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id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_theocracies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_theocracies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Current theocracies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_theocracies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current theocracies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_theocracies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christian_theocracies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_theocracies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Christian theocracies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_theocracies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holy_See" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_See"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Holy See</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_See-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mount_Athos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mount_Athos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Mount Athos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mount_Athos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_theocracies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_theocracies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Islamic theocracies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_theocracies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Afghanistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Tibetan_Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Tibetan_Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Central Tibetan Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Tibetan_Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Change_to_Sikyong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Change_to_Sikyong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Change to Sikyong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Change_to_Sikyong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-States_with_official_state_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States_with_official_state_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>States with official state religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States_with_official_state_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_societies_with_theocratic_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_societies_with_theocratic_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historic societies with theocratic aspects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historic_societies_with_theocratic_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historic societies with theocratic aspects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historic_societies_with_theocratic_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sumer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sumer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ancient Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ancient Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tibet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Tibet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Mongolia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caliphates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caliphates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Caliphates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caliphates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timurid_and_Mughal_Empires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timurid_and_Mughal_Empires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Timurid and Mughal Empires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timurid_and_Mughal_Empires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Münster_(16th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Münster_(16th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Münster (16th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Münster_(16th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geneva_and_Zürich_(16th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geneva_and_Zürich_(16th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Geneva and Zürich (16th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geneva_and_Zürich_(16th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deseret_(LDS_Church,_USA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deseret_(LDS_Church,_USA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Deseret (LDS Church, USA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deseret_(LDS_Church,_USA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massachusetts_Colony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massachusetts_Colony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.15</span> <span>Massachusetts Colony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massachusetts_Colony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persia/Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persia/Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16</span> <span>Persia/Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persia/Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Florence_under_Savonarola" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Florence_under_Savonarola"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.17</span> <span>Florence under Savonarola</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Florence_under_Savonarola-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quebec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quebec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.18</span> <span>Quebec</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quebec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.19</span> <span>Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polynesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polynesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.20</span> <span>Polynesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polynesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.21</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Theocracy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrasie" title="Teokrasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Teokrasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottesstaat" title="Gottesstaat – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gottesstaat" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ثيوقراطية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثيوقراطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocracia" title="Teocracia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Teocracia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokratiya" title="Teokratiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Teokratiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="دینی حاکیمیت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دینی حاکیمیت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="ধর্মরাষ্ট্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধর্মরাষ্ট্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEn-ch%C3%BA-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Sîn-chú-chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sîn-chú-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Тэакратыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэакратыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Тэакратыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэакратыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrasya" title="Teokrasya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Teokrasya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Теокрация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Теокрация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%B7%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ལྷ་དབང་ཆབ་སྲིད་ལམ་ལུགས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལྷ་དབང་ཆབ་སྲིད་ལམ་ལུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokratelezh" title="Teokratelezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Teokratelezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocr%C3%A0cia" title="Teocràcia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Teocràcia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Теократи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Теократи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokracie" title="Teokracie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Teokracie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocrataeth" title="Theocrataeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Theocrataeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrati" title="Teokrati – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Teokrati" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theokratie" title="Theokratie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Theokratie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokraatia" title="Teokraatia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teokraatia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Θεοκρατία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θεοκρατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocracia" title="Teocracia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Teocracia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokratio" title="Teokratio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Teokratio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrazia" title="Teokrazia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Teokrazia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دین‌سالاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دین‌سالاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrati" title="Teokrati – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Teokrati" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ocratie" title="Théocratie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Théocratie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrasy" title="Teokrasy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Teokrasy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocracia" title="Teocracia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Teocracia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EA%B6%8C_%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98" title="신권 정치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신권 정치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Theocracy" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կրոնապետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրոնապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="धर्मतंत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धर्मतंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokracija" title="Teokracija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Teokracija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokratio" title="Teokratio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Teokratio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrasi" title="Teokrasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teokrasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocratie" title="Teocratie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Teocratie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klerkaveldi" title="Klerkaveldi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Klerkaveldi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocrazia" title="Teocrazia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Teocrazia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%94" title="תאוקרטיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תאוקרטיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="თეოკრატია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თეოკრატია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Теократия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Теократия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9okrasi" title="Téokrasi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Téokrasi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokras%C3%AE" title="Teokrasî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Teokrasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Теократия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Теократия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%95" title="ເທວາທິປະໄຕ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເທວາທິປະໄຕ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocratia" title="Theocratia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Theocratia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokr%C4%81tija" title="Teokrātija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Teokrātija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theokratie" title="Theokratie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Theokratie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokratija" title="Teokratija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Teokratija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokr%C3%A1cia" title="Teokrácia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Teokrácia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Теократија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Теократија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C3%B4krasia" title="Teôkrasia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Teôkrasia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ദിവ്യാധിപത്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദിവ്യാധിപത്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="თეოკრატია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თეოკრატია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%87" title="ثيوقراطيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ثيوقراطيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تئوکرات – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تئوکرات" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrasi" title="Teokrasi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Teokrasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocracie" title="Teocracie – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Teocracie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Теократиясь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Теократиясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocratie" title="Theocratie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Theocratie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="धर्मतन्त्र – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="धर्मतन्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E6%A8%A9%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="神権政治 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="神権政治" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Теократи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Теократи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrati" title="Teokrati – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Teokrati" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrati" title="Teokrati – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Teokrati" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocracia" title="Teocracia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Teocracia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokratiya" title="Teokratiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Teokratiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਧਰਮਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧਰਮਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="تیوکراسي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تیوکراسي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiyakrasi" title="Tiyakrasi – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Tiyakrasi" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokracja" title="Teokracja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Teokracja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocracia" title="Teocracia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teocracia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocra%C8%9Bie" title="Teocrație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Teocrație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Теократия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Теократия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokracia" title="Teokracia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Teokracia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocrazz%C3%ACa" title="Teocrazzìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Teocrazzìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Theocracy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokracia" title="Teokracia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Teokracia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokracija" title="Teokracija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Teokracija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="سیۆکراسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیۆکراسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Теократија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Теократија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokratija" title="Teokratija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Teokratija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokratia" title="Teokratia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Teokratia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrati" title="Teokrati – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Teokrati" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrasya" title="Teokrasya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Teokrasya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="சமயச் சார்பாட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமயச் சார்பாட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2" title="เทวาธิปไตย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทวาธิปไตย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Динсолорӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Динсолорӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrasi" title="Teokrasi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Teokrasi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Теократія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Теократія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%DB%81%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مذہبی آمریت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مذہبی آمریت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocrasia" title="Teocrasia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Teocrasia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A7n_quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Thần quyền – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thần quyền" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrasy%C3%A1" title="Teokrasyá – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Teokrasyá" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E6%9D%83%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="神权政治 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="神权政治" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E6%AC%8A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="神權政治 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="神權政治" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of government with religious leaders</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hierocracy" redirects here. For the medieval theory, see <a href="/wiki/Hierocracy_(medieval)" title="Hierocracy (medieval)">Hierocracy (medieval)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Theocracy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Theocracy (disambiguation)">Theocracy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Theocratic_government" title="Theocratic government">Theocratic government</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augusto_come_giove,_00-50_dc_circa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Augusto_come_giove%2C_00-50_dc_circa.JPG/220px-Augusto_come_giove%2C_00-50_dc_circa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="388" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Augusto_come_giove%2C_00-50_dc_circa.JPG/330px-Augusto_come_giove%2C_00-50_dc_circa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Augusto_come_giove%2C_00-50_dc_circa.JPG/440px-Augusto_come_giove%2C_00-50_dc_circa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> as <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, holding <a href="/wiki/Scepter" class="mw-redirect" title="Scepter">scepter</a> and orb (first half of 1st century AD)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;">Basic forms of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Source of power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">rule by many</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Others</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by few)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Anocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noocracy" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">Particracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theocracy</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Monocracy" title="Monocracy">rule by one</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by none)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republic</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-political ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-economic ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Religious</li><li>Secular</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(geo-cultural ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">Intergovernmental organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">National government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet monarch">Puppet monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">Buffer state</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">International relations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">Emerging power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Superpower</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Autocratization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratisation">Democratisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid regimes">Hybrid regimes</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template talk:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:160%;font-weight:normal; display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious liberty">Religious liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Religious pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_prayer" title="School prayer">School prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_priests_in_public_office" title="Catholic priests in public office">Catholic priests in public office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_state" title="Confessional state">Confessional state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">Atheist state</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_by_country" title="Freedom of religion by country">Status by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Africa_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in Africa by country">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Algeria" title="Freedom of religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Angola" title="Freedom of religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Benin" title="Freedom of religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Botswana" title="Freedom of religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Freedom of religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Burundi" title="Freedom of religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cameroon" title="Freedom of religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Freedom of religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Freedom of religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Chad" title="Freedom of religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Freedom of religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Mauritania" title="Freedom of religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Morocco" title="Freedom of religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_South_Africa" title="Freedom of religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Sudan" title="Freedom of religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Tanzania" title="Freedom of religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_North_America_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in North America by country">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_South_America_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in South America by country">South America</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Brazil" title="Freedom of religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada" title="Freedom of religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Colombia" title="Freedom of religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Ecuador" title="Freedom of religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Guyana" title="Freedom of religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Panama" title="Freedom of religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Paraguay" title="Freedom of religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Asia_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in Asia by country">Asia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Freedom of religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Armenia" title="Freedom of religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Freedom of religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Freedom of religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bhutan" title="Freedom of religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Brunei" title="Freedom of religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cambodia" title="Freedom of religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cyprus" title="Freedom of religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Freedom of religion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Freedom of religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_India" title="Freedom of religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Indonesia" title="Freedom of religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Japan" title="Freedom of religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Freedom of religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Laos" title="Freedom of religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Malaysia" title="Freedom of religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Mongolia" title="Freedom of religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Myanmar" title="Freedom of religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Nepal" title="Freedom of religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_North_Korea" title="Freedom of religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Pakistan" title="Freedom of religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Freedom of religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Russia" title="Freedom of religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Singapore" title="Freedom of religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_South_Korea" title="Freedom of religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Freedom of religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Taiwan" title="Freedom of religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Freedom of religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Thailand" title="Freedom of religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Turkey" title="Freedom of religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Freedom of religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Freedom of religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Vietnam" title="Freedom of religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Europe_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in Europe by country">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Albania" title="Freedom of religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Andorra" title="Freedom of religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Armenia" title="Freedom of religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Austria" title="Freedom of religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Freedom of religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Belarus" title="Freedom of religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Belgium" title="Freedom of religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Freedom of religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Croatia" title="Freedom of religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cyprus" title="Freedom of religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Freedom of religion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_France" title="Freedom of religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Freedom of religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Germany" title="Freedom of religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Hungary" title="Freedom of religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Italy" title="Freedom of religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Montenegro" title="Freedom of religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Freedom of religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Norway" title="Freedom of religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Romania" title="Freedom of religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Russia" title="Freedom of religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Serbia" title="Freedom of religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Slovakia" title="Freedom of religion in Slovakia">Slovakia </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Slovenia" title="Freedom of religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Turkey" title="Freedom of religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Ukraine" title="Freedom of religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East#Freedom_of_religion" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Middle East</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iran" title="Freedom of religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iraq" title="Freedom of religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Jordan" title="Freedom of religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Kuwait" title="Freedom of religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Lebanon" title="Freedom of religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Oman" title="Freedom of religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Freedom of religion in the State of Palestine">Palestinian territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Qatar" title="Freedom of religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Freedom of religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Syria" title="Freedom of religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Freedom of religion in the United Arab Emirates">UAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Yemen" title="Freedom of religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Oceania_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in Oceania by country">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Australia" title="Freedom of religion in Australia">Australia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> Topical</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law" title="Blasphemy law">Blasphemy laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation_laws_by_country" title="Female genital mutilation laws by country">Female genital mutilation laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_ritual_slaughter" title="Legal aspects of ritual slaughter">Legal aspects of ritual slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_male_circumcision" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious male circumcision">Religious male circumcision</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_traditional_African_religions" title="Persecution of traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Hinduism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduphobia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_persecution_of_Alevis" title="Ottoman persecution of Alevis">Alevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">New religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_countercult_movement" title="Christian countercult movement">Christian countercult movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_Neopagans" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious discrimination against Neopagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_freedom" title="Template:Religious freedom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_freedom" title="Template talk:Religious freedom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_freedom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious freedom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Theocracy</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a><sup id="cite_ref-e971_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e971-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a> in which one or more <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deities</a> are recognized as supreme ruling authorities, giving divine guidance to human intermediaries, with executive and legislative power, who manage the government's daily affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word theocracy originates from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">θεοκρατία</span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">theocratia</i></span>) meaning "the rule of God". This, in turn, derives from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:θεός">θεός</a> (theos), meaning "god", and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:κρατέω">κρατέω</a> (<i>krateo</i>), meaning "to rule". Thus the meaning of the word in Greek was "rule by god(s)" or human <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnation</a>(s) of god(s). </p><p>The term was initially coined by <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a> in the first century AD to describe the characteristic government of the <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a>. Josephus argued that while mankind had developed many forms of rule, most could be subsumed under the following three types: <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>. However, according to Josephus, the government of the Jews was unique. Josephus offered the term <i>theocracy</i> to describe this polity in which a god was sovereign and the god's word was law.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Josephus' definition was widely accepted until the <a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> era, when the term took on negative <a href="/wiki/Connotation" title="Connotation">connotations</a> and was barely salvaged by <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a>'s commentary.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first recorded English use was in 1622, with the meaning "<a href="/wiki/Sacerdotal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacerdotal">sacerdotal</a> government under divine inspiration" (as in <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">ancient Israel and Judah</a>); the meaning "priestly or religious body wielding political and civil power" was first recorded in 1825. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>theocracy</i> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">θεοκρατία</span></span>, "rule of God", a term used by <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Kingdoms_of_Israel_and_Judah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdoms of Israel and Judah">kingdoms of Israel and Judah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reflecting the view that "God himself is recognized as the head" of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common, generic use of the term, as defined above in terms of rule by a church or analogous religious leadership, may be more accurately described as an ecclesiocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an ecclesiocracy, the religious leaders assume a leading role in the state, but do not claim that they are instruments of divine revelation. </p><p>A related phenomenon is a secular government co-existing with a state religion or delegating some aspects of civil law to religious communities. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> (which is sometimes referred to as a theocracy<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Israel" title="Marriage in Israel">marriage</a> is governed by officially recognized religious bodies who each provide marriage services for their respected adherents, yet no form of civil marriage (free of religion) exists, nor marriage by non-recognized minority religions. </p><p>According to Merriam-Webster's Dictionary, there are two meanings for the word <i>theocracy</i>: (1) government of a state by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided; and (2) a state governed by a theocracy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_theocracies">Current theocracies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Current theocracies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_theocracies">Christian theocracies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Christian theocracies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">theonomy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Holy_See">Holy See</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Holy See"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City" title="Politics of Vatican City">Politics of Vatican City</a></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a> on 20 September 1870, the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> including Rome with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> were annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>. In 1929, through the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a> signed with the Italian Government, the new state of <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> was formally created and recognised as an independent state from <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wfbvat_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wfbvat-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head of state of the Vatican is the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a>, elected by the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a>, an assembly of high-ranking clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-wfbvat_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wfbvat-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pope is elected for life, and either dies in office, or in extremely rare situations may resign. The cardinals are appointed by the popes, who thereby choose the electors of their successors. </p><p>Voting is limited to cardinals under 80 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-wfbvat_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wfbvat-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Secretary for Relations with States, directly responsible for international relations, is appointed by the pope. The Vatican legal system is rooted in <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">canon law</a>. The Bishop of Rome, as the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Pontiff" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Pontiff">Supreme Pontiff</a>, "has the fullness of legislative, executive and judicial powers."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the laws of Vatican City come from the secular laws of Italy, under article 3 of the Law of the Sources of the Law, a provision is made for the application of the "laws promulgated by the Kingdom of Italy".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mount_Athos">Mount Athos</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mount Athos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monastic_community_of_Mount_Athos" title="Monastic community of Mount Athos">Monastic community of Mount Athos</a></div> <p>Mount Athos is a mountain peninsula in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> which is an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous area">autonomous area</a> consisting of 20 <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a> under the direct jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Primate_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Primate of Constantinople">Primate of Constantinople</a>. There have been almost 1,800 years of a continuous Christian presence on Mount Athos, and it has a long history of <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a>, which dates back to at least 800 AD. The origin of <a href="/wiki/Self-rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-rule">self-rule</a> at Mount Athos can be traced back to a royal <a href="/wiki/Edict" title="Edict">edict</a> issued by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/John_Tzimisces" class="mw-redirect" title="John Tzimisces">John Tzimisces</a> in 972, and reaffirmed by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> in 1095. Greece wrestled control of the area from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> in 1912. However, it was formally recognized as part of Greece only after a diplomatic dispute with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> was no longer an obstacle, after the latter's collapse during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mount Athos is specifically exempt from the <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">free movement of people and goods</a> required by Greece's membership of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and entrance is allowed only with express permission from the monks. The number of daily visitors to Mount Athos is restricted, with all visitors required to obtain an entrance permit. Only men are permitted to visit, and Eastern Orthodox Christians take precedence in the issuing of permits. Residents of Mount Athos must be men aged 18 and over who are members of the Eastern Orthodox Church and also either monks or workers.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Athos is governed jointly by <a href="/wiki/Monastic_community_of_Mount_Athos" title="Monastic community of Mount Athos">a community consisting of members of the 20 monasteries</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Civil_Administrator_of_Mount_Athos" title="Civil Administrator of Mount Athos">Civil Administrator</a>, appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs">Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>. The monastic community is led by the <i><a href="/wiki/Protos_(monastic_office)" title="Protos (monastic office)">Protos</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_theocracies">Islamic theocracies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Islamic theocracies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a> is the name given to several states that are officially ruled by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic laws">Islamic laws</a>, including the Islamic Republics of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>. Pakistan first adopted the title under the constitution of 1956. Mauritania adopted it on 28 November 1958. Iran adopted it after the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> that overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a>. </p><p>The term "Islamic republic" has come to mean several different things, at times contradictory. To some Muslim religious leaders in the Middle East and Africa who advocate it, an Islamic republic is a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a> under a particular <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Form_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Form of government">form of government</a>. They see it as a compromise between a purely Islamic <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> and secular nationalism and <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>. In their conception of the Islamic republic, the <a href="/wiki/Penal_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal code">penal code</a> of the state is required to be compatible with some or all laws of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>, and the state does not necessarily have to be a monarchy, as many Middle Eastern states presently are.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Afghanistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Afghanistan was an Islamic theocracy when the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> first ruled Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001 and since their reinstatement of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a> in 2021, Afghanistan is an Islamic theocracy again. </p><p>Spreading from <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, the Taliban eventually captured <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> in 1996. By the end of 2000, the Taliban controlled 90% of the country, aside from the opposition (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a>) strongholds which were primarily found in the northeast corner of <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan_Province" title="Badakhshan Province">Badakhshan Province</a>. Areas under the Taliban's direct control were mainly Afghanistan's major cities and highways. Tribal khans and warlords had <i>de facto</i> direct control over various small towns, villages, and rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Taliban sought to establish <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">law and order</a> and to impose a strict interpretation of Islamic <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia law">Sharia law</a></i>, along with the religious edicts of Mullah <a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mohammed Omar</a>, upon the entire country of Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matinuddin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the five-year history of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Islamic Emirate</a>, the Taliban regime interpreted the <i>Sharia</i> in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">school of Islamic jurisprudence</a> and the religious edicts of <a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matinuddin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Taliban forbade pork and alcohol, many types of consumer technology such as <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">music</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matinuddin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Afghanistan" title="Television in Afghanistan">television</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matinuddin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Afghanistan" title="Cinema of Afghanistan">film</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matinuddin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as most forms of art such as <a href="/wiki/Paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Paintings">paintings</a> or <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matinuddin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> male and female participation in <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sport</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matinuddin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matinuddin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreational activities</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Kite" title="Kite">kite-flying</a> and keeping <a href="/wiki/Pigeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeons">pigeons</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Pets" class="mw-redirect" title="Pets">pets</a> were also forbidden, and the birds were killed according to the Taliban's ruling.<sup id="cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matinuddin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">Movie theaters</a> were closed and repurposed as <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matinuddin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Celebration of the <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nauruz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruz in Afghanistan">Iranian New Year</a> was forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matinuddin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking photographs and displaying pictures or portraits was forbidden, as it was considered by the Taliban as a form of <a href="/wiki/Idolatry#Islam" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matinuddin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women were <a href="/wiki/Taliban_treatment_of_women#Employment" class="mw-redirect" title="Taliban treatment of women">banned from working</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matinuddin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> girls were <a href="/wiki/Taliban_treatment_of_women#Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Taliban treatment of women">forbidden to attend schools or universities</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matinuddin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were requested to observe <a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">purdah</a> and to be accompanied outside their households by male relatives; those who violated these restrictions were punished.<sup id="cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matinuddin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men were forbidden to shave their beards and required to let them grow and keep them long according to the Taliban's liking, and to wear turbans outside their households.<sup id="cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matinuddin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cr_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cr-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communists</a> were systematically executed. <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a> was made compulsory and those who did not respect the religious obligation after the <i><a href="/wiki/Adhan" title="Adhan">azaan</a></i> were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matinuddin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambling in Islam">Gambling</a> was banned.<sup id="cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matinuddin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thieves were punished by <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence#Islam_and_crime" title="Islam and violence">amputating their hands or feet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matinuddin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, the Taliban leader Mullah Omar officially banned <a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">opium cultivation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">drug trafficking</a> in Afghanistan;<sup id="cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matinuddin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-drugpolicy2005_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugpolicy2005-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maziyar2019_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maziyar2019-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Taliban succeeded in nearly eradicating opium production (99%) by 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-drugpolicy2005_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugpolicy2005-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maziyar2019_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maziyar2019-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Taliban governance of Afghanistan, both drug users and dealers were severely prosecuted.<sup id="cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matinuddin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a> ministers and deputies were mullahs with a "<a href="/wiki/Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasah">madrasah</a> education." Several of them, such as the Minister of Health and Governor of the State bank, were primarily military commanders who were ready to leave their administrative posts to fight when needed. Military reverses that trapped them behind lines or led to their deaths increased the chaos in the national administration.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the national level, "all senior <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazara</a> bureaucrats" were replaced "with Pashtuns, whether qualified or not." Consequently, the ministries "by and large ceased to function."<sup id="cite_ref-rashid_101-102_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rashid_101-102-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Journalist <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Rashid" title="Ahmed Rashid">Ahmed Rashid</a> described the Taliban government as "a secret society run by <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandaharis</a> ... mysterious, secretive, and dictatorial."<sup id="cite_ref-Rashid_2000_98_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rashid_2000_98-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They did not hold elections, as their spokesman explained: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></i> does not allow politics or political parties. That is why we give no salaries to officials or soldiers, just food, clothes, shoes, and weapons. We want to live a life like the Prophet lived 1400 years ago, and jihad is our right. We want to recreate the time of the Prophet, and we are only carrying out what the Afghan people have wanted for the past 14 years.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>They modeled their decision-making process on the Pashtun tribal council (<i><a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">jirga</a></i>), together with what they believed to be the early Islamic model. Discussion was followed by a building of a consensus by the "believers".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before capturing Kabul, there was talk of stepping aside once a government of "good Muslims" took power, and law and order were restored. </p><p>As the Taliban's power grew, decisions were made by Mullah Omar without consulting the <i>jirga</i> and without consulting other parts of the country. One such instance is the rejection of Loya Jirga decision about expulsion of <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>. Mullah Omar visited the capital, Kabul, only twice while in power. Instead of an election, their leader's legitimacy came from an oath of allegiance ("<a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">Bay'ah</a>"), in imitation of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">the Prophet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">first four</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliphs</a>. On 4 April 1996, Mullah Omar had "the <a href="/wiki/Cloak_of_Muhammad" title="Cloak of Muhammad">Cloak of Muhammad</a>" taken from its shrine, <a href="/wiki/Kirka_Sharif" title="Kirka Sharif">Kirka Sharif</a>, for the first time in 60 years. Wrapping himself in the relic, he appeared on the roof of a building in the center of Kandahar while hundreds of Pashtun <a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">mullahs</a> below shouted "<a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a>!" (Commander of the Faithful), in a pledge of support. Taliban spokesman Mullah Wakil explained: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Decisions are based on the advice of the Amir-ul Momineen. For us, consultation is not necessary. We believe that this is in line with the <i>Sharia</i>. We abide by the Amir's view even if he alone takes this view. There will not be a head of state. Instead, there will be an Amir al-Mu'minin. Mullah Omar will be the highest authority, and the government will not be able to implement any decision to which he does not agree. General elections are incompatible with <i>Sharia</i> and therefore we reject them.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Taliban were reluctant to share power, and since their ranks were overwhelmingly Pashtun they ruled as overlords over the 60% of Afghans from other ethnic groups. In local government, such as the Kabul city council<sup id="cite_ref-Rashid_2000_98_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rashid_2000_98-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Herat,<sup id="cite_ref-rashid_39-40_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rashid_39-40-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taliban loyalists, not locals, dominated, even when the <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>-speaking Taliban could not communicate with roughly half of the population who spoke <a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a> or other non-Pashtun tongues.<sup id="cite_ref-rashid_39-40_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rashid_39-40-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics complained that this "lack of local representation in urban administration made the Taliban appear as an occupying force."<sup id="cite_ref-rashid_101-102_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rashid_101-102-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF.jpg/500px-%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF.jpg/750px-%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF.jpg/1000px-%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="16435" data-file-height="6920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> propaganda poster</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> has been described as a "theocratic republic" by various sources,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">World Factbook</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wfbiran_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wfbiran-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its constitution has been described as a "hybrid" of "theocratic and democratic elements" by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other Islamic states, it maintains religious laws and has religious courts to interpret all aspects of law. According to Iran's constitution, "all civil, penal, financial, economic, administrative, cultural, military, political, and other laws and regulations must be based on Islamic criteria."<sup id="cite_ref-servat_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-servat-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, Iran has a religious ruler and many religious officials in powerful governmental positions. The head of state, or "<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a>", is a <i><a href="/wiki/Faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Faqih">faqih</a></i> (scholar of Islamic law)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has more power than <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">the president of Iran</a>. Iran's current Supreme Leader is <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a>, a role he has held since 1989. The Leader appoints the heads of many powerful governmental positions: the commanders of <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Iran">the armed forces</a>, the director of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Broadcasting" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting">national radio and television network</a>, the heads of powerful <a href="/wiki/Bonyad" title="Bonyad">major religious and economic foundations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Iran" title="Chief Justice of Iran">chief justice of Iran</a>, the attorney general (indirectly through the chief justice), special tribunals, and members of <a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council" title="Supreme National Security Council">the supreme national security council</a> who are dealing with defense and foreign affairs. He also co-appoints the 12 jurists of the <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-who_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Leader is elected by the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly of Experts</a><sup id="cite_ref-wfbiran_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wfbiran-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is made up of <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">mujtahids</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who are Islamic scholars competent in interpreting <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a>, has the power to reject bills passed by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">the Parliament</a>. It can also approve or reject candidates who want to run for the Presidency, Parliament, and the Assembly of Experts. The council supervises elections, and can allow or ban investigations into elections.<sup id="cite_ref-wfbiran_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wfbiran-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six of the twelve council members are <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">faqih</a> and have the power to approve or reject all bills passed by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">the Parliament</a>, whether the faqih believes that the bill is in accordance with Islamic laws and customs (<i>Sharia</i>) or not. The other six members are lawyers appointed by the chief justice, who is a cleric and appointed by the Leader.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Basic Law of Saudi Arabia">Basic Law of Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> defines itself as a sovereign Arab <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> with Islam as its official religion. However, some critiques describe Saudi Arabia as an Islamic theocracy. Religious minorities do not have the right to practice their religion openly. Conversion from Islam to another religion is punishable by death as <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad Al-Atawneh describes the current Saudi regime as a 'theo-monarchy, that draws power from long-standing religio-cultural norms.'<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Tibetan_Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Central Tibetan Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</a>, colloquially known as the Tibetan government in exile, is a <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan exile">Tibetan exile</a> organization with a state-like internal structure. According to its charter, the position of head of state of the Central Tibetan Administration belongs <i>ex officio</i> to the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>, a religious hierarch. In this respect, it continues the traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Ganden_Podrang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganden Podrang">former government of Tibet</a>, which was ruled by the Dalai Lamas and their ministers, with a specific role reserved for a class of monk officials. </p><p>On 14 March 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a>'s suggestion, the parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration began considering a proposal to remove the Dalai Lama's role as head of state in favor of an elected leader. </p><p>The first directly elected <a href="/wiki/Kalon_Tripa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalon Tripa">Kalön Tripa</a> was <a href="/wiki/Samdhong_Rinpoche" title="Samdhong Rinpoche">Samdhong Rinpoche</a>, who was elected on 20 August 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Kalon_Tripa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalon Tripa">Kalön Tripa</a> position was subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who presided over the government in exile from its founding.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August of that year, Lobsang Sangay received 55 percent of 49,189 votes, defeating his nearest rival Tethong Tenzin Namgyal by 8,646 votes,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> becoming the second popularly elected Kalön Tripa. The Dalai Lama announced that his political authority would be transferred to Sangay.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Change_to_Sikyong">Change to Sikyong</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Change to Sikyong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 20 September 2012, the 15th Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile unanimously voted to change the title of Kalön Tripa to <i>Sikyong</i> in Article 19 of the Charter of the Tibetans in exile and relevant articles.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dalai Lama had previously referred to the Kalön Tripa as Sikyong, and this usage was cited as the primary justification for the name change. According to <i>Tibetan Review</i>, "Sikyong" translates to "political leader", as distinct from "spiritual leader".<sup id="cite_ref-TR_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TR-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign affairs Kalön <a href="/wiki/Dicki_Chhoyang" title="Dicki Chhoyang">Dicki Chhoyang</a> stated that the term "Sikyong" has had a precedent dating back to the <a href="/wiki/7th_Dalai_Lama" title="7th Dalai Lama">7th Dalai Lama</a>, and that the name change "ensures historical continuity and legitimacy of the traditional leadership from the Fifth Dalai Lama".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The online Dharma Dictionary translates sikyong (<i>srid skyong</i>) as "secular ruler; regime, regent".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title <i>sikyong</i> had previously been used by <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regents</a> who ruled Tibet during the Dalai Lama's minority. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="States_with_official_state_religions">States with official state religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: States with official state religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></div> <p>Having a state religion is not sufficient to mean that a state is a theocracy in the narrow sense of the term. Many countries have a state religion without the government directly deriving its powers from a divine authority or a religious authority which is directly exercising governmental powers. Since few theocracies exist in the modern world, the word "theocracy" is now used as a descriptive term for a government which enforces a state religion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historic_societies_with_theocratic_aspects">Historic societies with theocratic aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Historic societies with theocratic aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sumer">Sumer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sumer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> cities were probably theocratic and were most likely headed by a priest-king (<i>ensi</i>), assisted by a council of elders including both men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobsen_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobsen-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ancient Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun" title="High Priest of Amun">High Priest of Amun</a>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ancient Egyptian society regarded its <a href="/wiki/Pharaohs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharaohs">pharaohs</a> as divine and associated them with <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>, and after death, with <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While not considered equal to other members of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pantheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian pantheon">Egyptian pantheon</a>, the pharaoh had the responsibility of mediating between the gods and the people.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Japanese people have historically venerated their <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">emperor</a> as the descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> sun-goddess <a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a>. Through this line of descent, the emperor was seen as a living god who was the supreme leader of the Japanese people. This status only changed with the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a> following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> in 1945: on 1 January 1946 Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a>, at the request of <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humanity_Declaration" title="Humanity Declaration">declared that he was not a living god</a> in order for Japan to reorganize into a democratic nation.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Israel">Ancient Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ancient Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In biblical times, <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Early Israel</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">kritarchy</a>, ruled by <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible_judges" title="Hebrew Bible judges">Judges</a> before the institution of a monarchy under <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a>. The Israelites regarded the Judges as representatives of God to dispense His judgement, and were often themselves prophets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rome">Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult" title="Imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></div> <p>From <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 27</span> BCE the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial cult of ancient Rome</a> identified <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperors</a> and some members of their families with the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divinely sanctioned</a> authority (<i><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">auctoritas</a></i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman State">Roman State</a>. The official offer of <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#cultus" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion"><i>cultus</i></a> to a living emperor acknowledged his office and rule as divinely approved and constitutional: his Principate should therefore demonstrate <a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">pious respect</a> for traditional <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">mores</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibet">Tibet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tibet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unified religious rule in <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> Tibet began in 1642, when the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Dalai Lama">Fifth Dalai Lama</a> allied with the military power of the Mongol <a href="/wiki/Gushri_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gushri Khan">Gushri Khan</a> to consolidate political power and to center control around his office as head of the <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> school.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This form of government is known as the <a href="/wiki/Dual_system_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual system of government">dual system of government</a>. Prior to 1642, particular monasteries and monks had held considerable power throughout Tibet but had not achieved anything approaching complete control, and their power continued in a diffuse, feudal system after the ascension of the Fifth <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>. Power in Tibet was held by a number of traditional élites, including members of the nobility, the heads of the major Buddhist sects (including their various <a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">tulkus</a>), and various large and influential monastic communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Lopez_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lopez-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongolia">Mongolia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mongolia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Outer_Mongolia_(1911%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer Mongolia (1911–1919)">Bogd Khanate</a> period of <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> (1911–19) featured a Buddhist theocratic <a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">khanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperor">Chinese emperor</a></div> <p>Similar to the Roman Emperor, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_sovereign" title="Chinese sovereign">Chinese sovereign</a> was historically held to be the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_Heaven" title="Son of Heaven">Son of Heaven</a>. However, from the first historical Emperor on, this was largely ceremonial and tradition quickly established it as a posthumous dignity, like the Roman institution. The situation before <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang Di</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 221–210</span> BCE) is less clear. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600 BCE to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1045 BCE) essentially functioned as a theocracy, declaring the ruling family the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_heaven" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of heaven">sons of heaven</a> and calling the chief sky god <a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a> after a word for their deceased ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-wibla_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wibla-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After their overthrow by the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a>, the royal clan of Shang were not eliminated but instead moved to a ceremonial capital where they were charged to continue the performance of their rituals. </p><p>The titles combined by <a href="/wiki/Shi_Huangdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi Huangdi">Shi Huangdi</a> to form his new title of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperor">emperor</a> were originally applied to <a href="/wiki/Three_Sovereigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Sovereigns">god-like beings</a> who ordered the heavens and earth and to <a href="/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">culture heroes</a> credited with the invention of <a href="/wiki/Five_Grains" title="Five Grains">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese clothing">clothing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_astrology" title="Chinese astrology">astrology</a>, etc. Even after the fall of <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a> in 206 BCE, an emperor's words were considered sacred edicts (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">聖旨</span></span>) and his written proclamations "directives from above" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">上諭</span></span>). </p><p>As a result, some <a href="/wiki/Sinologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinologist">Sinologists</a> translate the title <i>huangdi</i> (usually rendered <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">"emperor"</a>) as <i>thearch</i>. The term properly refers to the head of a thearchy (a kingdom of gods), but the more specific "theocrat" carries associations of a strong priesthood that would be generally inaccurate in describing imperial China. Others reserve the use of the word "thearch" to describe the legendary figures of Chinese prehistory while continuing to use "emperor" to describe historical rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-wibla_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wibla-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Kingdom_of_Great_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace">Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace</a> (1851 to 1864) in <a href="/wiki/Qing_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing China">Qing China</a> was a heterodox Christian theocracy led by <a href="/wiki/Hong_Xiuquan" title="Hong Xiuquan">Hong Xiuquan</a>, who portrayed himself as the younger brother of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>. His theocratic state fought one of the most destructive wars in history, the <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a>, against the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> for fifteen years before being crushed following the 1864 fall of the rebel capital <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caliphates">Caliphates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Caliphates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> branch of Islam stipulates that, as a head of state, a <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> should be selected or elected by Muslims or by their representatives. Followers of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, however, believe a Caliph should be an <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> chosen by God from the <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a> (the "Family of the House", <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s direct descendants). In both cases, caliphs theoretically combine religious and secular powers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timurid_and_Mughal_Empires">Timurid and Mughal Empires</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Timurid and Mughal Empires"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Emperor_Jahangir_Praying.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Portrait_of_Emperor_Jahangir_Praying.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Emperor_Jahangir_Praying.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Portrait_of_Emperor_Jahangir_Praying.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Emperor_Jahangir_Praying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Portrait_of_Emperor_Jahangir_Praying.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Emperor_Jahangir_Praying.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Emperor Jahangir</a>, praying to God</figcaption></figure> <p>The Emperors of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_dynasty" title="Mughal dynasty">Mughal Dynasty</a> were regarded as intermediaries of their subordinates and <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> by virtue of the blessings of the Hazrat Ishaans, who were the spiritual guides of the Timurid and Mughal Emperors. The Emperors believed the Hazrat Ishaans to be the rightful spiritual successors of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> and by this virtue to be the intermediaries between God and man.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement"><span title="This claim has reliable sources with contradicting facts (February 2025)">disputed</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Theocracy" title="Talk:Theocracy">discuss</a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_Empire">Byzantine Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire#Religion" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire § Religion</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">a.d.</span> 324–1453) operated under <a href="/wiki/Symphonia_(theology)" title="Symphonia (theology)">Symphonia</a>, meaning that the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">emperor</a> was both the head of <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> and the ultimate authority over the ecclesiastical authorities, the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchates" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchates">patriarchates</a>. The emperor, regarded as God's representative on earth, ruled as an absolute <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocrat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jennifer Fretland VanVoorst argues that "the Byzantine Empire became a theocracy in the sense that Christian values and ideals were the foundation of the empire's political ideals and heavily entwined with its political goals".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a> writes in his book <i>The Byzantine Theocracy</i> (2004): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The constitution of the Byzantine Empire was based on the conviction that it was the earthly copy of the Kingdom of Heaven. Just as God ruled in Heaven, so the Emperor, made in His image, should rule on earth and carry out his commandments. ...It saw itself as a universal empire. Ideally, it should embrace all the peoples of the Earth who, ideally, should all be members of the one true Christian Church, its own Orthodox Church. Just as man was made in God's image, so man's kingdom on Earth was made in the image of the Kingdom of Heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Münster_(16th_century)"><span id="M.C3.BCnster_.2816th_century.29"></span>Münster (16th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Münster (16th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1533 and 1535 the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> leaders <a href="/wiki/Jan_Mattys" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Mattys">Jan Mattys</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_of_Leiden" title="John of Leiden">John of Leiden</a> erected a short-lived <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster_rebellion" title="Münster rebellion">theocratic kingdom in the city of Münster</a> in Westphalia. They established an <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> régime of "New Jerusalem" with <a href="/wiki/Chiliastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiliastic">chiliastic</a> and millenarian expectations. <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a> was abolished and any violations of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> were punished by death. Despite the pietistic ideology, <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> was allowed, and von Leiden had 17 wives. In 1535, the Prince-Bishop of Münster, <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Waldeck" title="Franz von Waldeck">Franz von Waldeck</a>, recaptured the city, ending the existence of the kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geneva_and_Zürich_(16th_century)"><span id="Geneva_and_Z.C3.BCrich_.2816th_century.29"></span>Geneva and Zürich (16th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Geneva and Zürich (16th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historians debate the extent to which <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland, in the days of <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> (1509–64) was a theocracy. On the one hand, Calvin's theology clearly called for separation between church and state. Other historians have stressed the enormous political power wielded on a daily basis by the clerics.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In nearby <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, Switzerland, Protestant reformer <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a> (1484–1531) built a political system that many scholars have called a theocracy, while others have denied it.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deseret_(LDS_Church,_USA)"><span id="Deseret_.28LDS_Church.2C_USA.29"></span>Deseret (LDS Church, USA)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Deseret (LDS Church, USA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/State_of_Deseret" title="State of Deseret">State of Deseret</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></div> <p>The question of theocracy has been debated extensively by historians regarding the <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Latter-Day Saint</a> communities in Illinois and (especially) in Utah.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>, mayor of <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois" title="Nauvoo, Illinois">Nauvoo, Illinois</a> and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a>, ran as an <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">independent for U.S. president in 1844</a>. He proposed the redemption of slaves by selling public lands, reducing the size and salary of Congress, the closure of prisons, the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of Texas">annexation of Texas</a>, Oregon, and parts of Canada, the securing of international rights on the high seas, <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>, and the re-establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">national bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith's top aide, <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a>, campaigned for Smith, saying, "He it is that God of Heaven designs to save this nation from destruction and preserve the Constitution."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign ended when Smith was <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Joseph_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Joseph Smith">killed by a mob</a> while in the <a href="/wiki/Carthage,_Illinois" title="Carthage, Illinois">Carthage, Illinois</a>, jail on June 27, 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After severe persecution, the Mormons left the United States and resettled in a remote part of what is now Utah, (then part of Mexico). However the United States <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">took control in 1848</a> and would not accept polygamy. The Mormon <a href="/wiki/State_of_Deseret" title="State of Deseret">State of Deseret</a> was short-lived.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its original borders stretched from western <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">southern California</a> coast. When the Mormons arrived in the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake" title="Great Salt Lake">Great Salt Lake</a> in 1847, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a> was still a part of Mexico and had no secular government. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a> administered the region both spiritually and temporally through the highly organized and centralized <a href="/wiki/Melchizedek_priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Melchizedek priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">Melchizedek Priesthood</a>. This original organization, based upon Joseph Smith's concept of <a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">theodemocracy</a>, instituted a governmental system combining biblical theocracy with mid-19th-century American political ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1849 the Saints organized a secular government in Utah, although many ecclesiastical leaders maintained their positions of secular power. The Mormons also petitioned Congress to have Deseret admitted into the Union as a state. However, the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a> established <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a>, and U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> appointed Brigham Young as governor (in office 1851 to 1858)). In this situation, Young still stood as head of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as well as of Utah's secular government. </p><p>After the abortive <a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> of 1857–1858, the replacement of Young by an outside Federal Territorial Governor, intense federal <a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">prosecution of LDS Church leaders</a>, the eventual resolution of controversies regarding <a href="/wiki/Plural_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Plural marriage">plural marriage</a>, and accession by Utah to statehood, the apparent temporal aspects of LDS <a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">theodemocracy</a> receded markedly.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massachusetts_Colony">Massachusetts Colony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Massachusetts Colony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1620 until the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> (but with many lingering traces extending into the modern era), Massachusetts colonies operated as strict theocracies, in which every white resident was required to belong to the Congregational (Puritan) Church. The leaders of the communities generally believed that they were carrying out the will of God, and they were often ministers. No religious deviation was tolerated. Any members of other sects were (initially) dispatched to Rhode Island. Later other forms of religious discrimination were uniformly practiced with governmental approval. (Today's Massachusetts and Maine formed one single colony/state until 1820.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persia/Iran"><span id="Persia.2FIran"></span>Persia/Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Persia/Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> (550 to 330 BCE), <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> functioned as the state religion, with formalized worship. The Persian kings were known to be pious Zoroastrians and they ruled with a Zoroastrian form of law called <i><a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">asha</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>, who founded the empire, avoided imposing the Zoroastrian faith on the inhabitants of conquered territory. Cyrus's kindness towards Jews has been cited as sparking Zoroastrian influence on <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Seleucids" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucids">Seleucids</a> (312 to 63 BCE), Zoroastrianism became autonomous. During the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanid</a> period (224 to 651 CE), the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian calendar</a> was reformed, image-use in worship was banned, <a href="/wiki/Fire_Temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire Temples">Fire Temples</a> were increasingly built, and intolerance towards other faiths prevailed.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Florence_under_Savonarola">Florence under Savonarola</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Florence under Savonarola"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The short rule (1494–1498) of <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> priest, over the city of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> had features of a theocracy. During his rule, "unchristian" books, statues, poetry, and other items were burned (in the <a href="/wiki/Bonfire_of_the_Vanities" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonfire of the Vanities">Bonfire of the Vanities</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a> was made a capital offense, and other Christian practices became law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quebec">Quebec</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Quebec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> under the premiership of <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Duplessis" title="Maurice Duplessis">Maurice Duplessis</a> (1936-1939 and 1944–1959) had attributes of a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> theocracy. The church controlled education and healthcare, books and films were censored, drive-in movie theatres were illegal, religion had strong influence over civil law (for example, only churches could conduct marriages, and divorce was banned), and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> were persecuted. This theocracy ended in 1960 with the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Revolution" title="Quiet Revolution">Quiet Revolution</a> (1960-1966). <sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro">Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro" title="Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro">Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro</a> existed as a <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Orthodox">Serbian Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_principality" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical principality">ecclesiastical principality</a> from 1516 until 1852. The principality was located around modern-day <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>. It emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Eparchy_of_Cetinje" class="mw-redirect" title="Eparchy of Cetinje">Eparchy of Cetinje</a>, later known as the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitanate_of_Montenegro_and_the_Littoral" title="Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral">Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral</a>, whose bishops defied the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> overlordship and transformed the parish of Cetinje into a <i>de facto</i> theocracy, ruling it as Metropolitans (<i>Vladike</i>, also known as <i>prince-bishops</i>). The first prince-bishop was <a href="/wiki/Vavila,_Metropolitan_of_Zeta" title="Vavila, Metropolitan of Zeta">Vavila</a>. The system was transformed into a hereditary one by <a href="/wiki/Danilo_%C5%A0%C4%87ep%C4%8Devi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Danilo Šćepčević">Danilo Šćepčević</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Cetinje" title="Cetinje">Cetinje</a> from 1697 to 1735. He united the several <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Montenegro" title="Tribes of Montenegro">tribes of Montenegro</a> into fighting the Ottoman Empire that had occupied all of Montenegro (as the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Montenegro" title="Sanjak of Montenegro">Sanjak of Montenegro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegro Vilayet">Montenegro Vilayet</a>) and most of <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">southeastern Europe</a> at the time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polynesia">Polynesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Polynesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pitirim_Sorokin" title="Pitirim Sorokin">Pitirim Sorokin</a> identified theocratic régimes in traditional <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The state of <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a> adopted a form of theocracy in the 18th century under the King <a href="/wiki/Marthanda_Varma" title="Marthanda Varma">Marthanda Varma</a> by donating the country to the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> deity <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, and therafter rule as the vice-regent of the deity. It is known as <a href="/wiki/Marthanda_Varma#Thrippadidanam" title="Marthanda Varma">Thrippadidanam</a>. The holding of the ritual might be a tactics move by the king on the model of the strategies of countries in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><b>General:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Collectivism (disambiguation)">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher_king" title="Philosopher king">Philosopher king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_according_to_higher_law" title="Rule according to higher law">Rule according to higher law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheistic_religion" title="Nontheistic religion">Nontheistic religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Christian:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Christian fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuius_regio,_eius_religio" title="Cuius regio, eius religio">Cuius regio, eius religio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Right_of_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Right of Kings">Divine Right of Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominionism">Dominionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_(papal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal power (papal)">Temporal power (papal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Islamic:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic banking">Islamic banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Jewish:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Fundamentalist Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halachic_state" title="Halachic state">Halachic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kach" title="Kach">Kach Party (Israel)</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Others:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devaraja" title="Devaraja">Devaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalistan">Khalistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e971-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e971_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWintrobePadovano2009" class="citation book cs1">Wintrobe, Ronald; Padovano, Fabio (2009). "Theocracy, Natural Spiritual Monopoly, and Dictatorship". <i>The Political Economy of Theocracy</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. <span class="nowrap">83–</span>118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230620063_5">10.1057/9780230620063_5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-37763-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-37763-3"><bdi>978-1-349-37763-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theocracy%2C+Natural+Spiritual+Monopoly%2C+and+Dictatorship&rft.btitle=The+Political+Economy+of+Theocracy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230620063_5&rft.isbn=978-1-349-37763-3&rft.aulast=Wintrobe&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Padovano%2C+Fabio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language (1989 edition).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130721163810/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/theocracy">"Theocracy, n."</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/theocracy">the original</a> on 21 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theocracy%2C+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Ftheocracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2849/2849-h/2849-h.htm"><i>Against Apion by Flavius Josephus, Book II, Chapter 17</i></a>. October 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215025705/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2849/2849-h/2849-h.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-20</span></span> – via gutenberg.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+Apion+by+Flavius+Josephus%2C+Book+II%2C+Chapter+17&rft.date=2001-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F2849%2F2849-h%2F2849-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoked2004" class="citation journal cs1">Moked, Oran (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0263523200002032">"The Relationship between Religion and State in Hegel's Thought"</a>. <i>Hegel Bulletin</i>. <b>25</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">96–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0263523200002032">10.1017/S0263523200002032</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2051-5367">2051-5367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hegel+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Relationship+between+Religion+and+State+in+Hegel%27s+Thought&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0263523200002032&rft.issn=2051-5367&rft.aulast=Moked&rft.aufirst=Oran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0263523200002032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English form the 17th century (<i><a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a></i>). The Greek term is explicitly coined by Josephus and isn't attested elsewhere in Ancient Greek; Josephus marks it as a <a href="/wiki/Nonce_word" title="Nonce word">nonce</a> coinage by calling it a "strained expression". W. Whiston tr. <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <i>Against Apion</i> ii. §17 (1814) IV. 340: "He [Moses] ordained our government to be what, by a strained expression, may be termed a Theocracy", translating <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὡς δ'ἄν τίς εἴποι, βιασάμενος τὸν λόγον, θεοκρατίαν</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14568a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170716192010/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14568a.htm">Archived</a> 2017-07-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "A form of civil government in which God himself is recognized as the head."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Palmquist, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/bth"><i>Biblical Theocracy: A vision of the biblical foundations for a Christian political philosophy</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414204146/http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/bth">Archived</a> 2012-04-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Hong Kong: Philopsychy Press, 1993), introduced these more precise uses of the terms in arguing that theocracy (in this pure sense) is the only political system defended in the Bible. While Palmquist defends theocracy in this pure form as a viable (though "non-political") political system, he warns that what normally goes by this name is actually ecclesiocracy, the most dangerous of all political systems.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeifer2023" class="citation news cs1">Leifer, Joshua (2023-03-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/mar/30/israel-hasnt-been-a-democracy-for-a-long-time-now-israelis-need-to-face-this-fact">"Israel hasn't been a democracy for a long time. Now, Israelis need to face this fact"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Israel+hasn%E2%80%99t+been+a+democracy+for+a+long+time.+Now%2C+Israelis+need+to+face+this+fact&rft.date=2023-03-30&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Leifer&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2023%2Fmar%2F30%2Fisrael-hasnt-been-a-democracy-for-a-long-time-now-israelis-need-to-face-this-fact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGinat2025" class="citation web cs1">Ginat, Gitit (2025-01-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/07/24/israel-protests-haredim-secular-netanyahu-judicial-coup/">"Israel's Protesters Refuse to Be Donkeys"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Israel%E2%80%99s+Protesters+Refuse+to+Be+Donkeys&rft.date=2025-01-09&rft.aulast=Ginat&rft.aufirst=Gitit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2023%2F07%2F24%2Fisrael-protests-haredim-secular-netanyahu-judicial-coup%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNovak2015" class="citation cs2">Novak, David, ed. (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/zionism-and-judaism/should-israel-be-a-theocracy/34C46ECF15600CBF5EA84C4DD9964EBE">"Should Israel Be a Theocracy?"</a>, <i>Zionism and Judaism: A New Theory</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">86–</span>118, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09995-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09995-1"><bdi>978-1-107-09995-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-11</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zionism+and+Judaism%3A+A+New+Theory&rft.atitle=Should+Israel+Be+a+Theocracy%3F&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-09995-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fabs%2Fzionism-and-judaism%2Fshould-israel-be-a-theocracy%2F34C46ECF15600CBF5EA84C4DD9964EBE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://govt.dartmouth.edu/news/2023/01/netanyahus-government-takes-turn-toward-theocracy">"Netanyahu's Government Takes a Turn Toward Theocracy"</a>. <i>Department of Government</i>. 2023-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Government&rft.atitle=Netanyahu%27s+Government+Takes+a+Turn+Toward+Theocracy&rft.date=2023-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgovt.dartmouth.edu%2Fnews%2F2023%2F01%2Fnetanyahus-government-takes-turn-toward-theocracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYashiv" class="citation news cs1">Yashiv, Eran. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20250102125050/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2024-04-12/ty-article-opinion/.premium/israels-future-a-jewish-theocracy-that-resembles-iran/0000018e-ce0f-d4f3-ab9e-ef1f00b60000">"Israel's future: A Jewish theocracy that resembles Iran | Opinion"</a>. <i>Haaretz.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2024-04-12/ty-article-opinion/.premium/israels-future-a-jewish-theocracy-that-resembles-iran/0000018e-ce0f-d4f3-ab9e-ef1f00b60000">the original</a> on 2025-01-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz.com&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+future%3A+A+Jewish+theocracy+that+resembles+Iran+%7C+Opinion&rft.aulast=Yashiv&rft.aufirst=Eran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fopinion%2F2024-04-12%2Fty-article-opinion%2F.premium%2Fisraels-future-a-jewish-theocracy-that-resembles-iran%2F0000018e-ce0f-d4f3-ab9e-ef1f00b60000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAvishai2023" class="citation news cs1">Avishai, Bernard (2023-01-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/netanyahus-government-takes-a-turn-toward-theocracy">"Netanyahu's Government Takes a Turn Toward Theocracy"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X">0028-792X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Netanyahu%E2%80%99s+Government+Takes+a+Turn+Toward+Theocracy&rft.date=2023-01-07&rft.issn=0028-792X&rft.aulast=Avishai&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fdaily-comment%2Fnetanyahus-government-takes-a-turn-toward-theocracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tbsnews.net/features/panorama/75-years-israel-jewish-state-full-theocracy-622570?amp">"75 years of Israel: A 'Jewish state' to a full theocracy?"</a>. <i>The Business Standard</i>. 2023-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Business+Standard&rft.atitle=75+years+of+Israel%3A+A+%27Jewish+state%27+to+a+full+theocracy%3F&rft.date=2023-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbsnews.net%2Ffeatures%2Fpanorama%2F75-years-israel-jewish-state-full-theocracy-622570%3Famp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wfbvat-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wfbvat_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wfbvat_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wfbvat_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/holy-see-vatican-city/">"CIA World Factbook – Holy See"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126204237/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/holy-see-vatican-city/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Holy+See&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fholy-see-vatican-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Law_of_Vatican_City_State" title="Fundamental Law of Vatican City State">Fundamental Law of Vatican City State</a></i>, Art. 1 §1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoungShea2007" class="citation web cs1">Young, Stephen; Shea, Alison (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Vatican.html">"Researching the Law of the Vatican City State"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GlobaLex" title="GlobaLex">GlobaLex</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180413231950/http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Vatican.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2019</span>. <q>An annex to the treaty of Sèvres of 1920 constituted the twenty monasteries of Mount Athos into a theocratic republic under the suzerainty of Greece [..]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+%22Holy+Mountain%22&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Frussian-federation%2F1928-01-01%2Fholy-mountain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joint Declaration No. 5 attached to the Final Act of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:42000A0922(06):EN:"><i>non</i>-accession treaty</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorman2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Norman, Jeremy (10 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/09/what-is-behind-vladimir-putins-curious-interest-in-mount-athos/">"What is behind Vladimir Putin's curious interest in Mount Athos?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161001175036/https://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/09/what-is-behind-vladimir-putins-curious-interest-in-mount-athos/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2019</span>. <q>Mount Athos is one of the world's few remaining theocratic states, alongside Iran and the Vatican.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=What+is+behind+Vladimir+Putin%27s+curious+interest+in+Mount+Athos%3F&rft.date=2016-09-10&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2F2016%2F09%2Fwhat-is-behind-vladimir-putins-curious-interest-in-mount-athos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/government-type/#:~:text=Islamic%20republic%20-%20a%20particular%20form%20of%20government%20adopted%20by%20some%20Muslim%20states;%20although%20such%20a%20state%20is,%20in%20theory,%20a%20theocracy,%20it%20remains%20a%20republic,%20but%20its%20laws%20are%20required%20to%20be%20compatible%20with%20the%20laws%20of%20Islam.">"Government type - The World Factbook"</a>. <i>www.cia.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=Government+type+-+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Fgovernment-type%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIslamic%2520republic%2520-%2520a%2520particular%2520form%2520of%2520government%2520adopted%2520by%2520some%2520Muslim%2520states%3B%2520although%2520such%2520a%2520state%2520is%2C%2520in%2520theory%2C%2520a%2520theocracy%2C%2520it%2520remains%2520a%2520republic%2C%2520but%2520its%2520laws%2520are%2520required%2520to%2520be%2520compatible%2520with%2520the%2520laws%2520of%2520Islam.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Griffiths 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matinuddin-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matinuddin_24-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatinuddin1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Matinuddin" title="Kamal Matinuddin">Matinuddin, Kamal</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BIyVMkjat2MC&pg=PA34">"The Taliban's Religious Attitude"</a>. <i>The Taliban Phenomenon: Afghanistan 1994–1997</i>. <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">34–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-579274-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-579274-2"><bdi>0-19-579274-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119145219/https://books.google.com/books?id=BIyVMkjat2MC&pg=PA34">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Taliban%27s+Religious+Attitude&rft.btitle=The+Taliban+Phenomenon%3A+Afghanistan+1994%E2%80%931997&rft.place=Karachi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-579274-2&rft.aulast=Matinuddin&rft.aufirst=Kamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBIyVMkjat2MC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cr-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cr_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/sa/8222.htm">"US Country Report on Human Rights Practices – Afghanistan 2001"</a>. State.gov. 4 March 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310082903/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/sa/8222.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Country+Report+on+Human+Rights+Practices+%E2%80%93+Afghanistan+2001&rft.pub=State.gov&rft.date=2002-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2001%2Fsa%2F8222.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-drugpolicy2005-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-drugpolicy2005_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-drugpolicy2005_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFarrellThorne2005" class="citation journal cs1">Farrell, Graham; Thorne, John (March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/28576871">"Where Have All the Flowers Gone?: Evaluation of the Taliban Crackdown Against Opium Poppy Cultivation in Afghanistan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Drug_Policy" title="International Journal of Drug Policy">International Journal of Drug Policy</a></i>. <b>16</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>: <span class="nowrap">81–</span>91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.drugpo.2004.07.007">10.1016/j.drugpo.2004.07.007</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815132213/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/28576871_Where_have_all_the_flowers_gone_Evaluation_of_the_Taliban_crackdown_against_poppy_cultivation_in_Afghanistan">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Drug+Policy&rft.atitle=Where+Have+All+the+Flowers+Gone%3F%3A+Evaluation+of+the+Taliban+Crackdown+Against+Opium+Poppy+Cultivation+in+Afghanistan&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.drugpo.2004.07.007&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft.au=Thorne%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F28576871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maziyar2019-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maziyar2019_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maziyar2019_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGhiabi2019" class="citation book cs1">Ghiabi, Maziyar (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HoOWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101">"Crisis as an Idiom for Reforms"</a>. <i>Drugs Politics: Managing Disorder in the Islamic Republic of Iran</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">101–</span>102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47545-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47545-7"><bdi>978-1-108-47545-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2019001098">2019001098</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119145157/https://books.google.com/books?id=HoOWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crisis+as+an+Idiom+for+Reforms&rft.btitle=Drugs+Politics%3A+Managing+Disorder+in+the+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2019001098&rft.isbn=978-1-108-47545-7&rft.aulast=Ghiabi&rft.aufirst=Maziyar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHoOWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opioids.com/afghanistan/index.html">"Afghanistan, Opium and the Taliban"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207055512/http://opioids.com/afghanistan/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%2C+Opium+and+the+Taliban&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopioids.com%2Fafghanistan%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRashid2010" class="citation book cs1">Rashid, Ahmed (2010) [2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cv8_EAAAQBAJ"><i>Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300163681" title="Special:BookSources/9780300163681"><bdi>9780300163681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taliban%3A+Militant+Islam%2C+Oil+and+Fundamentalism+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780300163681&rft.aulast=Rashid&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCv8_EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rashid_101-102-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rashid_101-102_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rashid_101-102_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRashid2010">Rashid 2010</a>, pp. 101–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rashid_2000_98-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rashid_2000_98_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rashid_2000_98_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRashid2010">Rashid 2010</a>, p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRashid2010">Rashid 2010</a>, p. 43 Interview with Mullah Wakil, March 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRashid2010">Rashid 2010</a>, p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Interview with Taliban spokesman Mullah Wakil in Arabic magazine <i>Al-Majallah</i>, 1996-10-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rashid_39-40-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rashid_39-40_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rashid_39-40_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRashid2010">Rashid 2010</a>, pp. 39–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhteshami2017" class="citation book cs1">Ehteshami, Anoushiravan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzUlDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22theocratic+republic%22+%22iran%22&pg=PA27"><i>Iran: Stuck in Transition (The Contemporary Middle East)</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-98545-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-98545-1"><bdi>978-1-351-98545-1</bdi></a> – via Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+Stuck+in+Transition+%28The+Contemporary+Middle+East%29&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-98545-1&rft.aulast=Ehteshami&rft.aufirst=Anoushiravan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzUlDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522theocratic%2Brepublic%2522%2B%2522iran%2522%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRajendraKaplanRajendra2004" class="citation book cs1">Rajendra, Vijeya; Kaplan, Gisela T.; Rajendra, Rudi (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nyUMNew7j70C&dq=%22theocratic+republic%22+%22iran%22&pg=PA137"><i>Iran</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1665-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1665-4"><bdi>978-0-7614-1665-4</bdi></a> – via Benchmark Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-1665-4&rft.aulast=Rajendra&rft.aufirst=Vijeya&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+Gisela+T.&rft.au=Rajendra%2C+Rudi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnyUMNew7j70C%26dq%3D%2522theocratic%2Brepublic%2522%2B%2522iran%2522%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhiskinBagot2018" class="citation book cs1">Whiskin, Margaux; Bagot, David (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=05GNDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22theocratic+republic%22+%22iran%22&pg=PA195"><i>Iran and the West : cultural perceptions from the Sasanian Empire to the Islamic Republic</i></a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-876-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-876-7"><bdi>978-1-83860-876-7</bdi></a> – via Benchmark Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+and+the+West+%3A+cultural+perceptions+from+the+Sasanian+Empire+to+the+Islamic+Republic&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-83860-876-7&rft.aulast=Whiskin&rft.aufirst=Margaux&rft.au=Bagot%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D05GNDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522theocratic%2Brepublic%2522%2B%2522iran%2522%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wfbiran-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wfbiran_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wfbiran_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wfbiran_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/">"CIA World Factbook – Iran"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110162554/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Iran&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Firan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While articles One and Two vest sovereignty in God, article six "mandates popular elections for the presidency and the Majlis, or parliament." source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203946904574300374086282670">July 27, 2009, "Iran, Islam and the Rule of Law". Francis Fukuyama</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102204314/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203946904574300374086282670">Archived</a> January 2, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-servat-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-servat_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html">"Iran – Constitution"</a>. International Constitutional Law (ICL). 24 October 1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180821093931/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran+%E2%80%93+Constitution&rft.pub=International+Constitutional+Law+%28ICL%29&rft.date=1979-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.servat.unibe.ch%2Ficl%2Fir00000_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">article 109 of the constitution states that among the "essential qualifications and conditions for the Leader" are "scholarship, as required for performing the functions of mufti in different fields of fiqh" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranonline.com/iran/iran-info/government/constitution-8.html">Chapter 8 – The Leader or Leadership Council</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101123063337/http://www.iranonline.com/iran/iran-info/Government/constitution-8.html">Archived</a> 2010-11-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Constitution of Iran</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-who-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-who_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Who's in Charge?" by Ervand Abrahamian <i>London Review of Books</i>, 6 November 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranonline.com/iran/iran-info/government/constitution-8.html"><i>Articles 107–112</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101123063337/http://www.iranonline.com/iran/iran-info/Government/constitution-8.html">Archived</a> 2010-11-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070630133328/http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/iranian.studies/Policy%20Brief%201.pdf">"Understanding Iran's Assembly of Experts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/iranian.studies/Policy%20Brief%201.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+Iran%27s+Assembly+of+Experts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dur.ac.uk%2Fresources%2Firanian.studies%2FPolicy%2520Brief%25201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranonline.com/iran/iran-info/government/constitution-11.html">Constitution of Iran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410013835/http://www.iranonline.com/iran/iran-info/Government/constitution-11.html">Archived</a> 2008-04-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Article 157: <i>In order to fulfill the responsibilities of the judiciary power in all the matters concerning judiciary, administrative and executive areas, the Leader shall appoint a just Mujtahid well versed in judiciary affairs and possessing prudence, and administrative abilities</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrakicBensonAhmed2019" class="citation book cs1">Trakic, Adnan; Benson, John; Ahmed, Pervaiz K (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v-GEDwAAQBAJ&q=Saudi+Arabia+is+an+Islamic+theocracy&pg=PT172"><i>Dispute Resolution in Islamic Finance: Alternatives to Litigation?</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351188890" title="Special:BookSources/9781351188890"><bdi>9781351188890</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119145156/https://books.google.com/books?id=v-GEDwAAQBAJ&q=Saudi+Arabia+is+an+Islamic+theocracy&pg=PT172">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-21</span></span>. <q>Saudi Arabia is a leading Islamic theocracy in the world today</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dispute+Resolution+in+Islamic+Finance%3A+Alternatives+to+Litigation%3F&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781351188890&rft.aulast=Trakic&rft.aufirst=Adnan&rft.au=Benson%2C+John&rft.au=Ahmed%2C+Pervaiz+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv-GEDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DSaudi%2BArabia%2Bis%2Ban%2BIslamic%2Btheocracy%26pg%3DPT172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Atawneh2009" class="citation journal cs1">Al-Atawneh, Muhammad (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40647150">"Is Saudi Arabia a Theocracy? Religion and Governance in Contemporary Saudi Arabia"</a>. <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>45</b> (5). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>: <span class="nowrap">721–</span>737. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263200802586105">10.1080/00263200802586105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3206">0026-3206</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40647150">40647150</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144381914">144381914</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221020111031/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40647150">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-21</span></span>. <q>Is Saudi Arabia a Theocracy? Religion and Governance in Contemporary Saudi Arabia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Is+Saudi+Arabia+a+Theocracy%3F+Religion+and+Governance+in+Contemporary+Saudi+Arabia&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E721-%3C%2Fspan%3E737&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0026-3206&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144381914%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40647150%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263200802586105&rft.aulast=Al-Atawneh&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40647150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donovan Roebert, <i>Samdhong Rinpoche: Uncompromising Truth for a Compromised World</i> (<a href="/wiki/World_Wisdom" title="World Wisdom">World Wisdom</a>, 2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933316-20-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933316-20-8">978-1-933316-20-8</a> (On August 20, 2001, Venerable Professor Samdhong Rinpoche was elected Kalon Tripa (Prime Minister) of the Tibetan Government in Exile, receiving 84.5% of the popular exile vote.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/t100000_.html">The Charter of Tibetans in-Exile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110054857/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/t100000_.html">Archived</a> 2021-01-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Article 20 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Tibet">Constitution of Tibet</a>, retrieved 2010-03-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/t100000_.html">The Charter of Tibetans in-Exile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110054857/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/t100000_.html">Archived</a> 2021-01-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Articles 19, 30, & 31 of the Constitution of Tibet, retrieved 2010-03-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Lobsang-Sangay-chosen-for-political-work/article14699924.ece">"Lobsang Sangay chosen for political work"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 2011-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tibetan+Parliament+changes+%27Kalon+Tripa%27+to+%27Sikyong%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phayul.com%2Fnews%2Farticle.aspx%3Fid%3D32159%26t%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TR-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TR_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017051755/http://www.tibetanreview.net/news.php?id=11207">"Kalon Tripa to be now referred to as Sikyong"</a>. Tibetan Review. 2012-09-22. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=%22pharaoh+%26%23124%3B+Definition%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fpharaoh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Egypt/The-king-and-ideology-administration-art-and-writing">"Ancient Egypt - The king and ideology: administration, art, and writing"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417053956/https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Egypt/The-king-and-ideology-administration-art-and-writing">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ancient+Egypt+-+The+king+and+ideology%3A+administration%2C+art%2C+and+writing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2Fancient-Egypt%2FThe-king-and-ideology-administration-art-and-writing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/shiryo/03/056shoshi.html">"3-1 Emperor, Imperial Rescript Denying His Divinity (Professing His Humanity)"</a>. <i>National Diet Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513102943/https://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/shiryo/03/056shoshi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Diet+Library&rft.atitle=3-1+Emperor%2C+Imperial+Rescript+Denying+His+Divinity+%28Professing+His+Humanity%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndl.go.jp%2Fconstitution%2Fe%2Fshiryo%2F03%2F056shoshi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2004" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Ronald M. (2004). "Tibet". In Buswell, Robert E. Jr. (ed.). <i>Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i>. Macmillan Reference. pp. <span class="nowrap">851–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865910-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865910-7"><bdi>978-0-02-865910-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tibet&rft.btitle=Macmillan+Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E851-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865910-7&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Ronald+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lopez-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lopez_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLopez1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Lopez_Jr." title="Donald S. Lopez Jr.">Lopez, Donald S.</a> (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prisonersofshang00dona/page/9"><i>Prisoners of Shangri-La: Tibetan Buddhism and the West</i></a></span>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prisonersofshang00dona/page/9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-49311-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-49311-4"><bdi>978-0-226-49311-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prisoners+of+Shangri-La%3A+Tibetan+Buddhism+and+the+West&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-226-49311-4&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Donald+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprisonersofshang00dona%2Fpage%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBatboldUnurbayar2021" class="citation book cs1">Batbold, Amarsanaa; Unurbayar, Chadraabal (16 December 2021). "The 1924 Constitution: Towards the Modernisation of Mongolia". In Tan, Kevin Y. L.; Ng, Michael (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5BTEAAAQBAJ"><i>Constitutional Foundings in Northeast Asia</i></a>. Constitutionalism in Asia. Oxford: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781509940202" title="Special:BookSources/9781509940202"><bdi>9781509940202</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2024</span>. <q>In 1911, capitalising on the collapse of the Qing dynasty in China, Mongolia attempted to make itself 'more independent of China'. [...] At this time, as almost a third of Mongolia's male population were Buddhist monks, the Mongols established a theocratic khanate and installed the 8th Bogd Gegeen – the highest-ranked lama of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia – as the Bogd Khaan (or 'Holy Ruler'). He was to rule Mongolia till his death in 1924, afterwhich[sic] Mongolia proclaimed itself a republic and adopted its first socialist-style Constitution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+1924+Constitution%3A+Towards+the+Modernisation+of+Mongolia&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Foundings+in+Northeast+Asia&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Constitutionalism+in+Asia&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021-12-16&rft.isbn=9781509940202&rft.aulast=Batbold&rft.aufirst=Amarsanaa&rft.au=Unurbayar%2C+Chadraabal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw5BTEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wibla-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wibla_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wibla_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nadeau, Randall L. <i>The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bWwV2W14-30C&pg=PA54">pp. 54 ff.</a> John Wiley & Sons (Chichester), 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9031-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9031-2">978-1-4051-9031-2</a> Accessed 22 December 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShivram,_Balkrishan2006" class="citation journal cs1">Shivram, Balkrishan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/44147955">"Mughal Court Rituals: The Symbolism of Imperial Authority During Akbar's Reign"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>67</b>: <span class="nowrap">331–</span>349. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147955">44147955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Mughal+Court+Rituals%3A+The+Symbolism+of+Imperial+Authority+During+Akbar%27s+Reign&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E331-%3C%2Fspan%3E349&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44147955%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Shivram%2C+Balkrishan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44147955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.asiasociety.org/arts/power_desire/rule_domain.html">"Power & Desire"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Power+%26+Desire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.asiasociety.org%2Farts%2Fpower_desire%2Frule_domain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/main-elements-and-structure-of-the-mughal-administration/2826#:~:text=Mughal%20emperors%20considered%20themselves%20as,%E2%80%9CKhatifa%20of%20her%20country.%E2%80%9D">"Main Elements and Structure of the Mughal Administration"</a>. 29 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Main+Elements+and+Structure+of+the+Mughal+Administration&rft.date=2014-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historydiscussion.net%2Fhistory-of-india%2Fmain-elements-and-structure-of-the-mughal-administration%2F2826%23%3A~%3Atext%3DMughal%2520emperors%2520considered%2520themselves%2520as%2C%25E2%2580%259CKhatifa%2520of%2520her%2520country.%25E2%2580%259D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Runciman, Steven</a> (1977). <i>The Byzantine Theocracy</i>. 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Compass Point Books. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-4565-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-4565-9"><bdi>978-0-7565-4565-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119145749/https://books.google.com/books?id=RyOoBQiCm88C&pg=PA14">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Michael (2002). "National Culture, Personality, and Theocracy in the Early Mormon Culture of Violence". <i>The John Whitmer Historical Association Journal</i>: <span class="nowrap">159–</span>186. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43200413">43200413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+John+Whitmer+Historical+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=National+Culture%2C+Personality%2C+and+Theocracy+in+the+Early+Mormon+Culture+of+Violence&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E186&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43200413%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=D.+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1967" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, J. 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(1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V01N02_38s.pdf">"The Separation of Church and State in Mormon Theory and Practice"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Church_and_State" title="Journal of Church and State">Journal of Church and State</a></i>. <b>9</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">238–</span>262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjcs%2F9.2.238">10.1093/jcs/9.2.238</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23916099">23916099</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119145754/https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V01N02_38s.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Church+and+State&rft.atitle=The+Separation+of+Church+and+State+in+Mormon+Theory+and+Practice&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E238-%3C%2Fspan%3E262&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjcs%2F9.2.238&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23916099%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dialoguejournal.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsbi%2Farticles%2FDialogue_V01N02_38s.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown2013" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Robert E. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/reviews_in_american_history/v041/41.3.brown.html">"The Power and the Peculiarity: The Paradoxes of Early Mormonism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reviews_in_American_History" title="Reviews in American History">Reviews in American History</a></i>. <b>41</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">451–</span>57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Frah.2013.0063">10.1353/rah.2013.0063</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144984522">144984522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+American+History&rft.atitle=The+Power+and+the+Peculiarity%3A+The+Paradoxes+of+Early+Mormonism&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E451-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Frah.2013.0063&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144984522%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Freviews_in_american_history%2Fv041%2F41.3.brown.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith1844" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Smith, Joseph Jr.</a> (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?%2FNCMP1820-1846%2C2597">"General Smith's Views on the Powers and Policy of the Government of the United States"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807165803/http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u/?%2FNCMP1820-1846%2C2597">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Smith%27s+Views+on+the+Powers+and+Policy+of+the+Government+of+the+United+States&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fu%3F%252FNCMP1820-1846%252C2597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinn1990" class="citation book cs1">Winn, Kenneth H. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ESwIEefhOWwC&pg=PA203"><i>Exiles in a Land of Liberty: Mormons in America, 1830–1846</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4300-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4300-0"><bdi>978-0-8078-4300-0</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exiles+in+a+Land+of+Liberty%3A+Mormons+in+America%2C+1830%E2%80%931846&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4300-0&rft.aulast=Winn&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DESwIEefhOWwC%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span>, quote on p 203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carthage_Jail" title="Carthage Jail">Carthage Jail</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/pioneers_and_cowboys/deseret.html"><i>Deseret</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171207052356/http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/pioneers_and_cowboys/deseret.html">Archived</a> 2017-12-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> utah.gov</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John G. 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235204/https://webprod.uvu.edu/religiousstudies/docs/mormonamerican/mason_patrick_god_and_the_people_theodemocracy.pdf">"God and the People: Theodemocracy in Nineteenth-Century Mormonism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Church and State</i>. <b>53</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">349–</span>375. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjcs%2Fcsq135">10.1093/jcs/csq135</a></span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webprod.uvu.edu/religiousstudies/docs/mormonamerican/mason_patrick_god_and_the_people_theodemocracy.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Church+and+State&rft.atitle=God+and+the+People%3A+Theodemocracy+in+Nineteenth-Century+Mormonism&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E349-%3C%2Fspan%3E375&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjcs%2Fcsq135&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=P.+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebprod.uvu.edu%2Freligiousstudies%2Fdocs%2Fmormonamerican%2Fmason_patrick_god_and_the_people_theodemocracy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luke Perry and Christopher Cronin, <i>Mormons in American Politics: From Persecution to Power</i> (ABC-CLIO, 2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/15283-zoroastrianism">"Zoroastrianism – JewishEncyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.jewishencyclopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200517101303/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/15283-zoroastrianism">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Zoroastrianism+%E2%80%93+JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F15283-zoroastrianism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/zoroastrian/history/persia_1.shtml">"Zoroastrianism under Persian rule"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125062439/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/zoroastrian/history/persia_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Zoroastrianism+under+Persian+rule&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fzoroastrian%2Fhistory%2Fpersia_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lactualite.com/societe/cetait-le-temps-des-ayatollahs/">"C'était le temps des Ayatollahs"</a>. 2 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C%27%C3%A9tait+le+temps+des+Ayatollahs&rft.date=2009-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flactualite.com%2Fsociete%2Fcetait-le-temps-des-ayatollahs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1709001/cine-parc-cinema-histoire-quebec-archives">"Sortir en famille au ciné-parc"</a>. 5 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sortir+en+famille+au+cin%C3%A9-parc&rft.date=2020-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fici.radio-canada.ca%2Fnouvelle%2F1709001%2Fcine-parc-cinema-histoire-quebec-archives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSorokin2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pitirim_Sorokin" title="Pitirim Sorokin">Sorokin, Pitirim</a> (2017) [1957]. "Fluctuation of the Theocratic and Secular Forms of Government and Leadership". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Km9QDwAAQBAJ"><i>Social and Cultural Dynamics: A Study of Change in Major Systems of Art, Truth, Ethics, Law and Social Relationships</i></a> (revised and abridged by the author ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. p. 477. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351490603" title="Special:BookSources/9781351490603"><bdi>9781351490603</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2024</span>. <q>Likewise theocratic is the regime and leadership of the Ideational tribes of Polynesia or Samoa. The ruling stratum, the aristocracy, and the chief there derive their power from 'holiness' (<i>Heiligkeit</i>); are regarded as incarnated deities; are ascribed all the supersensory halo of power; in brief, the regime and leadership have the essential traits of theocracy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fluctuation+of+the+Theocratic+and+Secular+Forms+of+Government+and+Leadership&rft.btitle=Social+and+Cultural+Dynamics%3A+A+Study+of+Change+in+Major+Systems+of+Art%2C+Truth%2C+Ethics%2C+Law+and+Social+Relationships&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=477&rft.edition=revised+and+abridged+by+the+author&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351490603&rft.aulast=Sorokin&rft.aufirst=Pitirim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKm9QDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><i>dutchinkerala.com</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dutchinkerala.com/1750.php">https://dutchinkerala.com/1750.php</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dutchinkerala.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdutchinkerala.com%2F1750.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnkerl2000" class="citation book cs1">Ankerl, Guy (2000). <i>Global communication without universal civilization</i>. INU societal research, vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88155-004-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88155-004-1"><bdi>978-2-88155-004-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+communication+without+universal+civilization&rft.place=Geneva&rft.series=INU+societal+research%2C+vol.+1%3A+Coexisting+contemporary+civilizations%3A+Arabo-Muslim%2C+Bharati%2C+Chinese%2C+and+Western&rft.pub=INU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-88155-004-1&rft.aulast=Ankerl&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hirschl, Ran. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kiST0_35pkUC&q=Maldives+theocracy">Constitutional Theocracy</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-04819-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-04819-9">0-674-04819-9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04819-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04819-5">978-0-674-04819-5</a>.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Baslez, Marie-Françoise and Schwentzel, Christian-Georges.<i>Les dieux et le pouvoir: aux origines de la théocratie</i>. <a href="/wiki/Presses_Universitaires_de_Rennes" title="Presses Universitaires de Rennes">Presses Universitaires de Rennes</a>, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7535-4864-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7535-4864-0">978-2-7535-4864-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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</div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Theocracy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Theocracy">Theocracy</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dominionismus.info/">Dominionism, sacralism and theocracy</a> – Rachel Tabachnik, Dr. John MacArthur, Dr. Martin Erdmann, Rudolf Ebertshäuser, Sarah Leslie, Discernment Ministries Inc. u.v.m, Eds (English + German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/2184/jewish/Is-Judaism-a-Theocracy.htm">"Is Judaism a Theocracy?"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_and_politics" title="Template talk:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Religion in politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General_concepts208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism_and_Freemasonry" title="Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry">Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_references_to_God" title="Constitutional references to God">Constitutional references to God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine rule">Divine rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Spirituality" class="mw-redirect" title="Engaged Spirituality">Engaged Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_secularism" title="Organized secularism">Organized secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Political religion">Political religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious anarchism">Religious anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry#Religious_anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Religious anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anti-Zionism" title="Religious anti-Zionism">Religious anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Religious_attitudes" title="Pacifism">Religious pacifism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_peacebuilding" title="Religion and peacebuilding">Religion and peacebuilding</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_police" title="Religious police">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_rejection_of_politics" title="Religious rejection of politics">Religious rejection of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Religious segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism#Religious" title="Separatism">Religious separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_same-sex_marriage" title="Religious views on same-sex marriage">Religious views on same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Secular_religion" title="Secular religion">Secular religion</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_left" title="Spiritual left">Spiritual left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Christianity_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Christianity and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Amendment" title="Blaine Amendment">Blaine Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Catholics" title="Anti-communism">Christian anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Freemasonry_within_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to Freemasonry within Christianity">Christian anti-Masonry</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Papal_ban_of_Freemasonry" title="Papal ban of Freemasonry">Papal ban</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Christian" title="Anti-Zionism">Christian anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Christianity" title="Corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_egalitarianism" title="Christian egalitarianism">Christian egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christian environmentalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_environmentalism" title="Evangelical environmentalism">Evangelical environmentalism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian fascism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians (movement)</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reich_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reich Church">Protestant Reich Church</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian feminism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon feminism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian law">Christian law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Peacemaking#Christianity" title="Peacemaking">Christian peacemaking</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Christian_Socialism_in_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Socialism in Utah">In Utah</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpinism" title="Cisalpinism">Cisalpinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion Theology">Dominion Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_politics" title="Maronite politics">Maronite politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal state">Papal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">Pillarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations between the Catholic Church and the state</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Church–state relations in Argentina">In Argentina</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">Sphere sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_(papal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal power (papal)">Temporal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Neo-ultramontanism" title="Neo-ultramontanism">Neo-ultramontanism</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islam_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Islam and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hui_pan-nationalism" title="Hui pan-nationalism">Hui pan-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic anarchism">Islamic anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_Freemasonry#Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of Freemasonry">Islamic anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Muslim" title="Anti-Zionism">Islamic anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic fascism">Islamic fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia law</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Application_of_Islamic_law_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Application of Islamic law by country">by country</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">In Pakistan</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">In South Asia</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Islam" title="Pacifism in Islam">Islamic pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_supporters_of_Israel" title="Muslim supporters of Israel">Islamic Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat" class="mw-redirect" title="Khilafat">Khilafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_quietism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political quietism">Political quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Judaism_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Judaism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halachic_state" title="Halachic state">Halachic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Jewish_anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Jewish anti-Zionism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Haredim_and_Zionism" title="Haredim and Zionism">Haredim</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish democracy</a></li> <li>Jewish fascism <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Judaism" title="Pacifism">Jewish pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish right">Jewish right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Jewish secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish socialism">Jewish socialism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Hinduism_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu politics">Hinduism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_feminism" title="Feminism in India">Hindu feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism#Religion" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Hindu modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Rashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Rashtra">Hindu Rashtra</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Panun_Kashmir" title="Panun Kashmir">Panun Kashmir</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Bangabhumi" title="Bangabhumi">Bangabhumi</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revolution" title="Hindu revolution">Hindu revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revivalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu revivalism">Hindu revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism#Hinduism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Hindu environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_humanism_(India)" title="Integral humanism (India)">Integral humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Aryans">Indigenous Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama#Rama_Rajya" title="Rama">Rama Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_civil_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform civil code">Uniform civil code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Buddhism_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Buddhism and politics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Buddhists" title="Anti-communism">Buddhist anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist law">Buddhist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism#Nationalism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Buddhist nationalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Nichirenism" title="Nichirenism">Nichirenism</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanistic Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">American civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Disestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial cult</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottgl%C3%A4ubig" title="Gottgläubig">Gottgläubig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Neopaganist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_aspects_of_Nazism" title="Religious aspects of Nazism">Religious aspects of Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity (religion)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_legitimacy" title="Political legitimacy">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Authoritarian_and_totalitarian_forms_of_government138" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Authoritarian_types_of_rule" title="Template:Authoritarian types of rule"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Authoritarian_types_of_rule" title="Template talk:Authoritarian types of rule"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Authoritarian_types_of_rule" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Authoritarian types of rule"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Authoritarian_and_totalitarian_forms_of_government138" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> forms of <a href="/wiki/Forms_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Forms of government">government</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence_state" title="Counterintelligence state">Counterintelligence state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benevolent_dictatorship" title="Benevolent dictatorship">Benevolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_dictatorship" title="Civilian dictatorship">Civilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_dictatorship" title="Constitutional dictatorship">Constitutional</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictablanda" title="Dictablanda">Dictablanda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_dictatorship" title="Grassroots dictatorship">Grassroots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Proletarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_dictatorship" title="Right-wing dictatorship">Right-wing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">Dominant-party system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_democracy" title="Totalitarian democracy">Totalitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_state" title="Mafia state">Mafia state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">Ochlocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">Police state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyranny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Majoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_tyranny" title="Soft tyranny">Soft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_despotism" title="Soft despotism">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoauthoritarianism" title="Ecoauthoritarianism">Ecoauthoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_state" title="Deep state">Deep state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_totalitarianism" title="Inverted totalitarianism">Inverted totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_authoritarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing authoritarianism">Left-wing authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Right-wing authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dominance_orientation" title="Social dominance orientation">Social dominance orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_strongman" title="Political strongman">Strongman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_totalitarian_states" class="mw-redirect" title="List of totalitarian states">List of totalitarian states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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