tuareg unrest</a>.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203330/http://www.temoust.org/spip.php?rubrique6">temoust.org current news</a>: Updated news at France based Tuareg nationalist group.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/documentary_archive/4131336.stm">Secrets in the Sand</a>. Two part BBC Radio documentary on US involvement and potential instability in the Sahel. First broadcast August 2005.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tuaregcultureandnews.blogspot.com/">Tuareg Culture and News</a> An educational website for study and research on the Tuareg people, with articles directly concerning the Second Tuareg Rebellion.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/elbeltagy.pdf">Security and Insecurity in North Africa</a> Jeremy Keenan (2006) Security and Insecurity in North Africa. Review of African Political Economy (ROAPE) No. 108: 269–296. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0305-6244">0305-6244</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Africa168" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts" title="Template:Post-Cold War African conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts" title="Template talk:Post-Cold War African conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold War African conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Africa168" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">conflicts in Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Egypt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian Crisis</a> (2011–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a> (2011–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-coup_unrest_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014)">Post-coup unrest</a> (2013–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)">Terrorism in Egypt</a> (2013–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Libya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kufra_conflict" title="2008 Kufra conflict">2008 Kufra conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="Libyan crisis (2011–present)">Libyan crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Libyan civil war (2011)">2011 civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factional_violence_in_Libya_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014)">2011–2014 factional violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">2014–2020 civil war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Western Sahara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a> (1970–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">War, 1975–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">Clashes, 2020–present</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a> (1991–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian revolution</a> (2010–2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Nigeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communal_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Communal conflicts in Nigeria">Communal conflicts in Nigeria</a> (1998–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria">Herder–farmer conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">Niger Delta conflict</a> (2003–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Niger_Delta_conflict" title="2016 Niger Delta conflict">2016 conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Southeastern_Nigeria" title="Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria">Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria</a> (2021–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Mali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tuareg rebellions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(1990%E2%80%931995)" title="Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)">1990–1995</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2007–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a> (2012–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Sierra Leone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Liberia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Liberian Civil Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Liberian_Civil_War" title="First Liberian Civil War">1989–1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War" title="Second Liberian Civil War">1999–2003</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Côte d'Ivoire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ivorian Civil Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Ivorian_Civil_War" title="First Ivorian Civil War">2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Ivorian_Civil_War" title="Second Ivorian Civil War">2010–2011</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Civil_War" title="Guinea-Bissau Civil War">Guinea-Bissau Civil War</a> (1998–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Guinea_clashes" title="2013 Guinea clashes">Guinea clashes</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a> (1982–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932017_Gambian_constitutional_crisis" title="2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis">2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_military_intervention_in_the_Gambia" title="ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia">ECOWAS military intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Togoland_Rebellion" title="Western Togoland Rebellion">Western Togoland Rebellion</a> (2020–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Angola</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a> (1975–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinda_War" title="Cabinda War">Cabinda War</a> (1975–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">DR Congo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> (1996–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a> (1996–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a> (1998–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a> (2004–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongo_conflict" title="Dongo conflict">Dongo conflict</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">March 23 Movement</a> conflict <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="M23 rebellion (2012–2013)">2012–2013 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">2022–2024 offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batwa%E2%80%93Luba_clashes" title="Batwa–Luba clashes">Batwa–Luba clashes</a> (2013–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamwina_Nsapu_rebellion" title="Kamwina Nsapu rebellion">Kamwina Nsapu rebellion</a> (2016–2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Republic<br />of the Congo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Civil wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1993%E2%80%931994)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1993–1994)">1993–1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1997%E2%80%931999)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)">1997–1999</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932003_conflict_in_the_Pool_Department" title="2002–2003 conflict in the Pool Department">Pool Department conflict</a> (2002–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_War" title="Pool War">Pool War</a> (2016–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Central African<br />Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Bush_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Central African Republic Bush War">Bush War</a> (2004–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Civil_War" title="Central African Republic Civil War">Civil War (2012–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_conflict_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Central African Republic conflict (2013–2014)">Djotodia period, 2013–2014</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Chad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(2005%E2%80%932010)" title="Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)">Civil War (2005–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northern_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in Northern Chad">Insurgency in Northern Chad</a> (2016–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Northern_Chad_offensive" title="2021 Northern Chad offensive">2021 offensive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglophone_Crisis" title="Anglophone Crisis">Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a> (1987–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Ethiopia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OLA_insurgency" title="OLA insurgency">OLA insurgency, 2018–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Ogaden" title="Insurgency in Ogaden">Insurgency in Ogaden</a> (1994–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Afar_insurgency" title="Second Afar insurgency">Second Afar insurgency</a> (1995–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict</a> (2000–2018) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">War, 1998–2000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" title="Afar–Somali clashes">Afar–Somali clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benishangul-Gumuz_conflict" title="Benishangul-Gumuz conflict">Benishangul-Gumuz conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromia%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromia–Somali clashes">Oromia–Somali clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Amhara" title="War in Amhara">War in Amhara</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Somalia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puntland%E2%80%93Somaliland_dispute" title="Puntland–Somaliland dispute">Puntland–Somaliland dispute</a> (1998–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">2009–present phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Piracy off the coast of Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Kenya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_Kenya" title="Ethnic conflicts in Kenya">Ethnic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali%E2%80%93Kenyan_conflict" title="Somali–Kenyan conflict">Somali–Kenyan conflict</a> (1963–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likoni#The_Likoni_Massacres" title="Likoni">Likoni massacres</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_Kenyan_crisis" title="2007–2008 Kenyan crisis">Kenyan crisis</a> (2007–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Tana_River_District_clashes" title="2012–2013 Tana River District clashes">2012–2013 Tana River District clashes</a> (2012–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baragoi_clashes" title="Baragoi clashes">Baragoi clashes</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">South Sudan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heglig_Crisis" title="Heglig Crisis">Heglig Crisis</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Nomadic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan" title="Ethnic violence in South Sudan">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="South Sudanese Civil War">Civil War</a> (2013–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyei_conflict_(2022%E2%80%932023)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyei conflict (2022–2023)">Abyei conflict (2022–2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Sudan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a> (1983–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a> (2003–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Nomadic conflicts</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile" title="Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile">South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict</a> (2011–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heglig_Crisis" title="Heglig Crisis">Heglig Crisis</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_clashes_(2022%E2%80%932023)" title="Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023)">Blue Nile clashes</a> (2022–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Uganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a> (1987–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a> (1996–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasese_clashes" title="Kasese clashes">Kasese clashes</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">genocide</a> (1990–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_Civil_War" title="Djiboutian Civil War">Djiboutian Civil War</a> (1991–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands_conflict" title="Hanish Islands conflict">Hanish Islands conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_invasion_of_Anjouan" title="2008 invasion of Anjouan">2008 invasion of Anjouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian%E2%80%93Eritrean_border_conflict" title="Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict">Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict</a></li> <li>Burundian conflicts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_Civil_War" title="Burundian Civil War">1993–2005 Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_unrest_(2015%E2%80%932018)" title="Burundian unrest (2015–2018)">2015–2018 unrest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Mozambique</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a> (1977–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RENAMO_insurgency_(2013%E2%80%932021)" title="RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)">RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Insurgency in Cabo Delgado</a> (2017–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">Bophuthatswana crisis</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprivi_conflict" title="Caprivi conflict">Caprivi conflict</a> (1994–1999)</li> <li>Lesothan conflicts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community_intervention_in_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern African Development Community intervention in Lesotho">SADC intervention in Lesotho</a> (1998–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Lesotho_political_crisis" title="2014 Lesotho political crisis">2014 Lesotho political crisis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour revolutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007–2009)&oldid=1264261540">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_rebellion_(2007–2009)&oldid=1264261540</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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