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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contact_with_Russian_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contact_with_Russian_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Contact with Russian language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contact_with_Russian_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Geographical distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Samoyedic languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samojeedse_tale" title="Samojeedse tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Samojeedse tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samojedische_Sprachen" title="Samojedische Sprachen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Samojedische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samojedikielah" title="Samojedikielah – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Samojedikielah" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات سامودية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات سامودية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_samoyedes" title="Llingües samoyedes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües samoyedes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samodi_dill%C9%99ri" title="Samodi dilləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Samodi dilləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سامودی دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سامودی دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Самодий телдәре – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Самодий телдәре" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Самадыйскія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Самадыйскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Самадыйскія мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Самадыйскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Самоедски езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Самоедски езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samojedski_jezici" title="Samojedski jezici – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Samojedski jezici" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_samoyedek" title="Yezhoù samoyedek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù samoyedek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_samoiedes" title="Llengües samoiedes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües samoiedes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samojedsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Samojedské jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Samojedské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samojedagielat" title="Samojedagielat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Samojedagielat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samojedische_Sprachen" title="Samojedische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Samojedische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samojeedi_keeled" title="Samojeedi keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Samojeedi keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Σαμογιεντικές γλώσσες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαμογιεντικές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_samoyedas" title="Lenguas samoyedas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas samoyedas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samojeda_lingvaro" title="Samojeda lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Samojeda lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های سامویدی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های سامویدی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_samoy%C3%A8des" title="Langues samoyèdes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues samoyèdes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teangacha_Sam%C3%B3ideacha" title="Teangacha Samóideacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teangacha Samóideacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%AA%A8%EC%98%88%EB%93%9C%EC%96%B4%ED%8C%8C" title="사모예드어파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사모예드어파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սամոդիական լեզուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սամոդիական լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="सामोयेदी भाषाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सामोयेदी भाषाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samojedski_jezici" title="Samojedski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Samojedski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoyeda_linguaro" title="Samoyeda linguaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Samoyeda linguaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingues_samoyedic" title="Lingues samoyedic – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Lingues samoyedic" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%C3%B3jed%C3%ADsk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Samójedísk tungumál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Samójedísk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_samoiede" title="Lingue samoiede – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue samoiede" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სამოდიური ენები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამოდიური ენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_za_Kisamoyedi" title="Lugha za Kisamoyedi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha za Kisamoyedi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Самодий тилдери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Самодий тилдери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Samoiedicae" title="Linguae Samoiedicae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Samoiedicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samodie%C5%A1u_valodas" title="Samodiešu valodas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Samodiešu valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samod%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Samodų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Samodų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samojedische_taole" title="Samojedische taole – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Samojedische taole" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_samodeica" title="Linguas samodeica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas samodeica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samojedi_kielet" title="Samojedi kielet – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Samojedi kielet" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szamoj%C3%A9d_nyelvek" title="Szamojéd nyelvek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szamojéd nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Самоједски јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Самоједски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samojeedse_talen" title="Samojeedse talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Samojeedse talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A2%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E8%AA%9E%E6%B4%BE" title="サモエード語派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サモエード語派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samojedisk_spriaken" title="Samojedisk spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Samojedisk spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samojediske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Samojediske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Samojediske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samojediske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Samojediske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Samojediske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoyedi_lingues" title="Samoyedi lingues – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Samoyedi lingues" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_samoi%C3%A8das" title="Lengas samoièdas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas samoièdas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samodiy_tillari" title="Samodiy tillari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Samodiy tillari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_samojedzkie" title="Języki samojedzkie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki samojedzkie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_samoiedas" title="Línguas samoiedas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas samoiedas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_samoedice" title="Limbi samoedice – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi samoedice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Самодийские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Самодийские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samodijsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Samodijské jazyky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Samodijské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samojedski_jeziki" title="Samojedski jeziki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Samojedski jeziki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samojedikielet" title="Samojedikielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Samojedikielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samojediska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Samojediska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Samojediska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoyed_dilleri" title="Samoyed dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Samoyed dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Самодійські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Самодійські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samodi%C5%BEed_keled" title="Samodižed keled – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Samodižed keled" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_Samoyed" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Samoyed – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Samoyed" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E8%8E%AB%E8%80%B6%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="萨莫耶德语族 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="萨莫耶德语族" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuodu_kalbas" title="Samuodu kalbas – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Samuodu kalbas" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E8%8E%AB%E8%80%B6%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="萨莫耶德语族 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Uralic languages spoken in northern Russia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #a8fe74;">Samoyedic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Samoyed</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Northern Eurasia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Samoyedic</b></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Samoyedic_language" title="Proto-Samoyedic language">Proto-Samoyedic</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nganasan_language" title="Nganasan language">Nganasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mator_language" title="Mator language">Mator</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li>Core Samoyedic</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">ISO 639-5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/syd" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:syd">syd</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/samo1298">samo1298</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoyedic-branch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Samoyedic-branch.png/300px-Samoyedic-branch.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Samoyedic-branch.png/450px-Samoyedic-branch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Samoyedic-branch.png/600px-Samoyedic-branch.png 2x" data-file-width="2116" data-file-height="1995" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Samoyedic languages at the beginning of the 20th century</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Actual_distribution_of_the_Samoyedic_languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Actual_distribution_of_the_Samoyedic_languages.png/300px-Actual_distribution_of_the_Samoyedic_languages.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Actual_distribution_of_the_Samoyedic_languages.png/450px-Actual_distribution_of_the_Samoyedic_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Actual_distribution_of_the_Samoyedic_languages.png/600px-Actual_distribution_of_the_Samoyedic_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="851" /></a></span><br /><div style="text-align:left;">Current geographic distribution of Samoyedic languages in Russia</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoyedic_map_XVII-XX.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Samoyedic_map_XVII-XX.png/307px-Samoyedic_map_XVII-XX.png" decoding="async" width="307" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Samoyedic_map_XVII-XX.png 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Geographical distribution of Samoyedic languages in the 17th century (hatched) and in the 20th century (solid).</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Samoyedic</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɔɪ/: 'oi' in 'choice'">ɔɪ</span></span>-/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Samoyed languages</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɔɪ/: 'oi' in 'choice'">ɔɪ</span></span>-/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are spoken around the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>, in northernmost <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, by approximately 25,000 people altogether, accordingly called the <a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_peoples" title="Samoyedic peoples">Samoyedic peoples</a>. They derive from a common ancestral language called <a href="/wiki/Proto-Samoyedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Samoyedic">Proto-Samoyedic</a>, and form a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a>. Having separated perhaps in the last centuries BC,<sup id="cite_ref-Janhunen1998_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janhunen1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they are not a diverse group of languages, and are traditionally considered to be an <a href="/wiki/Outgroup_(cladistics)" title="Outgroup (cladistics)">outgroup</a>, branching off first from the other Uralic languages. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoyedic_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>Samoyedic</i> is derived from the Russian term <i>samoyed</i> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">самоед</span>) originally applied only to the <a href="/wiki/Nenets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets people">Nenets people</a> and later extended to other related peoples. </p><p>One of the theories supposes that the term is interpreted by some ethnologists as <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">originating</a> somewhat derogatorily from Russian <i>samo-yed</i>, literally meaning "self-eater" (the word has been interpreted by foreign travelers as an allegation of <a href="/wiki/Cannibalism" title="Cannibalism">cannibalism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-SJ_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SJ-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another suggestion for the term's origin is a corruption of the expression <i>saam-edne</i>, meaning "Land of the <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Saams</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>Samodeic</i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been proposed as an alternative by some ethnologists.<sup id="cite_ref-SJ_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SJ-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern Russian the words самодийцы/самодийские (<i>samodiytsy/samodiyskie</i>), i.e., "samodians"/"samodian" are used for this ethnic grouping and the corresponding area of research is called <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ru:%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:ru:самодистика">"samodistika"</a>, i.e., "samodistics". </p><p>The word "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4#Etymology_2" class="extiw" title="wikt:самоед">самоед/samoyed</a>" also refers in Russian to an excessively introspective or self-disparaging person i.e., the one engaged in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="wikt:самоедство">самоедство</a>/"self-devouring". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoyedic_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, Samoyedic languages and peoples have been divided into two major areal groups: Northern Samoyedic (Nenets, Yurats, Enets, Nganasans), and Southern Samoyedic (Selkups) with a further now-extinct subgroup of Sayan-Samoyedics (Kamasins, Mators) named after the <a href="/wiki/Sayan_Mountains" title="Sayan Mountains">Sayan Mountains</a>. They are however purely geographical, and do not reflect linguistic relations. </p><p>Linguistic genealogical classifications point to an early divergence of Nganasan and (perhaps to a lesser degree) Mator, with Enets–Nenets–Yurats and Kamas–Selkup forming internal branches.<sup id="cite_ref-Janhunen1998_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janhunen1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Samoyedic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nganasan_language" title="Nganasan language">Nganasan</a> (<i>Tavgi</i> or <i>Tawgi-Samoyed</i>) <ul><li>Avam</li> <li>Vadey/Vadeyev</li></ul></li> <li>Core-Samoyedic <ul><li>Enets-Nenets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enets_language" title="Enets language">Enets</a> (<i>Yenisei-Samoyed</i>) <ul><li>Tundra Enets</li> <li>Forest Enets</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurats_language" title="Yurats language">Yurats</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a> (<i>Yurak-Samoyed</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Nenets_language" title="Tundra Nenets language">Tundra Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Nenets_language" title="Forest Nenets language">Forest Nenets</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Kamas-Selkup <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a> <i>(Ostyak-Samoyed</i>) <ul><li>Northern Selkup (Taz)</li> <li>Central Selkup (Tym)</li> <li>Southern Selkup (Ket)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamassian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamassian language">Kamassian</a> (<i>Sayan-Samoyed</i>) <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <ul><li>Kamas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koibal_dialect" title="Koibal dialect">Koibal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mator_language" title="Mator language">Mator</a> (<i>Sayan-Samoyed</i>) <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <ul><li>Mator</li> <li>Taigi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karagas_language_(Uralic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karagas language (Uralic)">Karagas</a></li> <li>Soyot (Modern <a href="/wiki/Soyots" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyots">Soyots</a> were subject to <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> and do not speak the historical language)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoyedic_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Samoyedic languages are primarily <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutinative</a>. They have <a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">postpositions</a> and suffixes and do not use articles or prefixes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samoyedic languages also have grammatical evidentiality.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Word order in Samoyedic languages is typically <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb_word_order" title="Subject–object–verb word order">subject-object-verb</a> (SOV).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below are two sentences in Nenets that demonstrate SOV word order and case in Samoyedic languages: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">a.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Säxäko</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Seheko</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">boľńica-xana</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hospital-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">me</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be.[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>]</p></div><p style="display: none;">Säxäko boľńica-xana me</p><p style="display: none;">Seheko hospital-LOC be.[3SG]</p><p style="clear: left;">"Seheko is in the hospital."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">b.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">toxolkoda</p><p style="margin: 0px;">student</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">klass-xana</p><p style="margin: 0px;">classroom-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">me</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be.[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>]</p></div><p style="display: none;">toxolkoda klass-xana me</p><p style="display: none;">student classroom-LOC be.[3SG]</p><p style="clear: left;">"The student is in the classroom."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoyedic_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nouns in Samoyedic languages do not have gender, but they are <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declined</a> for number (singular, <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual</a>, and plural) as well as case.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Samoyedic languages have at least seven <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">noun cases</a> which may include nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, locative, instrumental, lative, and/or prolative depending on the language.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoyedic_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Samoyedic languages have the following three conjugation types: subjective, objective (in which the number of the object is expressed in addition to that of the subject), and reflexive.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verbs in Samoyedic languages have several <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">moods</a>, ranging from at least eight in Selkup to at least sixteen in Nenets. Other forms of verbs that can be found in Samoyedic languages are gerunds, participles, and infinitives. Of the Samoyedic languages, only Selkup has <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">verbal aspect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoyedic_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">Sonorant</a>-<a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruent</a> consonant clusters with two consonants, of which the latter consonant is more sonorous than the former, are the most frequently occurring consonant clusters in several Samoyedic languages. Conversely, consonant clusters ending in <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">glides</a> are not found in any Samoyedic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike some other Uralic languages, Samoyedic languages do not have vowel harmony.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vowel <a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">epenthesis</a> is frequently used in Samoyedic languages to break up consonant clusters, particularly in the case of loanwords borrowed from Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Vowel epenthesis from Russian to Nenets</b><sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>крупа (krupa) > xurupa "cereals"</li> <li>класс (klass) > xalas "class"</li></ul> <p><b>Vowel epenthesis from Russian to Nganasan</b><sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>бригада (brigada) > birigadә "brigade"</li> <li>метр (metr) > metәrә "meter"</li></ul> <p><b>Vowel epenthesis from Russian to Selkup</b><sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>стекло (stʲeklo) > tʲekɨla "glass"</li> <li>стол (stol) > istol "table"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contact_with_Russian_language">Contact with Russian language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoyedic_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Contact with Russian language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Samoyedic languages have experienced significant language contact with Russian to such an extent that members of the Nenets, Selkup, Nganasan, and Enets ethnic groups now often have Russian as a first language, with speakers of Samoyedic languages primarily belonging to elder age groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian loanwords in Samoyedic languages include: колхоз ("collective farm"), машина ("car"), молоко ("milk"), Москва ("Moscow").<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoyedic_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At present, Samoyed territory extends from the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Laptev_Sea" title="Laptev Sea">Laptev Sea</a>, along the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> shores of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, including southern <a href="/wiki/Novaya_Zemlya" title="Novaya Zemlya">Novaya Zemlya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yamal_Peninsula" title="Yamal Peninsula">Yamal Peninsula</a>, the mouths of the <a href="/wiki/Ob_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob River">Ob</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yenisei" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei">Yenisei</a>, and into the <a href="/wiki/Taymyr_Peninsula" title="Taymyr Peninsula">Taimyr</a> peninsula in northernmost <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are contiguous with the trans-Ural <a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric</a> speakers and the cis-Ural <a href="/wiki/Komi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Komi people">Komi</a> to the south, but they are cut off from the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic</a> Finns by the <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> in the west. To the east traditionally dwell the northern <a href="/wiki/Turkic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic people">Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sakha_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakha people">Sakha</a>. A substantial Samoyed city grew up at <a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a> in the 16th century as a trade city, but was destroyed at the beginning of the 17th century. </p><p>The Southern Samoyedic languages, of which only the <a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup language</a> has survived to the present day, historically ranged across a wide territory in central Siberia, extending from the basin of the <a href="/wiki/Ob_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob River">Ob River</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Sayan_Mountains" title="Sayan Mountains">Sayan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Baikal</a> uplands in the east. Records up to the 18th century sporadically report several further entities such as "Abakan", "Kagmasin", "Soyot", though there is no clear evidence for any of these constituting separate languages, and all available data appears to be explainable as these having been simply early forms of Kamassian or Mator.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoyedic_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926022901/https://www.lexico.com/definition/samoyedic">"Samoyedic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Samoyedic">the original</a> on 2020-09-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Samoyedic&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FSamoyedic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoyedic+languages" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Samoyed">"Samoyed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Samoyed&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FSamoyed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoyedic+languages" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Samoyed">"Samoyed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Samoyed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FSamoyed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoyedic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janhunen1998-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Janhunen1998_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Janhunen1998_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanhunen1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juha_Janhunen" title="Juha Janhunen">Janhunen, Juha</a> (1998). "Samoyedic". In Daniel Abondolo (ed.). <i>The Uralic Languages</i>. London / New York: Routledge. pp. 457–479.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Samoyedic&rft.btitle=The+Uralic+Languages&rft.place=London+%2F+New+York&rft.pages=457-479&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Janhunen&rft.aufirst=Juha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoyedic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SJ-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SJ_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SJ_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandelstam_Balzer1999" class="citation book cs1">Mandelstam Balzer, Marjorie (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KugSEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Tenacity of Ethnicity, a Siberian Saga in Global Perspective</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691228112" title="Special:BookSources/9780691228112"><bdi>9780691228112</bdi></a>. <q>... I use the linguistic term Samodeic here, since it has superseded the more derogatory Samoyedic. In Russian, 'Samoyed' originally meant 'self-eater' before it became a general enthnolinguistic term for the group encompassing Nentsy, Entsy, Nganasan, and Sel'kup (cf. Comrie 1981; Golovnev 1995)...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tenacity+of+Ethnicity%2C+a+Siberian+Saga+in+Global+Perspective&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780691228112&rft.aulast=Mandelstam+Balzer&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKugSEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoyedic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Samoyed" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/3049611182">"Samoyed"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOED%2F3049611182">10.1093/OED/3049611182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Samoyed&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F3049611182&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F3049611182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoyedic+languages" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolgikh1962" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dolgikh, Boris Osipovich (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DDU5DwAAQBAJ">"On the origins of the Nganasans--preliminary remarks"</a>. In Michael, H. N. (ed.). <i>Studies in Siberian Ethnogenesis</i>. Anthropology of the North: Translations from Russian Sources. Vol. 2. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781487591113" title="Special:BookSources/9781487591113"><bdi>9781487591113</bdi></a>. <q>... The term 'Samoyeds' had no derogatory meaning (1) and, as can be surmised, represents a modification of the expression 'same-edne' i.e. 'land of the Saams.' This term was transferred from the Saam tribes (which evidently occupied, at one time, the entire north of European Russia) to the Nenets (who appeared there later), and thereafter to the Enets and Ngasans...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+origins+of+the+Nganasans--preliminary+remarks&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Siberian+Ethnogenesis&rft.series=Anthropology+of+the+North%3A+Translations+from+Russian+Sources&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=9781487591113&rft.aulast=Dolgikh&rft.aufirst=Boris+Osipovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDDU5DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoyedic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?q=Samodeic&btnG=Search+Books">Samodeic @ google books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUsenkova2015" class="citation journal cs1">Usenkova, Eleonora (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1556%2F064.2015.62.2.4">"Evidentiality in the Samoyedic languages: A study of the auditive forms"</a>. <i>Acta Linguistica Hungarica</i>. <b>62</b> (2): 171–217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1556%2F064.2015.62.2.4">10.1556/064.2015.62.2.4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1216-8076">1216-8076</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26191775">26191775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Linguistica+Hungarica&rft.atitle=Evidentiality+in+the+Samoyedic+languages%3A+A+study+of+the+auditive+forms&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=171-217&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1216-8076&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26191775%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1556%2F064.2015.62.2.4&rft.aulast=Usenkova&rft.aufirst=Eleonora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1556%252F064.2015.62.2.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoyedic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner-Nagy2016" class="citation web cs1">Wagner-Nagy, Beata (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307600169">"Existentials, possessives and definiteness in Samoyedic languages"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Existentials%2C+possessives+and+definiteness+in+Samoyedic+languages&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Wagner-Nagy&rft.aufirst=Beata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F307600169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoyedic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copius.univie.ac.at/intro/slides_samo.pdf">"The Samoyedic Languages"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Community of Practice in Uralic Studies (COPIUS). November 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Samoyedic+Languages&rft.date=2021-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcopius.univie.ac.at%2Fintro%2Fslides_samo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoyedic+languages" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNenyang2005" class="citation book cs1">Nenyang, M. A. (2005). <i>Russko-neneckij razgovornik [Russian-Nenets Phrase-book]</i>. Sankt-Peterburg: Drofa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russko-neneckij+razgovornik+%5BRussian-Nenets+Phrase-book%5D&rft.place=Sankt-Peterburg&rft.pub=Drofa&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Nenyang&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoyedic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVárnai2012" class="citation journal cs1">Várnai, Zsuzsa (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/45371001">"Consonant clusters in four Samoyedic languages"</a>. <i>Consonant Clusters and Structural Complexity</i>: 119–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781614510772.119">10.1515/9781614510772.119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-076-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-076-5"><bdi>978-1-61451-076-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Consonant+Clusters+and+Structural+Complexity&rft.atitle=Consonant+clusters+in+four+Samoyedic+languages&rft.pages=119-154&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781614510772.119&rft.isbn=978-1-61451-076-5&rft.aulast=V%C3%A1rnai&rft.aufirst=Zsuzsa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F45371001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoyedic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanhunen1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juha_Janhunen" title="Juha Janhunen">Janhunen, Juha</a> (1977). <i>Samojedischer Wortschatz</i>. Castreanumin toimitteita. Vol. 17. Helsinki. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-45-1161-1" title="Special:BookSources/951-45-1161-1"><bdi>951-45-1161-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0355-0141">0355-0141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samojedischer+Wortschatz&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.series=Castreanumin+toimitteita&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1977&rft.issn=0355-0141&rft.isbn=951-45-1161-1&rft.aulast=Janhunen&rft.aufirst=Juha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoyedic+languages" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> |</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoyedic_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philol.msu.ru/~otipl/new/fu/FU%20sbornik/FU/%CC%E0%F2%E5%F0%E8%E0%EB%FB%202%20%EC%E5%E6%E4.%20%EA%EE%ED%F4%E5%F0%E5%ED%F6%E8%E8%20%EF%EE%20%F1%E0%EC%EE%E4%E8%F1%F2%E8%EA%E5.pdf">Материалы 2-й международной конференции по самодистике</a>, ('Samodistics' conference proceedings), 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://siblang.tspu.edu.ru/grant/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Samoyedic-2021_3.pdf">VIII INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SAMOYEDIC STUDIES</a>, 2021</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoyedic_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Uralic_languages" title="Template:Uralic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uralic_languages" title="Template talk:Uralic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uralic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uralic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Uralic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uralic_languages" title="List of Uralic languages">List of Uralic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bjarmian_languages" title="Bjarmian languages">Bjarmian languages</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laiuse_Romani_language" title="Laiuse Romani language">Laiuse Romani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_coastal_Estonian" title="Northeastern coastal Estonian">Northeastern coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Estonian" title="South Estonian">South Estonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seto_dialect" title="Seto dialect">Seto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_language" title="Võro language">Võro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulgi_language" title="Mulgi language">Mulgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu_language" title="Tartu language">Tartu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ludza_dialect" title="Ludza dialect">Ludza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kraasna_dialect" title="Kraasna dialect">Kraasna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leivu_dialect" title="Leivu dialect">Leivu</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Finnish" title="American Finnish">Fingelska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli" title="Meänkieli">Meänkieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Finnish" title="Siberian Finnish">Siberian Finnish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_language" title="Ingrian language">Ingrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ingrian_Finnish" title="Siberian Ingrian Finnish">Siberian Ingrian Finnish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_Proper_language" title="Karelian Proper language">Karelian proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livvi-Karelian_language" title="Livvi-Karelian language">Livvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludic_language" title="Ludic language">Ludic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votic_language" title="Votic language">Votic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Krevinian_dialect" title="Krevinian dialect">Krevinian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukkuzi_dialect" title="Kukkuzi dialect">Kukkuzi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uralic_languages_(_ALL_LANGUAGES_).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/300px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/450px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/600px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="906" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Sámi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Akkala_S%C3%A1mi" title="Akkala Sámi">Akkala</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inari_S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Inari Sámi language">Inari</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kainuu_S%C3%A1mi" title="Kainuu Sámi">Kainuu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kemi_S%C3%A1mi" title="Kemi Sámi">Kemi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildin_S%C3%A1mi" title="Kildin Sámi">Kildin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skolt_S%C3%A1mi" title="Skolt Sámi">Skolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ter Sámi">Ter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Sámi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lule_S%C3%A1mi" title="Lule Sámi">Lule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pite_S%C3%A1mi" title="Pite Sámi">Pite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Southern Sámi">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ume_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ume Sámi">Ume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvinic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoksha_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shoksha dialect (page does not exist)">Shoksha dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schokscha" class="extiw" title="de:Schokscha">de</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" class="extiw" title="ru:Шокшинский диалект">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_language" title="Hill Mari language">Hill Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Mari_language" title="Northwestern Mari language">Northwestern Mari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Yazva_language" title="Komi-Yazva language">Komi-Yazva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Komi-Permyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ob-Ugric" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ob-Ugric_languages" title="Ob-Ugric languages">Ob-Ugric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_languages" title="Khanty languages">Khanty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khanty_language" title="Northern Khanty language">Northern Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Khanty_language" title="Southern Khanty language">Southern Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Khanty_language" title="Eastern Khanty language">Eastern Khanty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_languages" title="Mansi languages">Mansi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mansi" title="Northern Mansi">Northern Mansi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Mansi_language" title="Western Mansi language">Western Mansi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mansi" title="Eastern Mansi">Eastern Mansi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mansi_language" title="Southern Mansi language">Southern Mansi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Samoyedic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enets_language" title="Enets language">Enets</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamas_language" title="Kamas language">Kamas</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Koibal_dialect" title="Koibal dialect">Koibal</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mator_language" title="Mator language">Mator</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taygi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taygi language">Taygi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Тайгийский язык">ru</a>]</span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karagas_language_(Uralic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karagas language (Uralic)">Karagas</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Карагасский язык">ru</a>]</span></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Nenets_language" title="Forest Nenets language">Forest Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Nenets_language" title="Tundra Nenets language">Tundra Nenets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nganasan_language" title="Nganasan language">Nganasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurats_language" title="Yurats language">Yurats</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Merya_language" title="Merya language">Merya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_language" title="Meshchera language">Meshcherian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muromian_language" title="Muromian language">Muromian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_language" title="Proto-Uralic language">Proto-Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_homeland" title="Proto-Uralic homeland">homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Finnic_language" title="Proto-Finnic language">Proto-Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Proto-Sámi language">Proto-Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Samoyedic_language" title="Proto-Samoyedic language">Proto-Samoyedic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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