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subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Special_Adviser_to_Michael_Gove_(2007–2014)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_Adviser_to_Michael_Gove_(2007–2014)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Special Adviser to Michael Gove (2007–2014) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_Adviser_to_Michael_Gove_(2007–2014)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_to_leave_the_European_Union_(2015–2019)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_to_leave_the_European_Union_(2015–2019)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Campaign to leave the European Union (2015–2019) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_to_leave_the_European_Union_(2015–2019)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chief_Adviser_to_Boris_Johnson_(2019–2020)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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id="toc-New_political_party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_political_party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 New political party </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_political_party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Political views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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Cummings" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Cummings" title="Dominic Cummings – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dominic Cummings" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Cummings" title="Dominic Cummings – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dominic Cummings" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Cummings" title="Dominic Cummings – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dominic Cummings" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Cummings" title="Dominic Cummings – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dominic Cummings" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Cummings" title="Dominic Cummings – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dominic Cummings" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Cummings" title="Dominic Cummings – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dominic Cummings" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A1" title="דומיניק קמינגס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דומיניק קמינגס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Cummings" title="Dominic Cummings – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Dominic Cummings" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominicus_Cummings" title="Dominicus Cummings – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dominicus Cummings" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Cummings" title="Dominic Cummings – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dominic Cummings" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9" title="ドミニク・カミングス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドミニク・カミングス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Cummings" title="Dominic Cummings – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dominic Cummings" 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English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dominic Cummings" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Cummings" title="Dominic Cummings – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dominic Cummings" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%98%8E%E6%96%AF" title="多米尼克·卡明斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="多米尼克·卡明斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Dominic Cummings</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_Chief_of_Staff" title="Downing Street Chief of Staff">Chief Adviser to the UK Prime Minister</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 24 July 2019 – 13 November 2020</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Barwell" title="Gavin Barwell">Gavin Barwell</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lister,_Baron_Udny-Lister" title="Edward Lister, Baron Udny-Lister">Edward Lister</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Dominic Mckenzie Cummings</div> (1971-11-25) 25 November 1971 (age 53) <a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a>, County Durham, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wakefield_(journalist)" title="Mary Wakefield (journalist)">Mary Wakefield</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 2011)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Durham_School" title="Durham School">Durham School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Exeter_College,_Oxford" title="Exeter College, Oxford">Exeter College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Political adviser</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Special_adviser_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special adviser (UK)">Special adviser</a> to Education Secretary <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a>, 2010–2014; <a href="/wiki/Campaign_manager" title="Campaign manager">Campaign Director</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vote_Leave" title="Vote Leave">Vote Leave</a>, 2015–2016; <a href="/wiki/Senior_adviser" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior adviser">Chief adviser</a> to Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, 2019–2020</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dominiccummings.com/">dominiccummings.com</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24572712#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Dominic Mckenzie Cummings (born 25 November 1971) is a British political strategist who served as Chief Adviser to <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> from 24 July 2019 until he resigned on 13 November 2020.<a href="#cite_note-3">[1]</a> From 2007 to 2014, he was a <a href="/wiki/Special_adviser_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special adviser (UK)">special adviser</a> to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a>, including the time that <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove%27s_tenure_as_Education_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Gove's tenure as Education Secretary">Gove served as Education Secretary</a>, leaving when Gove was made <a href="/wiki/Chief_Whip" title="Chief Whip">Chief Whip</a> in a cabinet reshuffle. From 2015 to 2016, Cummings was <a href="/wiki/Campaign_manager" title="Campaign manager">director</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vote_Leave" title="Vote Leave">Vote Leave</a>, an organisation which successfully executed the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 referendum</a> campaign for <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Britain's exit</a> from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. After Johnson was appointed prime minister in July 2019, Cummings was appointed as Chief Adviser to the Prime Minister. Cummings had a contentious relationship with <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Sajid Javid</a> which culminated in <a href="/wiki/2020_British_cabinet_reshuffle" title="2020 British cabinet reshuffle">Javid's resignation in February 2020</a> after he refused to comply with Cummings's request to dismiss his special advisers. <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Cummings_scandal" title="Dominic Cummings scandal">A scandal involving Cummings</a> occurred in May 2020, after it was reported that he travelled to his parents' farm in <a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a> during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">COVID-19 lockdowns</a> while experiencing <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> symptoms. 45 Conservative MPs called for his resignation and Cummings was criticised by opposition parties for noncompliance with public health restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-:4-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-itv_205024-5">[3]</a> After Cummings held a press conference explaining his journey, Johnson supported his chief adviser by saying Cummings had acted "responsibly, legally and with integrity".<a href="#cite_note-tg_20200524-6">[4]</a> Durham police said that they did not consider an offence was committed when Cummings travelled from London to Durham and that a minor breach might have occurred in travelling from there to <a href="/wiki/Barnard_Castle" title="Barnard Castle">Barnard Castle</a>. The scandal negatively affected the public's trust in the government's pandemic response.<a href="#cite_note-FSW-7">[5]</a> Since leaving Downing Street in November 2020, Cummings has criticised the <a href="/wiki/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic</a> and Johnson's leadership on several occasions. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Cummings&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Cummings was born in <a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a> on 25 November 1971. His father, Robert, now a farmer, had a varied career, primarily as an oil rig project manager for <a href="/wiki/John_Laing_Group" title="John Laing Group">Laing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-OwenBennett-8">[6]</a> the construction firm. His mother, Morag, became a teacher and behavioural specialist after private schooling and university.<a href="#cite_note-Harry_Lambert-9">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Laws_(judge)" title="John Laws (judge)">Sir John Laws</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="Court of Appeal judge (England and Wales)">Lord Justice of Appeal</a>, was his maternal uncle.<a href="#cite_note-Harry_Lambert-9">[7]</a> After attending state primary school, he was privately educated at <a href="/wiki/Durham_School" title="Durham School">Durham School</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> and later attended <a href="/wiki/Exeter_College,_Oxford" title="Exeter College, Oxford">Exeter College, Oxford</a>, where he studied under <a href="/wiki/Norman_Stone" title="Norman Stone">Norman Stone</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> graduating in 1994 with a First in Ancient and Modern History.<a href="#cite_note-conservativehome.com-12">[10]</a> One of his former tutors has described him to the <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a> as "fizzing with ideas, unconvinced by any received set of views about anything". He was "something like a <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a> – someone determined to bring down things that don’t work."<a href="#cite_note-Harry_Lambert-9">[7]</a> Also in his youth, he worked at Klute, a nightclub owned by his uncle in Durham.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> After graduating, Cummings moved to Russia and lived there until 1997.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> He shared a flat with the later Brexit-supporting economist Liam Halligan.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> He worked for a group attempting to set up an airline connecting <a href="/wiki/Samara,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Samara, Russia">Samara</a> in southern Russia to <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in Austria which George Parker of the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> said was "spectacularly unsuccessful".<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> Cummings departed Russia in 1997 and reflects very poorly on the country and his time there, calling Russia a "primordially abnormal country" and an "intrinsic mafia society," whose people differ from westerners "more than the Chinese or Japanese" on a "subatomic level... to the point of being diametric opposites on everything."<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Cummings&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political career">edit</a>]</div> From 1999 to 2002, Cummings was campaign director at <a href="/wiki/No_Campaign_(UK)" title="No Campaign (UK)">Business for Sterling</a>, the campaign against the UK joining the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OwenBennett-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-conservativehome.com-12">[10]</a> He then became Director of Strategy for <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Iain Duncan Smith</a> for eight months in 2002, aiming to modernise the Conservative Party (of which he was not a member). He soon left in frustration at the introduction of what he saw as half-measures, labelling Duncan Smith "incompetent".<a href="#cite_note-optimistic-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-theindependent1-19">[17]</a> The New Frontiers Foundation, a <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">free-market libertarian</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom">Eurosceptic</a> think tank which grew out of Business For Sterling,<a href="#cite_note-Pierce-21">[19]</a> was founded by Cummings in December 2003, with James Frayne as its co-founder.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> Cummings directed the group, and was described by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pierce" title="Andrew Pierce">Andrew Pierce</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> as "a youthful, mercurial figure who has brought together a diverse coalition including <a href="/wiki/Bob_Geldof" title="Bob Geldof">Bob Geldof</a> and the Labour MP <a href="/wiki/Frank_Field,_Baron_Field_of_Birkenhead" title="Frank Field, Baron Field of Birkenhead">Frank Field</a> to oppose the single currency".<a href="#cite_note-Pierce-21">[19]</a> The Foundation published articles and papers which argued against the United Kingdom having <a href="/wiki/Solemn_Declaration_on_European_Union" title="Solemn Declaration on European Union">'ever-closer union'</a> with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> at the cost of defence links with the United States.<a href="#cite_note-English-23">[21]</a> It also argued for the abolition of all trade <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a>, reform of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, research into <a href="/wiki/Hypersonic_flight" title="Hypersonic flight">hypersonic bombers</a>, the creation of a research body to fund high-risk scientific projects, reform of the British <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a>, and the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> as a public service broadcaster.<a href="#cite_note-Mason-24">[22]</a> The Foundation argued that the BBC was the "mortal enemy" of <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a>, saying: "There are three structural things that the right needs to happen in terms of communications. 1) the undermining of the BBC's credibility; 2) the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> equivalent / talk radio shows / bloggers etc to shift the centre of gravity; 3) the end of the ban on TV political advertising".<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> The Foundation closed in March 2005.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> Cummings was a key figure in North East Says No (NESNO) the successful campaign against a <a href="/wiki/Regional_assembly_(England)#Plans_for_elected_regional_assemblies" title="Regional assembly (England)">North-East Regional Assembly</a> in 2004. <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">Populist</a> tactics used in this referendum were later seen as a precursor to ones used by Cummings during the <a href="/wiki/Brexit_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="Brexit referendum">Brexit referendum</a>; for example, Cummings argued against the Assembly on the basis of increased money for the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">NHS</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> and toured the region with a huge prop <a href="/wiki/White_elephant" title="White elephant">white elephant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Diver-28">[26]</a> After the campaign, Cummings moved to his father's farm in <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-conservativehome.com-12">[10]</a> In 2006, while in a position of what <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Neil" title="Andrew Neil">Andrew Neil</a> called "overall responsibility" for the website of <a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a>, Cummings republished a <a href="/wiki/Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy" title="Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy">controversial cartoon</a> depicting Muhammed with a bomb in his turban. This was the first time the cartoon had been published by any British news organisation and was removed after interventions from the publisher of The Spectator.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_Adviser_to_Michael_Gove_(2007–2014)">Special Adviser to Michael Gove (2007–2014)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Cummings&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Special Adviser to Michael Gove (2007–2014)">edit</a>]</div> Cummings worked for Conservative politician <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a> in various roles in opposition and government from 2007 to 2014. From February 2011 to January 2014, he was <a href="/wiki/Special_adviser_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special adviser (UK)">special adviser</a> (spad) and Chief of Staff to Gove at the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Education" title="Department for Education">Department for Education</a> (DfE).<a href="#cite_note-optimistic-18">[16]</a> His appointment was initially blocked by <a href="/wiki/Andy_Coulson" title="Andy Coulson">Andy Coulson</a> from 2010 until January 2011. Cummings was later appointed in February 2011 after Coulson's resignation.<a href="#cite_note-indy1-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-genius-32">[30]</a> In this capacity, Cummings wrote a 237-page essay titled "Some thoughts on education and political priorities",<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> about transforming Britain into a "meritocratic technopolis";<a href="#cite_note-optimistic-18">[16]</a> the essay was described by <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">Guardian</a> journalist <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wintour" title="Patrick Wintour">Patrick Wintour</a> as "either mad, bad or brilliant – and probably a bit of all three".<a href="#cite_note-genius-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-interview-34">[32]</a> Cummings was known in the DfE for his blunt style and "not suffering fools gladly";<a href="#cite_note-conservativehome.com-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-optimistic-18">[16]</a> he and Michael Gove railed against the "blob", the informal alliance of senior civil servants and teachers who, in their opinion, sought to frustrate attempts at reform.<a href="#cite_note-bbc13nov20-35">[33]</a> Cummings was also outspoken regarding other senior politicians, describing <a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Nick Clegg</a>'s proposals on <a href="/wiki/School_meal#United_Kingdom" title="School meal">free school meals</a> as "Dreamed up on the back of a cigarette packet",<a href="#cite_note-pwintour1-36">[34]</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(British_politician)" title="David Davis (British politician)">David Davis</a> as "thick as mince" and "lazy as a toad".<a href="#cite_note-bbc13nov20-35">[33]</a> Patrick Wintour described the Cummings–Gove working relationship: "Gove, polite to a fault, would often feign ignorance of his adviser's methods, but knew full well the dark arts that Cummings deployed to get his master's way".<a href="#cite_note-pwintour1-36">[34]</a> In 2014, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>, at a <a href="/wiki/Policy_Exchange" title="Policy Exchange">Policy Exchange</a> speech in 2014 mentioned a "career psychopath", which was interpreted by several media outlets as a reference to Cummings,<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> although the two had never met.<a href="#cite_note-pwintour1-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> In 2012, a senior female civil servant was awarded a payout of £25,000 in a bullying case against Cummings and a senior member of Michael Gove's team, when Cummings was a special adviser at the Department for Education.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> During his time as an official working for Gove, Cummings received a warning from the <a href="/wiki/Information_Commissioner%27s_Office" title="Information Commissioner's Office">Information Commissioner's Office</a> (ICO) for use of private Gmail accounts to deal with government business, saying it should be 'actively discouraged'.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> The ICO uncovered an email from Cummings in which he said: "i will not answer any further emails to my official DfE account or from conservatives.com – i will only answer things that come from Gmail accounts from people who I know who they are" [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FTwarn-43">[41]</a> Cummings said that this referred to the Conservative Party conference, not government business.<a href="#cite_note-FTwarn-43">[41]</a> In 2014, Cummings left his job as a special adviser and noted that he might endeavour to open a <a href="/wiki/Free_school_(England)" title="Free school (England)">free school</a>.<a href="#cite_note-indy1-31">[29]</a> He had previously worked for the <a href="/wiki/New_Schools_Network" title="New Schools Network">New Schools Network</a> charity that advises free schools, as a volunteer from June 2009 and then as a paid freelancer from July to December 2010.<a href="#cite_note-indy1-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_to_leave_the_European_Union_(2015–2019)">Campaign to leave the European Union (2015–2019)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Cummings&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Campaign to leave the European Union (2015–2019)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum</a></div> Cummings became campaign director of <a href="/wiki/Vote_Leave" title="Vote Leave">Vote Leave</a> upon the creation of the organisation in October 2015.<a href="#cite_note-interview-34">[32]</a> As the leading strategist of the campaign he was credited with creating the Vote Leave slogan, "Take back control" and the claim that Brexit could allow an extra £350 million a week to be spent on the NHS.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> His campaign strategy was summarised as: "Do talk about immigration";<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Point_Dominic_talks_about_immigration_in_relation_to_the_leave_campaign's_victory-49">[47]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] "Do talk about business"; "Don’t make the referendum final"; "Do keep mentioning the Charter of Fundamental Rights and the over-reach of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">European Union's Court of Justice</a>". Board member of Vote Leave <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Jenkin" title="Bernard Jenkin">Bernard Jenkin</a> tried to remove Cummings and merge Vote Leave with the other campaign, <a href="/wiki/Leave.EU" title="Leave.EU">Leave.EU</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> Cummings and Vote Leave CEO <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Elliott_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Elliott (politics)">Matthew Elliott</a> left the board in February 2016 following reported infighting.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">June 2016 referendum</a> resulted in a 51.9% vote to leave the European Union. Cummings was praised alongside Elliott as being one of the masterminds of the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> He advised <a href="/wiki/Babylon_Health" title="Babylon Health">Babylon Health</a> on its communications strategy and senior recruitment up to September 2018. The Labour Party opposition spokesman <a href="/wiki/Jon_Ashworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Jon Ashworth">Jon Ashworth</a> said the links between Cummings, the health secretary and Babylon were "increasingly murky and highly irresponsible".<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> In March 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Commons_Select_Committee_of_Privileges" title="Commons Select Committee of Privileges">Commons Select Committee of Privileges</a> recommended the House issue an admonishment for <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Contempt of Parliament">contempt of Parliament</a> after Cummings failed to appear before the <a href="/wiki/Digital,_Culture,_Media_and_Sport_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee">Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee</a> inquiry into claims of false news creation during the referendum campaign.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> The resolution admonishing him was passed by resolution of the House of Commons on 2 April 2019.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> In July 2017, the lawyer and political commentator <a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Green" title="David Allen Green">David Allen Green</a> asked Cummings via Twitter: "Is there anything which could now happen (or not happen) which would make you now wish Leave had not won the referendum result?" Cummings replied: "Lots! I said before <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">REF</a> was dumb idea, other things should have been tried 1st."<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chief_Adviser_to_Boris_Johnson_(2019–2020)">Chief Adviser to Boris Johnson (2019–2020)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Cummings&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chief Adviser to Boris Johnson (2019–2020)">edit</a>]</div> On 24 July 2019, Cummings was appointed as a senior adviser to Prime Minister Boris Johnson<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> and was described as the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> <a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_Chief_of_Staff" title="Downing Street Chief of Staff">Chief of Staff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> On his appointment, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> reported that at a conference in 2017 Cummings had argued that: "People think, and by the way I think most people are right: 'The Tory party is run by people who basically don't care about people like me'"; and that "Tory MPs largely do not care about these poorer people. They don't care about the NHS. And the public has kind of cottoned on to that".<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> reported on Cummings's past rivalry with <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Nigel Farage</a> from the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 referendum campaign</a>, and quoted Farage as saying that: "He has never liked me. He can't stand the <a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">ERG</a>. I can't see him coming to any accommodation with anyone. He has huge personal enmity with the true believers in Brexit".<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> Cummings was accused by <a href="/wiki/Layla_Moran" title="Layla Moran">Layla Moran</a> of hypocrisy when, not long after his appointment, it was reported that a farm that he co-owns had received €250,000 (£235,000) in <a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">EU farming subsidies</a>. Cummings had previously described such subsidies as "absurd", complaining that some of them were handed out to "very rich landowners to do stupid things".<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> In November 2019, a <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">whistleblower</a> raised questions about Cummings's interactions during his years in Russia; <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a> reported that Whitehall was keeping certain government business from Cummings.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> As is customary, Cummings temporarily resigned his role when <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Dissolution of the Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament dissolved</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 general election</a>, along with most special advisers, but was briefly reinstated to assist the government following <a href="/wiki/2019_England_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 England floods">widespread flooding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>, Cummings played a role in the Conservative Party's victory in the election,<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> after having passed the party's running of the election campaign to <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Levido" title="Isaac Levido">Isaac Levido</a>. After the election, Cummings called for people interested in working in government to contact him through a private <a href="/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a> address. In a blog post, he said he wanted to recruit data scientists, software developers and economists to help improve the performance of government, making his own role "within a year largely redundant".<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> The recruitment drive was reported to have resulted in several appointments on short-term contracts, including <a href="/wiki/Alison_Wolf,_Baroness_Wolf_of_Dulwich" title="Alison Wolf, Baroness Wolf of Dulwich">Baroness Wolf of Dulwich</a>, Professor <a href="/wiki/Vernon_C._Gibson" title="Vernon C. Gibson">Vernon Gibson</a> and, briefly, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sabisky" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Sabisky">Andrew Sabisky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> Sabisky resigned in February 2020 following complaints about his previously expressed views on race, intelligence and eugenics.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> Will O'Shea, a data specialist appointed through Cummings's scheme, was dismissed in July 2020 after calling for police to shoot <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> protesters with live ammunition.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> Cummings's relationship with the media has been seen as adversarial; <a href="/wiki/Jim_Waterson" title="Jim Waterson">Jim Waterson</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> argued that although Cummings attempted to go to "war with the BBC, Channel 4 News and all manner of other news outlets deemed to represent the views of the metropolitan elite and not the 52% of the country who had voted for Brexit" the "half-finished cultural revolution" of Cummings and <a href="/wiki/Lee_Cain" title="Lee Cain">Lee Cain</a> had "often been more bark than bite. Proposals to decriminalise non-payment of the BBC licence fee ... have been kicked into the long grass. A boycott of [government ministers appearing on] Radio 4's <a href="/wiki/Today_(BBC_Radio_4)" title="Today (BBC Radio 4)">Today</a> programme was meant to last until 'they better understand the country' but was dropped after a few months. When the full scale of the coronavirus pandemic became apparent, Cain gathered journalists together and promised a more cooperative attitude to fit the times."<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> (Conservative boycotting of the Today programme in particular was a goal of Cummings's when he was a member of the New Frontiers Foundation, before he was an adviser to Johnson.<a href="#cite_note-Mason-24">[22]</a>) Conversely, ITV political editor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peston" title="Robert Peston">Robert Peston</a> said in <a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a> that he was the victim of <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> abuse "for reporting anything perceived to have originated anywhere near Cummings", and was accused of being Cummings's personal <a href="/wiki/Stenographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stenographer">stenographer</a>. He also added that "one senior Tory who thought about applying to be Beeb chair" told him that calls for the BBC's "cultural re-education", which many assumed came from Cummings, actually came from <a href="/wiki/Munira_Mirza" title="Munira Mirza">Munira Mirza</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/Number_10_Policy_Unit" title="Number 10 Policy Unit">Number 10 Policy Unit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sonia_Khan's_dismissal">Sonia Khan's dismissal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Cummings&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sonia Khan's dismissal">edit</a>]</div> In August 2019, Cummings dismissed Sonia Khan, one of the Treasury's <a href="/wiki/Special_adviser_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special adviser (UK)">special advisers</a>, without the permission or knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> <a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Sajid Javid</a>. The dismissal occurred during preparations for <a href="/wiki/Prorogation" title="Prorogation">suspending parliament</a>, which Cummings had planned and which would limit the time in which MPs could block a no-deal Brexit. According to The Guardian, Cummings believed that Khan had been dishonest about her recent contact with her ex-boss, previous chancellor and no-deal opponent <a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Philip Hammond</a>, and, according to an unconfirmed report, dismissed her after summoning her to 10 Downing Street and viewing recent activity on her phones, and then asked an armed officer to enter the building and escort Khan off the premises. Former <a href="/wiki/Attorney_general" title="Attorney general">attorney general</a> <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Grieve" title="Dominic Grieve">Dominic Grieve</a> said that the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_secretary" title="Cabinet secretary">cabinet secretary</a> should hold an inquiry and that "it was wrong of the police to get involved". Dal Babu, former <a href="/wiki/Chief_superintendent" title="Chief superintendent">chief superintendent</a> of the Metropolitan police, said it was "a shocking abuse of armed officers" and that the police should be asking questions of both Cummings and the Prime Minister about an abuse of process.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> The following month, <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> reported that Cummings had "seized new powers to sack ministers' advisers", as their new employment contracts stipulated that responsibility for disciplinary matters rested with the Prime Minister's <a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_Chief_of_Staff" title="Downing Street Chief of Staff">Chief of Staff</a> as well as with their respective ministers.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> Khan, supported by the <a href="/wiki/FDA_(trade_union)" title="FDA (trade union)">FDA trade union</a>, took a claim for <a href="/wiki/Unfair_dismissal_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unfair dismissal in the United Kingdom">unfair dismissal</a> to an <a href="/wiki/Employment_tribunal" title="Employment tribunal">employment tribunal</a>, arguing Cummings was pivotal to a claim of sex discrimination. The hearing was scheduled for December 2020 at which Cummings was due to give evidence, but in November 2020 a "five-figure" financial settlement of the claim was agreed.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-20201113-74">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relationship_with_Sajid_Javid_at_the_Treasury">Relationship with Sajid Javid at the Treasury</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Cummings&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relationship with Sajid Javid at the Treasury">edit</a>]</div> Javid "voiced anger" to Johnson over the dismissal of Khan<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> and Cummings faced the prospect of a probe by a governmental ethics watchdog following the dismissal.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> In November 2019, following questions of a rift between Downing Street and Javid, Johnson gave his assurance that he would retain Javid as chancellor after the <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> In the weeks leading up to the February 2020 reshuffle, briefings in the press had suggested that a new economic ministry led by <a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a> might be established, to reduce the power and political influence of the <a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">Treasury</a>. Sunak was considered to be a Johnson loyalist, favoured by Cummings.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> By February 2020, it was reported that Sunak would stay on as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_to_the_Treasury" title="Chief Secretary to the Treasury">Chief Secretary to the Treasury</a>, for Cummings to "keep an eye" on Javid.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> On 13 February 2020, the day of the reshuffle, Javid resigned as Chancellor of the Exchequer, following a meeting with the Prime Minister. During the meeting, Johnson had said Javid could keep his position on the condition that he dismiss all of his advisers at the Treasury, who would be replaced with ones selected by Cummings. Upon resigning, Javid told the <a href="/wiki/PA_Media" title="PA Media">Press Association</a> that "no self-respecting minister would accept those terms".<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> The Chancellor's resignation was unexpected, given Johnson's commitment to retain Javid within the Cabinet, and recent reports that an alternative finance ministry would not be made. Robert Shrimsley, chief political commentator of the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>, stated that the Prime Minister's choice of Cummings over Javid at the time risked damaging the government, that "good government often depends on senior ministers – and the Chancellor in particular – being able to fight bad ideas".<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Cummings&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: COVID-19 pandemic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Cummings_scandal" title="Dominic Cummings scandal">Dominic Cummings scandal</a></div> In March 2020, it was reported in <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a> that during a private engagement the previous month, Cummings had said that the government's strategy towards COVID-19 was "herd immunity, protect the economy and if that means some pensioners die, too bad". The spokesman for <a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a> decried the article as "a highly defamatory fabrication" which "includes a series of apparent quotes from meetings which are invented".<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> On 27 April, the Guardian website reported that Cummings sat in on meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Advisory_Group_for_Emergencies" title="Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies">Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies</a> (SAGE), which advises the cabinet on COVID-19 response.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> According to two participants in a SAGE meeting of 18 March, Cummings pressed for a faster lockdown, including closure of pubs and restaurants within two days.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> A joint investigation by the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, published on 22 May 2020, reported that, following sightings of Cummings in Durham at the end of March, the police had spoken to him about breaching lockdown rules.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> This report triggered criticism of Cummings at the time as the government had instructed people to remain at home unless absolutely necessary, with certain provisos. On 25 May, Cummings made a public statement in the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_10_and_11_Downing_Street" title="Garden of 10 and 11 Downing Street">garden of 10 Downing Street</a>, giving the following account of his actions during the time in question. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> On 27 March 2020 Cummings received a phone call at work from his wife to say that she was feeling ill. After going home to check on her, he returned to work. Later that day, the couple discussed her health and thought it was possible she had caught COVID-19, even though she was not displaying the symptoms at the time. They were both worried that they would become too weak to look after their four-year-old son if he became ill as well. He said he travelled to Durham that night to stay at a house on his parents' farmland, near to their house and that of his sister, 264 miles (425 km) from his usual residence in London. He stated that the lockdown regulations allowed journeys to facilitate child care as necessary journeys and he believed that this trip was therefore allowed. On 28 March he woke up with what were clearly COVID-19 symptoms, which got worse so that he barely left his bed over the following days.<a href="#cite_note-:1-88">[86]</a> On 30 March, Downing Street reported that Cummings had displayed symptoms of COVID-19 and was self-isolating. This was three days after Boris Johnson had tested positive for the virus.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> In his statement, Cummings went on to say that on 2 April 2020, his son became ill and was taken to hospital by ambulance and tested for COVID-19 (the test results a few days later were negative). Cummings said he was too ill to go to the hospital but his wife went by ambulance and he collected them by car the next day, but did not get out of the car. He said that on 12 April (Easter Day) he was well enough to return to London. He continued that he drove the family to the town of <a href="/wiki/Barnard_Castle" title="Barnard Castle">Barnard Castle</a> (30 miles away) to assess whether he was well enough to drive, as his wife was concerned that the disease had affected his eyesight.<a href="#cite_note-itv_20200525-90">[88]</a> He said they then returned to London the next day.<a href="#cite_note-:1-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> </blockquote> Cummings's statement was met with scepticism from the media and the public.<a href="#cite_note-CumYou-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> The journey to Barnard Castle took place on his wife's birthday.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_52811168-94">[92]</a> There had been additional reports of the family being seen in a wood near Durham and elsewhere in the area on 19 April. Cummings said they were not there and were already in London and had not returned to Durham.<a href="#cite_note-:1-88">[86]</a> The Mirror/Guardian investigation also alleged that police spoke to Cummings regarding a breach of lockdown rules.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> On 23 May, <a href="/wiki/Durham_Constabulary" title="Durham Constabulary">Durham Constabulary</a> said that it was Cummings's father who had contacted them, instead of them contacting and speaking to Cummings, and that they had discussed, by telephone, matters relating to security.<a href="#cite_note-itv_20200523-97">[95]</a> Following publication of the reports, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> leader in Westminster, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Blackford" title="Ian Blackford">Ian Blackford</a> and the acting leader of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Davey" title="Ed Davey">Ed Davey</a>, called for Cummings to resign if the allegations were to be confirmed, while <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> said 10 Downing Street needed to provide a "very swift explanation" for his actions.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> On 24 May, <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Mirror" title="Sunday Mirror">Sunday Mirror</a> alleged that Cummings had made a second trip to Durham during lockdown after returning to, and being photographed in, London.<a href="#cite_note-lockdown-100">[98]</a> Cummings denied these allegations, and Downing Street said it would not waste time answering such allegations from "campaigning newspapers".<a href="#cite_note-itv_205024-5">[3]</a> Boris Johnson, as part of a televised update on the coronavirus situation on 24 May, defended Cummings and said he had acted "responsibly, legally and with integrity".<a href="#cite_note-tg_20200524-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> On 25 May 2020, Durham's Acting Police, Crime and Victims’ Commissioner Steve White asked Durham Constabulary to investigate any potential breach of the law or regulations in relation to Cummings's Durham movements.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> That same day, Cummings held a press conference to give his reasoning for his actions, stating: "There is no regulation covering the situation I found myself in".<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> On 28 May, Durham Police said that they did not consider an offence was committed by Cummings in travelling from London to Durham.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_52835982-105">[103]</a> They also said that a minor breach relating to lockdown rules might have occurred at Barnard Castle, but because there was no apparent breach of the social distancing rules, no action would be taken now, stating: "Had a Durham Constabulary police officer stopped Mr Cummings driving to or from Barnard Castle, the officer would have spoken to him, and, having established the facts, likely advised Mr Cummings to return to the address in Durham, providing advice on the dangers of travelling during the pandemic crisis. Had this advice been accepted by Mr Cummings, no enforcement action would have been taken." They also said there was insufficient evidence of a return to the Durham area on 19 April.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_52835982-105">[103]</a> On 3 June, it was reported that Durham County Council was investigating complaints it had received that the cottage Cummings stayed in did not hold the relevant planning permission.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> A YouGov poll conducted after his press conference of 25 May, found that 71% of the public thought that Cummings had broken the lockdown rules and 59% thought he should resign.<a href="#cite_note-CumYou-92">[90]</a> By the following day, 61 Conservative MPs had criticised Cummings with 44 calling for him to resign or be sacked,<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> increasing to 98 and 45 respectively by 29 May.<a href="#cite_note-:4-4">[2]</a> Among Cummings's Conservative critics was <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Jeremy Hunt</a>, who said that Cummings had made multiple moves that were "clearly mistakes" and risked undermining public health advice. He said that amongst these mistakes there were three apparent breaches of the advice or rules. The first was Cummings's brief return to work before they left for Durham, the second was the trip to Durham instead of staying at home and the third was the visit to Barnard Castle.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> In August 2020, <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">the Lancet</a> published a study on the degree to which these events had undermined essential public health messaging, described as the "Cummings effect".<a href="#cite_note-FSW-7">[5]</a> In July 2021, The Guardian reported that Cummings had personally contacted Paul Stephenson, a former colleague from Vote Leave, to invite his company, Hanbury Strategy, to work for the government during its pandemic response.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> Stephenson's company was awarded a £580,000 <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Office" title="Cabinet Office">Cabinet Office</a> contract to conduct opinion polling without competitive tender.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Departure_from_Downing_Street">Departure from Downing Street</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Cummings&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Departure from Downing Street">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> reported on 13 November 2020 that following the decision of Cummings's long-time ally <a href="/wiki/Lee_Cain" title="Lee Cain">Lee Cain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_Director_of_Communications" title="Downing Street Director of Communications">Downing Street Director of Communications</a>, to stand down, Cummings was expected to leave Downing Street by the end of 2020. The BBC cited a "senior Downing Street source".<a href="#cite_note-departure-111">[109]</a> Cummings responded by saying that he had not threatened to resign over Cain's resignation, and pointed out that he had said in a January 2020 blog post that he planned to make himself "largely redundant" by the end of the year<a href="#cite_note-DC-blog-20200103-112">[110]</a> and that his position on that had not changed.<a href="#cite_note-departure-111">[109]</a> On 14 November, <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> reported that Cummings had been told to leave Downing Street by Johnson, but also said that he was on <a href="/wiki/Garden_leave" title="Garden leave">garden leave</a> and was working from home on Johnson's plan for mass COVID-19 testing. He was photographed leaving Number 10 with a storage box. The Times said that <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lister,_Baron_Udny-Lister" title="Edward Lister, Baron Udny-Lister">Edward Lister</a> would be promoted to replace him for an interim period, but that Lister was also due to leave in January.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Rawnsley" title="Andrew Rawnsley">Andrew Rawnsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a>'s chief political reporter, recorded one former cabinet minister as saying that Cummings had exited "without leaving much trace,"<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> while <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> stated that Cummings had "wasted the greatest opportunity of his life."<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reflection_on_the_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic">Reflection on the government response to the COVID-19 pandemic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Cummings&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reflection on the government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">edit</a>]</div> On 26 May 2021 Cummings gave seven hours of testimony to the Commons Health and Social Care Committee and Science and Technology Committee on the government's handling of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-116">[114]</a> Cummings apologised for officials, including himself, falling "disastrously short of the standards that the public has a right to expect", and said that the "government failed".<a href="#cite_note-:3-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-117">[115]</a> Criticising government leadership, Cummings said that <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health_and_Social_Care" title="Secretary of State for Health and Social Care">Health Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Matt_Hancock" title="Matt Hancock">Matt Hancock</a> should have been fired for lying, and that frontline workers and civil servants were "lions led by donkeys".<a href="#cite_note-:0-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-118">[116]</a> Boris Johnson faced criticism, with Cummings saying that there were "thousands" of people better suited to run the country than him, and that he was not a "fit and proper person" to get the UK through the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-:0-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-118">[116]</a> On the calling of lockdowns, Cummings said that Johnson had disagreed with the first national lockdown, and was against the "circuit breaker" lockdown in autumn 2020 for economic reasons.<a href="#cite_note-:2-118">[116]</a> Cummings said that he heard Johnson say he would rather see "<a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Boris_Johnson#"Let_the_bodies_pile_high_in_their_thousands"" title="Premiership of Boris Johnson">bodies pile high</a>" than take the country into a third lockdown, which Johnson denies.<a href="#cite_note-:2-118">[116]</a> Cummings also said that Johnson did not take advice and did not involve or ask the cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-:2-118">[116]</a> On 20 July 2021 the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> broadcast an hour-long programme of Cummings being interviewed by <a href="/wiki/Laura_Kuenssberg" title="Laura Kuenssberg">Laura Kuenssberg</a>. Cummings presented his perspective on events during his time at the <a href="/wiki/Vote_Leave" title="Vote Leave">Vote Leave</a> campaign and during his appointment as Boris Johnson's chief aide, and commented disparagingly on the competency of government and Johnson in particular.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_political_party">New political party</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Cummings&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: New political party">edit</a>]</div> In May 2024, Cummings was reportedly preparing for a new political party that might replace the Conservative Party if the latter were to fall apart after the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2024 United Kingdom general election">2024 general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_views">Political views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Cummings&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Political views">edit</a>]</div> Cummings has described his political views as "not Tory (Conservative), libertarian, 'populist' or anything else".<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> In January 2016, five months prior to the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 European Union referendum</a> in the United Kingdom, Cummings said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Extremists are on the rise in Europe and are being fuelled unfortunately by the Euro project and by the centralisation of power in Brussels. It is increasingly important that Britain offers an example of civilised, democratic, liberal self-government.<a href="#cite_note-interview-34">[32]</a></blockquote> At an <a href="/wiki/Ogilvy_(agency)" title="Ogilvy (agency)">Ogilvy</a> conference in 2017, Cummings stated his belief that the EU, rather than solving issues, was fuelling radicalism and extremism due to a perceived lack of control over issues such as economy and immigration: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">For me ... the worst-case scenario for Europe is a return to 1930s-style protectionism and extremism. And to me the EU project, the Eurozone project, are driving the growth of extremism. The single most important reason, really, for why I wanted to get out of the EU is I think that it will drain the poison of a lot of political debates ... <a href="/wiki/UKIP" class="mw-redirect" title="UKIP">UKIP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Nigel Farage</a> would be finished. Once there's democratic control of immigration policy, immigration will go back to being a second- or third-order issue.<a href="#cite_note-foreign_policy-124">[122]</a></blockquote> Cummings has frequently criticised what he sees as a London-centred political system that failed to countenance the UK's voting to leave the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-timesdec19-125">[123]</a> He has expressed his dismay that many voters' concerns, particularly in Northern England and the Midlands, have been ignored by both the Conservatives and Labour and 'taken for granted'.<a href="#cite_note-timesdec19-125">[123]</a> He criticised <a href="/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour">New Labour</a>'s attempt at re-balancing inherent structural deficiencies within the British economy following de-industrialisation with a system of tax credits.<a href="#cite_note-timesdec19-125">[123]</a> Cummings has said he has never been a member of a political party.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> He came second in a list by <a href="/wiki/LBC" title="LBC">LBC</a> of the "Top 100 Most Influential Conservatives of 2019".<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Although frequently portrayed as on the right of the political spectrum, he has expressed dismay for the <a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Jacob Rees-Mogg</a>, describing the group as "useful idiots" for the argument to remain in the EU and that they "should be treated like a metastasising tumour and excised from the UK body politic."<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> He sought to isolate Nigel Farage from the official Vote Leave campaign in the 2016 referendum, believing his presence to not be helpful in winning over undecided voters.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> Cummings has criticised United States President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> for having "demonstrated no interest in actually controlling the government" and his inability to "execute at scale and speed", and encouraged the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> to nominate an alternative to Trump as its candidate for the <a href="/wiki/2024_US_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 US presidential election">2024 US presidential election</a>. He has cited <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Curtis Yarvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Andrew Sullivan</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Shor" title="David Shor">David Shor</a>, amongst others, as "people I have found interesting" in US politics.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Cummings&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> In December 2011, Cummings married <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wakefield_(journalist)" title="Mary Wakefield (journalist)">Mary Wakefield</a>, the sister of his friend Jack Wakefield,<a href="#cite_note-ft.com-131">[129]</a> former director of the <a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Firtash" title="Dmytro Firtash">Firtash</a> Foundation.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> Mary Wakefield has worked at the weekly magazine <a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a> for decades, since Boris Johnson was editor, and is now commissioning editor. She is the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Wakefield" class="mw-redirect" title="Humphry Wakefield">Sir Humphry Wakefield, 2nd Baronet</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Chillingham_Castle" title="Chillingham Castle">Chillingham Castle</a> in Northumberland.<a href="#cite_note-theindependent1-19">[17]</a> Her mother is Katherine Wakefield, née Baring, elder daughter of <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Baring,_1st_Baron_Howick_of_Glendale" title="Evelyn Baring, 1st Baron Howick of Glendale">Evelyn Baring, 1st Baron Howick of Glendale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> In 2016, they had a son,<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> (Alexander) Cedd (named after <a href="/wiki/Cedd" title="Cedd">an Anglo-Saxon saint</a>).<a href="#cite_note-ft.com-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> Cummings is reportedly fascinated by <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-foreign_policy-124">[122]</a> and US fighter pilot and military strategist <a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_(military_strategist)" title="John Boyd (military strategist)">John Boyd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Owen_Bennett" title="Owen Bennett">Owen Bennett</a> wrote that Cummings "is a <a href="/wiki/Russophilia" title="Russophilia">Russophile</a>, speaks Russian, and is passionately interested in <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoyevsky</a>",<a href="#cite_note-OwenBennett-8">[6]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wintour" title="Patrick Wintour">Patrick Wintour</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> reported that "<a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina" title="Anna Karenina">Anna Karenina</a>, maths and Bismarck are his three obsessions."<a href="#cite_note-pwintour1-36">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Cummings&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Cummings was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Cumberbatch" title="Benedict Cumberbatch">Benedict Cumberbatch</a> in the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> drama <a href="/wiki/Brexit:_The_Uncivil_War" title="Brexit: The Uncivil War">Brexit: The Uncivil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a></li> <li>In the 2020 revival of <a href="/wiki/Spitting_Image_(2020_TV_series)" title="Spitting Image (2020 TV series)">Spitting Image</a>, Cummings's puppet was portrayed "as a creepy alien with a pulsating head who drools at the prospect of eating <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson's</a> baby".<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> He was voiced by Daniel Barker.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a></li> <li>In September 2022, Cummings was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Paisley_Day" title="Simon Paisley Day">Simon Paisley Day</a> in <a href="/wiki/Michael_Winterbottom" title="Michael Winterbottom">Michael Winterbottom</a>'s miniseries <a href="/wiki/This_England_(TV_series)" title="This England (TV series)">This England</a>.</li> <li>In February 2023, Cummings was portrayed by Chris Porter in DOM: The Play at <a href="/wiki/The_Other_Palace" title="The Other Palace">The Other Palace</a> Theatre, London, and then again in April at <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Windsor" title="Theatre Royal, Windsor">Theatre Royal, Windsor</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_Rooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly Rooms">Assembly Rooms</a> at the Edinburgh Fringe 2023.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Cummings&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> As Downing Street Chief of Staff. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> As acting Downing Street Chief of Staff. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Cummings&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved 24 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=UK+coronavirus+live%3A+Boris+Johnson+says+Dominic+Cummings+acted+%27responsibly%2C+legally+and+with+integrity%27&rft.date=2020-05-24&rft.aulast=Otte&rft.aufirst=Jedidajah&rft.au=Walawalkar%2C+Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Flive%2F2020%2Fmay%2F24%2Fuk-coronavirus-live-dominic-cummings-under-intense-pressure-over-lockdown-breaches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FSW-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FSW_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FSW_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFancourtSteptoeWright2020" class="citation journal cs1">Fancourt, Daisy; Steptoe, Andrew; Wright, Liam (15 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7613216">"The Cummings effect: politics, trust, and behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a>. 396 (10249): 464–465. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2820%2931690-1">10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31690-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736">0140-6736</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7613216">7613216</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32771083">32771083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=The+Cummings+effect%3A+politics%2C+trust%2C+and+behaviours+during+the+COVID-19+pandemic&rft.volume=396&rft.issue=10249&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E464-%3C%2Fspan%3E465&rft.date=2020-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7613216%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0140-6736&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32771083&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2820%2931690-1&rft.aulast=Fancourt&rft.aufirst=Daisy&rft.au=Steptoe%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Wright%2C+Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7613216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OwenBennett-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OwenBennett_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OwenBennett_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OwenBennett_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBennett2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Owen_Bennett" title="Owen Bennett">Bennett, Owen</a> (2019). 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Retrieved 16 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Dominic+Cummings%3A+The+Machiavel+in+Downing+Street&rft.date=2019-09-25&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fpolitics%2Fuk%2F2019%2F09%2Fdominic-cummings-machiavel-downing-street&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLambert2019" class="citation web cs1">Lambert, Harry (25 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/09/dominic-cummings-machiavel-downing-street">"Dominic Cummings: The Machiavel in Downing Street"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191206121639/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/09/dominic-cummings-machiavel-downing-street">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2019. 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Retrieved 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ConservativeHome&rft.atitle=A+profile+of+Dominic+Cummings%2C+friend+of+Gove+and+enemy+of+Clegg&rft.date=2014-05-15&rft.aulast=Gimson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservativehome.com%2Fthetorydiary%2F2014%2F05%2Fa-profile-of-dominic-cummings-friend-of-gove-and-enemy-of-clegg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2019" class="citation news cs1">Saunders, Tom (27 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palatinate.org.uk/dominic-cummings-i-wasnt-a-bouncer-i-just-helped-take-money/">"Dominic Cummings: "I wasn't a bouncer, I just helped take money""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_(newspaper)" title="Palatinate (newspaper)">Palatinate</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226021006/https://www.palatinate.org.uk/dominic-cummings-i-wasnt-a-bouncer-i-just-helped-take-money/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palatinate&rft.atitle=Dominic+Cummings%3A+%22I+wasn%27t+a+bouncer%2C+I+just+helped+take+money%22&rft.date=2019-07-27&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.palatinate.org.uk%2Fdominic-cummings-i-wasnt-a-bouncer-i-just-helped-take-money%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrierson2019" class="citation news cs1">Grierson, Jamie (3 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/nov/03/dominic-cummings-labour-questions-russia-links">"Labour questions Dominic Cummings's links to Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111190007/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/nov/03/dominic-cummings-labour-questions-russia-links">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Labour+questions+Dominic+Cummings%27s+links+to+Russia&rft.date=2019-11-03&rft.aulast=Grierson&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2Fnov%2F03%2Fdominic-cummings-labour-questions-russia-links&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGray2019" class="citation web cs1">Gray, Freddy (14 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/exclusive-dominic-cummings-s-secret-links-to-russia/">"Exclusive: Dominic Cummings's secret links to Russia"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Dominic+Cummings%27s+secret+links+to+Russia&rft.date=2019-11-14&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Freddy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fexclusive-dominic-cummings-s-secret-links-to-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParker2020" class="citation news cs1">Parker, George (16 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/0bf8a910-372e-11ea-a6d3-9a26f8c3cba4">"Dominic Cummings has 'done' Brexit. Now he plans to reinvent politics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Financial_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Financial Times">The Financial Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226131202/https://www.ft.com/content/0bf8a910-372e-11ea-a6d3-9a26f8c3cba4">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Dominic+Cummings+has+%27done%27+Brexit.+Now+he+plans+to+reinvent+politics&rft.date=2020-01-16&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F0bf8a910-372e-11ea-a6d3-9a26f8c3cba4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dexa.ai/s/0V5Eq9Ls?source=legacy_app">https://dexa.ai/s/0V5Eq9Ls?source=legacy_app</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-optimistic-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-optimistic_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-optimistic_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-optimistic_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-optimistic_18-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBagehot2016" class="citation news cs1">Bagehot (21 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21688866-dominic-cummings-leaving-european-union-first-step-british-renaissance">"An optimistic Eurosceptic. For Dominic Cummings, leaving the European Union is a first step in a British renaissance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180514214901/https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21688866-dominic-cummings-leaving-european-union-first-step-british-renaissance">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=An+optimistic+Eurosceptic.+For+Dominic+Cummings%2C+leaving+the+European+Union+is+a+first+step+in+a+British+renaissance&rft.date=2016-01-21&rft.au=Bagehot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fbritain%2F21688866-dominic-cummings-leaving-european-union-first-step-british-renaissance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-theindependent1-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theindependent1_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theindependent1_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOppenheim2017" class="citation news cs1">Oppenheim, Maya (5 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/dominic-cummings-vote-leave-chief-invent-350-million-brexit-mistake-david-cameron-leave-eu-a7825601.html">"Dominic Cummings: The Vote Leave chief who invented £350m claim before admitting Brexit was a mistake"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808091851/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/dominic-cummings-vote-leave-chief-invent-350-million-brexit-mistake-david-cameron-leave-eu-a7825601.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2019. 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Retrieved 28 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ministers+jostle+as+Johnson+plans+long-awaited+reshuffle&rft.date=2020-02-05&rft.au=Mason%2C+Rowena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2Ffeb%2F05%2Fjohnson-loyalists-to-be-rewarded-in-long-awaited-reshuffle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMason,_Rowena2020" class="citation news cs1">Mason, Rowena (13 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/feb/13/sajid-javid-resigns-as-chancellor-amid-boris-johnson-reshuffle">"Sajid Javid resigns as chancellor amid Johnson reshuffle"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213121054/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/feb/13/sajid-javid-resigns-as-chancellor-amid-boris-johnson-reshuffle">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sajid+Javid+resigns+as+chancellor+amid+Johnson+reshuffle&rft.date=2020-02-13&rft.au=Mason%2C+Rowena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2Ffeb%2F13%2Fsajid-javid-resigns-as-chancellor-amid-boris-johnson-reshuffle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2020/0213/1115043-sajid-javid-quits-as-british-chancellor/">"Sajid Javid quits as British Chancellor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a>. 13 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200502031342/https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2020/0213/1115043-sajid-javid-quits-as-british-chancellor/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RT%C3%89&rft.atitle=Sajid+Javid+quits+as+British+Chancellor&rft.date=2020-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2F2020%2F0213%2F1115043-sajid-javid-quits-as-british-chancellor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShrimsley,_Robert2020" class="citation news cs1">Shrimsley, Robert (13 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/f1e8b996-4e59-11ea-95a0-43d18ec715f5">"Johnson has backed Cummings over his chancellor — and there will be a cost"</a>. Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200531232147/https://www.ft.com/content/f1e8b996-4e59-11ea-95a0-43d18ec715f5">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Johnson+has+backed+Cummings+over+his+chancellor+%E2%80%94+and+there+will+be+a+cost&rft.date=2020-02-13&rft.au=Shrimsley%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Ff1e8b996-4e59-11ea-95a0-43d18ec715f5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalker2020" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Peter (22 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/mar/22/no-10-denies-claim-dominic-cummings-argued-to-let-old-people-die">"No 10 denies claim Dominic Cummings argued to 'let old people die'"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210203042643/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/mar/22/no-10-denies-claim-dominic-cummings-argued-to-let-old-people-die">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=No+10+denies+claim+Dominic+Cummings+argued+to+%27let+old+people+die%27&rft.date=2020-03-22&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2Fmar%2F22%2Fno-10-denies-claim-dominic-cummings-argued-to-let-old-people-die&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSample2020" class="citation news cs1">Sample, Ian (24 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/24/coronavirus-whos-who-on-secret-scientific-group-advising-uk-government-sage">"Who's who on secret scientific group advising UK government?"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200429111907/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/24/coronavirus-whos-who-on-secret-scientific-group-advising-uk-government-sage">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Who%27s+who+on+secret+scientific+group+advising+UK+government%3F&rft.date=2020-04-24&rft.aulast=Sample&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fapr%2F24%2Fcoronavirus-whos-who-on-secret-scientific-group-advising-uk-government-sage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoralesRing2020" class="citation news cs1">Morales, Alex; Ring, Suzi (28 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-28/top-aide-to-u-k-s-johnson-pushed-scientists-to-back-lockdown">"Johnson's Top Aide Pushed Scientists to Back U.K. Lockdown"</a>. Bloomberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210013656/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-28/top-aide-to-u-k-s-johnson-pushed-scientists-to-back-lockdown">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Johnson%27s+Top+Aide+Pushed+Scientists+to+Back+U.K.+Lockdown&rft.date=2020-04-28&rft.aulast=Morales&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Ring%2C+Suzi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2020-04-28%2Ftop-aide-to-u-k-s-johnson-pushed-scientists-to-back-lockdown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2020" class="citation news cs1">Weaver, Matthew (22 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/may/22/dominic-cummings-durham-trip-coronavirus-lockdown">"Pressure on Dominic Cummings to quit over lockdown breach"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221228092422/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/may/22/dominic-cummings-durham-trip-coronavirus-lockdown">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pressure+on+Dominic+Cummings+to+quit+over+lockdown+breach&rft.date=2020-05-22&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2Fmay%2F22%2Fdominic-cummings-durham-trip-coronavirus-lockdown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_88-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKenber2020" class="citation news cs1">Kenber, Billy (26 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/dominic-cummings-i-tried-to-do-the-right-thing-but-reasonable-people-may-disagree-n8qn59ctf">"I tried to do the right thing but reasonable people may disagree"</a>. The Times. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021021735/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/dominic-cummings-i-tried-to-do-the-right-thing-but-reasonable-people-may-disagree-n8qn59ctf">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=I+tried+to+do+the+right+thing+but+reasonable+people+may+disagree&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2020-05-26&rft.aulast=Kenber&rft.aufirst=Billy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fdominic-cummings-i-tried-to-do-the-right-thing-but-reasonable-people-may-disagree-n8qn59ctf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuchan2020" class="citation news cs1">Buchan, Lizzy (30 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/dominic-cummings-coronavirus-test-symptoms-positive-latest-a9433331.html">"Dominic Cummings self-isolates after he develops coronavirus symptoms"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604072359/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/dominic-cummings-coronavirus-test-symptoms-positive-latest-a9433331.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Dominic+Cummings+self-isolates+after+he+develops+coronavirus+symptoms&rft.date=2020-03-30&rft.aulast=Buchan&rft.aufirst=Lizzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fdominic-cummings-coronavirus-test-symptoms-positive-latest-a9433331.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-itv_20200525-90"><a href="#cite_ref-itv_20200525_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itv.com/news/2020-05-25/dominic-cummings-public-statement/">"Dominic Cummings: 'I don't regret what I did'"</a>. ITV News. 25 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200601105423/https://www.itv.com/news/2020-05-25/dominic-cummings-public-statement/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ITV+News&rft.atitle=Dominic+Cummings%3A+%27I+don%27t+regret+what+I+did%27&rft.date=2020-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itv.com%2Fnews%2F2020-05-25%2Fdominic-cummings-public-statement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFordHamilton2020" class="citation news cs1">Ford, Richard; Hamilton, Fiona (25 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/dominic-cummings-feverish-days-and-boris-johnsons-closest-adviser-is-not-out-of-the-woods-snq0vb7wv">"Feverish days and PM's closest adviser is not out of the woods"</a>. The Times. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303180956/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/dominic-cummings-feverish-days-and-boris-johnsons-closest-adviser-is-not-out-of-the-woods-snq0vb7wv">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Feverish+days+and+PM%27s+closest+adviser+is+not+out+of+the+woods&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2020-05-25&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fdominic-cummings-feverish-days-and-boris-johnsons-closest-adviser-is-not-out-of-the-woods-snq0vb7wv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CumYou-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CumYou_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CumYou_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStewartMasonProctor2020" class="citation news cs1">Stewart, Heather; Mason, Rowena; Proctor, Kate (27 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/may/26/tory-unrest-increases-pressure-pm-sack-dominic-cummings">"Dominic Cummings: Tory unrest increases pressure on PM to sack adviser"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200527223904/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/may/26/tory-unrest-increases-pressure-pm-sack-dominic-cummings">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Dominic+Cummings%3A+Tory+unrest+increases+pressure+on+PM+to+sack+adviser&rft.date=2020-05-27&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft.au=Mason%2C+Rowena&rft.au=Proctor%2C+Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2Fmay%2F26%2Ftory-unrest-increases-pressure-pm-sack-dominic-cummings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorwood2020" class="citation web cs1">Norwood, Graham (30 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.estateagenttoday.co.uk/features/2020/5/dominic-cummings--lessons-for-the-agency-industry">"Dominic Cummings – lessons for the agency industry"</a>. Estate Agent Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221218100101/https://www.estateagenttoday.co.uk/features/2020/5/dominic-cummings--lessons-for-the-agency-industry">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 6 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Estate+Agent+Today&rft.atitle=Dominic+Cummings+%E2%80%93+lessons+for+the+agency+industry&rft.date=2020-05-30&rft.aulast=Norwood&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.estateagenttoday.co.uk%2Ffeatures%2F2020%2F5%2Fdominic-cummings--lessons-for-the-agency-industry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_52811168-94"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_52811168_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-52811168">"Dominic Cummings: What is the scandal about?"</a>. BBC News. 26 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607190832/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-52811168">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Dominic+Cummings%3A+What+is+the+scandal+about%3F&rft.date=2020-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-52811168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2020" class="citation news cs1">Weaver, Matthew (22 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/may/22/dominic-cummings-durham-trip-coronavirus-lockdown">"Pressure on Dominic Cummings to quit over lockdown breach"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221228092422/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/may/22/dominic-cummings-durham-trip-coronavirus-lockdown">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pressure+on+Dominic+Cummings+to+quit+over+lockdown+breach&rft.date=2020-05-22&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2Fmay%2F22%2Fdominic-cummings-durham-trip-coronavirus-lockdown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-52784290">"What did Dominic Cummings do during lockdown?"</a>. BBC News. 25 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221218100053/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-52784290">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=What+did+Dominic+Cummings+do+during+lockdown%3F&rft.date=2020-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-52784290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-itv_20200523-97"><a href="#cite_ref-itv_20200523_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itv.com/news/2020-05-23/police-challenge-government-over-dominic-cummings-lockdown-denial/">"Police challenge Government over Dominic Cummings lockdown denial"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ITV+News&rft.atitle=Police+challenge+Government+over+Dominic+Cummings+lockdown+denial&rft.date=2020-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itv.com%2Fnews%2F2020-05-23%2Fpolice-challenge-government-over-dominic-cummings-lockdown-denial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2020" class="citation news cs1">Weaver, Matthew (22 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/may/22/dominic-cummings-durham-trip-coronavirus-lockdown">"Police spoke to Dominic Cummings after Durham trip in lockdown"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Police+spoke+to+Dominic+Cummings+after+Durham+trip+in+lockdown&rft.date=2020-05-22&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2Fmay%2F22%2Fdominic-cummings-durham-trip-coronavirus-lockdown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-52779356">"PM's top aide visited parents' home during lockdown"</a>. BBC News. 22 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210129060448/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-52779356">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=PM%27s+top+aide+visited+parents%27+home+during+lockdown&rft.date=2020-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-52779356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lockdown-100"><a href="#cite_ref-lockdown_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-52786206">"Coronavirus: Dominic Cummings 'made second lockdown trip'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a>. 23 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200524001959/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-52786206">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Coronavirus%3A+Dominic+Cummings+%27made+second+lockdown+trip%27&rft.date=2020-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-52786206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDiver2020" class="citation news cs1">Diver, Tony (24 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/coronavirus-news-dominic-cummings-cases-deaths/">"Coronavirus latest news: Boris Johnson backs Cummings and says he acted 'responsibly, legally and with integrity'"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Cummings%27+lockdown-trip+cottage+plans+investigated&rft.date=2020-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-tyne-52911605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMason2020" class="citation news cs1">Mason, Rowena (27 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/may/27/tory-anger-at-dominic-cummings-grows-as-dozens-of-mps-defy-boris-johnson">"Tory anger at Dominic Cummings grows as 61 MPs defy Boris Johnson"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200528001202/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/may/27/tory-anger-at-dominic-cummings-grows-as-dozens-of-mps-defy-boris-johnson">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2020. 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Retrieved 18 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LBC&rft.atitle=The+Top+100+Most+Influential+Conservatives+of+2019&rft.date=2019-09-30&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbc.co.uk%2Fpolitics%2Fparties%2Fconservatives%2Fthe-top-100-most-influential-conservatives-of-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillespie2020" class="citation web cs1">Gillespie, Tom (25 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/dominic-cummings-a-former-pm-branded-him-a-career-psychopath-but-who-is-johnsons-right-hand-man-11993120">"Who is Dominic Cummings: A former PM branded him a 'career psychopath' – here's what you need to know about PM's top aide"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=Who+is+Dominic+Cummings%3A+A+former+PM+branded+him+a+%27career+psychopath%27+%E2%80%93+here%27s+what+you+need+to+know+about+PM%27s+top+aide&rft.date=2020-05-25&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fdominic-cummings-a-former-pm-branded-him-a-career-psychopath-but-who-is-johnsons-right-hand-man-11993120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAitkenhead2016" class="citation news cs1">Aitkenhead, Decca (20 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/may/20/nigel-farage-ukip-eu-referendum-interview-vote-leave-brief-every-day">"Nigel Farage: 'They say I'm toxic. Quite the opposite'"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608073612/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/may/20/nigel-farage-ukip-eu-referendum-interview-vote-leave-brief-every-day">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nigel+Farage%3A+%27They+say+I%27m+toxic.+Quite+the+opposite%27&rft.date=2016-05-20&rft.aulast=Aitkenhead&rft.aufirst=Decca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2016%2Fmay%2F20%2Fnigel-farage-ukip-eu-referendum-interview-vote-leave-brief-every-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCummings2021" class="citation web cs1">Cummings, Dominic (1 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dominiccummings.substack.com/p/regime-change-2-a-plea-to-silicon">"Regime Change #2: A plea to Silicon Valley - start a project NOW to write the plan for the next GOP candidate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Substack" title="Substack">Substack</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006004016/https://dominiccummings.substack.com/p/regime-change-2-a-plea-to-silicon">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2021. 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Retrieved 29 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chronicle+Live&rft.atitle=Who+is+Dominic+Cummings%3F+The+man+who+drove+to+County+Durham+despite+lockdown&rft.date=2019-01-08&rft.aulast=Rabbett&rft.aufirst=Abigail&rft.au=Morley%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Sonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chroniclelive.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnorth-east-news%2Fwho-dominic-cummings-durham-man-15643998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWakefield2019" class="citation news cs1">Wakefield, Mary (10 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808124604/https://www.spectator.co.uk/2019/08/the-reason-middle-class-parents-are-so-anxious/">"The reason middle-class parents are so anxious"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a>. 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Retrieved 24 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Like+so+many+parents%2C+I%27m+a+panic+junkie&rft.date=2019-08-08&rft.aulast=Wakefield&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Flike-so-many-parents-i-m-a-panic-junkie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPike2019" class="citation news cs1">Pike, Joe (17 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itv.com/news/2019-08-17/the-us-fighter-pilot-inspiring-boris-johnsons-most-powerful-adviser-dominic-cummings/">"The US fighter pilot inspiring Boris Johnson's most powerful adviser"</a>. ITV News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200103151042/https://www.itv.com/news/2019-08-17/the-us-fighter-pilot-inspiring-boris-johnsons-most-powerful-adviser-dominic-cummings/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ITV+News&rft.atitle=The+US+fighter+pilot+inspiring+Boris+Johnson%27s+most+powerful+adviser&rft.date=2019-08-17&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itv.com%2Fnews%2F2019-08-17%2Fthe-us-fighter-pilot-inspiring-boris-johnsons-most-powerful-adviser-dominic-cummings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBennett2018" class="citation news cs1">Bennett, Asa (28 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/0/brexit-uncivil-war-review-benedict-cumberbatch-gripping-watch/">"Brexit: The Uncivil War review: Benedict Cumberbatch is superb in this thrilling romp through the referendum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190109014933/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/0/brexit-uncivil-war-review-benedict-cumberbatch-gripping-watch/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Brexit%3A+The+Uncivil+War+review%3A+Benedict+Cumberbatch+is+superb+in+this+thrilling+romp+through+the+referendum&rft.date=2018-12-28&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Asa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftv%2F0%2Fbrexit-uncivil-war-review-benedict-cumberbatch-gripping-watch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Elliott2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Elliott_(political_strategist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Elliott (political strategist)">Matthew Elliott</a> (4 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/49f2b912-0f67-11e9-acdc-4d9976f1533b">"Vote Leave's Matthew Elliott on Channel 4's Brexit: The Uncivil War"</a>. Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190109062121/https://www.ft.com/content/49f2b912-0f67-11e9-acdc-4d9976f1533b">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2019. <q>Screenwriter James Graham has turned the campaign into a compelling story – and nailed my mannerisms</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Vote+Leave%27s+Matthew+Elliott+on+Channel+4%27s+Brexit%3A+The+Uncivil+War&rft.date=2019-01-04&rft.au=Matthew+Elliott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F49f2b912-0f67-11e9-acdc-4d9976f1533b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarr2020" class="citation news cs1">Carr, Flora (2 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiotimes.com/news/tv/2020-10-02/spitting-image-puppet-characters/">"Spitting Image puppets – here's who appears in the BritBox revival"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Times" title="Radio Times">Radio Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201110014337/https://www.radiotimes.com/news/tv/2020-10-02/spitting-image-puppet-characters/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Times&rft.atitle=Spitting+Image+puppets+%E2%80%93+here%27s+who+appears+in+the+BritBox+revival&rft.date=2020-10-02&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Flora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiotimes.com%2Fnews%2Ftv%2F2020-10-02%2Fspitting-image-puppet-characters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKemp2020" class="citation news cs1">Kemp, Ella (7 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nme.com/news/tv/spitting-image-reboot-return-second-series-britbox-2775072">"'Spitting Image' reboot to return for a second series"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201010102918/https://www.nme.com/news/tv/spitting-image-reboot-return-second-series-britbox-2775072">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NME&rft.atitle=%27Spitting+Image%27+reboot+to+return+for+a+second+series&rft.date=2020-10-07&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Ella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nme.com%2Fnews%2Ftv%2Fspitting-image-reboot-return-second-series-britbox-2775072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbjmanagement.co.uk/artists/daniel-barker">"Daniel Barker"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bennett-Jones" title="Peter Bennett-Jones">PBJ Management</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825205922/https://www.pbjmanagement.co.uk/artists/daniel-barker">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daniel+Barker&rft.pub=PBJ+Management&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbjmanagement.co.uk%2Fartists%2Fdaniel-barker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Cummings&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollini2020" class="citation cs2">Collini, Stefan (6 February 2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/feb/06/inside-the-mind-of-dominic-cummings-brexit-boris-johnson-conservatives">"Inside the mind of Dominic Cummings"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Inside+the+mind+of+Dominic+Cummings&rft.date=2020-02-06&rft.aulast=Collini&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2Ffeb%2F06%2Finside-the-mind-of-dominic-cummings-brexit-boris-johnson-conservatives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGee2019" class="citation cs2">McGee, Luke (21 August 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2019/08/21/uk/dominic-cummings-profile-gbr-intl/index.html">Meet the real brains behind Boris Johnson's Brexit plan</a>, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meet+the+real+brains+behind+Boris+Johnson%27s+Brexit+plan&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2019-08-21&rft.aulast=McGee&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2019%2F08%2F21%2Fuk%2Fdominic-cummings-profile-gbr-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominic+Cummings" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Cummings&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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4em"><a href="/wiki/Special_adviser_(United_Kingdom)" title="Special adviser (United Kingdom)">Special advisers to the British government</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_premiership_of_Harold_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="First premiership of Harold Wilson">First Wilson Ministry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Abel-Smith" title="Brian Abel-Smith">Brian Abel-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Haines_(journalist)" title="Joe Haines (journalist)">Joe Haines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harris,_Baron_Harris_of_Greenwich" title="John Harris, Baron Harris of Greenwich">John Harris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Edward_Heath" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiership of Edward Heath">Heath Ministry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Kerpel" title="Tony Kerpel">Tony Kerpel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_premiership_of_Harold_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Second premiership of Harold Wilson">Second Wilson Ministry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Abel-Smith" title="Brian Abel-Smith">Brian Abel-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Haines_(journalist)" title="Joe Haines (journalist)">Joe Haines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Jack Straw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_James_Callaghan" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiership of James Callaghan">Callaghan Ministry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Liddle" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Liddle">Roger Liddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_McCaffrey_(political_adviser)" title="Tom McCaffrey (political adviser)">Tom McCaffrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Jack Straw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Margaret_Thatcher" title="Premiership of Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher Ministry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Black,_Baron_Black_of_Brentwood" title="Guy Black, Baron Black of Brentwood">Guy Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Butler_(politician)" title="Chris Butler (politician)">Chris Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dobbs" title="Michael Dobbs">Michael Dobbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dunlop" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Dunlop">Andrew Dunlop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Griffiths,_Baron_Griffiths_of_Fforestfach" title="Brian Griffiths, Baron Griffiths of Fforestfach">Brian Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hill,_Baron_Hill_of_Oareford" title="Jonathan Hill, Baron Hill of Oareford">Jonathan Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hoskyns_(policy_advisor)" title="John Hoskyns (policy advisor)">John Hoskyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Ingham" title="Bernard Ingham">Bernard Ingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_James_(civil_servant)" title="Henry James (civil servant)">Henry James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Kerpel" title="Tony Kerpel">Tony Kerpel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Letwin" title="Oliver Letwin">Oliver Letwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Levene" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Levene">Peter Levene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lidington" title="David Lidington">David Lidington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwick_Lightfoot" title="Warwick Lightfoot">Warwick Lightfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Mount" title="Ferdinand Mount">Ferdinand Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Norton,_8th_Baron_Grantley" title="Richard Norton, 8th Baron Grantley">The Lord Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Palliser" title="Michael Palliser">Michael Palliser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Peel" title="Jack Peel">Jack Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Redwood" title="John Redwood">John Redwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Stone" title="Norman Stone">Norman Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Taylor_(educationist)" title="Cyril Taylor (educationist)">Sir Cyril Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Teasdale" title="Anthony Teasdale">Anthony Teasdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_True,_Baron_True" title="Nicholas True, Baron True">Nicholas True</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Walters" title="Alan Walters">Alan Walters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Willetts" title="David Willetts">David Willetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Whittingdale" title="John Whittingdale">John Whittingdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wolfson,_Baron_Wolfson_of_Sunningdale" title="David Wolfson, Baron Wolfson of Sunningdale">David Wolfson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/John_Major#Prime_Minister" title="John Major">Major Ministry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Bercow" title="John Bercow">John Bercow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Blackwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Blackwell">Norman Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Caine" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Caine">Jonathan Caine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Chaplin" title="Judith Chaplin">Judith Chaplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Clark" title="Greg Clark">Greg Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Peter_de_la_Billi%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Peter de la Billière">Sir Peter de la Billière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Finkelstein" title="Daniel Finkelstein">Daniel Finkelstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hill,_Baron_Hill_of_Oareford" title="Jonathan Hill, Baron Hill of Oareford">Jonathan Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Hogg,_Viscountess_Hailsham" title="Sarah Hogg, Viscountess Hailsham">Sarah Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Kerpel" title="Tony Kerpel">Tony Kerpel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwick_Lightfoot" title="Warwick Lightfoot">Warwick Lightfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Meyer" title="Christopher Meyer">Christopher Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_O%27Donnell" title="Gus O'Donnell">Gus O'Donnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Osborne" title="George Osborne">George Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Rock" title="Patrick Rock">Patrick Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ruffley" title="David Ruffley">David Ruffley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Taylor_(educationist)" title="Cyril Taylor (educationist)">Sir Cyril Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Teasdale" title="Anthony Teasdale">Anthony Teasdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_True,_Baron_True" title="Nicholas True, Baron True">Nicholas True</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Warner" title="Gerald Warner">Gerald Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wyman" title="Peter Wyman">Peter Wyman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Tony_Blair" title="Premiership of Tony Blair">Blair Ministry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Adonis" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Adonis">Andrew Adonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Allan" title="Tim Allan">Tim Allan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Ashworth" title="Jonathan Ashworth">Jonathan Ashworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Balls" title="Ed Balls">Ed Balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Benn" title="Hilary Benn">Hilary Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bennett_(consultant)" title="David Bennett (consultant)">David Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Bentley" title="Tom Bentley">Tom Bentley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Burnham" title="Andy Burnham">Andy Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alastair_Campbell" title="Alastair Campbell">Alastair Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Cavanagh" title="Matt Cavanagh">Matt Cavanagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Corrigan_(political_adviser)" title="Paul Corrigan (political adviser)">Paul Corrigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Diamond" title="Patrick Diamond">Patrick Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Dipple" title="Jo Dipple">Jo Dipple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dugher" title="Michael Dugher">Michael Dugher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hale" title="Stephen Hale">Stephen Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_Hart_of_Chilton" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lord Hart of Chilton">The Lord Hart of Chilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hill_(Labour_adviser)" title="David Hill (Labour adviser)">David Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anji_Hunter" class="mw-redirect" title="Anji Hunter">Anji Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom_Kelly_(political_adviser)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tom Kelly (political adviser) (page does not exist)">Tom Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Kendall" title="Liz Kendall">Liz Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kyle_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Kyle (politician)">Peter Kyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Linden" title="Sophie Linden">Sophie Linden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Livermore" class="mw-redirect" title="Spencer Livermore">Spencer Livermore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Lloyd" title="Liz Lloyd">Liz Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_McDougall" title="Blair McDougall">Blair McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_McFadden" title="Pat McFadden">Pat McFadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McTernan" title="John McTernan">John McTernan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Miliband" title="David Miliband">David Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Ed Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="Jo Moore">Jo Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Morgan,_Baroness_Morgan_of_Huyton" title="Sally Morgan, Baroness Morgan of Huyton">Sally Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Mulgan" title="Geoff Mulgan">Geoff Mulgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Narey" title="Martin Narey">Martin Narey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Nye" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan Nye">Susan Nye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Powell_(Labour_adviser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Powell (Labour adviser)">Jonathan Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lance_Price" title="Lance Price">Lance Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Purnell" title="James Purnell">James Purnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Reynolds" title="Emma Reynolds">Emma Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Richards_(chief_executive)" title="Ed Richards (chief executive)">Ed Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conor_Ryan_(consultant)" title="Conor Ryan (consultant)">Conor Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Godric_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Godric Smith (page does not exist)">Godric Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Smith" title="Owen Smith">Owen Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Stevens_(healthcare_executive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Stevens (healthcare executive)">Simon Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Taylor_(educationist)" title="Cyril Taylor (educationist)">Sir Cyril Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Taylor_(political_strategist)" title="Matthew Taylor (political strategist)">Matthew Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shriti_Vadera,_Baroness_Vadera" title="Shriti Vadera, Baroness Vadera">Shriti Vadera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Whelan" title="Charlie Whelan">Charlie Whelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_White_(political_adviser)" title="Sam White (political adviser)">Sam White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Whitton" title="David Whitton">David Whitton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Doyle_(political_adviser)" title="Matthew Doyle (political adviser)">Matthew Doyle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brown_ministry" title="Brown ministry">Brown Ministry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Ashworth" title="Jonathan Ashworth">Jonathan Ashworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polly_Billington" title="Polly Billington">Polly Billington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Butler" title="Nick Butler">Nick Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Carter,_Baron_Carter_of_Barnes" title="Stephen Carter, Baron Carter of Barnes">Stephen Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Cavanagh" title="Matt Cavanagh">Matt Cavanagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Corry" title="Dan Corry">Dan Corry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Danker" title="Tony Danker">Tony Danker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Dipple" title="Jo Dipple">Jo Dipple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dugher" title="Michael Dugher">Michael Dugher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ellam" title="Michael Ellam">Michael Ellam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayesha_Hazarika" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayesha Hazarika">Ayesha Hazarika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Heywood" title="Jeremy Heywood">Jeremy Heywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Irvin" title="Joe Irvin">Joe Irvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Lewis_(public_relations_officer)" title="Simon Lewis (public relations officer)">Simon Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_McDougall" title="Blair McDougall">Blair McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damian_McBride" title="Damian McBride">Damian McBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McTernan" title="John McTernan">John McTernan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Muir" title="David S. Muir">David Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Narey" title="Martin Narey">Martin Narey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maajid_Nawaz" title="Maajid Nawaz">Maajid Nawaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Nye" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan Nye">Susan Nye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Scholar" title="Tom Scholar">Tom Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Spence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey Spence (page does not exist)">Geoffrey Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_White_(political_adviser)" title="Sam White (political adviser)">Sam White</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_Wood_of_Anfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Lord Wood of Anfield (page does not exist)">Stewart Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Woodcock,_Baron_Walney" title="John Woodcock, Baron Walney">John Woodcock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_David_Cameron" title="Premiership of David Cameron">Cameron Ministry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaun_Bailey_(London_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaun Bailey (London politician)">Shaun Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabby_Bertin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabby Bertin">Gabby Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Bower_(civil_servant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helen Bower (civil servant)">Helen Bower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Caine" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Caine">Jonathan Caine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Cavendish" class="mw-redirect" title="Camilla Cavendish">Camilla Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Coetzee" title="Ryan Coetzee">Ryan Coetzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Coulson" title="Andy Coulson">Andy Coulson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dominic Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Dowden" title="Oliver Dowden">Oliver Dowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Fall" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Fall">Catherine Fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Finn,_Baroness_Finn" title="Simone Finn, Baroness Finn">Simone Finn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Freedman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sam Freedman (page does not exist)">Sam Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Glover_(journalist)" title="Julian Glover (journalist)">Julian Glover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Goldsworthy" title="Julia Goldsworthy">Julia Goldsworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Christophe_Gray" title="Jean-Christophe Gray">Jean-Christophe Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Harrison" title="Rupert Harrison">Rupert Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminka_Helic" title="Arminka Helic">Arminka Helic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Hillman" title="Nick Hillman">Nick Hillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Hilton" title="Steve Hilton">Steve Hilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holden_(British_politician)" title="Richard Holden (British politician)">Richard Holden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Johnson" title="Jo Johnson">Jo Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Korski" title="Daniel Korski">Daniel Korski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Llewellyn,_Baron_Llewellyn_of_Steep" title="Edward Llewellyn, Baron Llewellyn of Steep">Edward Llewellyn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppy_Mitchell-Rose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poppy Mitchell-Rose (page does not exist)">Poppy Mitchell-Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Narey" title="Martin Narey">Martin Narey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Newman_(political_adviser)" title="Henry Newman (political adviser)">Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonny_Oates" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonny Oates">Jonny Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_O%27Brien" title="Neil O'Brien">Neil O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Shaughnessy,_Baron_O%27Shaughnessy" title="James O'Shaughnessy, Baron O'Shaughnessy">James O'Shaughnessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Oliver_(British_journalist)" title="Craig Oliver (British journalist)">Craig Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Parkinson,_Baron_Parkinson_of_Whitley_Bay" title="Stephen Parkinson, Baron Parkinson of Whitley Bay">Stephen Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Reeves_(British_author)" title="Richard Reeves (British author)">Richard Reeves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Rennie" title="Willie Rennie">Willie Rennie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Rock" title="Patrick Rock">Patrick Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Sanderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Sanderson">Elizabeth Sanderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Seddon" title="Nick Seddon">Nick Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salma_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salma Shah (page does not exist)">Salma Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Shawcross" title="Eleanor Shawcross">Eleanor Shawcross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Southern" title="Sarah Southern">Sarah Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Stroud,_Baroness_Stroud" title="Philippa Stroud, Baroness Stroud">Philippa Stroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Sugg" class="mw-redirect" title="Liz Sugg">Liz Sugg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Suttie" class="mw-redirect" title="Alison Suttie">Alison Suttie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Symonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrie Symonds">Carrie Symonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Timothy" title="Nick Timothy">Nick Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wild_(politician)" title="James Wild (politician)">James Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graeme_Wilson_(political_adviser)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graeme Wilson (political adviser) (page does not exist)">Graeme Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Worth" title="Sean Worth">Sean Worth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Theresa_May" title="Premiership of Theresa May">May Ministry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Bower-Easton" title="Helen Bower-Easton">Helen Bower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Caine,_Baron_Caine" title="Jonathan Caine, Baron Caine">Jonathan, The Lord Caine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_de_Bois" title="Nick de Bois">Nick de Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Frost,_Baron_Frost" title="David Frost, Baron Frost">David Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbie_Gibb" title="Robbie Gibb">Robbie Gibb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Harrison_(political_adviser)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Harrison (political adviser) (page does not exist)">Paul Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiona_Hill_(British_political_adviser)" title="Fiona Hill (British political adviser)">Fiona Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holden_(British_politician)" title="Richard Holden (British politician)">Richard Holden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Holmes_(Eastleigh_MP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Holmes (Eastleigh MP)">Paul Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Ivers" title="Charlotte Ivers">Charlotte Ivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Jackson" title="Stewart Jackson">Stewart Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kent_(consultant)" title="James Kent (consultant)">James Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Kruger" title="Danny Kruger">Danny Kruger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Loudon" title="Lizzie Loudon">Lizzie Loudon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Mangnall" title="Anthony Mangnall">Anthony Mangnall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Marshall_(political_adviser)" title="James Marshall (political adviser)">James Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamie_Njoku-Goodwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamie Njoku-Goodwin (page does not exist)">Jamie Njoku-Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Parkinson,_Baron_Parkinson_of_Whitley_Bay" title="Stephen Parkinson, Baron Parkinson of Whitley Bay">Stephen Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Penn,_Baroness_Penn" title="Joanna Penn, Baroness Penn">Joanna Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katie_Perrior" title="Katie Perrior">Katie Perrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randall,_Baron_Randall_of_Uxbridge" title="John Randall, Baron Randall of Uxbridge">John, The Lord Randall of Uxbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Sanderson,_Baroness_Sanderson_of_Welton" title="Elizabeth Sanderson, Baroness Sanderson of Welton">Elizabeth Sanderson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salma_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salma Shah (page does not exist)">Salma Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Johnson" title="Carrie Johnson">Carrie Symonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Tanner" title="Will Tanner">Will Tanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Timothy" title="Nick Timothy">Nick Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_Walden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Will Walden (page does not exist)">Will Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wild_(politician)" title="James Wild (politician)">James Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Williams_(British_politician)" title="Craig Williams (British politician)">Craig Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Boris_Johnson" title="Premiership of Boris Johnson">Johnson Ministry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Barclay" title="Steve Barclay">Steve Barclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bew_(historian)" title="John Bew (historian)">John Bew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Booth-Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Liam Booth-Smith">Liam Booth-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Cain" title="Lee Cain">Lee Cain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Canzini" title="David Canzini">David Canzini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Cardwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Cardwell (page does not exist)">Peter Cardwell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Cook_(political_adviser)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Cook (political adviser) (page does not exist)">Henry Cook</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dominic Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikki_da_Costa" title="Nikki da Costa">Nikki da Costa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Doyle_(journalist)" title="Jack Doyle (journalist)">Jack Doyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Finn,_Baroness_Finn" title="Simone Finn, Baroness Finn">Simone, The Baroness Finn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gascoigne,_Baron_Gascoigne" title="Benjamin Gascoigne, Baron Gascoigne">Benjamin Gascoigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Griffith" title="Andrew Griffith">Andrew Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guto_Harri" title="Guto Harri">Guto Harri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hood_(businessman)" title="Andrew Hood (businessman)">Andrew Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Jupp" title="Simon Jupp">Simon Jupp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Kempsell,_Baron_Kempsell" title="Ross Kempsell, Baron Kempsell">Ross Kempsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katie_Lam" title="Katie Lam">Katie Lam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Lewis_(political_adviser)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oliver Lewis (political adviser) (page does not exist)">Oliver Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lister,_Baron_Udny-Lister" title="Edward Lister, Baron Udny-Lister">Edward Lister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munira_Mirza" title="Munira Mirza">Munira Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Montgomerie" title="Tim Montgomerie">Tim Montgomerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Newman_(political_adviser)" title="Henry Newman (political adviser)">Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamie_Njoku-Goodwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamie Njoku-Goodwin (page does not exist)">Jamie Njoku-Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ed_Oldfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ed Oldfield (page does not exist)">Ed Oldfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Owen,_Baroness_Owen_of_Alderley_Edge" title="Charlotte Owen, Baroness Owen of Alderley Edge">Charlotte Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Oxley" title="Rob Oxley">Rob Oxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rosenfield" title="Dan Rosenfield">Dan Rosenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Slack" title="James Slack">James Slack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegra_Stratton" title="Allegra Stratton">Allegra Stratton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleo_Watson" title="Cleo Watson">Cleo Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley_Williams-Walker" title="Shelley Williams-Walker">Shelley Williams-Walker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Liz_Truss" title="Premiership of Liz Truss">Truss Ministry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Bew_(historian)" title="John Bew (historian)">John Bew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Canzini" title="David Canzini">David Canzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fullbrook" title="Mark Fullbrook">Mark Fullbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Kempsell,_Baron_Kempsell" title="Ross Kempsell, Baron Kempsell">Ross Kempsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Porter,_Baroness_Porter_of_Fulwood" title="Ruth Porter, Baroness Porter of Fulwood">Ruth Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Jones_(political_adviser)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Jones (political adviser) (page does not exist)">Adam Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Owen,_Baroness_Owen_of_Alderley_Edge" title="Charlotte Owen, Baroness Owen of Alderley Edge">Charlotte Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Sinclair_(political_adviser)" title="Matthew Sinclair (political adviser)">Matthew Sinclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Solomon" title="Reuben Solomon">Reuben Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Rishi_Sunak" title="Premiership of Rishi Sunak">Sunak Ministry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Bew_(historian)" title="John Bew (historian)">John Bew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Booth-Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Liam Booth-Smith">Liam Booth-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerissa_Chesterfield" title="Nerissa Chesterfield">Nerissa Chesterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber_de_Botton" title="Amber de Botton">Amber de Botton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forsyth_(political_aide)" title="James Forsyth (political aide)">James Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hood_(businessman)" title="Andrew Hood (businessman)">Andrew Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Newman_(political_adviser)" title="Henry Newman (political adviser)">Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Shawcross" title="Eleanor Shawcross">Eleanor Shawcross-Wolfson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Tanner" title="Will Tanner">Will Tanner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Keir_Starmer" title="Premiership of Keir Starmer">Starmer Ministry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Gray_(political_adviser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sue Gray (political adviser)">Sue Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_McSweeney" title="Morgan McSweeney">Morgan McSweeney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Ingham" title="Stuart Ingham">Stuart Ingham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Downing_Street_chiefs_of_staff460" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Margaret_Thatcher" title="Premiership of Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Wolfson,_Baron_Wolfson_of_Sunningdale" title="David Wolfson, Baron Wolfson of Sunningdale">David Wolfson</a> (1979–1985)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="at="><img alt="at=" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="1366" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Tony_Blair" title="Premiership of Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Powell_(Labour_adviser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Powell (Labour adviser)">Jonathan Powell</a> (1997–2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Gordon_Brown" title="Premiership of Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Scholar" title="Tom Scholar">Tom Scholar</a> (2007–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Heywood" title="Jeremy Heywood">Jeremy Heywood</a> (2008–2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_David_Cameron" title="Premiership of David Cameron">David Cameron</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Llewellyn,_Baron_Llewellyn_of_Steep" title="Edward Llewellyn, Baron Llewellyn of Steep">Edward Llewellyn</a> (2010–2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Theresa_May" 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(2019–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rosenfield" title="Dan Rosenfield">Dan Rosenfield</a> (2021–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Barclay" title="Steve Barclay">Steve Barclay</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Liz_Truss" title="Premiership of Liz Truss">Liz Truss</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fullbrook" title="Mark Fullbrook">Mark Fullbrook</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Rishi_Sunak" title="Premiership of Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Booth-Smith,_Baron_Booth-Smith" title="Liam Booth-Smith, Baron Booth-Smith">Liam Booth-Smith</a> (2022–2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Keir_Starmer" title="Premiership of Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Gray_(political_adviser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sue Gray (political adviser)">Sue Gray</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_McSweeney" title="Morgan McSweeney">Morgan McSweeney</a> (2024–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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